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Kranz A, Polen T, Kotulla C, Arndt A, Bosco G, Bussmann M, Chattopadhyay A, Cramer A, Davoudi CF, Degner U, Diesveld R, Freiherr von Boeselager R, Gärtner K, Gätgens C, Georgi T, Geraths C, Haas S, Heyer A, Hünnefeld M, Ishige T, Kabus A, Kallscheuer N, Kever L, Klaffl S, Kleine B, Kočan M, Koch-Koerfges A, Kraxner KJ, Krug A, Krüger A, Küberl A, Labib M, Lange C, Mack C, Maeda T, Mahr R, Majda S, Michel A, Morosov X, Müller O, Nanda AM, Nickel J, Pahlke J, Pfeifer E, Platzen L, Ramp P, Rittmann D, Schaffer S, Scheele S, Spelberg S, Schulte J, Schweitzer JE, Sindelar G, Sorger-Herrmann U, Spelberg M, Stansen C, Tharmasothirajan A, Ooyen JV, van Summeren-Wesenhagen P, Vogt M, Witthoff S, Zhu L, Eikmanns BJ, Oldiges M, Schaumann G, Baumgart M, Brocker M, Eggeling L, Freudl R, Frunzke J, Marienhagen J, Wendisch VF, Bott M. A manually curated compendium of expression profiles for the microbial cell factory Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Data 2022; 9:594. [PMID: 36182956 PMCID: PMC9526701 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is the major host for the industrial production of amino acids and has become one of the best studied model organisms in microbial biotechnology. Rational strain construction has led to an improvement of producer strains and to a variety of novel producer strains with a broad substrate and product spectrum. A key factor for the success of these approaches is detailed knowledge of transcriptional regulation in C. glutamicum. Here, we present a large compendium of 927 manually curated microarray-based transcriptional profiles for wild-type and engineered strains detecting genome-wide expression changes of the 3,047 annotated genes in response to various environmental conditions or in response to genetic modifications. The replicates within the 927 experiments were combined to 304 microarray sets ordered into six categories that were used for differential gene expression analysis. Hierarchical clustering confirmed that no outliers were present in the sets. The compendium provides a valuable resource for future fundamental and applied research with C. glutamicum and contributes to a systemic understanding of this microbial cell factory.Measurement(s) | Gene Expression Analysis | Technology Type(s) | Two Color Microarray | Factor Type(s) | WT condition A vs. WT condition B • Plasmid-based gene overexpression in parental strain vs. parental strain with empty vector control • Deletion mutant vs. parental strain | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Corynebacterium glutamicum | Sample Characteristic - Environment | laboratory environment | Sample Characteristic - Location | Germany |
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kranz
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany. .,IBG-4: Bioinformatics, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Tino Polen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Kotulla
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Annette Arndt
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Graziella Bosco
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bussmann
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ava Chattopadhyay
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Annette Cramer
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cedric-Farhad Davoudi
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ursula Degner
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ramon Diesveld
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Kim Gärtner
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gätgens
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tobias Georgi
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Geraths
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine Haas
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antonia Heyer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Max Hünnefeld
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Takeru Ishige
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Armin Kabus
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Kallscheuer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Larissa Kever
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon Klaffl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Britta Kleine
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Kočan
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Abigail Koch-Koerfges
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kim J Kraxner
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Krug
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Aileen Krüger
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Küberl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Labib
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Mack
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tomoya Maeda
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Regina Mahr
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Majda
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrea Michel
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Xenia Morosov
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Olga Müller
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Arun M Nanda
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens Nickel
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pahlke
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Eugen Pfeifer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura Platzen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Paul Ramp
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Doris Rittmann
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Schaffer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sandra Scheele
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spelberg
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Schulte
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens-Eric Schweitzer
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Sindelar
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sorger-Herrmann
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Spelberg
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Corinna Stansen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Apilaasha Tharmasothirajan
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan van Ooyen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Vogt
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Witthoff
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lingfeng Zhu
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard J Eikmanns
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Schaumann
- SenseUp GmbH, c/o Campus Forschungszentrum, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Melanie Brocker
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Roland Freudl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstr. 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany.
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2
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Warren MT, Galpin I, Hasan M, Hindmarsh SA, Padrnos JD, Edwards-Gayle C, Mathers RT, Adams DJ, Sosso GC, Gibson MI. Minimalistic ice recrystallisation inhibitors based on phenylalanine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7658-7661. [PMID: 35723608 PMCID: PMC9260883 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02531k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ice recrystallisation inhibition (IRI) is typically associated with ice binding proteins, but polymers and other mimetics are emerging. Here we identify phenylalanine as a minimalistic, yet potent, small-molecule IRI capable of inhibiting ice growth at just 1 mg mL-1. Facial amphiphilicity is shown to be a crucial structural feature, with para-substituents enhancing (hydrophobic) or decreasing (hydrophilic) IRI activity. Both amino and acid groups were found to be essential. Solution-phase self-assembly of Phenylalanine was not observed, but the role of self-assembly at the ice/water interface could not be ruled out as a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK
| | - Iain Galpin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK.
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK
| | | | - John D Padrnos
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, New Kensington, PA, 15068, USA
| | | | - Robert T Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, New Kensington, PA, 15068, USA
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV5 6NP, UK
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3
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Liu S, Xu JZ, Zhang WG. Advances and prospects in metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for L-tryptophan production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:22. [PMID: 34989926 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As an important raw material for pharmaceutical, food and feed industry, highly efficient production of L-tryptophan by Escherichia coli has attracted a considerable attention. However, there are complicated and multiple layers of regulation networks in L-tryptophan biosynthetic pathway and thus have difficulty to rewrite the biosynthetic pathway for producing L-tryptophan with high efficiency in E. coli. This review summarizes the biosynthetic pathway of L-tryptophan and highlights the main regulatory mechanisms in E. coli. In addition, we discussed the latest metabolic engineering strategies achieved in E. coli to reconstruct the L-tryptophan biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, we also review a few strategies that can be used in E. coli to improve robustness and streamline of L-tryptophan high-producing strains. Lastly, we also propose the potential strategies to further increase L-tryptophan production by systematic metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Liu X, Liu J, Lei D, Zhao GR. Modular metabolic engineering for production of phloretic acid, phloretin and phlorizin in Escherichia coli. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y. Feedback regulation and coordination of the main metabolism for bacterial growth and metabolic engineering for amino acid fermentation. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107887. [PMID: 34921951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms such as bacteria are often exposed to continuous changes in the nutrient availability in nature. Therefore, bacteria must constantly monitor the environmental condition, and adjust the metabolism quickly adapting to the change in the growth condition. For this, bacteria must orchestrate (coordinate and integrate) the complex and dynamically changing information on the environmental condition. In particular, the central carbon metabolism (CCM), monomer synthesis, and macromolecular synthesis must be coordinately regulated for the efficient growth. It is a grand challenge in bioscience, biotechnology, and synthetic biology to understand how living organisms coordinate the metabolic regulation systems. Here, we consider the integrated sensing of carbon sources by the phosphotransferase system (PTS), and the feed-forward/feedback regulation systems incorporated in the CCM in relation to the pool sizes of flux-sensing metabolites and αketoacids. We also consider the metabolic regulation of amino acid biosynthesis (as well as purine and pyrimidine biosyntheses) paying attention to the feedback control systems consisting of (fast) enzyme level regulation with (slow) transcriptional regulation. The metabolic engineering for the efficient amino acid production by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum is also discussed (in relation to the regulation mechanisms). The amino acid synthesis is important for determining the rate of ribosome biosynthesis. Thus, the growth rate control (growth law) is further discussed on the relationship between (p)ppGpp level and the ribosomal protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuoka
- Department of Fisheries Distribution and Management, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
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6
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Lin C, Jair YC, Chou YC, Chen PS, Yeh YC. Transcription factor-based biosensor for detection of phenylalanine and tyrosine in urine for diagnosis of phenylketonuria. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1041:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Ding D, Wen J, Zhu B, Zhang D. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli to improve L-phenylalanine production. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:5. [PMID: 29382315 PMCID: PMC5791370 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) is an essential amino acid for mammals and applications expand into human health and nutritional products. In this study, a system level engineering was conducted to enhance L-Phe biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. RESULTS We inactivated the PTS system and recruited glucose uptake via combinatorial modulation of galP and glk to increase PEP supply in the Xllp01 strain. In addition, the HTH domain of the transcription factor TyrR was engineered to decrease the repression on the transcriptional levels of L-Phe pathway enzymes. Finally, proteomics analysis demonstrated the third step of the SHIK pathway (catalyzed via AroD) as the rate-limiting step for L-Phe production. After optimization of the aroD promoter strength, the titer of L-Phe increased by 13.3%. Analysis of the transcriptional level of genes involved in the central metabolic pathways and L-Phe biosynthesis via RT-PCR showed that the recombinant L-Phe producer exhibited a great capability in the glucose utilization and precursor (PEP and E4P) generation. Via systems level engineering, the L-Phe titer of Xllp21 strain reached 72.9 g/L in a 5 L fermenter under the non-optimized fermentation conditions, which was 1.62-times that of the original strain Xllp01. CONCLUSION The metabolic engineering strategy reported here can be broadly employed for developing genetically defined organisms for the efficient production of other aromatic amino acids and derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Liu
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Biotechnological production of aromatic compounds of the extended shikimate pathway from renewable biomass. J Biotechnol 2017; 257:211-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Microbial metabolites in nutrition, healthcare and agriculture. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:15. [PMID: 28391479 PMCID: PMC5385174 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are a promising source of an enormous number of natural products, which have made significant contribution to almost each sphere of human, plant and veterinary life. Natural compounds obtained from microorganisms have proved their value in nutrition, agriculture and healthcare. Primary metabolites, such as amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, organic acids and alcohol are used as nutritional supplements as well as in the production of industrial commodities through biotransformation. Whereas, secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are largely obtained by extraction from plants or tissues. They are primarily used in the biopharmaceutical industry due to their capability to reduce infectious diseases in human beings and animals and thus increase the life expectancy. Additionally, microorganisms and their products inevitably play a significant role in sustainable agriculture development.
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10
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Tyagi N, Saini D, Guleria R, Mukherjee KJ. Designing an Escherichia coli Strain for Phenylalanine Overproduction by Metabolic Engineering. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 59:168-178. [PMID: 28374116 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-9999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenylalanine pathway flux is controlled by two types of regulators, those that are specific to the pathway, as well as by global regulators. In order to demonstrate the importance of these global regulators, we first removed the pathway-specific regulators using all possible combinations of gene knockouts and knockins. We found that genes like aroG fbr performed best individually as well as in combination with other genes, while other genes like tyrA and tyrR worked only in combination with other modifications. Knocking in the tktA gene under a tyrR promoter and knocking out pykF further increased phenylalanine production demonstrating that the supply of precursor via PEP and E4P is also a rate-limiting step. Finally, we tested the role of global regulators on this deregulated pathway and found that Fis overexpression helps in both enhancing and sustaining the flux through this pathway. This work opens up the possibility of using global regulators in synergy with pathway-specific modifications to enhance product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Tyagi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Guleria
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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11
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Ding D, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zheng P, Li H, Zhang D, Sun J. Improving the Production of L-Phenylalanine by Identifying Key Enzymes Through Multi-Enzyme Reaction System in Vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32208. [PMID: 27558633 PMCID: PMC4997321 DOI: 10.1038/srep32208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) is an important amino acid used in both food and medicinal applications. We developed an in vitro system that allowed a direct, quantitative investigation of phenylalanine biosynthesis in E. coli. Here, the absolute concentrations of six enzymes (AroK, AroL, AroA, AroC, PheA and TyrB) involved in the shikimate (SHIK) pathway were determined by a quantitative proteomics approach and in vitro enzyme titration experiments. The reconstitution of an in vitro reaction system for these six enzymes was established and their effects on the phenylalanine production were tested. The results showed that the yield of phenylalanine increased 3.0 and 2.1 times when the concentrations of shikimate kinase (AroL) and 5-enolpyruvoyl shikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (AroA) were increased 2.5 times. Consistent results were obtained from in vivo via the overexpression of AroA in a phenylalanine-producing strain, and the titer of phenylalanine reached 62.47 g/l after 48 h cultivation in a 5-liter jar fermentor. Our quantitative findings provide a practical method to detect the potential bottleneck in a specific metabolic pathway to determine which gene products should be targeted to improve the yield of the desired product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqin Ding
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfei Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixing Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
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12
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Mahr R, von Boeselager RF, Wiechert J, Frunzke J. Screening of an Escherichia coli promoter library for a phenylalanine biosensor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6739-6753. [PMID: 27170323 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of transcription factor-based biosensors for the engineering of microbial production strains opened up new opportunities for industrial biotechnology. However, the design of synthetic regulatory circuits depends on the selection of suitable transcription factor-promoter pairs to convert the concentration of effector molecules into a measureable output. Here, we present an efficient strategy to screen promoter libraries for appropriate parts for biosensor design. To this end, we pooled the strains of the Alon library containing about 2000 different Escherichia coli promoter-gfpmut2 fusions, and enriched galactose- and L-phenylalanine-responsive promoters by toggled rounds of positive and negative selection using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). For both effectors, responsive promoters were isolated and verified by cultivation in microtiter plates. The promoter of mtr, encoding an L-tryptophan-specific transporter, was identified as suitable part for the construction of an L-phenylalanine biosensor. In the following, we performed a comparative analysis of different biosensor constructs based on the mtr promoter. The obtained data revealed a strong influence of the biosensor architecture on the performance characteristics. For proof-of-principle, the mtr sensor was applied in a FACS high-throughput screening of an E. coli MG1655 mutant library for the isolation of L-phenylalanine producers. These results emphasize the developed screening approach as a convenient strategy for the identification of effector-responsive promoters for the design of novel biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mahr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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13
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Gao X, Jiang L, Zhu L, Xu Q, Xu X, Huang H. Tailoring of global transcription sigma D factor by random mutagenesis to improve Escherichia coli tolerance towards low-pHs. J Biotechnol 2016; 224:55-63. [PMID: 26971973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconversion processes of organic acid or acid hydrolysis of raw material for microbial metabolism often suffer limitations as a result of microbial sensitivity in low-pH conditions. We adopted a three-step method called RAndom Insertional-deletional Strand Exchange mutagenesis (RAISE) to engineer the components of global regulator Sigma D factor (RpoD) of Escherichia coli to improve its acid tolerance. The best strain Mutant VII was identified from random mutagenesis libraries based on the growth performance, which exhibited much higher growth rate than the control (0.22h(-1) vs. 0.15h(-1)) at pH as low as 3.17. Combined transcriptome and phenome analysis of E. coli was carried out to better understand the global effects of RpoD on the regulatory networks. Our analysis showed that 95 (2.1%) of all E. coli genes were induced and 178 (4.0%) genes were repressed, including those for trehalose biosynthesis, nucleotides biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid utilization, except for acid resistance. Also regulated were the master regulators (ArcA, EvgA, H-NS and RpoS) and gene/operon-specific transcription factors (GadX, GadW, AppY, YdeO, KdgR). These results demonstrated that RpoD acts as global regulator in the growth phase of E. coli and consequently improves acid tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Xian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - He Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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14
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Sun X, Shen X, Jain R, Lin Y, Wang J, Sun J, Wang J, Yan Y, Yuan Q. Synthesis of chemicals by metabolic engineering of microbes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:3760-85. [PMID: 25940754 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is a powerful tool for the sustainable production of chemicals. Over the years, the exploration of microbial, animal and plant metabolism has generated a wealth of valuable genetic information. The prudent application of this knowledge on cellular metabolism and biochemistry has enabled the construction of novel metabolic pathways that do not exist in nature or enhance existing ones. The hand in hand development of computational technology, protein science and genetic manipulation tools has formed the basis of powerful emerging technologies that make the production of green chemicals and fuels a reality. Microbial production of chemicals is more feasible compared to plant and animal systems, due to simpler genetic make-up and amenable growth rates. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of biofuels, value added chemicals, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals via metabolic engineering of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15#, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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15
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Doroshenko VG, Livshits VA, Airich LG, Shmagina IS, Savrasova EA, Ovsienko MV, Mashko SV. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of phenylalanine and related compounds. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815070017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Martins L, Pedro A, Oppolzer D, Sousa F, Queiroz J, Passarinha L. Enhanced biosynthesis of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli VH33 using Box–Behnken design associated to aromatic amino acids pathway. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Production of salidroside in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6640. [PMID: 25323006 PMCID: PMC4200411 DOI: 10.1038/srep06640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salidroside (1) is the most important bioactive component of Rhodiola (also called as “Tibetan Ginseng”), which is a valuable medicinal herb exhibiting several adaptogenic properties. Due to the inefficiency of plant extraction and chemical synthesis, the supply of salidroside (1) is currently limited. Herein, we achieved unprecedented biosynthesis of salidroside (1) from glucose in a microorganism. First, the pyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 and endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases were recruited to convert 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (2), an intermediate of L-tyrosine pathway, to tyrosol (3) in Escherichia coli. Subsequently, tyrosol production was improved by overexpressing the pathway genes, and by eliminating competing pathways and feedback inhibition. Finally, by introducing Rhodiola-derived glycosyltransferase UGT73B6 into the above-mentioned recombinant strain, salidroside (1) was produced with a titer of 56.9 mg/L. Interestingly, the Rhodiola-derived glycosyltransferase, UGT73B6, also catalyzed the attachment of glucose to the phenol position of tyrosol (3) to form icariside D2 (4), which was not reported in any previous literatures.
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Rodriguez A, Martínez JA, Flores N, Escalante A, Gosset G, Bolivar F. Engineering Escherichia coli to overproduce aromatic amino acids and derived compounds. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:126. [PMID: 25200799 PMCID: PMC4174253 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of aromatic amino acids using fermentation processes with recombinant microorganisms can be an advantageous approach to reach their global demands. In addition, a large array of compounds with alimentary and pharmaceutical applications can potentially be synthesized from intermediates of this metabolic pathway. However, contrary to other amino acids and primary metabolites, the artificial channelling of building blocks from central metabolism towards the aromatic amino acid pathway is complicated to achieve in an efficient manner. The length and complex regulation of this pathway have progressively called for the employment of more integral approaches, promoting the merge of complementary tools and techniques in order to surpass metabolic and regulatory bottlenecks. As a result, relevant insights on the subject have been obtained during the last years, especially with genetically modified strains of Escherichia coli. By combining metabolic engineering strategies with developments in synthetic biology, systems biology and bioprocess engineering, notable advances were achieved regarding the generation, characterization and optimization of E. coli strains for the overproduction of aromatic amino acids, some of their precursors and related compounds. In this paper we review and compare recent successful reports dealing with the modification of metabolic traits to attain these objectives.
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19
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Chen X, Zhou L, Tian K, Kumar A, Singh S, Prior BA, Wang Z. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli: A sustainable industrial platform for bio-based chemical production. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1200-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Lango-Scholey L, Brachmann AO, Bode HB, Clarke DJ. The expression of stlA in Photorhabdus luminescens is controlled by nutrient limitation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82152. [PMID: 24278476 PMCID: PMC3838401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus is a genus of Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacteria that also maintain a mutualistic association with nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. Photorhabdus has an extensive secondary metabolism that is required for the interaction between the bacteria and the nematode. A major component of this secondary metabolism is a stilbene molecule, called ST. The first step in ST biosynthesis is the non-oxidative deamination of phenylalanine resulting in the production of cinnamic acid. This reaction is catalyzed by phenylalanine-ammonium lyase, an enzyme encoded by the stlA gene. In this study we show, using a stlA-gfp transcriptional fusion, that the expression of stlA is regulated by nutrient limitation through a regulatory network that involves at least 3 regulators. We show that TyrR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator that regulates gene expression in response to aromatic amino acids in E. coli, is absolutely required for stlA expression. We also show that stlA expression is modulated by σS and Lrp, regulators that are implicated in the regulation of the response to nutrient limitation in other bacteria. This work is the first that describes pathway-specific regulation of secondary metabolism in Photorhabdus and, therefore, our study provides an initial insight into the complex regulatory network that controls secondary metabolism, and therefore mutualism, in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander O. Brachmann
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David J. Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Yao YF, Wang CS, Qiao J, Zhao GR. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of salvianic acid A via an artificial biosynthetic pathway. Metab Eng 2013; 19:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Meiswinkel TM, Gopinath V, Lindner SN, Nampoothiri KM, Wendisch VF. Accelerated pentose utilization by Corynebacterium glutamicum for accelerated production of lysine, glutamate, ornithine and putrescine. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 6:131-40. [PMID: 23164409 PMCID: PMC3917455 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their abundance in hemicellulosic wastes arabinose and xylose are an interesting source of carbon for biotechnological production processes. Previous studies have engineered several Corynebacterium glutamicum strains for the utilization of arabinose and xylose, however, with inefficient xylose utilization capabilities. To improve xylose utilization, different xylose isomerase genes were tested in C. glutamicum. The gene originating from Xanthomonas campestris was shown to have the highest effect, resulting in growth rates of 0.14 h−1, followed by genes from Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Escherichia coli. To further increase xylose utilization different xylulokinase genes were expressed combined with X. campestris xylose isomerase gene. All combinations further increased growth rates of the recombinant strains up to 0.20 h−1 and moreover increased biomass yields. The gene combination of X. campestris xylose isomerase and C. glutamicum xylulokinase was the fastest growing on xylose and compared with the previously described strain solely expressing E. coli xylose isomerase gene delivered a doubled growth rate. Productivity of the amino acids glutamate, lysine and ornithine, as well as the diamine putrescine was increased as well as final titres except for lysine where titres remained unchanged. Also productivity in medium containing rice straw hydrolysate as carbon source was increased. Funding Information No funding information provided.
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23
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Chávez-Béjar MI, Báez-Viveros JL, Martínez A, Bolívar F, Gosset G. Biotechnological production of l-tyrosine and derived compounds. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Lu J, Ge S, Wan F, Yu J. Detection of L-phenylalanine using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and flow injection electrochemiluminescence. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:320-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Gopinath V, Meiswinkel TM, Wendisch VF, Nampoothiri KM. Amino acid production from rice straw and wheat bran hydrolysates by recombinant pentose-utilizing Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:985-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Lindner SN, Seibold GM, Henrich A, Krämer R, Wendisch VF. Phosphotransferase system-independent glucose utilization in corynebacterium glutamicum by inositol permeases and glucokinases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3571-81. [PMID: 21478323 PMCID: PMC3127631 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02713-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose phosphorylation via the phosphotransferase system (PTS) is the major path of glucose uptake in Corynebacterium glutamicum, but some growth from glucose is retained in the absence of the PTS. The growth defect of a deletion mutant lacking the general PTS component HPr in glucose medium could be overcome by suppressor mutations leading to the high expression of inositol utilization genes or by the addition of inositol to the growth medium if a glucokinase is overproduced simultaneously. PTS-independent glucose uptake was shown to require at least one of the inositol transporters IolT1 and IolT2 as a mutant lacking IolT1, IolT2, and the PTS component HPr could not grow with glucose as the sole carbon source. Efficient glucose utilization in the absence of the PTS necessitated the overexpression of a glucokinase gene in addition to either iolT1 or iolT2. IolT1 and IolT2 are low-affinity glucose permeases with K(s) values of 2.8 and 1.9 mM, respectively. As glucose uptake and phosphorylation via the PTS differs from glucose uptake via IolT1 or IolT2 and phosphorylation via glucokinase by the requirement for phosphoenolpyruvate, the roles of the two pathways for l-lysine production were tested. The l-lysine yield by C. glutamicum DM1729, a rationally engineered l-lysine-producing strain, was lower than that by its PTS-deficient derivate DM1729Δhpr, which, however, showed low production rates. The combined overexpression of iolT1 or iolT2 with ppgK, the gene for PolyP/ATP-dependent glucokinase, in DM1729Δhpr enabled l-lysine production as fast as that by the parent strain DM1729 but with 10 to 20% higher l-lysine yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen N. Lindner
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gerd M. Seibold
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Henrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Krämer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Biodegradation of aromatic compounds: current status and opportunities for biomolecular approaches. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:207-28. [PMID: 19730850 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation can achieve complete and cost-effective elimination of aromatic pollutants through harnessing diverse microbial metabolic processes. Aromatics biodegradation plays an important role in environmental cleanup and has been extensively studied since the inception of biodegradation. These studies, however, are diverse and scattered; there is an imperative need to consolidate, summarize, and review the current status of aromatics biodegradation. The first part of this review briefly discusses the catabolic mechanisms and describes the current status of aromatics biodegradation. Emphasis is placed on monocyclic, polycyclic, and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons because they are the most prevalent aromatic contaminants in the environment. Among monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; phenylacetic acid; and structurally related aromatic compounds are highlighted. In addition, biofilms and their applications in biodegradation of aromatic compounds are briefly discussed. In recent years, various biomolecular approaches have been applied to design and understand microorganisms for enhanced biodegradation. In the second part of this review, biomolecular approaches, their applications in aromatics biodegradation, and associated biosafety issues are discussed. Particular attention is given to the applications of metabolic engineering, protein engineering, and "omics" technologies in aromatics biodegradation.
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Tsyrenzhapova IS, Doroshenko VG, Airich LG, Mironov AS, Mashko SV. Gene yddG of Escherichia coli encoding the putative exporter of aromatic amino acids: Constitutive transcription and dependence of the expression on the cell growth rate. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795409050032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Application of systems biology for bioprocess development. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:404-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Transcriptome analysis of a phenol-producing Pseudomonas putida S12 construct: genetic and physiological basis for improved production. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:2822-30. [PMID: 17993537 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01379-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unknown genetic basis for improved phenol production by a recombinant Pseudomonas putida S12 derivative bearing the tpl (tyrosine-phenol lyase) gene was investigated via comparative transcriptomics, nucleotide sequence analysis, and targeted gene disruption. We show upregulation of tyrosine biosynthetic genes and possibly decreased biosynthesis of tryptophan caused by a mutation in the trpE gene as the genetic basis for the enhanced phenol production. In addition, several genes in degradation routes connected to the tyrosine biosynthetic pathway were upregulated. This either may be a side effect that negatively affects phenol production or may point to intracellular accumulation of tyrosine or its intermediates. A number of genes identified by the transcriptome analysis were selected for targeted disruption in P. putida S12TPL3. Physiological and biochemical examination of P. putida S12TPL3 and these mutants led to the conclusion that the metabolic flux toward tyrosine in P. putida S12TPL3 was improved to such an extent that the heterologous tyrosine-phenol lyase enzyme had become the rate-limiting step in phenol biosynthesis.
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Lütke-Eversloh T, Santos CNS, Stephanopoulos G. Perspectives of biotechnological production of l-tyrosine and its applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:751-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Proteomic investigation on the pyk-F gene knockout Escherichia coli for aromatic amino acid production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Polen T, Schluesener D, Poetsch A, Bott M, Wendisch VF. Characterization of citrate utilization inCorynebacterium glutamicumby transcriptome and proteome analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 273:109-19. [PMID: 17559405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum grows aerobically on a variety of carbohydrates and organic acids as single or combined sources of carbon and energy. To characterize the citrate utilization in C. glutamicum on a genomewide scale, a comparative analysis was carried out by combining transcriptome and proteome analysis. In cells grown on citrate, transcriptome analysis revealed highest expression changes for two different citrate-uptake systems encoded by citM and tctCBA, whereas genes encoding uptake systems for the glucose- (ptsG), sucrose- (ptsS) and fructose- (ptsF) specific PTS components and permeases for gluconate (gntP) and glutamate (gluC) displayed decreased mRNA levels in citrate-grown cells. This pattern was also observed when cells grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium plus citrate were compared with cells grown in LB medium, indicating some kind of catabolite repression. Genes encoding enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (aconitase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase), malic enzyme, PEP carboxykinase, gluconeogenic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase displayed increased expression in cells grown on citrate. Accordingly, proteome analysis revealed elevated protein levels of these enzymes and showed a good correlation with the mRNA levels. In conclusion, this study revealed the citrate stimulon in C. glutamicum and the regulated central metabolic genes when grown on citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Polen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Leiros HKS, Pey AL, Innselset M, Moe E, Leiros I, Steen IH, Martinez A. Structure of phenylalanine hydroxylase from Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, a monomeric cold active enzyme with local flexibility around the active site and high overall stability. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21973-86. [PMID: 17537732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610174200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic of cold-adapted enzymes, high catalytic efficiency at low temperatures, is often associated with low thermostability and high flexibility. In this context, we analyzed the catalytic properties and solved the crystal structure of phenylalanine hydroxylase from the psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H (CpPAH). CpPAH displays highest activity with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) as cofactor and at 25 degrees C (15 degrees C above the optimal growth temperature). Although the enzyme is monomeric with a single L-Phe-binding site, the substrate binds cooperatively. In comparison with PAH from mesophilic bacteria and mammalian organisms, CpPAH shows elevated [S(0.5)](L-Phe) (= 1.1 +/- 0.1 mm) and K(m)(BH(4))(= 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm), as well as high catalytic efficiency at 10 degrees C. However, the half-inactivation and denaturation temperature is only slightly lowered (T(m) approximately 52 degrees C; where T(m) is half-denaturation temperature), in contrast to other cold-adapted enzymes. The crystal structure shows regions of local flexibility close to the highly solvent accessible binding sites for BH(4) (Gly(87)/Phe(88)/Gly(89)) and l-Phe (Tyr(114)-Pro(118)). Normal mode and COREX analysis also detect these and other areas with high flexibility. Greater mobility around the active site and disrupted hydrogen bonding abilities for the cofactor appear to represent cold-adaptive properties that do not markedly affect the thermostability of CpPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Kirsti S Leiros
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, Tromsø
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Sprenger GA. From scratch to value: engineering Escherichia coli wild type cells to the production of l-phenylalanine and other fine chemicals derived from chorismate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:739-49. [PMID: 17435995 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant strains of Escherichia coli K-12 for the production of the three aromatic amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine) have been constructed. The largest demand is for L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), as it can be used as a building block for the low-calorie sweetener, aspartame. Besides L-Phe, an increasing number of shikimic acid pathway intermediates can be produced from appropriate E. coli mutants with blocks in this pathway. The last common intermediate, chorismate, in E. coli not only serves for production of aromatic amino acids but can also be used for high-titer production of non-aromatic compounds, e.g., cyclohexadiene-transdiols. In an approach to diversity-oriented metabolic engineering (metabolic grafting), platform strains with increased flux through the general aromatic pathway were created by suitable gene deletions, additions, or rearrangements. Examples for rational strain constructions for L-phenylalanine and chorismate derivatives are given with emphasis on genetic engineering. As a result, L-phenylalanine producers are available, which were derived through several defined steps from E. coli K-12 wild type. These mutant strains showed L-phenylalanine titers of up to 38 g/l of L-phenylalanine (and up to 45.5 g/l using in situ product recovery). Likewise, two cyclohexadiene-transdiols could be recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Lütke-Eversloh T, Stephanopoulos G. L-tyrosine production by deregulated strains of Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:103-10. [PMID: 17221195 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The excretion of the aromatic amino acid L: -tyrosine was achieved by manipulating three gene targets in the wild-type Escherichia coli K12: The feedback-inhibition-resistant (fbr) derivatives of aroG and tyrA were expressed on a low-copy-number vector, and the TyrR-mediated regulation of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis was eliminated by deleting the tyrR gene. The generation of this L: -tyrosine producer, strain T1, was based only on the deregulation of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, but no structural genes in the genome were affected. A second tyrosine over-producing strain, E. coli T2, was generated considering the possible limitation of precursor substrates. To enhance the availability of the two precursor substrates phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, the ppsA and the tktA genes were over-expressed in the strain T1 background, increasing L: -tyrosine production by 80% in 50-ml batch cultures. Fed-batch fermentations revealed that L: -tyrosine production was tightly correlated with cell growth, exhibiting the maximum productivity at the end of the exponential growth phase. The final L: -tyrosine concentrations were 3.8 g/l for E. coli T1 and 9.7 g/l for E. coli T2 with a yield of L: -tyrosine per glucose of 0.037 g/g (T1) and 0.102 g/g (T2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lütke-Eversloh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Johansson L, Lidén G. Transcriptome analysis of a shikimic acid producing strain of Escherichia coli W3110 grown under carbon- and phosphate-limited conditions. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:528-45. [PMID: 16828913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid, which is produced in the aromatic amino acid pathway in plants and microorganisms, is an industrially interesting chiral starting material for the synthesis of many chemical substances, e.g. the influenza medicine Tamiflu. When produced by genetically modified Escherichia coli it has previously been found that carbon-rich conditions (e.g. phosphate-limitation) favors production of shikimic acid over shikimate pathway by-products, whereas the situation is the opposite at carbon-(glucose-) limited conditions. In the present study, gene expression patterns of the shikimate producing strain W3110.shik1 (W3110 with aroL deletion and plasmid-overexpressed aroF) and the wild type strain W3110 grown under carbon- and phosphate-limited (carbon-rich) chemostat conditions (D=0.23h(-1)) were analyzed. The study suggests that the by-product formation under carbon-limitation is explained by a set of upregulated genes coupled to the shikimate pathway. The genes, ydiB, aroD and ydiN, were strongly induced only in carbon-limited W3110.shik1. Compared to W3110 the lg(2)-fold changes were: 6.25 (ydiB); 3.93 (aroD) and 8.18 (ydiN). In addition, the transcriptome analysis revealed a large change in the gene expression when comparing phosphate- to carbon-limitation, which to a large part could be explained by anabolic-catabolic uncoupling, which is present under phosphate-limitation but not under carbon-limitation. Interestingly, there was also a larger difference between the two strains under carbon-limitation than under phosphate-limitation. The reason for this difference is interpreted in terms of starvation for aromatic amino acids under carbon-limitation which is relieved under phosphate-limitation due to an upregulation of aroK and aroA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Johansson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Veit A, Polen T, Wendisch VF. Global gene expression analysis of glucose overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli and reduction of aerobic acetate formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 74:406-21. [PMID: 17273855 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During aerobic growth on glucose, Escherichia coli produces acetate in the so-called overflow metabolism. DNA microarray analysis was used to determine the global gene expression patterns of chemostat cultivations of E. coli MG1655 that were characterized by different acetate formation rates during aerobic growth on glucose. A correlation analysis identified that expression of ten genes (sdhCDAB, sucB, sucC, acnB, lpdA, fumC and mdh) encoding the TCA cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, aconitase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase, respectively, and of the acs-yjcH-actP operon for acetate utilization correlated negatively with acetate formation. Relieving transcriptional control of the sdhCDAB-b0725-sucABCD operon by chromosomal promoter exchange mutagenesis yielded a strain with increased specific activities of the TCA cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase, which are encoded by this operon. The resulting strain produced less acetate and directed more carbon towards carbon dioxide formation than the parent strain MG1655 while maintaining high growth and glucose consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Veit
- Institute of Biotechnology 1, Research Center Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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Ehrenreich A. DNA microarray technology for the microbiologist: an overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:255-73. [PMID: 17043830 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarrays have found widespread use as a flexible tool to investigate bacterial metabolism. Their main advantage is the comprehensive data they produce on the transcriptional response of the whole genome to an environmental or genetic stimulus. This allows the microbiologist to monitor metabolism and to define stimulons and regulons. Other fields of application are the identification of microorganisms or the comparison of genomes. The importance of this technology increases with the number of sequenced genomes and the falling prices for equipment and oligonucleotides. Knowledge of DNA microarrays is of rising relevance for many areas in microbiological research. Much literature has been published on various specific aspects of this technique that can be daunting to the casual user and beginner. This article offers a comprehensive outline of microarray technology for transcription analysis in microbiology. It shortly discusses the types of DNA microarrays available, the printing of custom arrays, common labeling strategies for targets, hybridization, scanning, normalization, and clustering of expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ehrenreich
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Ikeda M. Towards bacterial strains overproducing L-tryptophan and other aromatics by metabolic engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:615-26. [PMID: 16374633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acids, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine, can be manufactured by bacterial fermentation. Until recently, production efficiency of classical aromatic amino-acid-producing mutants had not yet reached a high level enough to make the fermentation method the most economic. With the introduction of recombinant DNA technology, it has become possible to apply more rational approaches to strain improvement. Many recent activities in this metabolic engineering have led to several effective approaches, which include modification of terminal pathways leading to removal of bottleneck or metabolic conversion, engineering of central carbon metabolism leading to increased supply of precursors, and transport engineering leading to reduced intracellular pool of the aromatic amino acids. In this review, advances in metabolic engineering for the production of the aromatic amino acids and useful aromatic intermediates are described with particular emphasis on two representative producer organisms, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ikeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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Nijkamp K, van Luijk N, de Bont JAM, Wery J. The solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida S12 as host for the production of cinnamic acid from glucose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:170-7. [PMID: 15824922 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Pseudomonas putida S12 strain was constructed that efficiently produced the fine chemical cinnamic acid from glucose or glycerol via the central metabolite phenylalanine. The gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase from the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides was introduced. Phenylalanine availability was the main bottleneck in cinnamic acid production, which could not be overcome by the overexpressing enzymes of the phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway. A successful approach in abolishing this limitation was the generation of a bank of random mutants and selection on the toxic phenylalanine anti-metabolite m-fluoro-phenylalanine. Following high-throughput screening, a mutant strain was obtained that, under optimised culture conditions, accumulated over 5 mM of cinnamic acid with a yield (Cmol%) of 6.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nijkamp
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit Bioconversion and Processes for Food Industry, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447509 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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