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Jain A, Sondhi N, Singh K, Kaur J. Heterologous expression of nattokinase in E. coli: Biochemical characterization and functional analysis of fibrin binding residues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110026. [PMID: 38718957 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of nattokinase, a potent fibrinolytic enzyme, has been successfully carried out in various microorganisms. However, the successful expression of this enzyme as a soluble protein was not achieved in E. coli. This study delves into the expression of nattokinase in E. coli as a soluble protein followed by its biochemical characterization and functional analysis for fibrinolytic activity. E. coli BL21C41 and pET32a vector host strain with pGro7 protein chaperone induced with IPTG at 16 °C 180 rpm for 16 h enabled the production of recombinant nattokinase in soluble fraction. Enzymatic assays demonstrated its protease activity, while characterization revealed optimal catalytic conditions at 37 °C and pH 8.0, with remarkable stability over a broad pH range (6.0-10.0) and up to 50 °C. The kinetic constants were determined as follows: Km = 25.83 ± 3.43 μM, Vmax = 62.91 ± 1.68 μM/s, kcat = 38.45 ± 1.06 s-1, and kcat/Km = 1.49 × 106 M-1 s-1. In addition, the fibrinolytic activity of NK, quantified by the fibrin plate hydrolysis assay was 1038 ± 156 U/ml, with a corresponding specific activity of 1730 ± 260 U/mg and the assessment of clot lysis time on an artificial clot (1 mg) was found to be 51.5 ± 2.5 min unveiling nattokinase's fibrinolytic potential. Through molecular docking, a substantial binding energy of -6.46 kcal/mol was observed between nattokinase and fibrin, indicative of a high binding affinity. Key fibrin binding residues, including Ser300, Leu302, and Asp303, were identified and confirmed. These mutants affected specifically the fibrin binding and not the proteolytic activity of NK. This comprehensive study provides crucial conditions for the expression of protein in soluble form in E. coli and biochemical properties paving the way for future research and potential applications in medicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Nishi Sondhi
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Ni W, Wang Z, Zheng A, Zhao Y. Preparation and self-cleavage of fusion soluble farnesyl diphosphate synthase in E. coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:988-994. [PMID: 36639146 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2164591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a crucial protein in terpenoid production. However, its industrial application is limited owing to its low solubility in Escherichia coli. In this study, we focused on ispA encoding FPPS and designed a fusion expression system to reduce inclusion body (IB) formation. Among the chosen fusion tags, the GB1-domain (GB1) exhibited the highest ability to solubilize the recombinant protein. Increased rare tRNA abundance not only improved the GB1-FPPS yield but also increased its soluble level. A "one-step" method for the acquisition of soluble FPPS was also considered. By combining GB1-FPPS expression and Tobacco Etch Virus protease (TEVp) cleavage in vivo, a controllable GB1-FPPS "self-cleavage" system was constructed. Overall, this study provides an efficient approach for obtaining soluble forms of FPPS, which show great potential for use in the soluble expression of other homologous diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Ni
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Aifang Zheng
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- The Province Key Laboratory of the Biodiversity Study and Ecology Conservation in Southwest Anhui Province, Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
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Jamali N, Vahedi F, Soltani Fard E, Taheri-Anganeh M, Taghvimi S, Khatami SH, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. Nattokinase: Structure, applications and sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Yao M, Yang Y, Fan J, Ma C, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Sun Z, McClements DJ, Zhang J, Liu L, Xia G, Zhang N, Sun Q. Production, purification, and functional properties of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganism obtained from soy-based fermented foods: developments and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3725-3750. [PMID: 36315047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major cause of chronic illness around the globe. It has been reported that soy-based fermented food (SFF) is very effective in preventing thrombus (one of the most important contributing factors to CVD), which are mainly attributed to the bioactive substances, especially the fibrinolytic enzymes (FE) generated by microorganisms during the fermentation process of soybean food. This paper therefore mainly reviewed the microbial fibrinolytic enzymes (MFE) from SFF. We first discuss the use of microbial fermentation to produce FE, with an emphasis on the strains involved. The production, purification, physicochemical properties, structure-functional attributes, functional properties and possible application of MFE from SFF are then discussed. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives for the production, purification, and the practical application of MFE are discussed. MFE from SFF pose multiple health benefits, including thrombolysis, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral and other activities. Therefore, they exhibit great potential for functional foods and nutraceutical applications, especially foods with CVDs prevention potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yao
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmin Ma
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | | | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Quancai Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Li Y, Tang X, Chen L, Xu X, Li J. Characterization of a Nattokinase from the Newly Isolated Bile Salt-Resistant Bacillus mojavensis LY-06. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162403. [PMID: 36010402 PMCID: PMC9407603 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a potential new thrombolytic drug because of its strong thrombolytic effect, high safety, and low cost. However, there is no research reporting on bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing probiotics. In this study, the bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 was isolated from local Xinjiang douchi, and the fermentation yield of nattokinase of 1434.64 U/mL was obtained by both a single factor experiment and an orthogonal experiment. A gene responsible for fibrinolysis (aprY) was cloned from the genome of strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06, and the soluble expression of this gene in Escherichia coli (rAprY, fused with His-tag at C-terminus) was achieved; molecular docking elucidates the cause of insoluble expression of rAprY. The optimal pH and temperature for the fibrinolysis activity of nattokinase AprY fermented by Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 were determined to be pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, the optimal pH of rAprY expressed in Escherichia coli was 8, and its acid stability, thermal stability, and fibrinolytic activity were lower than those of AprY. Bioinformatics analysis found that the His-tag carried at the C-terminus of rAprY could affect its acidic stability by changing the isoelectric point and surface charge of the enzyme; in contrast to AprY, changes in the number of internal hydrogen bonds and the flexibility of the loop region in the structure of rAprY resulted in lower fibrinolytic activity and poorer thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Correspondence:
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Yuan L, Liangqi C, Xiyu T, Jinyao L. Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070980. [PMID: 35883536 PMCID: PMC9312984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Chen Liangqi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Tang Xiyu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Li Jinyao
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-0968-6488
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Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
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Mital S, Christie G, Dikicioglu D. Recombinant expression of insoluble enzymes in Escherichia coli: a systematic review of experimental design and its manufacturing implications. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:208. [PMID: 34717620 PMCID: PMC8557517 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant enzyme expression in Escherichia coli is one of the most popular methods to produce bulk concentrations of protein product. However, this method is often limited by the inadvertent formation of inclusion bodies. Our analysis systematically reviews literature from 2010 to 2021 and details the methods and strategies researchers have utilized for expression of difficult to express (DtE), industrially relevant recombinant enzymes in E. coli expression strains. Our review identifies an absence of a coherent strategy with disparate practices being used to promote solubility. We discuss the potential to approach recombinant expression systematically, with the aid of modern bioinformatics, modelling, and ‘omics’ based systems-level analysis techniques to provide a structured, holistic approach. Our analysis also identifies potential gaps in the methods used to report metadata in publications and the impact on the reproducibility and growth of the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Mital
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Komarevtsev SK, Evseev PV, Shneider MM, Popova EA, Tupikin AE, Stepanenko VN, Kabilov MR, Shabunin SV, Osmolovskiy AA, Miroshnikov KA. Gene Analysis, Cloning, and Heterologous Expression of Protease from a Micromycete Aspergillus ochraceus Capable of Activating Protein C of Blood Plasma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1936. [PMID: 34576831 PMCID: PMC8471544 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromycetes are known to secrete numerous enzymes of biotechnological and medical potential. Fibrinolytic protease-activator of protein C (PAPC) of blood plasma from micromycete Aspergillus ochraceus VKM-F4104D was obtained in recombinant form utilising the bacterial expression system. This enzyme, which belongs to the proteinase-K-like proteases, is similar to the proteases encoded in the genomes of Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC MYA-4609, A. oryzae ATCC 42149 and A. flavus 28. Mature PAPC-4104 is 282 amino acids long, preceded by the 101-amino acid propeptide necessary for proper folding and maturation. The recombinant protease was identical to the native enzyme from micromycete in terms of its biological properties, including an ability to hydrolyse substrates of activated protein C (pGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA) and factor Xa (Z-D-Arg-Gly-Arg-pNA) in conjugant reactions with human blood plasma. Therefore, recombinant PAPC-4104 can potentially be used in medicine, veterinary science, diagnostics, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei K. Komarevtsev
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.P.); (A.A.O.)
- All-Russian Scientific Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394087 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Peter V. Evseev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (M.M.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Mikhail M. Shneider
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (M.M.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Elizaveta A. Popova
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.P.); (A.A.O.)
| | - Alexey E. Tupikin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.E.T.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Vasiliy N. Stepanenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (M.M.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.E.T.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Sergei V. Shabunin
- All-Russian Scientific Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394087 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Osmolovskiy
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.P.); (A.A.O.)
- All-Russian Scientific Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394087 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Konstantin A. Miroshnikov
- All-Russian Scientific Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394087 Voronezh, Russia; (S.V.S.); (K.A.M.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.E.); (M.M.S.); (V.N.S.)
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Li G, Li T, He F, Chen C, Xu X, Tian W, Yang Y, He X, Li H, Chen K, Hao N, Ouyang P. Microencapsulation of nattokinase from fermentation by spray drying: Optimization, comprehensive score, and stability. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3906-3916. [PMID: 34262747 PMCID: PMC8269611 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase from fermentation has recently gained more attention due to its beneficial effects on cardiovascular system. However, the instability of free nattokinase limits its application. The aim of the study was to develop a spray-drying microencapsulation process to obtain the nattokinase powder with high activity, high quality, and strong storage stability. Hence, the microencapsulation process of nattokinase from fermentation by spray drying was optimized. Experiments of single-factor and response surface methodology were used to assess the comprehensive scores and nattokinase activities. According to single-factor and response surface methodology results, optimum parameters of microencapsulation process of the nattokinase power by spray drying were 30% of mass ratio of wall materials, 139°C of air inlet temperature, 8 L/h of feed rate, and 80°C of outlet temperature. The final optimized result encompassed a comprehensive score of 96, nattokinase activity of 1,340 IU/ml, and moisture content of 4.1 ± 0.1%. In addition, the microencapsulated nattokinase power showed strong storage stability in the conditions of different temperatures and pH. After 30 days of storage, the nattokinase powder was still white or light yellow, with a special smell, no peculiar smell and paste taste, and no impurity. These results build the basis of further industrialization of the nattokinase powder from fermentation broth by spray drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganlu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Feng He
- Jiangsu Jicui Industrial Biotechnology Research Institute Co.Ltd, NanjingChina
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Weilong Tian
- Jiangsu Jicui Industrial Biotechnology Research Institute Co.Ltd, NanjingChina
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xun He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hui Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
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Food-grade expression of nattokinase in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and its thrombolytic activity in vitro. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2179-2187. [PMID: 32705453 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To produce nattokinase in a food-grade expression system and evaluate its thrombolytic activity in vitro. RESULTS No nattokinase activity from reconstituted strains was observed in simulated gastric juice, but the enzyme was stable in intestinal fluid, the relative activity of which was found to be 60% after 4 h. Due to the nattokinase being produced intracellularly by recombinant bacterial strains, the persistence of the bacteria in gastric juice ensured transmission of the nattokinase into intestinal juice. Because of subsequent disintegration of the bacteria, the highest nattokinase activity was observed after 3 h at approximately 32%, following its carriage within the recombinant strains to the intestinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that nattokinase from recombinant strains exhibited good thrombolytic activity in vitro and may be used by the dairy fermentation industry for the development of novel thrombolytic functional foods.
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Purwaeni E, Riani C, Retnoningrum DS. Molecular Characterization of Bacterial Fibrinolytic Proteins from Indonesian Traditional Fermented Foods. Protein J 2020; 39:258-267. [PMID: 32346840 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the crude extracts of recombinant Nattokinase (NK) variants i.e. NatTK and NatOC and one wild type Douchi Fibrinolytic Enzyme (DFE) from Indonesian traditional fermented foods has been shown to demonstrate fibrinolytic activity. Both NKs contain substitutions of D41N, V192A and 252-RLQHTLEALSTM-263 but NatOC has additional V4F. In the present study, the effects of amino acid substitutions in NK variants and G169A in DFE on their enzyme characteristics were evaluated. Pure proteins were obtained using two sequential steps chromatography using ion exchange and a gel filtration columns. Their activities were determined with fibrin plate, fibrin zymography, fibrinogen hydrolysis, and chromogenic assays. The fibrinogen degradation profile of the wild type NK (NatWT) was different to the NK variants but similar to DFEs. Optimum activity of all the NKs and DFEs was achieved at 50 °C while the optimum pH for NatWT/DFEs and NK variants were 8 and 7, respectively. DFEG169A exhibited higher fibrinogen degradation rate and fibrin specific activity than DFE. PMSF inhibited all the NKs and DFEs while SDS and EDTA caused lower activity. The NK variants were more resistant towards Na+ and Ca2+ but more sensitive to K+. The amino acid substitutions in NK variants alter their fibrinogen degradation profile, optimum working pH, working pH range, and resistance to some ions. Substitutions in NK variants likely promote structural changes, particularly with the binding mode of the calcium ion cofactor. The results provide a beneficial basis for future development of fibrino(gen)olytic proteins with improved properties for cardiovascular diseases therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eni Purwaeni
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Catur Riani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Debbie Soefie Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.
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Purification and immobilization of α-amylase in one step by gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles from the soluble protein and the inclusion body. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:643-652. [PMID: 31788710 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of the enzyme benefits the catalytic industry a lot. The gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles could purify and immobilize the recombinant α-amylase in one step without changing the enzymatic character. The enzyme immobilized by GEM particles exhibited good reusability and storage stability. The denaturants dissolved some of the GEM particles and a part of the GEM particles could bear the denaturants. The GEM particles had strong binding ability to the recombination protein with the AcmA tag even when the denaturants existed. The inclusion body was dissolved by urea and then bound by the GEM particles. The GEM particles binding the recombination protein were separated by centrifugation and resuspended in the renaturation solution. GEM particles were recycled by repeating the boiling procedure used in preparing them. The recombination α-amylase without any tag was obtained by digestion and separated via centrifugation. Altogether, our findings suggest that GEM particles have the potential to function as both immobilization and purification materials to bind the soluble recombinant protein with the AcmA tag and the inclusion body dissolved in the denaturants.
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Gene cloning, expression and homology modeling of first fibrinolytic enzyme from mushroom (Cordyceps militaris). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 146:897-906. [PMID: 31726136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are important thrombolytic agents for blood-clotting disorders like cardiovascular diseases. Availability of novel recombinant fibrinolytic enzymes can overcome the shortcomings of current thrombolytic drugs. With the objective of facilitating their cost-effective production for therapeutic applications and for gaining deeper insight into their structure-function, we have cloned and expressed the first fibrinolytic protease gene from Cordyceps militaris. Cordyceps militaris fibrinolytic enzyme (CmFE) has one open reading frame of 759 bp encoding "pre-pro-protein" of 252 amino acids. Recombinant CmFE was expressed as 28 kDa extracellular enzyme in Pichia pastoris which was capable of degrading fibrin clot. A structure homology model of CmFE was developed using urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The active site contains catalytic triad His41, Asp83, Ser177 and consensus sequence of GDSGG. The substrate binding residues are Asp (171), Gly (194) and Ser (192). Its trypsin-like specificity is determined by the critical Asp171 in S1 subsite. The "oxyanion hole" is formed by backbone amide hydrogen atoms of Gly-175 and Ser-177. CmFE contains six conserved cysteines forming three disulfide linkages. This is the first study describing cloning, expression and prediction of structure-function relationship of a mushroom fibrinolytic protease. Hence it has great relevance in application of fibrinolytic enzymes as thrombolytic agents.
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Isolation and Optimal Fermentation Condition of the Bacillus subtilis Subsp. natto Strain WTC016 for Nattokinase Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a serine protease in the subtilisin family which is produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto and exhibits vigorous fibrinolytic activity that has been suggested to be able to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases. In this study, WTC016, a spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium with fibrinolytic activity was successfully isolated from soil, which was identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto based on morphological and physiological tests, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrA. According to the growth curve of WTC016, the nattokinase production reached the highest amount in the stationary phase. To optimize the liquid fermentation condition for nattokinase yield of WTC016, further optimal tests of four factors, including the temperature, pH, inoculum size, and loading volume, followed by orthogonal test of all these factors, was performed. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined as 30 °C, 7.0 pH, 2% inoculum size, and 60 mL of loading volume in 250 mL conical flask, which indicates the highest nattokinase production of 3284 ± 58 IU/mL while fermented for 26 h. This work laid the foundation for producing nattokinase using Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto WTC016.
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Zhao F, Song Q, Wang B, Du R, Han Y, Zhou Z. Secretion of the recombination α-amylase in Escherichia coli and purification by the gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:91-96. [PMID: 30423395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylases are important enzymes in industry. A recombinant α-amylase with a secretion signal peptide and an AcmA tag was expressed in Escherichia coli to improve the yield. The induction concentrations were optimized, and the temperature had a significant influence on soluble expression and secretion. A visible band could be obtained when the induction was conducted at 16 °C. The gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles could separate and purify the recombinant α-amylase with the AcmA tag, and no visible band could be seen in the culture even after the culture was concentrated ten times. The solution and concentration of the recombinant α-amylase could be adjusted by GEM particles. The recombinant untagged α-amylase was obtained after digestion. The α-amylase was characterized. The recombinant α-amylase was a thermophilic enzyme with a broad pH tolerance. In addition, the enzyme activity of the recombinant α-amylase was independent of Ca2+. The recombinant α-amylase contained the OmpA signal peptide and the AcmA tag and was expressed and purified quickly and easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Binbin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Renpeng Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ye Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhijiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Ni W, Liu H, Wang P, Wang L, Sun X, Wang H, Zhao G, Zheng Z. Evaluation of multiple fused partners on enhancing soluble level of prenyltransferase NovQ in Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 42:465-474. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-2050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Wang H, Sun X, Wang L, Wu H, Zhao G, Liu H, Wang P, Zheng Z. Coproduction of menaquinone-7 and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using soybean curd residue as a renewable substrate combined with a dissolved oxygen control strategy. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Zhang SF, Lü S, Gao C, Yang J, Yan X, Li T, Wen N, Huang M, Liu M. Multiarm-polyethylene glycol-polyglutamic acid peptide dendrimer: Design, synthesis, and dissolving thrombus. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1687-1696. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- Longnan Teacher's College; Longnan 742500 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Longnan Teacher's College; Longnan 742500 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Longnan Teacher's College; Longnan 742500 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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Purwaeni E, Darojatin I, Riani C, Retnoningrum DS. Bacterial Fibrinolytic Enzyme Coding Sequences from Indonesian Traditional Fermented Foods Isolated Using Metagenomic Approach and Their Expression in Escherichia Coli. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2017.1413986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eni Purwaeni
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ilma Darojatin
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Catur Riani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Debbie Soefie Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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21
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Nie G, Liu N, Zhang E, Zhao R, Zhang X, Zhu X, Li H, Nie Z, Yue W. Preparation of a novel mixed milk with nattokinase produced by Bacillus subtilis
(natto). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Nie
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Erwei Zhang
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhu
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Hao Li
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Zhijie Nie
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Wenjin Yue
- College of biochemical engineering, Anhui polytechnic University; Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
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Synthesis of PEGylated polyglutamic acid peptide dendrimer and its application in dissolving thrombus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:284-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Microbial production of nattokinase: current progress, challenge and prospect. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nattokinase: An Oral Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030523. [PMID: 28264497 PMCID: PMC5372539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natto, a fermented soybean product, has been consumed as a traditional food in Japan for thousands of years. Nattokinase (NK), a potent blood-clot dissolving protein used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is produced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans to produce Natto. NK has been extensively studied in Japan, Korea, and China. Recently, the fibrinolytic (anti-clotting) capacity of NK has been recognized by Western medicine. The National Science Foundation in the United States has investigated and evaluated the safety of NK. NK is currently undergoing a clinical trial study (Phase II) in the USA for atherothrombotic prevention. Multiple NK genes have been cloned, characterized, and produced in various expression system studies. Recombinant technology represents a promising approach for the production of NK with high purity for its use in antithrombotic applications. This review covers the history, benefit, safety, and production of NK. Opportunities for utilizing plant systems for the large-scale production of NK, or for the production of edible plants that can be used to provide oral delivery of NK without extraction and purification are also discussed.
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Rehm FBH, Chen S, Rehm BHA. Enzyme Engineering for In Situ Immobilization. Molecules 2016; 21:E1370. [PMID: 27754434 PMCID: PMC6273058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are used as biocatalysts in a vast range of industrial applications. Immobilization of enzymes to solid supports or their self-assembly into insoluble particles enhances their applicability by strongly improving properties such as stability in changing environments, re-usability and applicability in continuous biocatalytic processes. The possibility of co-immobilizing various functionally related enzymes involved in multistep synthesis, conversion or degradation reactions enables the design of multifunctional biocatalyst with enhanced performance compared to their soluble counterparts. This review provides a brief overview of up-to-date in vitro immobilization strategies while focusing on recent advances in enzyme engineering towards in situ self-assembly into insoluble particles. In situ self-assembly approaches include the bioengineering of bacteria to abundantly form enzymatically active inclusion bodies such as enzyme inclusions or enzyme-coated polyhydroxyalkanoate granules. These one-step production strategies for immobilized enzymes avoid prefabrication of the carrier as well as chemical cross-linking or attachment to a support material while the controlled oriented display strongly enhances the fraction of accessible catalytic sites and hence functional enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B H Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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