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Kim S, So J, Jeon Y, Moon J. Effect of changes in motor skill induced by educational video program to decrease lower-limb joint load during cutting maneuvers: based on musculoskeletal modeling. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:527. [PMID: 38982445 PMCID: PMC11232243 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of changes in motor skills from an educational video program on the kinematic and kinetic variables of the lower extremity joints and knee ligament load. METHODS Twenty male participants (age: 22.2 ± 2.60 y; height: 1.70 ± 6.2 m; weight: 65.4 ± 7.01 kg; BMI: 23.32 ± 2.49 [Formula: see text]) were instructed to run at 4.5 ± 0.2 m/s from a 5 m distance posterior to the force plate, land their foot on the force plate, and perform the cutting maneuver on the left. The educational video program for cutting maneuvers consisted of preparatory posture, foot landing orientation, gaze and trunk directions, soft landing, and eversion angle. The measured variables were the angle, angular velocity of lower extremity joints, ground reaction force (GRF), moment, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) forces through musculoskeletal modeling. RESULTS After the video feedback, the hip joint angles increased in flexion, abduction, and external rotation (p < 0.05), and the angular velocity increased in extension (p < 0.05). The ankle joint angles increased in dorsiflexion (p < 0.05), and the angular velocity decreased in dorsiflexion (p < 0.05) but increased in abduction (p < 0.05). The GRF increased in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions and decreased vertically (p < 0.05). The hip joint moments decreased in extension and external rotation (p < 0.05) but increased in adduction (p < 0.05). The knee joint moments were decreased in extension, adduction, and external rotation (p < 0.05). The abduction moment of the ankle joint decreased (p < 0.001). There were differences in the support zone corresponding to 64‒87% of the hip frontal moment (p < 0.001) and 32‒100% of the hip horizontal moment (p < 0.001) and differences corresponding to 32‒100% of the knee frontal moment and 21‒100% of the knee horizontal moment (p < 0.001). The GRF varied in the support zone at 44‒95% in the medial-lateral direction and at 17‒43% and 73‒100% in the vertical direction (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Injury prevention feedback reduced the load on the lower extremity joints during cutting maneuvers, which reduced the knee ligament load, mainly on the MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Kim
- Institute of School Physical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho So
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Jeon
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeheon Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Larsen S, de Zee M, Kristiansen EL, van den Tillaar R. A Biomechanical Comparison Between a High and Low Barbell Placement on Net Joint Moments, Kinematics, Muscle Forces, and Muscle-Specific Moments in 3 Repetition Maximum Back Squats. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1221-1230. [PMID: 38900172 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Larsen, S, de Zee, M, Kristiansen, EL, and van den Tillaar, R. A biomechanical comparison between a high and low barbell placement on net joint moments, kinematics, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in 3 repetition maximum back squats. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1221-1230, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the impact of a high barbell vs. low barbell placement on net joint moments, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in the lower extremity joints and muscles during maximum back squats. Twelve recreationally trained men (age = 25.3 ± 2.9 years, height = 1.79 ± 7.7 m, and body mass = 82.8 ± 6.9 kg) volunteered for the study. A marker-based motion capture system and force plate data were used to calculate the net joint moments, and individual muscle forces were estimated using static optimization. Muscle forces were multiplied by their corresponding internal moment arms to determine muscle-specific moments. Statistical parametric mapping was used to analyze the effect of barbell placement as time-series data during the concentric phase. The 3 repetition maximum barbell load lifted by the subjects was 129.1 ± 13.4 kg and 130.2 ± 12.7 kg in the high bar and low bar, which were not significantly different from each other. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in net joint moments, muscle forces, or muscle-specific moments for the hip, knee, or ankle joint between the low- and high bar placements. The findings of this study suggest that barbell placement plays a minor role in lower extremity muscle forces and moment-specific moments when stance width is standardized, and barbell load lifted does not differ between barbell placements among recreationally resistance-trained men during maximal back squats. Therefore, the choice of barbell placement should be based on individual preference and comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway; and
| | - Mark de Zee
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway; and
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Otti DA, Ghijselings S, Staes F, Scheys L. How reliable are femoropelvic kinematics during deep squats? The influence of subject-specific skeletal modelling on measurement variability. Gait Posture 2024; 112:120-127. [PMID: 38761585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biplanar radiography displays promising results in the production of subject-specific (S.specific) biomechanical models. However, the focus has predominantly centred on methodological investigations in gait analysis. Exploring the influence of such models on the analysis of high range of motion tasks linked to hip pathologies is warranted. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of S.Specific modelling techniques on the reliability of deep squats kinematics in comparison to generic modelling. METHODS 8 able-bodied male participants attended 5 motion capture sessions conducted by 3 observers and performed 5 deep squats in each. Prior to each session a biplanar scan was acquired with the reflective-markers attached. Inverse kinematics of pelvis and thigh segments were calculated based on S.specific and Generic model definition. Agreement between the two models femoropelvic orientation in standing was assessed with Bland-Altman plots and paired t- tests. Inter-trial, inter-session, inter-observer variability and observer/trial difference and ratio were calculated for squat kinematic data derived from the two modelling approaches. RESULTS Compared to the Generic model, the S.Specific model produced a calibration trial that is significantly offset into more posterior pelvis tilt (-2.8±2.7), hip extension (-2.2±3.8), hip abduction (-1.2±3.6) and external rotation (-13.8±11.4). The S.specific model produced significantly different squat kinematics in the sagittal plane of the pelvis (entire squat cycle) and hip (between 40 % and 60 % of the squat cycle). Variability analysis indicated that the error magnitude between the two models was comparable (difference<2°). The S.specific model exhibited a lower variability in the observer/trial ratio in the sagittal pelvis and hip, the frontal hip, but showed a higher variability in the transverse hip. SIGNIFICANCE S.specific modelling appears to introduce a calibration offset that primarily translates into an effect in the sagittal plane kinematics. However, the clinical added value of S.specific modelling in terms of reducing experimental sources of kinematic variability was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Al Otti
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Ghijselings
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Filip Staes
- Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 - bus 1500, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Lennart Scheys
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven/University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Freitas M, Pinho F, Pinho L, Silva S, Figueira V, Vilas-Boas JP, Silva A. Biomechanical Assessment Methods Used in Chronic Stroke: A Scoping Review of Non-Linear Approaches. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2338. [PMID: 38610549 PMCID: PMC11014015 DOI: 10.3390/s24072338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Non-linear and dynamic systems analysis of human movement has recently become increasingly widespread with the intention of better reflecting how complexity affects the adaptability of motor systems, especially after a stroke. The main objective of this scoping review was to summarize the non-linear measures used in the analysis of kinetic, kinematic, and EMG data of human movement after stroke. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed, establishing the eligibility criteria, the population, the concept, and the contextual framework. The examined studies were published between 1 January 2013 and 12 April 2023, in English or Portuguese, and were indexed in the databases selected for this research: PubMed®, Web of Science®, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers®, Science Direct® and Google Scholar®. In total, 14 of the 763 articles met the inclusion criteria. The non-linear measures identified included entropy (n = 11), fractal analysis (n = 1), the short-term local divergence exponent (n = 1), the maximum Floquet multiplier (n = 1), and the Lyapunov exponent (n = 1). These studies focused on different motor tasks: reaching to grasp (n = 2), reaching to point (n = 1), arm tracking (n = 2), elbow flexion (n = 5), elbow extension (n = 1), wrist and finger extension upward (lifting) (n = 1), knee extension (n = 1), and walking (n = 4). When studying the complexity of human movement in chronic post-stroke adults, entropy measures, particularly sample entropy, were preferred. Kinematic assessment was mainly performed using motion capture systems, with a focus on joint angles of the upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Freitas
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Pinho
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Liliana Pinho
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Silva
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Vânia Figueira
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (F.P.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (V.F.)
- HM—Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Centre for Research, Training, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusta Silva
- Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Kainz H, Koller W, Wallnöfer E, Bader TR, Mindler GT, Kranzl A. A framework based on subject-specific musculoskeletal models and Monte Carlo simulations to personalize muscle coordination retraining. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3567. [PMID: 38347085 PMCID: PMC10861532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive loads at lower limb joints can lead to pain and degenerative diseases. Altering joint loads with muscle coordination retraining might help to treat or prevent clinical symptoms in a non-invasive way. Knowing how much muscle coordination retraining can reduce joint loads and which muscles have the biggest impact on joint loads is crucial for personalized gait retraining. We introduced a simulation framework to quantify the potential of muscle coordination retraining to reduce joint loads for an individuum. Furthermore, the proposed framework enables to pinpoint muscles, which alterations have the highest likelihood to reduce joint loads. Simulations were performed based on three-dimensional motion capture data of five healthy adolescents (femoral torsion 10°-29°, tibial torsion 19°-38°) and five patients with idiopathic torsional deformities at the femur and/or tibia (femoral torsion 18°-52°, tibial torsion 3°-50°). For each participant, a musculoskeletal model was modified to match the femoral and tibial geometry obtained from magnetic resonance images. Each participant's model and the corresponding motion capture data were used as input for a Monte Carlo analysis to investigate how different muscle coordination strategies influence joint loads. OpenSim was used to run 10,000 simulations for each participant. Root-mean-square of muscle forces and peak joint contact forces were compared between simulations. Depending on the participant, altering muscle coordination led to a maximum reduction in hip, knee, patellofemoral and ankle joint loads between 5 and 18%, 4% and 45%, 16% and 36%, and 2% and 6%, respectively. In some but not all participants reducing joint loads at one joint increased joint loads at other joints. The required alteration in muscle forces to achieve a reduction in joint loads showed a large variability between participants. The potential of muscle coordination retraining to reduce joint loads depends on the person's musculoskeletal geometry and gait pattern and therefore showed a large variability between participants, which highlights the usefulness and importance of the proposed framework to personalize gait retraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kainz
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6a (USZ II), 1150, Vienna, Austria.
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Willi Koller
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6a (USZ II), 1150, Vienna, Austria
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elias Wallnöfer
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6a (USZ II), 1150, Vienna, Austria
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Till R Bader
- Department of Radiology, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel T Mindler
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Foot Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kranzl
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Gait and Movement Analysis, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
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Vianna M, Metsavaht L, Guadagnin E, Franciozi CE, Luzo M, Tannure M, Leporace G. Variables Associated With Knee Valgus in Male Professional Soccer Players During a Single-Leg Vertical Landing Task. J Appl Biomech 2024; 40:9-13. [PMID: 37775099 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have explored the relationship between knee valgus and musculoskeletal variables to formulate injury prevention programs, primarily for females. Nonetheless, there is insufficient evidence pertaining to professional male soccer players. Here, the aim was to test the correlation of lateral trunk inclination, hip adduction, hip internal rotation, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and hip isometric strength with knee valgus during the single-leg vertical jump test. Twenty-four professional male soccer players performed a single-leg vertical hop test, hip strength assessments, and an ankle dorsiflexion range of motion test. A motion analysis system was employed for kinematic analysis. Maximal isometric hip strength and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion were tested using a handheld dynamometer and a digital inclinometer, respectively. The correlation of peak knee valgus with peak lateral trunk inclination was .43 during the landing phase (P = .04) and with peak hip internal rotation was -.68 (P < .001). For knee valgus angular displacement, only peak lateral trunk inclination presented a moderate positive correlation (r = .40, P = .05). This study showed that trunk and hip kinematics are associated with knee valgus, which could consequently lead to increased knee overload in male professional soccer players following a unilateral vertical landing test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Vianna
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Metsavaht
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Brasil de Tecnologias da Saúde (IBTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Guadagnin
- Instituto Brasil de Tecnologias da Saúde (IBTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Franciozi
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Luzo
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Leporace
- Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Brasil de Tecnologias da Saúde (IBTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yu P, Cen X, Mei Q, Wang A, Gu Y, Fernandez J. Differences in intra-foot movement strategies during locomotive tasks among chronic ankle instability, copers and healthy individuals. J Biomech 2024; 162:111865. [PMID: 37976687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) suffer from the resulting sequela of repetitive lateral ankle sprains (LAS), whilst copers appear to cope with initial LAS successfully. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the intra-foot biomechanical differences among CAI, copers, and healthy individuals during dynamic tasks. Twenty-two participants per group were included and required to perform cutting and different landing tasks (DL: drop landing; FL: forward jump followed a landing). A five-segment foot model with 8 degrees of freedom was used to explore the intra-foot movement among these three groups. Smaller dorsiflexion angles were found in copers (DL tasks and prelanding task) and CAI (DL and FL task) compared to healthy participants. Copers presented a more eversion position compared to others during these dynamic tasks. During the descending phase of DL task, greater dorsiflexion angles in the metatarsophalangeal joint were found in copers compared to the control group. Joint moment difference was only found in the subtalar joint during the descending phase of FL task, presenting more inversion moments in copers compared to healthy participants. Copers rely on more eversion positioning to prevent over-inversion of the subtalar joint compared to CAI. Further, the foot became more unstable when conducting sport-related movements, suggesting that foot stability seems to be sensitive to the task types. These findings may help in designing and implementing interventions to restore functions of the ankle joint in CAI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xuanzhen Cen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Engineering Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ji R, Lee WYW, Guan X, Yan B, Yang L, Yang J, Wang L, Tao C, Kuai S, Fan Y. Comparison of plugin and redundant marker sets to analyze gait kinematics between different populations. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:122. [PMID: 38087307 PMCID: PMC10717987 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait model consists of a marker set and a segment pose estimation algorithm. Plugin marker set and inverse kinematic algorithm (IK.) are prevalent in gait analysis, especially musculoskeletal motion analysis. Adding extra markers for the plugin marker set could increase the robustness to marker misplacement, motion artifacts, and even markers occlusion. However, how the different marker sets affect the gait analysis's kinematic output is unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of marker sets on the kinematic output during level walking in different populations. RESULTS In all three planes, there are significant differences (P < 0.05) between marker sets in some kinematic variables at the hip, knee, and ankle. In different populations, the kinematic variables that show significant differences varied. When comparing the kinematic differences between populations using the two marker sets separately, the range of motion (ROM) of hip flexion was only found to be a significant difference using the redundant marker set, while the peak internal rotation at the knee was only found a significant difference using plugin marker set. In addition, the redundant marker set shows less intra-subject variation than the plugin marker set. CONCLUSION The findings in this study demonstrate the importance of marker set selection since it could change the result when comparing the kinematic differences between populations. Therefore, it is essential to increase the caution in explaining the result when using different marker sets. It is crucial to use the same marker set, and the redundant marker set might be a better choice for gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Ji
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Guan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518039, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Youth Spine Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518039, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Youth Spine Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiemeng Yang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjing Tao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Shengzheng Kuai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518039, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Youth Spine Health Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Werling K, Bianco NA, Raitor M, Stingel J, Hicks JL, Collins SH, Delp SL, Liu CK. AddBiomechanics: Automating model scaling, inverse kinematics, and inverse dynamics from human motion data through sequential optimization. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295152. [PMID: 38033114 PMCID: PMC10688959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Creating large-scale public datasets of human motion biomechanics could unlock data-driven breakthroughs in our understanding of human motion, neuromuscular diseases, and assistive devices. However, the manual effort currently required to process motion capture data and quantify the kinematics and dynamics of movement is costly and limits the collection and sharing of large-scale biomechanical datasets. We present a method, called AddBiomechanics, to automate and standardize the quantification of human movement dynamics from motion capture data. We use linear methods followed by a non-convex bilevel optimization to scale the body segments of a musculoskeletal model, register the locations of optical markers placed on an experimental subject to the markers on a musculoskeletal model, and compute body segment kinematics given trajectories of experimental markers during a motion. We then apply a linear method followed by another non-convex optimization to find body segment masses and fine tune kinematics to minimize residual forces given corresponding trajectories of ground reaction forces. The optimization approach requires approximately 3-5 minutes to determine a subject's skeleton dimensions and motion kinematics, and less than 30 minutes of computation to also determine dynamically consistent skeleton inertia properties and fine-tuned kinematics and kinetics, compared with about one day of manual work for a human expert. We used AddBiomechanics to automatically reconstruct joint angle and torque trajectories from previously published multi-activity datasets, achieving close correspondence to expert-calculated values, marker root-mean-square errors less than 2 cm, and residual force magnitudes smaller than 2% of peak external force. Finally, we confirmed that AddBiomechanics accurately reproduced joint kinematics and kinetics from synthetic walking data with low marker error and residual loads. We have published the algorithm as an open source cloud service at AddBiomechanics.org, which is available at no cost and asks that users agree to share processed and de-identified data with the community. As of this writing, hundreds of researchers have used the prototype tool to process and share about ten thousand motion files from about one thousand experimental subjects. Reducing the barriers to processing and sharing high-quality human motion biomechanics data will enable more people to use state-of-the-art biomechanical analysis, do so at lower cost, and share larger and more accurate datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenon Werling
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Bianco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Raitor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jon Stingel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Hicks
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Collins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Delp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - C. Karen Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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10
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Liu H, Gong H, Chen P, Zhang L, Cen H, Fan Y. Biomechanical effects of typical lower limb movements of Chen-style Tai Chi on knee joint. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:3087-3101. [PMID: 37624535 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The load and stress distribution on cartilage and meniscus of the knee joint in typical lower limb movements of Chen-style Tai Chi (TC) and deep squat (DS) were analyzed using finite element (FE) analysis. The loadings for this analysis consisted of muscle forces and ground reaction force (GRF), which were calculated through the inverse dynamic approach based on kinematics and force plate measurements obtained from motion capture experiments. Thirteen experienced practitioners performed four typical TC movements, namely, single whip (SW), brush knee and twist step (BKTS), stretch down (SD), and part the wild horse's mane (PWHM), which exhibit lower posture and greater lower limb force compared to other TC styles. The results indicated that TC required greater lower limb muscle strength than DS, resulting in greater knee joint forces. The stress on the medial cartilage in SW and BKTS fell within a range conductive to maintaining the balance between anabolism and catabolism of cartilage matrix. This was due to the fact that SW and BKTS reduce the medial to total tibiofemoral contact force ratios through knee abduction, which may effectively alleviate mild medial knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, the greater medial contact force ratios observed in SD and PWHM resulted in great contact stresses that may aggravate the pain of patients with KOA. To mitigate these effects, practitioners should consider elevating their postures appropriately to reduce knee flexion angles, especially during the single-leg support phase. This adjustment can decrease the required muscle strength, load and stress on the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - He Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Cen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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11
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Kainz H, Mindler GT, Kranzl A. Influence of femoral anteversion angle and neck-shaft angle on muscle forces and joint loading during walking. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291458. [PMID: 37824447 PMCID: PMC10569567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Femoral deformities, e.g. increased or decreased femoral anteversion (AVA) and neck-shaft angle (NSA), can lead to pathological gait patterns, altered joint loads, and degenerative joint diseases. The mechanism how femoral geometry influences muscle forces and joint load during walking is still not fully understood. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of femoral AVA and NSA on muscle forces and joint loads during walking. We conducted a comprehensive musculoskeletal modelling study based on three-dimensional motion capture data of a healthy person with a typical gait pattern. We created 25 musculoskeletal models with a variety of NSA (93°-153°) and AVA (-12°-48°). For each model we calculated moment arms, muscle forces, muscle moments, co-contraction indices and joint loads using OpenSim. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict muscle activations, muscle moments, co-contraction indices, and joint contact forces based on the femoral geometry. We found a significant increase in co-contraction of hip and knee joint spanning muscles in models with increasing AVA and NSA, which led to a substantial increase in hip and knee joint contact forces. Decreased AVA and NSA had a minor impact on muscle and joint contact forces. Large AVA lead to increases in both knee and hip contact forces. Large NSA (153°) combined with large AVA (48°) led to increases in hip joint contact forces by five times body weight. Low NSA (108° and 93°) combined with large AVA (48°) led to two-fold increases in the second peak of the knee contact forces. Increased joint contact forces in models with increased AVA and NSA were linked to changes in hip muscle moment arms and compensatory increases in hip and knee muscle forces. Knowing the influence of femoral geometry on muscle forces and joint loads can help clinicians to improve treatment strategies in patients with femoral deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kainz
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Neuromechanics Research Group, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel T. Mindler
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kranzl
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Gait and Movement Analysis, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Princelle D, Davico G, Viceconti M. Comparative validation of two patient-specific modelling pipelines for predicting knee joint forces during level walking. J Biomech 2023; 159:111758. [PMID: 37659354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of computer models and simulations tailored to the patient's physiology to assist clinical decision-making has increased enormously.While several pipelines to develop personalized models exist, their adoption on a large scale is still limited due to the required niche computational skillset and the lengthy operations required. Novel toolboxes, such as STAPLE, promise to streamline and expedite the development of image-based skeletal lower limb models. STAPLE-generated models can be rapidly generated, with minimal user input, and present similar joint kinematics and kinetics compared to models developed employing the established INSIGNEO pipeline. Yet, it is unclear how much the observed discrepancies scale up and affect joint contact force predictions. In this study, we compared image-based musculoskeletal models developed (i) with the INSIGNEO pipeline and (ii) with a semi-automated pipeline that combines STAPLE and nmsBuilder, and assessed their accuracy against experimental implant data.Our results showed that both pipelines predicted similar total knee joint contact forces between one another in terms of profiles and average values, characterized by a moderately high level of agreement with the experimental data. Nonetheless, the Student t-test revealed statistically significant differences between both pipelines. Of note, the STAPLE-based pipeline required considerably less time than the INSIGNEO pipeline to generate a musculoskeletal model (i.e., 60 vs 160 min). This is likely to open up opportunities for the use of personalized musculoskeletal models in clinical practice, where time is of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Princelle
- Medical Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Davico
- Medical Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Viceconti
- Medical Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
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13
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Koller W, Baca A, Kainz H. The gait pattern and not the femoral morphology is the main contributor to asymmetric hip joint loading. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291789. [PMID: 37751435 PMCID: PMC10522038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait asymmetry and skeletal deformities are common in many children with cerebral palsy (CP). Changes of the hip joint loading, i.e. hip joint contact force (HJCF), can lead to pathological femoral growth. A child's gait pattern and femoral morphology affect HJCFs. The twofold aim of this study was to (1) evaluate if the asymmetry in HJCFs is higher in children with CP compared to typically developing (TD) children and (2) identify if the bony morphology or the subject-specific gait pattern is the main contributor to asymmetric HJCFs. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) and three-dimensional gait analysis data of twelve children with CP and fifteen TD children were used to create subject-specific musculoskeletal models and calculate HJCF using OpenSim. Root-mean-square-differences between left and right HJCF magnitude and orientation were computed and compared between participant groups (CP versus TD). Additionally, the influence on HJCF asymmetries solely due to the femoral morphology and solely due to the gait pattern was quantified. Our findings demonstrate that the gait pattern is the main contributor to asymmetric HJCFs in CP and TD children. Children with CP have higher HJCF asymmetries which is probably the result of larger asymmetries in their gait pattern compared to TD children. The gained insights from our study highlight that clinical interventions should focus on normalizing the gait pattern and therefore the hip joint loading to avoid the development of femoral deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Koller
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Baca
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Kainz
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Werling K, Bianco NA, Raitor M, Stingel J, Hicks JL, Collins SH, Delp SL, Liu CK. AddBiomechanics: Automating model scaling, inverse kinematics, and inverse dynamics from human motion data through sequential optimization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545116. [PMID: 37398034 PMCID: PMC10312696 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Creating large-scale public datasets of human motion biomechanics could unlock data-driven breakthroughs in our understanding of human motion, neuromuscular diseases, and assistive devices. However, the manual effort currently required to process motion capture data and quantify the kinematics and dynamics of movement is costly and limits the collection and sharing of large-scale biomechanical datasets. We present a method, called AddBiomechanics, to automate and standardize the quantification of human movement dynamics from motion capture data. We use linear methods followed by a non-convex bilevel optimization to scale the body segments of a musculoskeletal model, register the locations of optical markers placed on an experimental subject to the markers on a musculoskeletal model, and compute body segment kinematics given trajectories of experimental markers during a motion. We then apply a linear method followed by another non-convex optimization to find body segment masses and fine tune kinematics to minimize residual forces given corresponding trajectories of ground reaction forces. The optimization approach requires approximately 3-5 minutes to determine a subjecťs skeleton dimensions and motion kinematics, and less than 30 minutes of computation to also determine dynamically consistent skeleton inertia properties and fine-tuned kinematics and kinetics, compared with about one day of manual work for a human expert. We used AddBiomechanics to automatically reconstruct joint angle and torque trajectories from previously published multi-activity datasets, achieving close correspondence to expert-calculated values, marker root-mean-square errors less than 2 c m , and residual force magnitudes smaller than 2 % of peak external force. Finally, we confirmed that AddBiomechanics accurately reproduced joint kinematics and kinetics from synthetic walking data with low marker error and residual loads. We have published the algorithm as an open source cloud service at AddBiomechanics.org, which is available at no cost and asks that users agree to share processed and de-identified data with the community. As of this writing, hundreds of researchers have used the prototype tool to process and share about ten thousand motion files from about one thousand experimental subjects. Reducing the barriers to processing and sharing high-quality human motion biomechanics data will enable more people to use state-of-the-art biomechanical analysis, do so at lower cost, and share larger and more accurate datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenon Werling
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nicholas A. Bianco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Raitor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jon Stingel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer L. Hicks
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Steven H. Collins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Scott L. Delp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - C. Karen Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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15
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Fang Z, Woodford S, Senanayake D, Ackland D. Conversion of Upper-Limb Inertial Measurement Unit Data to Joint Angles: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6535. [PMID: 37514829 PMCID: PMC10386307 DOI: 10.3390/s23146535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have become the mainstay in human motion evaluation outside of the laboratory; however, quantification of 3-dimensional upper limb motion using IMUs remains challenging. The objective of this systematic review is twofold. Firstly, to evaluate computational methods used to convert IMU data to joint angles in the upper limb, including for the scapulothoracic, humerothoracic, glenohumeral, and elbow joints; and secondly, to quantify the accuracy of these approaches when compared to optoelectronic motion analysis. Fifty-two studies were included. Maximum joint motion measurement accuracy from IMUs was achieved using Euler angle decomposition and Kalman-based filters. This resulted in differences between IMU and optoelectronic motion analysis of 4° across all degrees of freedom of humerothoracic movement. Higher accuracy has been achieved at the elbow joint with functional joint axis calibration tasks and the use of kinematic constraints on gyroscope data, resulting in RMS errors between IMU and optoelectronic motion for flexion-extension as low as 2°. For the glenohumeral joint, 3D joint motion has been described with RMS errors of 6° and higher. In contrast, scapulothoracic joint motion tracking yielded RMS errors in excess of 10° in the protraction-retraction and anterior-posterior tilt direction. The findings of this study demonstrate high-quality 3D humerothoracic and elbow joint motion measurement capability using IMUs and underscore the challenges of skin motion artifacts in scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joint motion analysis. Future studies ought to implement functional joint axis calibrations, and IMU-based scapula locators to address skin motion artifacts at the scapula, and explore the use of artificial neural networks and data-driven approaches to directly convert IMU data to joint angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Z.F.); (S.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Sarah Woodford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Z.F.); (S.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Damith Senanayake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Z.F.); (S.W.); (D.S.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - David Ackland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Z.F.); (S.W.); (D.S.)
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16
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Nagaraja VH, Bergmann JHM, Andersen MS, Thompson MS. Comparison of a Scaled Cadaver-Based Musculoskeletal Model With a Clinical Upper Extremity Model. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:1150107. [PMID: 36346198 DOI: 10.1115/1.4056172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reliably and accurately estimating joint/segmental kinematics from optical motion capture data has remained challenging. Studies objectively characterizing human movement patterns have typically involved inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics techniques. Subsequent research has included scaled cadaver-based musculoskeletal (MSK) modeling for noninvasively estimating joint and muscle loads. As one of the ways to enhance confidence in the validity of MSK model predictions, the kinematics from the preceding step that drives such a model needs to be checked for agreement or compared with established/widely used models. This study rigorously compares the upper extremity (UE) joint kinematics calculated by the Dutch Shoulder Model implemented in the AnyBody Managed Model Repository (involving multibody kinematics optimization (MKO)) with those estimated by the Vicon Plug-in Gait model (involving single-body kinematics optimization (SKO)). Ten subjects performed three trials of (different types of) reaching tasks in a three-dimensional marker-based optical motion capture laboratory setting. Joint angles, processed marker trajectories, and reconstruction residuals corresponding to both models were compared. Scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the two model outputs. Results showed the largest differences between the two models for shoulder, followed by elbow and wrist, with all root-mean-squared differences less than 10 deg (although this limit might be unacceptable for clinical use). Strong-to-excellent Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were found between the two model outputs. The Bland-Altman plots showed a good agreement between most of the outputs. In conclusion, results indicate that these two models with different kinematic algorithms broadly agree with each other, albeit with few key differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikranth H Nagaraja
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Jeroen H M Bergmann
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Michael S Andersen
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg East DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Mark S Thompson
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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Fox AS, Bonacci J, Warmenhoven J, Keast MF. Measurement error associated with gait cycle selection in treadmill running at various speeds. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14921. [PMID: 36949756 PMCID: PMC10026719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A common approach in the biomechanical analysis of running technique is to average data from several gait cycles to compute a 'representative mean.' However, the impact of the quantity and selection of gait cycles on biomechanical measures is not well understood. We examined the effects of gait cycle selection on kinematic data by: (i) comparing representative means calculated from varying numbers of gait cycles to 'global' means from the entire capture period; and (ii) comparing representative means from varying numbers of gait cycles sampled from different parts of the capture period. We used a public dataset (n = 28) of lower limb kinematics captured during a 30-second period of treadmill running at three speeds (2.5 m s-1, 3.5 m s-1 and 4.5 m s-1). 'Ground truth' values were determined by averaging data across all collected strides and compared to representative means calculated from random samples (1,000 samples) of n (range = 5-30) consecutive gait cycles. We also compared representative means calculated from n (range = 5-15) consecutive gait cycles randomly sampled (1,000 samples) from within the same data capture period. The mean, variance and range of the absolute error of the representative mean compared to the 'ground truth' mean progressively reduced across all speeds as the number of gait cycles used increased. Similar magnitudes of 'error' were observed between the 2.5 m s-1 and 3.5 m s-1 speeds at comparable gait cycle numbers -where the maximum errors were < 1.5 degrees even with a small number of gait cycles (i.e., 5-10). At the 4.5 m s-1 speed, maximum errors typically exceeded 2-4 degrees when a lower number of gait cycles were used. Subsequently, a higher number of gait cycles (i.e., 25-30) was required to achieve low errors (i.e., 1-2 degrees) at the 4.5 m s-1 speed. The mean, variance and range of absolute error of representative means calculated from different parts of the capture period was consistent irrespective of the number of gait cycles used. The error between representative means was low (i.e., < 1.5 degrees) and consistent across the different number of gait cycles at the 2.5 m s-1 and 3.5 m s-1 speeds, and consistent but larger (i.e., up to 2-4 degrees) at the 4.5 m s-1 speed. Our findings suggest that selecting as many gait cycles as possible from a treadmill running bout will minimise potential 'error.' Analysing a small sample (i.e., 5-10 cycles) will typically result in minimal 'error' (i.e., < 2 degrees), particularly at lower speeds (i.e., 2.5 m s-1 and 3.5 m s-1). Researchers and clinicians should consider the balance between practicalities of collecting and analysing a smaller number of gait cycles against the potential 'error' when determining their methodological approach. Irrespective of the number of gait cycles used, we recommend that the potential 'error' introduced by the choice of gait cycle number be considered when interpreting the magnitude of effects in treadmill-based running studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Warmenhoven
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport & Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Research & Enterprise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Meghan F. Keast
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Chen L, Jiang Z, Yang C, Cheng R, Zheng S, Qian J. Effect of different landing actions on knee joint biomechanics of female college athletes: Based on opensim simulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:899799. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.899799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most injurious parts of the knee in the biomechanical environment during landing actions. The purpose of this study was to compare the lower limb differences in movement patterns, muscle forces and ACL forces during drop landing (DL), drop vertical jump (DVJ) and forward vertical jump (FVJ).Methods: Eleven basketball and volleyball female college athletes (Division II and I) were recruited. Landing actions of DL, DVJ and FVJ, kinematics and dynamics data were collected synchronously using a motion capture system. OpenSim was used to calculate the ACL load, knee joint angle and moment, and muscle force.Results: At initial contact, different landing movements influenced knee flexion angle; DL action was significantly less than FVJ action (p = 0.046). Different landing actions affected quadriceps femoris forces; FVJ was significantly greater than DL and DVJ actions (p = 0.002 and p = 0.037, respectively). However, different landing movements had no significant effects on other variables (knee extension moment, knee valgus angle and moment, hamstring and gastrocnemius muscle forces, and ACL forces) (p > 0.050).Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the knee valgus, knee valgus moment, and the ACL forces between the three landing actions. However, knee flexion angle, knee extension moments sagittal factors, and quadriceps and gastrocnemius forces are critical factors for ACL injury. The DL action had a significantly smaller knee flexion angle, which may increase the risk of ACL injury, and not recommended to assess the risk of ACL injuries. The FVJ action had a larger knee flexion angle and higher quadriceps femoris forces that were more in line with daily training and competition needs. Therefore, it is recommended to use FVJ action in future studies on risk assessment of ACL injuries and injury prevention in female college athletes.
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19
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The effects of anatomical errors on shoulder kinematics computed using multi-body models. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1561-1572. [PMID: 35867281 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Joint motion calculated using multi-body models and inverse kinematics presents many advantages over direct marker-based calculations. However, the sensitivity of the computed kinematics is known to be partly caused by the model and could also be influenced by the participants' anthropometry and sex. This study aimed to compare kinematics computed from an anatomical shoulder model based on medical images against a scaled-generic model and quantify the effects of anatomical errors and participants' anthropometry on the calculated joint angles. Twelve participants have had planar shoulder movements experimentally captured in a motion lab, and their shoulder anatomy imaged using an MRI scanner. A shoulder multi-body dynamics model was developed for each participant, using both an image-based approach and a scaled-generic approach. Inverse kinematics have been performed using the two different modelling procedures and the three different experimental motions. Results have been compared using Bland-Altman analysis of agreement and further analysed using multi-linear regressions. Kinematics computed via an anatomical and a scaled-generic shoulder models differed in average from 3.2 to 5.4 degrees depending on the task. The MRI-based model presented smaller limits of agreement to direct kinematics than the scaled-generic model. Finally, the regression model predictors, including anatomical errors, sex, and BMI of the participant, explained from 41 to 80% of the kinematic variability between model types with respect to the task. This study highlighted the consequences of modelling precision, quantified the effects of anatomical errors on the shoulder kinematics, and showed that participants' anthropometry and sex could indirectly affect kinematic outcomes.
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Senden R, Marcellis R, Meijer K, Willems P, Lenssen T, Staal H, Janssen Y, Groen V, Vermeulen RJ, Witlox M. Comparison of sagittal plane gait characteristics between the overground and treadmill approach for gait analysis in typically developing children. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13752. [PMID: 35898943 PMCID: PMC9310770 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Instrumented treadmills have become more mainstream in clinical assessment of gait disorders in children, and are increasingly being applied as an alternative to overground gait analysis. Both approaches differ in multiple elements of set-up (e.g., overground versus treadmill, Pug-in Gait versus Human Body Model-II), workflow (e.g., limited amount of steps versus many successive steps) and post-processing of data (e.g., different filter techniques). These individual elements have shown to affect gait. Since the approaches are used in parallel in clinical practice, insight into the compound effect of the multiple different elements on gait is essential. This study investigates whether the outcomes of two approaches for 3D gait analysis are interchangeable in typically developing children. Methods Spatiotemporal parameters, sagittal joint angles and moments, and ground reaction forces were measured in typically developing children aged 3-17 years using the overground (overground walking, conventional lab environment, Plug-In Gait) and treadmill (treadmill walking in virtual environment, Human Body Model-II) approach. Spatiotemporal and coefficient of variation parameters, and peak values in kinematics and kinetics of both approaches were compared using repeated measures tests. Kinematic and kinetic waveforms from both approaches were compared using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Differences were quantified by mean differences and root mean square differences. Results Children walked slower, with lower stride and stance time and shorter and wider steps with the treadmill approach than with the overground approach. Mean differences ranged from 0.02 s for stride time to 3.3 cm for step width. The patterns of sagittal kinematic and kinetic waveforms were equivalent for both approaches, but significant differences were found in amplitude. Overall, the peak joint angles were larger during the treadmill approach, showing mean differences ranging from 0.84° (pelvic tilt) to 6.42° (peak knee flexion during swing). Mean difference in peak moments ranged from 0.02 Nm/kg (peak knee extension moment) to 0.32 Nm/kg (peak hip extension moment), showing overall decreased joint moments with the treadmill approach. Normalised ground reaction forces showed mean differences ranging from 0.001 to 0.024. Conclusion The overground and treadmill approach to 3D gait analysis yield different sagittal gait characteristics. The systematic differences can be due to important changes in the neuromechanics of gait and to methodological choices used in both approaches, such as the biomechanical model or the walkway versus treadmill. The overview of small differences presented in this study is essential to correctly interpret the results and needs to be taken into account when data is interchanged between approaches. Together with the research/clinical question and the context of the child, the insight gained can be used to determine the best approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Senden
- Department of Physical Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Marcellis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Willems
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Lenssen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen Staal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Janssen
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante, Hoensbroek, Limburg, The Netherlands,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Groen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Jeroen Vermeulen
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Witlox
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
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21
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Ziziene J, Daunoraviciene K, Juskeniene G, Raistenskis J. Comparison of kinematic parameters of children gait obtained by inverse and direct models. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270423. [PMID: 35749351 PMCID: PMC9231751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare differences between kinematic parameters of pediatric gait obtained by direct kinematics (DK) (Plug-in-Gait) and inverse kinematics (IK) (AnyBody) models. Seventeen healthy children participated in this study. Both lower extremities were examined using a Vicon 8-camera motion capture system and a force plate. Angles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints were obtained based on DK and IK models, and ranges of motion (ROMs) were identified from them. The standard error of measurement, root-mean-squared error, correlation r, and magnitude-phase (MP) metrics were calculated to compare differences between the models’ outcomes. The determined standard error of measurement between ROMs from the DK and IK models ranged from 0.34° to 0.58°. A significant difference was found in the ROMs with the exception of the left hip’s internal/external rotation. The mean RMSE of all joints’ amplitudes exceeded the clinical significance limit and was 13.6 ± 4.0°. The best curve angles matching nature were found in the sagittal plane, where r was 0.79 to 0.83 and MP metrics were 0.05 to 0.30. The kinematic parameters of pediatric gait obtained by IK and DK differ significantly. Preferably, all of the results obtained by DK must be validated/verified by IK, in order to achieve a more accurate functional assessment of the individual. Furthermore, the use of IK expands the capabilities of gait analysis and allows for kinetic characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgita Ziziene
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Daunoraviciene
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giedre Juskeniene
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Health Science Institute, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Raistenskis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Health Science Institute, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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22
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Hosseini Nasab SH, Smith CR, Maas A, Vollenweider A, Dymke J, Schütz P, Damm P, Trepczynski A, Taylor WR. Uncertainty in Muscle–Tendon Parameters can Greatly Influence the Accuracy of Knee Contact Force Estimates of Musculoskeletal Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:808027. [PMID: 35721846 PMCID: PMC9204520 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.808027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the sources of error is critical before models of the musculoskeletal system can be usefully translated. Using in vivo measured tibiofemoral forces, the impact of uncertainty in muscle–tendon parameters on the accuracy of knee contact force estimates of a generic musculoskeletal model was investigated following a probabilistic approach. Population variability was introduced to the routine musculoskeletal modeling framework by perturbing input parameters of the lower limb muscles around their baseline values. Using ground reaction force and skin marker trajectory data collected from six subjects performing body-weight squat, the knee contact force was calculated for the perturbed models. The combined impact of input uncertainties resulted in a considerable variation in the knee contact force estimates (up to 2.1 BW change in the predicted force), especially at larger knee flexion angles, hence explaining up to 70% of the simulation error. Although individual muscle groups exhibited different contributions to the overall error, variation in the maximum isometric force and pathway of the muscles showed the highest impacts on the model outcomes. Importantly, this study highlights parameters that should be personalized in order to achieve the best possible predictions when using generic musculoskeletal models for activities involving deep knee flexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hamed Hosseini Nasab
- Laboratory for Movement Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Seyyed Hamed Hosseini Nasab, ; William R. Taylor,
| | - Colin R. Smith
- Laboratory for Movement Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Allan Maas
- Aesculap AG, Tuttlingen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Dymke
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Schütz
- Laboratory for Movement Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Damm
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam Trepczynski
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William R. Taylor
- Laboratory for Movement Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Seyyed Hamed Hosseini Nasab, ; William R. Taylor,
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23
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Montefiori E, Fiifi Hayford C, Mazzà C. Variations of lower-limb joint kinematics associated with the use of different ankle joint models. J Biomech 2022; 136:111072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang M, Li S, Teo EC, Fekete G, Gu Y. The Influence of Heel Height on Strain Variation of Plantar Fascia During High Heel Shoes Walking-Combined Musculoskeletal Modeling and Finite Element Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:791238. [PMID: 34988067 PMCID: PMC8720874 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.791238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefit of high heel shoes (HHS) for plantar fasciitis treatment is controversial. It has been suggested that plantar fascia strain can be decreased by heel elevation of shoes which helps in body weight redistribution throughout the length of the foot. Yet it is a fact that the repetitive tension caused by HHS wearing resulting in plantar fasciitis is a high-risk disease in HHS individuals who suffer heel and plantar pain. To explore the biomechanical function on plantar fascia under HHS conditions, in this study, musculoskeletal modeling (MsM) and finite element method (FEM) were used to investigate the effect of heel height on strain distribution of plantar fascia. Three-dimensional (3D) and one-dimensional (1D) finite element models of plantar fascia were generated to analyze the computed strain variation in 3-, 5-, and 7-cm heel heights. For validation, the computed foot contact pressure was compared with experimental measurement, and the strain value on 1D fascia was compared with previous studies. Results showed that the peak strain of plantar fascia was progressively increased on both 3D and 1D plantar fascia as heel elevated from 3 to 7 cm, and the maximum strain of plantar fascia occurs near the heel pain site at second peak stance. The 3D fascia model predicted a higher strain magnitude than that of 1D and provided a more reliable strain distribution on the plantar fascia. It is concluded that HHS with narrow heel support could pose a high risk on plantar fasciitis development, rather than reducing symptoms. Therefore, the heel elevation as a treatment recommendation for plantar fasciitis is questionable. Further studies of different heel support structures of shoes to quantify the effectiveness of heel elevation on the load-bearing mechanism of plantar fascia are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizi Wang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Faculty of Health and Safety, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shudong Li
- Faculty of Health and Safety, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ee-Chon Teo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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25
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Hayford CF, Pratt E, Cashman JP, Evans OG, Mazzà C. Effectiveness of Global Optimisation and Direct Kinematics in Predicting Surgical Outcome in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1306. [PMID: 34947837 PMCID: PMC8705891 DOI: 10.3390/life11121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multibody optimisation approaches have not seen much use in routine clinical applications despite evidence of improvements in modelling through a reduction in soft tissue artifacts compared to the standard gait analysis technique of direct kinematics. To inform clinical use, this study investigated the consistency with which both approaches predicted post-surgical outcomes, using changes in Gait Profile Score (GPS) when compared to a clinical assessment of outcome that did not include the 3D gait data. Retrospective three-dimensional motion capture data were utilised from 34 typically developing children and 26 children with cerebral palsy who underwent femoral derotation osteotomies as part of Single Event Multi-Level Surgeries. Results indicated that while, as expected, the GPS estimated from the two methods were numerically different, they were strongly correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.93), and no significant differences were observed between their estimations of change in GPS after surgery. The two scores equivalently classified a worsening or improvement in the gait quality in 93% of the cases. When compared with the clinical classification of responders versus non-responders to the intervention, an equivalent performance was found for the two approaches, with 27/41 and 28/41 cases in agreement with the clinical judgement for multibody optimisation and direct kinematics, respectively. With this equivalent performance to the direct kinematics approach and the benefit of being less sensitive to skin artefact and allowing additional analysis such as estimation of musculotendon lengths and joint contact forces, multibody optimisation has the potential to improve the clinical decision-making process in children with cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Fiifi Hayford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Emma Pratt
- Gait Analysis Laboratory, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield S10 5DP, UK; (E.P.); (J.P.C.); (O.G.E.)
| | - John P. Cashman
- Gait Analysis Laboratory, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield S10 5DP, UK; (E.P.); (J.P.C.); (O.G.E.)
| | - Owain G. Evans
- Gait Analysis Laboratory, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield S10 5DP, UK; (E.P.); (J.P.C.); (O.G.E.)
| | - Claudia Mazzà
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
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26
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Maharaj JN, Rainbow MJ, Cresswell AG, Kessler S, Konow N, Gehring D, Lichtwark GA. Modelling the complexity of the foot and ankle during human locomotion: the development and validation of a multi-segment foot model using biplanar videoradiography. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 25:554-565. [PMID: 34698598 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1968844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a multi-segment foot and ankle model for human walking and running. The model has 6-segments, and 7 degrees of freedom; motion between foot segments were constrained with a single oblique axis to enable triplanar motion [Joint Constrained (JC) model]. The accuracy of the JC model and that of a conventional model using a 6 degrees of freedom approach were assessed by comparison to segment motion determined with biplanar videoradiography. Compared to the 6-DoF model, our JC model demonstrated significantly smaller RMS differences [JC: 2.19° (1.43-2.73); 6-DoF: 3.25° (1.37-5.89)] across walking and running. The JC model is thus capable of more accurate musculoskeletal analyses and is also well suited for predictive simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayishni N Maharaj
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michael J Rainbow
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Andrew G Cresswell
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Kessler
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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27
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Wolf WI, Kim H, Kipp K. Musculoskeletal modelling based estimates of load dependent relative muscular effort during resistance training exercises. Sports Biomech 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34633906 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1983636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative muscular effort (RME) of the hip and knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor muscle groups during the back squat (BS) and split squat (SS) exercises across four external load conditions. Motion capture and force plate data were collected as participants performed the BS and SS at 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of their body-mass. These data were used to calculate net joint moments (NJM) at the hip, knee, and ankle of the front leg during the SS and the matched leg during the BS. A musculoskeletal model, which accounted for force-length-velocity properties of 52 muscles, was used to estimate the maximal possible NJM (NJMmax) of the hip and knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor muscle groups. RME was calculated as the ratio between NJM and NJMmax, and compared across exercises and loads. The results indicated that while hip extensor RME increased across all loads, the increases in hip extensor RME were disproportionately greater during the SS at loads of 50% and 75%. Knee extensor RME increased linearly across loads and did not differ between exercises. These results provide coaches and athletes with detailed information about how to optimise resistance training specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Wolf
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristof Kipp
- Department of Physical Therapy - Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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28
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Alexander N, Schwameder H, Baker R, Trinler U. Effect of different walking speeds on joint and muscle force estimation using AnyBody and OpenSim. Gait Posture 2021; 90:197-203. [PMID: 34509042 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be able to use muscluloskeletal models in clinical settings, it is important to understand the effect of walking speed on joint and muscle force estimations in different generic musculoskeletal models. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of the current study is to compare estimated joint and muscle forces as a function of walking speed between two standard approaches offered in two different modelling environments (AnyBody and OpenSim). METHODS Experimental data of 10 healthy participants were recorded at three different walking speeds (self-selected, 25 % slower, 25 % faster) using a ten-camera motion capture system together with four force plates embedded into a ten-meter walkway. Joint compression forces and muscle forces were calculated with a generic model in AnyBody and OpenSim. Trend analyses, mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficients were used to compare joint compression forces and muscle forces between the two approaches. A one-way and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used to compare MAE and trend analysis changes, respectively (α = 0.05, Bonferroni corrected post-hoc tests). RESULTS Trend analyses showed the same speed effect for AnyBody and OpenSim. MAEs increased significantly from slow to fast walking for knee joint compression forces, biceps femoris long head, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and vastus intermedius. Lower correlation coefficients during slower walking were found for quadriceps muscles, gluteus maximus and biceps femoris compared to normal and faster walking. SIGNIFICANCE Lower correlation coefficients during slower walking are assumed to be due to a higher amount of solutions solving the muscle recruitment in musculoskeletal models. This indicates that decreasing walking speed is more prone to speed dependent differences regarding variability, while the absolute error increased with increasing walking speed. To conclude, different modelling environments can react differently to changes in walking speed, but overall results are promising regarding the generalization across different generic musculoskeletal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Alexander
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Laboratory for Motion Analysis, Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Hermann Schwameder
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Baker
- School of Health Science, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Trinler
- School of Health Science, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom; Andreas Wentzensen Research Institut, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Germany
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29
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Buehler C, Koller W, De Comtes F, Kainz H. Quantifying Muscle Forces and Joint Loading During Hip Exercises Performed With and Without an Elastic Resistance Band. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:695383. [PMID: 34497999 PMCID: PMC8419330 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.695383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in hip joint contact forces (HJCFs) is one of the main contributing mechanical causes of hip joint pathologies, such as hip osteoarthritis, and its progression. The strengthening of the surrounding muscles of the joint is a way to increase joint stability, which results in the reduction of HJCF. Most of the exercise recommendations are based on expert opinions instead of evidence-based facts. This study aimed to quantify muscle forces and joint loading during rehabilitative exercises using an elastic resistance band (ERB). Hip exercise movements of 16 healthy volunteers were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system and two force plates. All exercises were performed without and with an ERB and two execution velocities. Hip joint kinematics, kinetics, muscle forces, and HJCF were calculated based on the musculoskeletal simulations in OpenSim. Time-normalized waveforms of the different exercise modalities were compared with each other and with reference values found during walking. The results showed that training with an ERB increases both target muscle forces and HJCF. Furthermore, the ERB reduced the hip joint range of motion during the exercises. The type of ERB used (soft vs. stiff ERB) and the execution velocity of the exercise had a minor impact on the peak muscle forces and HJCF. The velocity of exercise execution, however, had an influence on the total required muscle force. Performing hip exercises without an ERB resulted in similar or lower peak HJCF and lower muscle forces than those found during walking. Adding an ERB during hip exercises increased the peak muscle and HJCF but the values remained below those found during walking. Our workflow and findings can be used in conjunction with future studies to support exercise design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Buehler
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Willi Koller
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florentina De Comtes
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Kainz
- Neuromechanics Research Group, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Langley B, Jones A, Board T, Greig M. Modified conventional gait model vs. Six degrees of freedom model: A comparison of lower limb kinematics and associated error. Gait Posture 2021; 89:1-6. [PMID: 34214865 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional gait model (CGM) is commonly utilised within clinical motion analysis but has a number of inherent limitations. To overcome some of these limitations modifications have been made to the CGM and six-degrees of freedom models (6DoF) have been developed. RESEARCH QUESTION How comparable are lower limb kinematics calculated using modified CGM and 6DoF models and what is the error associated with the output of each model during walking? METHODS Ten healthy males attended two gait analysis sessions, in which they walked at a self-selected pace, while a 10-camera motion capture system recorded lower limb kinematics. Hip, knee and ankle joint kinematics in all three anatomical planes were calculated using a modified CGM, with medial anatomical markers and a three-dimensional foot added, and 6DoF. Mean absolute differences were calculated on a point-by-point basis over the walking gait cycle and interpreted relative to a 5° threshold to explore the comparability of model outputs. The standard error of the measurement (SEM) was also calculated on a point-by-point basis over the walking gait cycle for each model. RESULTS Mean absolute differences above 5° were reported between the two model outputs in 58-86% of the walking gait cycle at the knee in the frontal plane, and over the entire walking gait cycle at the hip and knee in the transverse plane. SEM was typically larger for the modified CGM compared to the 6DoF, with the highest SEM values reported at the knee in the frontal plane, and the hip and the knee in the transverse plane. SIGNIFICANCE Caution should be taken when looking to compare findings between studies utilising modified CGM and 6DoF outside of the sagittal plane, especially at the hip and knee. The reduced SEM associated with the 6DoF suggests this modelling approach may be preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Langley
- Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - A Jones
- Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - T Board
- Centre for Lower Limb Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Appley Bridge, Wigan, Lancashire, WN6 9EP, UK
| | - M Greig
- Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
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Generic scaled versus subject-specific models for the calculation of musculoskeletal loading in cerebral palsy gait: Effect of personalized musculoskeletal geometry outweighs the effect of personalized neural control. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 87:105402. [PMID: 34098149 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal modelling is used to assess musculoskeletal loading during gait. Linear scaling methods are used to personalize generic models to each participant's anthropometry. This approach introduces simplifications, especially when used in paediatric and/or pathological populations. This study aimed to compare results from musculoskeletal simulations using various models ranging from linear scaled to highly subject-specific models, i.e., including the participant's musculoskeletal geometry and electromyography data. METHODS Magnetic resonance images (MRI) and gait data of one typically developing child and three children with cerebral palsy were analysed. Musculoskeletal simulations were performed to calculate joint kinematics, joint kinetics, muscle forces and joint contact forces using four modelling frameworks: 1) Generic-scaled model with static optimization, 2) Generic-scaled model with an electromyography-informed approach, 3) MRI-based model with static optimization, and 4) MRI-based model with an electromyography-informed approach. FINDINGS Root-mean-square-differences in joint kinematics and kinetics between generic-scaled and MRI-based models were below 5° and 0.15 Nm/kg, respectively. Root-mean-square-differences over all muscles was below 0.2 body weight for every participant. Root-mean-square-differences in joint contact forces between the different modelling frameworks were up to 2.2 body weight. Comparing the simulation results from the typically developing child with the results from the children with cerebral palsy showed similar root-mean-square-differences for all modelling frameworks. INTERPRETATION In our participants, the impact of MRI-based models on joint contact forces was higher than the impact of including electromyography. Clinical reasoning based on overall root-mean-square-differences in musculoskeletal simulation results between healthy and pathological participants are unlikely to be affected by the modelling choice.
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Kainz H, Schwartz MH. The importance of a consistent workflow to estimate muscle-tendon lengths based on joint angles from the conventional gait model. Gait Posture 2021; 88:1-9. [PMID: 33933913 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal models enable us to estimate muscle-tendon length, which has been shown to improve clinical decision-making and outcomes in children with cerebral palsy. Most clinical gait analysis services, however, do not include muscle-tendon length estimation in their clinical routine. This is due, in part, to a lack of knowledge and trust in the musculoskeletal models, and to the complexity involved in the workflow to obtain the muscle-tendon length. RESEARCH QUESTION Can the joint angles obtained with the conventional gait model (CGM) be used to generate accurate muscle-tendon length estimates? METHODS Three-dimensional motion capture data of 15 children with cerebral palsy and 15 typically developing children were retrospectively analyzed and used to estimate muscle-tendon length with the following four modelling frameworks: (1) 2392-OSM-IK-angles: standard OpenSim workflow including scaling, inverse kinematics and muscle analysis; (2) 2392-OSM-CGM-angle: generic 2392-OpenSim model driven with joint angles from the CGM; (3) modif-OSM-IK-angles: standard OpenSim workflow including inverse kinematics and a modified model with segment coordinate systems and joint degrees-of-freedom similar to the CGM; (4) modif-OSM-CGM-angles: modified model driven with joint angles from the CGM. Joint kinematics and muscle-tendon length were compared between the different modelling frameworks. RESULTS Large differences in hip joint kinematics were observed between the CGM and the 2392-OpenSim model. The modif-OSM showed similar kinematics as the CGM. Muscle-tendon length obtained with modif-OSM-IK-angles and modif-OSM-CGM-angles were similar, whereas large differences in some muscle-tendon length were observed between 2392-OSM-IK-angles and 2392-OSM-CGM-angles. SIGNIFICANCE The modif-OSM-CGM-angles framework enabled us to estimate muscle-tendon lengths without the need for scaling a musculoskeletal model and running inverse kinematics. Hence, muscle-tendon length estimates can be obtained simply, without the need for the complexity, knowledge and time required for musculoskeletal modeling and associated software. An instruction showing how the framework can be used in a clinical setting is provided on https://github.com/HansUniVie/MuscleLength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kainz
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Neuromechanics Research Group, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael H Schwartz
- Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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ESB Clinical Biomechanics Award 2020: Pelvis and hip movement strategies discriminate typical and pathological femoral growth - Insights gained from a multi-scale mechanobiological modelling framework. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 87:105405. [PMID: 34161909 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children with cerebral palsy (CP) develop skeletal deformities during childhood. So far, it is unknown why some children with CP develop bony deformities whereas others do not. The aims of this study were to (i) investigate what loading characteristics lead to typical and pathological femoral growth, and (ii) evaluate why some children with CP develop femoral deformities whereas other do not. METHODS A multi-scale mechanobiological modelling workflow was used to simulate femoral growth based on three-dimensional motion capture data of six typically developing children and 16 children with CP. Based on the growth results, the participants with CP were divided into two groups: typical growth group and pathological growth group. Gait kinematics and femoral loading were compared between simulations resulting in typical growth and those resulting in pathologic growth. FINDINGS Hip joint contact forces were less posteriorly-oriented in the pathological growth simulations compared to the typical ones. Compared to the typically developing participants, the CP group with pathological femoral growth presented increased knee flexion and no hip extension. The CP group with simulated typical growth presented similar sagittal plane joint kinematics but differed in the frontal plane pelvic and hip movement strategy, which normalized the hip joint contact force and therefore contributed to typical femoral growth trends. INTERPRETATION Our simulation results identified specific gait features, which may contribute to pathological femoral growth. Furthermore, the hip joint contact force orientation in the sagittal plane seems to be the dominant factor for determining femoral growth simulations.
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Veerkamp K, Kainz H, Killen BA, Jónasdóttir H, van der Krogt MM. Torsion Tool: An automated tool for personalising femoral and tibial geometries in OpenSim musculoskeletal models. J Biomech 2021; 125:110589. [PMID: 34218040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Common practice in musculoskeletal modelling is to use scaled musculoskeletal models based on a healthy adult, but this does not consider subject-specific geometry, such as tibial torsion and femoral neck-shaft and anteversion angles (NSA and AVA). The aims of this study were to (1) develop an automated tool for creating OpenSim models with subject-specific tibial torsion and femoral NSA and AVA, (2) evaluate the femoral component, and (3) release the tool open-source. The Torsion Tool (https://simtk.org/projects/torsiontool) is a MATLAB-based tool that requires an individual's tibial torsion, NSA and AVA estimates as input and rotates corresponding bones and associated muscle points of a generic musculoskeletal model. Performance of the Torsion Tool was evaluated comparing femur bones as personalised with the Torsion Tool and scaled generic femurs with manually segmented bones as golden standard for six typically developing children and thirteen children with cerebral palsy. The tool generated femur geometries closer to the segmentations, with lower maximum (-19%) and root mean square (-18%) errors and higher Jaccard indices (+9%) compared to generic femurs. Furthermore, the tool resulted in larger improvements for participants with higher NSA and AVA deviations. The Torsion Tool allows an automatic, fast, and user-friendly way of personalising femoral and tibial geometry in an OpenSim musculoskeletal model. Personalisation is expected to be particularly relevant in pathological populations, as will be further investigated by evaluating the effects on simulation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Veerkamp
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Griffith Centre for Biomedical & Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, and Advanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute (ADAPT), Griffith University Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Hans Kainz
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bryce A Killen
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hulda Jónasdóttir
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M van der Krogt
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Brierty A, Carty CP, Giacomozzi C, Phillips T, Walsh HPJ, Bade D, Horan S. Plantar load transfer in children: a descriptive study with two pathological case studies. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:521. [PMID: 34098920 PMCID: PMC8185932 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Typical gait is often considered to be highly symmetrical, with gait asymmetries typically associated with pathological gait. Whilst gait symmetry is often expressed in symmetry ratios, measures of symmetry do not provide insight into how these asymmetries affect gait variables. To fully understand changes caused by gait asymmetry, we must first develop a normative database for comparison. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe normative reference values of regional plantar load and present comparisons with two pathological case studies. Methods A descriptive study of the load transfer of plantar pressures in typically developed children was conducted to develop a baseline for comparison of the effects of gait asymmetry in paediatric clinical populations. Plantar load and 3D kinematic data was collected for 17 typically developed participants with a mean age of 9.4 ± 4.0 years. Two case studies were also included; a 10-year-old male with clubfoot and an 8-year-old female with a flatfoot deformity. Data was analysed using a kinematics-pressure integration technique for anatomical masking into 5 regions of interest; medial and lateral forefoot, midfoot, and medial and lateral hindfoot. Results Clear differences between the two case studies and the typical dataset were seen for the load transfer phase of gait. For case study one, lateral bias was seen in the forefoot of the trailing foot across all variables, as well as increases in contact area, force and mean pressure in the lateral hindfoot of the leading foot. For case study two, the forefoot of the trailing foot produced results very similar to the typical dataset across all variables. In the hindfoot of the leading foot, medial bias presents most notably in the force and mean pressure graphs. Conclusions This study highlights the clinical significance of the load transfer phase of gait, providing meaningful information for intervention planning. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04364-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Brierty
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia. .,Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia. .,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Christopher P Carty
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.,Research Development Unit, Caboolture Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Caboolture, Gold Coast, QLD, 4510, Australia
| | - Claudia Giacomozzi
- Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Teresa Phillips
- Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Henry P J Walsh
- Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - David Bade
- Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Sean Horan
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Koller W, Baca A, Kainz H. Impact of scaling errors of the thigh and shank segments on musculoskeletal simulation results. Gait Posture 2021; 87:65-74. [PMID: 33894464 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal simulations are widely used in the research community. The locations of surface markers are mostly used to scale a generic model to the participant's anthropometry. Marker-based scaling approaches include errors due to inaccuracies in marker placements. RESEARCH QUESTION How do scaling errors of the thigh and shank segments influence simulation results? METHODS Motion capture data and magnetic resonance images from a child with cerebral palsy and a typically developing child were used to create a subject-specific reference model for each child. These reference models were modified to mimic scaling errors due to inaccurately placed lateral epicondyle markers, which are frequently used to scale the thigh and shank segments. The thigh length was altered in 1 % steps from the original length and the shank length was accordingly adjusted to keep the total leg length constant. Thirty additional models were created, which included models with an altered thigh length of ±15 %. Subsequently, musculoskeletal simulations with OpenSim were performed with all models. Joint kinematics, joint kinetics, muscle forces and joint contact forces (JCF) were compared between the reference and altered models. RESULTS The investigated scaling error influenced joint kinematics and joint kinetics by up to 9.4° (hip flexion angle) and 0.15 Nm/kg (knee flexion moment), respectively. Maximum muscle and JCF differences of 46 % (medial gastrocnemius) and 72 % (hip JCF) bodyweight, respectively, were observed between the reference and altered models. Scaling errors mainly changed the magnitude but not the shape of most analyzed parameters. The influence of scaling errors on simulation results were similar in both participants. SIGNIFICANCE Scaling errors of the thigh segment influence simulation results at all joints due to the global optimization approach used in musculoskeletal simulations. Our findings can be used to estimate potential errors due to marker-based scaling approaches in previous and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Koller
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Arnold Baca
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Kainz
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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A marker registration method to improve joint angles computed by constrained inverse kinematics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252425. [PMID: 34048476 PMCID: PMC8162579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate computation of joint angles from optical marker data using inverse kinematics methods requires that the locations of markers on a model match the locations of experimental markers on participants. Marker registration is the process of positioning the model markers so that they match the locations of the experimental markers. Markers are typically registered using a graphical user interface (GUI), but this method is subjective and may introduce errors and uncertainty to the calculated joint angles and moments. In this investigation, we use OpenSim to isolate and quantify marker registration–based error from other sources of error by analyzing the gait of a bipedal humanoid robot for which segment geometry, mass properties, and joint angles are known. We then propose a marker registration method that is informed by the orientation of anatomical reference frames derived from surface-mounted optical markers as an alternative to user registration using a GUI. The proposed orientation registration method reduced the average root-mean-square error in both joint angles and joint moments by 67% compared to the user registration method, and eliminated variability among users. Our results show that a systematic method for marker registration that reduces subjective user input can make marker registration more accurate and repeatable.
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Ma Y, Jiang S, Mithraratne K, Wilson N, Yu Y, Zhang Y. The effect of musculoskeletal model scaling methods on ankle joint kinematics and muscle force prediction during gait for children with cerebral palsy and equinus gait. Comput Biol Med 2021; 134:104436. [PMID: 33984750 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical gait analysis incorporated with neuromusculoskeletal modelling could provide valuable information about joint movements and muscle functions during ambulation for children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study investigated how imposing pre-calculated joint angles during musculoskeletal model scaling influence the ankle joint angle and muscle force computation. Ten children with CP and equinus gait underwent clinical gait analysis. For each participant, a "default" (scaled without pre-calculated joint angles) and a "PJA" (scaled with pre-calculated ankle joint angles) model were generated to simulate their gait. Ankle joint angles were calculated with an inverse kinematic (IK) and direct kinematic (DK) approach. Triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscle forces were predicted by static optimisation and EMG-assisted modelling. We found that PJA-derived ankle angles showed a better agreement with what derived from the DK approach. The tibialis anterior muscle prediction was more likely to be affected by the scaling methods for the static optimisation approach and the gastrocnemius muscle force prediction was more likely to be influenced for the EMG-assisted modelling. This study recommends using the PJA model since the good consistency between IK and DK-derived joint angles facilitates communication among different research disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Ma
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shuyun Jiang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kumar Mithraratne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nichola Wilson
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Yu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Automatic generation of personalised skeletal models of the lower limb from three-dimensional bone geometries. J Biomech 2020; 116:110186. [PMID: 33515872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of personalised and patient-specific musculoskeletal models is currently a cumbersome and time-consuming task that normally requires several processing hours and trained operators. We believe that this aspect discourages the use of computational models even when appropriate data are available and personalised biomechanical analysis would be beneficial. In this paper we present a computational tool that enables the fully automatic generation of skeletal models of the lower limb from three-dimensional bone geometries, normally obtained by segmentation of medical images. This tool was evaluated against four manually created lower limb models finding remarkable agreement in the computed joint parameters, well within human operator repeatability. The coordinate systems origins were identified with maximum differences between 0.5 mm (hip joint) and 5.9 mm (subtalar joint), while the joint axes presented discrepancies between 1° (knee joint) to 11° (subtalar joint). To prove the robustness of the methodology, the models were built from four datasets including both genders, anatomies ranging from juvenile to elderly and bone geometries reconstructed from high-quality computed tomography as well as lower-quality magnetic resonance imaging scans. The entire workflow, implemented in MATLAB scripting language, executed in seconds and required no operator intervention, creating lower extremity models ready to use for kinematic and kinetic analysis or as baselines for more advanced musculoskeletal modelling approaches, of which we provide some practical examples. We auspicate that this technical advancement, together with upcoming progress in medical image segmentation techniques, will promote the use of personalised models in larger-scale studies than those hitherto undertaken.
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Kawada M, Takeshita Y, Miyazaki T, Nakai Y, Hata K, Nakatsuji S, Kiyama R. Contribution of hip and knee muscles to lateral knee stability during gait. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:729-734. [PMID: 33281288 PMCID: PMC7708004 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Lateral knee instability is frequently observed in patients with knee injury
or risk factors associated with knee osteoarthritis. Physical exercises can strengthen
muscles that stabilize the knee joint. The purpose of this study was to define the
contribution of the knee and hip muscles to lateral knee stability by comparing the muscle
forces, as assessed by musculoskeletal simulation using one or two degrees-of-freedom
(1-DOF and 2-DOF) knee models. [Participants and Methods] We evaluated the normal gait of
15 healthy subjects. We conducted a three-dimensional gait analysis using a motion
analysis system and a force plate. We considered a muscle as a lateral knee stabilizer
when the calculated muscle force was greater with the 2-DOF model than with the 1-DOF
model. [Results] During early and late stance, the muscle forces of the lateral knee and
hip joint increased in the 2-DOF model as opposed to in the 1-DOF model. In contrast, the
forces of the medial knee muscles decreased. Furthermore, hip muscle forces increased
during the late stance. [Conclusion] Our results show that the lateral knee and hip
muscles contribute to lateral knee stability. Thus, exercises to strengthen these muscles
could improve lateral knee stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kawada
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University: 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | | | - Takasuke Miyazaki
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University: 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakai
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University: 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryoji Kiyama
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University: 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Vonstad EK, Su X, Vereijken B, Bach K, Nilsen JH. Comparison of a Deep Learning-Based Pose Estimation System to Marker-Based and Kinect Systems in Exergaming for Balance Training. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6940. [PMID: 33291687 PMCID: PMC7730529 DOI: 10.3390/s20236940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using standard digital cameras in combination with deep learning (DL) for pose estimation is promising for the in-home and independent use of exercise games (exergames). We need to investigate to what extent such DL-based systems can provide satisfying accuracy on exergame relevant measures. Our study assesses temporal variation (i.e., variability) in body segment lengths, while using a Deep Learning image processing tool (DeepLabCut, DLC) on two-dimensional (2D) video. This variability is then compared with a gold-standard, marker-based three-dimensional Motion Capturing system (3DMoCap, Qualisys AB), and a 3D RGB-depth camera system (Kinect V2, Microsoft Inc). Simultaneous data were collected from all three systems, while participants (N = 12) played a custom balance training exergame. The pose estimation DLC-model is pre-trained on a large-scale dataset (ImageNet) and optimized with context-specific pose annotated images. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was performed in order to assess the statistical significance of the differences in variability between systems. The results showed that the DLC method performs comparably to the Kinect and, in some segments, even to the 3DMoCap gold standard system with regard to variability. These results are promising for making exergames more accessible and easier to use, thereby increasing their availability for in-home exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Klæbo Vonstad
- Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; (X.S.); (K.B.); (J.H.N.)
| | - Xiaomeng Su
- Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; (X.S.); (K.B.); (J.H.N.)
| | - Beatrix Vereijken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Kerstin Bach
- Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; (X.S.); (K.B.); (J.H.N.)
| | - Jan Harald Nilsen
- Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; (X.S.); (K.B.); (J.H.N.)
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Kipp K, Kim H, Wolf WI. Muscle-Specific Contributions to Lower Extremity Net Joint Moments While Squatting With Different External Loads. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:324-331. [PMID: 33136769 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kipp, K, Kim, H, and Wolf, WI. Muscle-specific contributions to lower extremity net joint moments while squatting with different external loads. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to determine muscle-specific contributions to lower extremity net joint moments (NJMs) during squats with different external loads. Nine healthy subjects performed sets of the back squat exercise with 0, 25, 50, and 75% of body mass as an added external load. Motion capture and force plate data were used to calculate NJMs and to estimate individual muscle forces via static optimization. Individual muscle forces were multiplied by their respective moment arms to calculate the resulting muscle-specific joint moment. Statistical parametric mapping (α = 0.05) was used to determine load-dependent changes in the time series data of NJMs and muscle-specific joint moments. Hip, knee, and ankle NJMs all increased across each load condition. The joint extension moments created by the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles at the hip, by the vastii muscles at the knee, and by the soleus at the ankle all increased across most load conditions. Concomitantly, the flexion moment created by the hamstring muscles at the knee also increased across most load conditions. However, the ratio between joint moments created by the vastii and hamstring muscles at the knee did not change across load. Similarly, the ratio between joint moments created by the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles at the hip did not change across load. Collectively, the results highlight how individual muscles contribute to NJMs, identify which muscles contribute to load-dependent increases in NJMs, and suggest that joint moment production among synergistic and antagonistic muscles remains constant as external load increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Kipp
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William I Wolf
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington
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Roelker SA, Caruthers EJ, Hall RK, Pelz NC, Chaudhari AMW, Siston RA. Effects of Optimization Technique on Simulated Muscle Activations and Forces. J Appl Biomech 2020; 36:259-278. [PMID: 32663800 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2018-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Two optimization techniques, static optimization (SO) and computed muscle control (CMC), are often used in OpenSim to estimate the muscle activations and forces responsible for movement. Although differences between SO and CMC muscle function have been reported, the accuracy of each technique and the combined effect of optimization and model choice on simulated muscle function is unclear. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively compare the SO and CMC estimates of muscle activations and forces during gait with the experimental data in the Gait2392 and Full Body Running models. In OpenSim (version 3.1), muscle function during gait was estimated using SO and CMC in 6 subjects in each model and validated against experimental muscle activations and joint torques. Experimental and simulated activation agreement was sensitive to optimization technique for the soleus and tibialis anterior. Knee extension torque error was greater with CMC than SO. Muscle forces, activations, and co-contraction indices tended to be higher with CMC and more sensitive to model choice. CMC's inclusion of passive muscle forces, muscle activation-contraction dynamics, and a proportional-derivative controller to track kinematics contributes to these differences. Model and optimization technique choices should be validated using experimental activations collected simultaneously with the data used to generate the simulation.
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A multi-scale modelling framework combining musculoskeletal rigid-body simulations with adaptive finite element analyses, to evaluate the impact of femoral geometry on hip joint contact forces and femoral bone growth. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235966. [PMID: 32702015 PMCID: PMC7377390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-scale simulations, combining muscle and joint contact force (JCF) from musculoskeletal simulations with adaptive mechanobiological finite element analysis, allow to estimate musculoskeletal loading and predict femoral growth in children. Generic linearly scaled musculoskeletal models are commonly used. This approach, however, neglects subject- and age-specific musculoskeletal geometry, e.g. femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) and anteversion angle (AVA). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of proximal femoral geometry, i.e. altered NSA and AVA, on hip JCF and femoral growth simulations. Musculoskeletal models with NSA ranging from 120° to 150° and AVA ranging from 20° to 50° were created and used to calculate muscle and hip JCF based on the gait analysis data of a typically developing child. A finite element model of a paediatric femur was created from magnetic resonance images. The finite element model was morphed to the geometries of the different musculoskeletal models and used for mechanobiological finite element analysis to predict femoral growth trends. Our findings showed that hip JCF increase with increasing NSA and AVA. Furthermore, the orientation of the hip JCF followed the orientation of the femoral neck axis. Consequently, the osteogenic index, which is a function of cartilage stresses and defines the growth rate, barely changed with altered NSA and AVA. Nevertheless, growth predictions were sensitive to the femoral geometry due to changes in the predicted growth directions. Altered NSA had a bigger impact on the growth results than altered AVA. Growth simulations based on mechanobiological principles were in agreement with reported changes in paediatric populations.
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Rajagopal A, Kidziński Ł, McGlaughlin AS, Hicks JL, Delp SL, Schwartz MH. Pre-operative gastrocnemius lengths in gait predict outcomes following gastrocnemius lengthening surgery in children with cerebral palsy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233706. [PMID: 32502157 PMCID: PMC7274436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equinus deformity is one of the most common gait deformities in children with cerebral palsy. We examined whether estimates of gastrocnemius length in gait could identify limbs likely to have short-term and long-term improvements in ankle kinematics following gastrocnemius lengthening surgery to correct equinus. We retrospectively analyzed data of 891 limbs that underwent a single-event multi-level surgery (SEMLS), and categorized outcomes based on the normalcy of ankle kinematics. Limbs with short gastrocnemius lengths that received a gastrocnemius lengthening surgery as part of a SEMLS (case limbs) were 2.2 times more likely than overtreated limbs (i.e., limbs who did not have short lengths, but still received a lengthening surgery) to have a good surgical outcome at the follow-up gait visit (good outcome rate of 71% vs. 33%). Case limbs were 1.2 times more likely than control limbs (i.e., limbs that had short gastrocnemius lengths but no lengthening surgery) to have a good outcome (71% vs. 59%). Three-fourths of the case limbs with a good outcome at the follow-up gait visit maintained this outcome over time, compared to only one-half of the overtreated limbs. Our results caution against over-prescription of gastrocnemius lengthening surgery and suggest gastrocnemius lengths can be used to identify good surgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Rajagopal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Łukasz Kidziński
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Alec S. McGlaughlin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Hicks
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Delp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Schwartz
- Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Bennett HJ, Valenzuela KA, Fleenor K, Weinhandl JT. A Normative Database of Hip and Knee Joint Biomechanics During Dynamic Tasks Using Four Functional Methods With Three Functional Calibration Tasks. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:041011. [PMID: 31513696 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although predicted hip joint center (HJC) locations are known to vary widely between functional methods, no previous investigation has detailed functional method-dependent hip and knee biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to define a normative database of hip joint biomechanics during dynamic movements based upon functional HJC methods and calibration tasks. Thirty healthy young adults performed arc, star arc, and two-sided calibration tasks. Motion capture and ground reaction forces were collected during walking, running, and single-leg landings (SLLs). Two sphere-fit (geometric and algebraic) and two coordinate transformation techniques were implemented using each calibration (12 total method-calibration combinations). Surprisingly, the geometric fit-two-sided model placed the HJC at the midline of the pelvis and above the iliac spines, and thus was removed from analyses. A database of triplanar hip and knee kinematics and hip moments and powers was constructed using the mean of all subjects for the eleven method-calibration combinations. A nested analysis of variance approach compared calibration [method] peak hip kinematics and kinetics. Most method differences existed between geometric fit and coordinate transformations (58 of 84 total). No arc-star arc differences were found. Thirty-two differences were found between the two-sided and arc/star arc calibrations. This database of functional method based hip and knee biomechanics serves as an important reference point for interstudy comparisons. Overall, this study illustrates that functional HJC method can dramatically impact hip biomechanics and should be explicitly detailed in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Bennett
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, 2016 Student Recreation Center, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - Kevin A Valenzuela
- Department of Kinesiology, HHS2-203, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Kristina Fleenor
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, 2016 Student Recreation Center, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - Joshua T Weinhandl
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, 322 HPER Building, 1914 Andy Holt Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996-2700
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Flux E, van der Krogt M, Cappa P, Petrarca M, Desloovere K, Harlaar J. The Human Body Model versus conventional gait models for kinematic gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 70:102585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barnamehei H, Tabatabai Ghomsheh F, Safar Cherati A, Pouladian M. Muscle and joint force dependence of scaling and skill level of athletes in high-speed overhead task: Musculoskeletal simulation study. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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49
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Puchaud P, Sauret C, Muller A, Bideau N, Dumont G, Pillet H, Pontonnier C. Accuracy and kinematics consistency of marker-based scaling approaches on a lower limb model: a comparative study with imagery data. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019; 23:114-125. [PMID: 31881812 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2019.1705798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical images are not typically included in protocol of motion laboratories. Thus, accurate scaling of musculoskeletal models from optoelectronic data are important for any biomechanical analysis. The aim of the current study was to identify a scaling method based on optoelectronic data, inspired from literature, which could offer the best trade-off between accurate geometrical parameters (segment lengths, orientation of joint axes, marker coordinates) and consistent inverse kinematics outputs (kinematic error, joint angles). The methods were applied on 26 subjects and assessed with medical imagery building EOS-based models, considered as a reference. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the marker-based scaling followed by an optimisation of orientation joint axes and markers local coordinates, gives the most consistent scaling and joint angles with EOS-based models. Thus, when a non-invasive mean with an optoelectronic system is considered, a marker-based scaling is preliminary needed to get accurate segment lengths and to optimise joint axes and marker local coordinates to reduce kinematic errors.AbbrevationsAJCAnkle joint centreCKEcumulative kinematic errorDoFdegree of freedomEBEOS-basedHBheight-basedHJChip joint centreKJCknee joint centreMBmarker-basedMSMmusculoskeletal modelsSPMstatistical parametric mappingSTAsoft tissue artifactEBa.m∗EOS-based with optimised joint axes, and all model markers coordinatesMBa.m∗marker-based with optimised joint axes, and all model markers coordinatesMBl.a.mmarker-based with optimised segment lengths, joint axes, and selected model markers coordinatesASISanterior superior illiac spinePSISposterior superior illiac spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puchaud
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inria, Rennes, France.,Centre de Recherche des Écoles de St-Cyr Coëtquidan (CREC), Guer, France
| | - C Sauret
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France
| | - A Muller
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR, Rennes, France.,Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - N Bideau
- Univ Rennes, Inria, Rennes, France
| | - G Dumont
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR, Rennes, France
| | - H Pillet
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France
| | - C Pontonnier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA - UMR, Rennes, France.,Centre de Recherche des Écoles de St-Cyr Coëtquidan (CREC), Guer, France
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50
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CHOI EUIBUM, JEON HYEONGMIN, HEO JAEHOON, EOM GWANGMOON. COMPARISON OF ANKLE JOINT LOAD IN DIFFERENT FOOT STRIKE STRATEGIES DURING STAIR ASCENT. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419400438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find a foot strike strategy that can reduce the ankle joint load during stair ascent by comparing the ankle joint load in two strategies of initial contact during stair ascent. Twenty young subjects performed ascending stairs with two strategies, i.e., rearfoot strike (RFS) and forefoot strike (FFS). Kinematic data was measured from 12 cameras and the ground reaction force was measured by a force plate inserted in the second step of four-step stairs. Stance phase was divided into three phase, i.e., weight acceptance, pull up, and forward continuance. Four ankle related kinetic variables were derived from the measured data, i.e., joint reaction force, moment, and the magnitude and moment arm of ground reaction force. Root-mean-square (RMS) was used as the representative value of the variables during each phase was compared between strategies. In the weight acceptance phase, FFS resulted in greater values of all four kinetic variables than RFS. For the pull-up and forward continuance phases, joint reaction force and ground reaction force were not different between strategies but joint moment and moment arm was greater for FFS than RFS. In weight acceptance phase, greater ground reaction forces and longer moment arm of FFS may have resulted from faster weight transfer to the ipsilateral foot and the more anterior location of center of pressure, respectively. Both have contributed greater joint moment of FFS. In pull-up and forward continuance phases, greater ankle moment of FFS was affected mainly by longer moment arms, which may reflect the persistent farther location of center of pressure from the ankle joint. The results suggest that RFS would be more advantageous than FFS in terms of ankle joint load.
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Affiliation(s)
- EUI BUM CHOI
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - HYEONG MIN JEON
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - JAE HOON HEO
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - GWANG MOON EOM
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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