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Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Hedges DW, Erickson LD, Gale SD, Weiss J, El‐Hajj ZW, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Infection burden, periodontal pathogens, and their interactive association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer's disease dementia in a large national survey. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:6468-6485. [PMID: 39115027 PMCID: PMC11497652 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relationships and interplay of an infection burden (IB) and periodontal pathogens or periodontal disease (Pd) markers with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and all-cause dementia among US adults were examined. METHODS Less than or equal to 2997 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Survey III were linked to CMS-Medicare [≥45 years (1988-1994); ≤30 years follow-up]. RESULTS Hepatitis C (hazard ratio = 3.33, p = 0.004) and herpes simplex virus 2 were strongly associated with greater all-cause dementia risk. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus oralis were associated with greater AD risk at higher IB. The red-green periodontal pathogen cluster coupled with higher IB count increased the risk of all-cause dementia among minority racial groups. Pocket probing depth associated with dementia risk at lower IB in the overall sample. DISCUSSION Select viruses and bacteria were associated with all-cause and AD dementia, while the IB interacted with Pd markers in relation to these outcomes. HIGHLIGHTS Interplay of infection burden (IB) and periodontal disease with dementia was tested. ≤2997 participants from NHANES III were linked to Medicare. Hepatitis C and herpes simplex virus 2 strongly associated with dementia risk. Tetanus sero-positivity increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus oralis associated with AD at higher IB. Red-green periodontal cluster at high IB, increased dementia in racial minorities. Pocket probing depth associated with dementia risk at lower IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A. Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population SciencesNational Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, NIA/NIH/IRPBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Hind A. Beydoun
- U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsVA National Center on Homelessness Among VeteransWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | | | - Shawn D. Gale
- Department of PsychologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Stanford Center on LongevityStanford UniversityPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population SciencesNational Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, NIA/NIH/IRPBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population SciencesNational Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, NIA/NIH/IRPBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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2
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Kettunen P, Koistinaho J, Rolova T. Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:152. [PMID: 38845026 PMCID: PMC11157808 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infections have been suggested as a possible cause for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly sporadic cases. They trigger neuroinflammation which is considered integrally involved in neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we will look at data linking a variety of viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and unspecified dementia. This narrative review aims to bring together a broad range of data currently supporting the involvement of central nervous system infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The idea that no single pathogen or pathogen group is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Instead, we suggest that a wide range of susceptibility factors may make individuals differentially vulnerable to different infectious pathogens and subsequent pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Kettunen
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Zhao Y, Xu K, Shu F, Zhang F. Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14548. [PMID: 38082503 PMCID: PMC11163195 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a group of disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of nervous system functionality. Currently, the precise etiological factors responsible for NDs remain incompletely elucidated, although it is probable that a combination of aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental stressors participate in this process. Accumulating evidence indicates that viral infections, especially neurotropic viruses, can contribute to the onset and progression of NDs. In this review, emerging evidence supporting the association between viral infection and NDs is summarized, and how the autophagy pathway mediated by viral infection can cause pathological aggregation of cellular proteins associated with various NDs is discussed. Furthermore, autophagy-related genes (ARGs) involved in Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and NDs are analyzed, and whether these genes could link HSV-1 infection to NDs is discussed. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying NDs is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐jia Zhao
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Kai‐fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Fu‐xing Shu
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy UtilizationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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4
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Fruhwürth S, Zetterberg H, Paludan SR. Microglia and amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease - Evidence, possible mechanisms, and future challenges. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578342. [PMID: 38640827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline that severely affects patients and their families. Genetic and environmental risk factors, such as viral infections, synergize to accelerate the aging-associated neurodegeneration. Genetic risk factors for late-onset AD (LOAD), which accounts for most AD cases, are predominantly implicated in microglial and immune cell functions. As such, microglia play a major role in formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, the major pathological hallmark of AD. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the role of microglia in Aβ plaque formation, as well as their impact on morphological and functional diversity of Aβ plaques. Based on this discussion, we seek to identify challenges and opportunities in this field with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammatory Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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5
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Jaisa-aad M, Muñoz-Castro C, Serrano-Pozo A. Update on modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:166-181. [PMID: 38265228 PMCID: PMC10932854 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW All human beings undergo a lifelong cumulative exposure to potentially preventable adverse factors such as toxins, infections, traumatisms, and cardiovascular risk factors, collectively termed exposome. The interplay between the individual's genetics and exposome is thought to have a large impact in health outcomes such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Likewise, a growing body of evidence is supporting the idea that preventable factors explain a sizable proportion of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) cases. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we will review the most recent epidemiological, experimental preclinical, and interventional clinical studies examining some of these potentially modifiable risk factors for ADRD. We will focus on new evidence regarding cardiovascular risk factors, air pollution, viral and other infectious agents, traumatic brain injury, and hearing loss. SUMMARY While greater and higher quality epidemiological and experimental evidence is needed to unequivocally confirm their causal link with ADRD and/or unravel the underlying mechanisms, these modifiable risk factors may represent a window of opportunity to reduce ADRD incidence and prevalence at the population level via health screenings, and education and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methasit Jaisa-aad
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain)
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
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6
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Lapeyre L, Piret J, Rhéaume C, Pons V, Uyar O, Préfontaine P, Rivest S, Boivin G. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection Does Not Increase Amyloid-β Pathology in APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:171-178. [PMID: 38143354 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Using APP/PS1 mice that overproduce amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, we investigated whether intranasal infection with a neurovirulent clinical strain of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) before Aβ deposition could accelerate or increase Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. After HSV-1 infection, APP/PS1 mice presented a similar disease as wild type animals based on body weight changes, clinical symptoms, and survival rates. The number and volume of Aβ plaques, the number of microglia, and the percentages of circulating monocyte subsets were similar in APP/PS1 mice infected or not with HSV-1. Thus, intranasal infection with HSV-1 does not alter Aβ pathology in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lapeyre
- Research Center in infectious diseases, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in infectious diseases, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Research Center in infectious diseases, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience laboratory, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olus Uyar
- Research Center in infectious diseases, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Préfontaine
- Neuroscience laboratory, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience laboratory, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in infectious diseases, Research center of the CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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7
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Piotrowski SL, Tucker A, Jacobson S. The elusive role of herpesviruses in Alzheimer's disease: current evidence and future directions. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:253-266. [PMID: 38013835 PMCID: PMC10474380 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. While pathologic hallmarks, such as extracellular beta-amyloid plaques, are well-characterized in affected individuals, the pathogenesis that causes plaque formation and eventual cognitive decline is not well understood. A recent resurgence of the decades-old "infectious hypothesis" has garnered increased attention on the potential role that microbes may play in AD. In this theory, it is thought that pathogens such as viruses may act as seeds for beta-amyloid aggregation, ultimately leading to plaques. Interest in the infectious hypothesis has also spurred further investigation into additional characteristics of viral infection that may play a role in AD progression, such as neuroinflammation, latency, and viral DNA integration. While a flurry of research in this area has been recently published, with herpesviruses being of particular interest, the role of pathogens in AD remains controversial. In this review, the insights gained thus far into the possible role of herpesviruses in AD are summarized. The challenges and potential future directions of herpesvirus research in AD and dementia are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Piotrowski
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Scientist Training Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tucker
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Gu F, Boisjoli M, Naghavi MH. HIV-1 promotes ubiquitination of the amyloidogenic C-terminal fragment of APP to support viral replication. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4227. [PMID: 37454116 PMCID: PMC10349857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in macrophages and microglia involves intracellular assembly and budding into modified subsets of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which support both viral persistence and spread. However, the cellular factors that regulate HIV-1's vesicular replication remain poorly understood. Recently, amyloid precursor protein (APP) was identified as an inhibitor of HIV-1 replication in macrophages and microglia via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that entry of HIV-1 Gag into MVBs is blocked by the amyloidogenic C-terminal fragment of APP, "C99", but not by the non-amyloidogenic product, "C83". To counter this, Gag promotes multi-site ubiquitination of C99 which controls both exocytic sorting of MVBs and further processing of C99 into toxic amyloids. Processing of C99, entry of Gag into MVBs and release of infectious virus could be suppressed by expressing ubiquitination-defective C99 or by γ-secretase inhibitor treatment, suggesting that APP's amyloidogenic pathway functions to sense and suppress HIV-1 replication in macrophages and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Boisjoli
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Olivera E, Sáez A, Carniglia L, Caruso C, Lasaga M, Durand D. Alzheimer's disease risk after COVID-19: a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1404-1410. [PMID: 36571334 PMCID: PMC10075115 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration, we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration. We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-β cascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease. We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine, which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albany Sáez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lila Carniglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fulop T, Ramassamy C, Lévesque S, Frost EH, Laurent B, Lacombe G, Khalil A, Larbi A, Hirokawa K, Desroches M, Rodrigues S, Bourgade K, Cohen AA, Witkowski JM. Viruses - a major cause of amyloid deposition in the brain. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:775-790. [PMID: 37551672 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2244162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinically, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a syndrome with a spectrum of various cognitive disorders. There is a complete dissociation between the pathology and the clinical presentation. Therefore, we need a disruptive new approach to be able to prevent and treat AD. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors extensively discuss the evidence why the amyloid beta is not the pathological cause of AD which makes therefore the amyloid hypothesis not sustainable anymore. They review the experimental evidence underlying the role of microbes, especially that of viruses, as a trigger/cause for the production of amyloid beta leading to the establishment of a chronic neuroinflammation as the mediator manifesting decades later by AD as a clinical spectrum. In this context, the emergence and consequences of the infection/antimicrobial protection hypothesis are described. The epidemiological and clinical data supporting this hypothesis are also analyzed. EXPERT OPINION For decades, we have known that viruses are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. This discovery was ignored and discarded for a long time. Now we should accept this fact, which is not a hypothesis anymore, and stimulate the research community to come up with new ideas, new treatments, and new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Simon Lévesque
- CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie Et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine Et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Département de Microbiologie Et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine Et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Lacombe
- Research Center on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Abedelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo and Nito-Memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Biot, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, BCAM, the Basque Foundation for Science and BCAM - The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Karine Bourgade
- Research Center on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alan A Cohen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Bell V, Silva CRPG, Guina J, Fernandes TH. Mushrooms as future generation healthy foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1050099. [PMID: 36562045 PMCID: PMC9763630 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of edible mushrooms as an unexploited treasure trove, although rarely included in known food guidelines, is highlighted. Their role in shielding people against the side effects of an unhealthy stylish diet is reviewed. Mushrooms complement the human diet with various bioactive molecules not identified or deficient in foodstuffs of plant and animal sources, being considered a functional food for the prevention of several human diseases. Mushrooms have been widely used as medicinal products for more than 2,000 years, but globally the potential field of use of wild mushrooms has been untapped. There is a broad range of edible mushrooms which remain poorly identified or even unreported which is a valuable pool as sources of bioactive compounds for biopharma utilization and new dietary supplements. Some unique elements of mushrooms and their role in preventative healthcare are emphasized, through their positive impact on the immune system. The potential of mushrooms as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, and other health concerns is discussed. Mushrooms incorporate top sources of non-digestible oligosaccharides, and ergothioneine, which humans are unable to synthesize, the later a unique antioxidant, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory element, with therapeutic potential, approved by world food agencies. The prebiotic activity of mushrooms beneficially affects gut homeostasis performance and the balance of gut microbiota is enhanced. Several recent studies on neurological impact and contribution to the growth of nerve and brain cells are mentioned. Indeed, mushrooms as functional foods' nutraceuticals are presently regarded as next-generation foods, supporting health and wellness, and are promising prophylactic or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Bell
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. R. P. G. Silva
- Department of Health and Social Care, School of Health and Care Management, Arden University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - J. Guina
- Instituto Superior de Estudos Universitários de Nampula (ISEUNA), Universidade a Politécnica, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - T. H. Fernandes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares Lurio (CEIL), Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
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12
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Vojtechova I, Machacek T, Kristofikova Z, Stuchlik A, Petrasek T. Infectious origin of Alzheimer’s disease: Amyloid beta as a component of brain antimicrobial immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010929. [PMCID: PMC9671327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis, focusing on pathological proteins aggregation, has so far failed to uncover the root cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), or to provide an effective therapy. This traditional paradigm essentially explains a mechanism involved in the development of sporadic AD rather than its cause. The failure of an overwhelming majority of clinical studies (99.6%) demonstrates that a breakthrough in therapy would be difficult if not impossible without understanding the etiology of AD. It becomes more and more apparent that the AD pathology might originate from brain infection. In this review, we discuss a potential role of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites as triggers of AD pathology. We show evidence from the current literature that amyloid beta, traditionally viewed as pathological, actually acts as an antimicrobial peptide, protecting the brain against pathogens. However, in case of a prolonged or excessive activation of a senescent immune system, amyloid beta accumulation and aggregation becomes damaging and supports runaway neurodegenerative processes in AD. This is paralleled by the recent study by Alam and colleagues (2022) who showed that alpha-synuclein, the protein accumulating in synucleinopathies, also plays a critical physiological role in immune reactions and inflammation, showing an unforeseen link between the 2 unrelated classes of neurodegenerative disorders. The multiplication of the amyloid precursor protein gene, recently described by Lee and collegues (2018), and possible reactivation of human endogenous retroviruses by pathogens fits well into the same picture. We discuss these new findings from the viewpoint of the infection hypothesis of AD and offer suggestions for future research. More than a century after its discovery, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains incurable and mysterious. The dominant hypothesis of amyloid cascade has succeeded in explaining the key pathological mechanism, but not its trigger. Amyloid beta has been traditionally considered a pathological peptide, and its physiological functions remain poorly known. These knowledge gaps have contributed to repeated failures of clinical studies. The emerging infectious hypothesis of AD considers central nervous system (CNS) infection the primary trigger of sporadic AD. A closely connected hypothesis claims that amyloid beta is an antimicrobial peptide. In this review, we discuss the available evidence for the involvement of infections in AD, coming from epidemiological studies, post mortem analyses of brain tissue, and experiments in vitro and in vivo. We argue there is no unique “Alzheimer’s germ,” instead, AD is a general reaction of the CNS to chronic infections, in the milieu of an aged immune system. The pathology may become self-sustained even without continuous presence of microbes in the brain. Importantly, the infectious hypothesis leads to testable predictions. Targeting amyloid beta should be ineffective, unless the triggering pathogen and inflammatory response are addressed as well. Meticulous control of selected infections might be the best near-term strategy for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Vojtechova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: , (IV); , (TP)
| | - Tomas Machacek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ales Stuchlik
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: , (IV); , (TP)
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13
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Goldhardt O, Freiberger R, Dreyer T, Wilner L, Yakushev I, Ortner M, Förstl H, Diehl‐Schmid J, Milz E, Priller J, Ramirez A, Magdolen V, Thaler M, Grimmer T. Herpes simplex virus alters Alzheimer's disease biomarkers ‐ A hypothesis paper. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:2117-2134. [PMID: 36396609 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is discussed to induce amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cell culture and animal models. Aβ appears to be virostatic. We investigated the association between intrathecal antibodies against HSV or cytomegalovirus (CMV) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. METHODS Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio, pTau, and tTau were measured in CSF of 117 patients with early AD positive for amyloid pathology (A+) and 30 healthy controls (A-). CSF-to-serum anti-HSV1/2-IgG antibody indices (AI-IgGHSV1/2 ) and CMV (AI-IgGCMV ) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Exclusively in HSV1-seropositive AD, pTau was positively and significantly predicted by AI-IgGHSV1/2 and negatively by the Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio in both univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Furthermore, a significant and negative interaction between the AI-IgGHSV1/2 and Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio on pTau was found. DISCUSSION The results support the hypothesis that HSV infection contributes to AD. HIGHLIGHTS HSV antibody index is positively associated with tau pathology in patients with AD. HSV antibody index is negatively associated with cerebral FDG metabolism. Amyloid modulates the association of HSV antibody index with CSF-pTau. HSV in AD offers a pathophysiological model connecting tau and amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Robert Freiberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Luisa Wilner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Janine Diehl‐Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Esther Milz
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry Medical Faculty University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases San Antonio Texas USA
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Markus Thaler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
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14
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De Vlieger L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Hoecke L. Recent insights into viral infections as a trigger and accelerator in alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103340. [PMID: 35987492 PMCID: PMC9385395 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic medication is available, except for the recently FDA-approved aducanumab. This lack of effective treatment urges us to investigate alternative paths that might contribute to disease development. In light of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the disturbing neurological complications seen in some patients, it is desirable to (re)investigate the viability of the viral infection theory claiming that a microbe could affect AD initiation and/or progression. Here, we review the most important evidence for this theory with a special focus on two viruses, namely HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we discuss the possible involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This overview will contribute to a more rational approach of potential treatment strategies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize De Vlieger
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Nemergut M, Batkova T, Vigasova D, Bartos M, Hlozankova M, Schenkmayerova A, Liskova B, Sheardova K, Vyhnalek M, Hort J, Laczó J, Kovacova I, Sitina M, Matej R, Jancalek R, Marek M, Damborsky J. Increased occurrence of Treponema spp. and double-species infections in patients with Alzheimer's disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157114. [PMID: 35787909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the link between microbial infections and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated in multiple studies, the involvement of pathogens in the development of AD remains unclear. Here, we investigated the frequency of the 10 most commonly cited viral (HSV-1, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, and CMV) and bacterial (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema spp.) pathogens in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissues of AD patients. We have used an in-house multiplex PCR kit for simultaneous detection of five bacterial and five viral pathogens in serum and CSF samples from 50 AD patients and 53 healthy controls (CTRL). We observed a significantly higher frequency rate of AD patients who tested positive for Treponema spp. compared to controls (AD: 62.2 %; CTRL: 30.3 %; p-value = 0.007). Furthermore, we confirmed a significantly higher occurrence of cases with two or more simultaneous infections in AD patients compared to controls (AD: 24 %; CTRL 7.5 %; p-value = 0.029). The studied pathogens were detected with comparable frequency in serum and CSF. In contrast, Borrelia burgdorferi, human herpesvirus 7, and human cytomegalovirus were not detected in any of the studied samples. This study provides further evidence of the association between microbial infections and AD and shows that paralleled analysis of multiple sample specimens provides complementary information and is advisable for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nemergut
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Batkova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; BioVendor R&D, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Vigasova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Andrea Schenkmayerova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Liskova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Sheardova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid Kovacova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sitina
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Matej
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Jancalek
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Marek
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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Bocharova OV, Fisher A, Pandit NP, Molesworth K, Mychko O, Scott AJ, Makarava N, Ritzel R, Baskakov IV. Aβ plaques do not protect against HSV-1 infection in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease, and HSV-1 does not induce Aβ pathology in a model of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2022; 33:e13116. [PMID: 36064300 PMCID: PMC9836376 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility that the etiology of late onset Alzheimer's disease is linked to viral infections of the CNS has been actively debated in recent years. According to the antiviral protection hypothesis, viral pathogens trigger aggregation of Aβ peptides that are produced as a defense mechanism in response to infection to entrap and neutralize pathogens. To test the causative relationship between viral infection and Aβ aggregation, the current study examined whether Aβ plaques protect the mouse brain against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) infection introduced via a physiological route and whether HSV-1 infection triggers formation of Aβ plaques in a mouse model of late-onset AD that does not develop Aβ pathology spontaneously. In aged 5XFAD mice infected via eye scarification, high density of Aβ aggregates did not improve survival time or rate when compared with wild type controls. In 5XFADs, viral replication sites were found in brain areas with a high density of extracellular Aβ deposits, however, no association between HSV-1 and Aβ aggregates could be found. To test whether HSV-1 triggers Aβ aggregation in a mouse model that lacks spontaneous Aβ pathology, 13-month-old hAβ/APOE4/Trem2*R47H mice were infected with HSV-1 via eye scarification with the McKrae HSV-1 strain, intracranial inoculation with McKrae, intracranial inoculation after priming with LPS for 6 weeks, or intracranial inoculation with high doses of McKrae or 17syn + strains that represent different degrees of neurovirulence. No signs of Aβ aggregation were found in any of the experimental groups. Instead, extensive infiltration of peripheral leukocytes was observed during the acute stage of HSV-1 infection, and phagocytic activity of myeloid cells was identified as the primary defense mechanism against HSV-1. The current results argue against a direct causative relationship between HSV-1 infection and Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Bocharova
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Aidan Fisher
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Narayan P. Pandit
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kara Molesworth
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Olga Mychko
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisUniversity of Maryland School of DentistryBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR)University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ilia V. Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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17
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Patrycy M, Chodkowski M, Krzyzowska M. Role of Microglia in Herpesvirus-Related Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070809. [PMID: 35890053 PMCID: PMC9324537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is defined as an inflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia conprise the resident tissue macrophages of the neuronal tissue. Upon viral infection of the CNS, microglia become activated and start to produce inflammatory mediators important for clearance of the virus, but an excessive neuroinflammation can harm nearby neuronal cells. Herpesviruses express several molecular mechanisms, which can modulate apoptosis of infected neurons, astrocytes and microglia but also divert immune response initiated by the infected cells. In this review we also describe the link between virus-related neuroinflammation, and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Qiu Y, Yang J, Ma L, Song M, Liu G. Limonin Isolated From Pomelo Seed Antagonizes Aβ25-35-Mediated Neuron Injury via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway by Regulating Cell Apoptosis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:879028. [PMID: 35634407 PMCID: PMC9133815 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.879028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pomelo seed as a by-product from pomelo consumption is rich in bioactive compounds, however, a huge volume of pomelo seed was disposed as wastes, the comprehensive utilization of pomelo seed could not only generate valued-added products/ingredients, but also decrease the environmental pollution. In this study, the main active substance limonin in pomelo seed was considered as a high-value bioactive compound. The purification of limonin from pomelo seed was investigated, and the neuroprotective and mechanism were characterized. The UPLC-MS/MS results indicated that 29 compounds in pomelo seed were identified, including 14 flavonoids, 3 limonids, 9 phenols and 3 coumarins. Moreover, high purity of limonin was obtained by crystallization and preparative-HPLC. Furthermore, limonin pretreatment can antagonize the cell damage mediated by Aβ25-35 in a concentration-dependent relationship. The regulation of Bax/Bcl-2, expression of caspase-3 protein and the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were observed in the cells pretreated with limonin. Treatment of PC12 cells with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 weakened the protective effect of limonin. These results indicated that limonin prevented Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity by activating PI3K/Akt, and further inhibiting caspase-3 and up-regulating Bcl-2. This study enables comprehensive utilization of pomelo seed as by-product and offers a theoretical principle for a waste-to-wealth solution, such as potential health benefits of food ingredient and drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Qiu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou, China
| | - Lukai Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Stuart BAR, Franitza AL, E L. Regulatory Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Nervous System: Implications for Neuronal Aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:843790. [PMID: 35321204 PMCID: PMC8936185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.843790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are classically known as important effector molecules in innate immunity across all multicellular organisms. However, emerging evidence begins to suggest multifunctional properties of AMPs beyond their antimicrobial activity, surprisingly including their roles in regulating neuronal function, such as sleep and memory formation. Aging, which is fundamental to neurodegeneration in both physiological and disease conditions, interestingly affects the expression pattern of many AMPs in an infection-independent manner. While it remains unclear whether these are coincidental events, or a mechanistic relationship exists, previous studies have suggested a close link between AMPs and a few key proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses recent literature and advances in understanding the crosstalk between AMPs and the nervous system at both molecular and functional levels, with the aim to explore how AMPs may relate to neuronal vulnerability in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradey A. R. Stuart
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ariel L. Franitza
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lezi E
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Lezi E
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20
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Metabolites of soil microorganisms modulate amyloid β production in Alzheimer's neurons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2690. [PMID: 35236875 PMCID: PMC8891331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial flora is investigated to be related with neuropathological conditions in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and is attracting attention as a drug discovery resource. However, the relevance between the soil microbiota and the pathological condition has not been fully clarified due to the difficulty in isolation culture and the component complexity. In this study, we established a library of secondly metabolites produced in microorganism to investigate the potential effect of microorganisms on the production of amyloid β (Aβ), one of the most representative pathogens of AD. We conducted a library screening to quantify Aβ and neuronal toxicity by using cortical neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of AD patients after adding secondary metabolites. Screening results and following assessment of dose-dependency identified Verrucarin A, produced in Myrothecium spp., showed 80% decrease in Aβ production. Furthermore, addition of Mer-A2026A, produced in Streptomyces pactum, showed increase in Aβ42/40 ratio at the low concentration, and decrease in Aβ production at the higher concentration. As a result, established library and iPSC-based phenotyping assay clarified a direct link between Aβ production and soil microorganisms. These results suggest that Aβ-microorganism interaction may provide insight into the AD pathophysiology with potential therapeutics.
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21
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Zhang Y, Qu J, Luo L, Xu Z, Zou X. Multigenomics Reveals the Causal Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus in Alzheimer's Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Genet 2022; 12:773725. [PMID: 35069681 PMCID: PMC8766664 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.773725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the herpes virus infectious hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has gained support from an increasing number of researchers. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a potential risk factor associated with AD. This study assessed whether HSV has a causal relationship with AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis model. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with HSV-1 and thirteen SNPs associated with HSV-2 were used as instrumental variables in the MR analysis. We estimated MR values of relevance between exposure and the risk of AD using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger regression (Egger), and weighted median estimator (WME). To make the conclusion more robust and reliable, sensitivity analyses and RadialMR were performed to evaluate the pleiotropy and heterogeneity. We found that anti-HSV-1 IgG measurements were not associated with risk of AD (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.79–1.18; p = 0.736), and the same was true for HSV-2 (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94–1.12; p = 0.533). The findings indicated that any HSV infection does not appear to be a genetically valid target of intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Qu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhongshun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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22
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Bigley TM, Xiong M, Ali M, Chen Y, Wang C, Serrano JR, Eteleeb A, Harari O, Yang L, Patel SJ, Cruchaga C, Yokoyama WM, Holtzman DM. Murine roseolovirus does not accelerate amyloid-β pathology and human roseoloviruses are not over-represented in Alzheimer disease brains. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:10. [PMID: 35033173 PMCID: PMC8760754 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viral infection in Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis is an area of great interest in recent years. Several studies have suggested an association between the human roseoloviruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, and AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are a hallmark neuropathological finding of AD and were recently proposed to have an antimicrobial function in response to infection. Identifying a causative and mechanistic role of human roseoloviruses in AD has been confounded by limitations in performing in vivo studies. Recent -omics based approaches have demonstrated conflicting associations between human roseoloviruses and AD. Murine roseolovirus (MRV) is a natural murine pathogen that is highly-related to the human roseoloviruses, providing an opportunity to perform well-controlled studies of the impact of roseolovirus on Aβ deposition. METHODS We utilized the 5XFAD mouse model to test whether MRV induces Aβ deposition in vivo. We also evaluated viral load and neuropathogenesis of MRV infection. To evaluate Aβ interaction with MRV, we performed electron microscopy. RNA-sequencing of a cohort of AD brains compared to control was used to investigate the association between human roseolovirus and AD. RESULTS We found that 5XFAD mice were susceptible to MRV infection and developed neuroinflammation. Moreover, we demonstrated that Aβ interacts with viral particles in vitro and, subsequent to this interaction, can disrupt infection. Despite this, neither peripheral nor brain infection with MRV increased or accelerated Aβ plaque formation. Moreover, -omics based approaches have demonstrated conflicting associations between human roseoloviruses and AD. Our RNA-sequencing analysis of a cohort of AD brains compared to controls did not show an association between roseolovirus infection and AD. CONCLUSION Although MRV does infect the brain and cause transient neuroinflammation, our data do not support a role for murine or human roseoloviruses in the development of Aβ plaque formation and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin M. Bigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Abdallah Eteleeb
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Swapneel J. Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Mielcarska MB, Skowrońska K, Wyżewski Z, Toka FN. Disrupting Neurons and Glial Cells Oneness in the Brain-The Possible Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010242. [PMID: 35008671 PMCID: PMC8745046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data strongly suggest herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the brain as a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consequences of HSV-1 brain infection are multilateral, not only are neurons and glial cells damaged, but modifications also occur in their environment, preventing the transmission of signals and fulfillment of homeostatic and immune functions, which can greatly contribute to the development of disease. In this review, we discuss the pathological alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) cells that occur, following HSV-1 infection. We describe the changes in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes related to the production of inflammatory factors, transition of glial cells into a reactive state, oxidative damage, Aβ secretion, tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Further, HSV-1 infection can affect processes observed during brain aging, and advanced age favors HSV-1 reactivation as well as the entry of the virus into the brain. The host activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for an effective antiviral response during HSV-1 brain infection, which primarily engages type I interferons (IFNs). Future studies regarding the influence of innate immune deficits on AD development, as well as supporting the neuroprotective properties of glial cells, would reveal valuable information on how to harness cytotoxic inflammatory milieu to counter AD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-36063
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Activation of Endogenous Retrovirus, Brain Infections and Environmental Insults in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147263. [PMID: 34298881 PMCID: PMC8303979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are complex, and their pathogenesis is uncertain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain alteration that is responsible for most dementia cases in the elderly. AD etiology is still uncertain; however, chronic neuroinflammation is a constant component of brain pathology. Infections have been associated with several neurological diseases and viruses of the Herpes family appear to be a probable cause of AD neurodegenerative alterations. Several different factors may contribute to the AD clinical progression. Exogeneous viruses or other microbes and environmental pollutants may directly induce neurodegeneration by activating brain inflammation. In this paper, we suggest that exogeneous brain insults may also activate retrotransposons and silent human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). The initial inflammation of small brain areas induced by virus infections or other brain insults may activate HERV dis-regulation that contributes to neurodegenerative mechanisms. Chronic HERV activation in turn may cause progressive neurodegeneration that thereafter merges in cognitive impairment and dementia in genetically susceptible people. Specific treatment for exogenous end endogenous pathogens and decreasing pollutant exposure may show beneficial effect in early intervention protocol to prevent the progression of cognitive deterioration in the elderly.
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Abstract
Recent studies have renewed the debate on infectious etiology in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Bocharova et al. reported that abundant expression of human beta amyloid (Aβ) in the mouse brain (5XFAD animals) failed to protect against acute herpes simplex virus type 1 infection relative to control mice. While this study does not confirm the antiviral actions of Aβ, it neither supports nor disproves the hypothesis that infection with microbial pathogens is the major cause of Alzheimer's disease.
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