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Melrose J. CNS/PNS proteoglycans functionalize neuronal and astrocyte niche microenvironments optimizing cellular activity by preserving membrane polarization dynamics, ionic microenvironments, ion fluxes, neuronal activation, and network neurotransductive capacity. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25361. [PMID: 39034899 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) proteoglycans (PGs) have diverse functional roles, this study examined how these control cellular behavior and tissue function. The CNS/PNS extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, responsive, highly interactive, space-filling, cell supportive, stabilizing structure maintaining tissue compartments, ionic microenvironments, and microgradients that regulate neuronal activity and maintain the neuron in an optimal ionic microenvironment. The CNS/PNS contains a high glycosaminoglycan content (60% hyaluronan, HA) and a diverse range of stabilizing PGs. Immobilization of HA in brain tissues by HA interactive hyalectan PGs preserves tissue hydration and neuronal activity, a paucity of HA in brain tissues results in a pro-convulsant epileptic phenotype. Diverse CS, KS, and HSPGs stabilize the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular unit, provide smart gel neurotransmitter neuron vesicle storage and delivery, organize the neuromuscular junction basement membrane, and provide motor neuron synaptic plasticity, and photoreceptor and neuron synaptic functions. PG-HA networks maintain ionic fluxes and microgradients and tissue compartments that contribute to membrane polarization dynamics essential to neuronal activation and neurotransduction. Hyalectans form neuroprotective perineuronal nets contributing to synaptic plasticity, memory, and cognitive learning. Sialoglycoprotein associated with cones and rods (SPACRCAN), an HA binding CSPG, stabilizes the inter-photoreceptor ECM. HSPGs pikachurin and eyes shut stabilize the photoreceptor synapse aiding in phototransduction and neurotransduction with retinal bipolar neurons crucial to visual acuity. This is achieved through Laminin G motifs in pikachurin, eyes shut, and neurexins that interact with the dystroglycan-cytoskeleton-ECM-stabilizing synaptic interconnections, neuronal interactive specificity, and co-ordination of regulatory action potentials in neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Polese D, Riccio ML, Fagioli M, Mazzetta A, Fagioli F, Parisi P, Fagioli M. The Newborn's Reaction to Light as the Determinant of the Brain's Activation at Human Birth. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:933426. [PMID: 36118115 PMCID: PMC9478760 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.933426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuroscience research has not yet fully unveiled the dynamics involved in human birth. The trigger of the first breath, often assumed to be the marker of human life, has not been characterized nor has the process entailing brain modification and activation at birth been clarified yet. To date, few researchers only have investigated the impact of the extrauterine environment, with its strong stimuli, on birth. This ‘hypothesis and theory' article assumes the role of a specific stimulus activating the central nervous system (CNS) at human birth. This stimulus must have specific features though, such as novelty, efficacy, ubiquity, and immediacy. We propose light as a robust candidate for the CNS activation via the retina. Available data on fetal and neonatal neurodevelopment, in particular with reference to retinal light-responsive pathways, will be examined together with the GABA functional switch, and the subplate disappearance, which, at an experimental level, differentiate the neonatal brain from the fetal brain. In this study, we assume how a very rapid activation of retinal photoreceptors at birth initiates a sudden brain shift from the prenatal pattern of functions to the neonatal setup. Our assumption implies the presence of a photoreceptor capable of capturing and transducing light/photon stimulus, transforming it into an effective signal for the activation of new brain functions at birth. Opsin photoreception or, more specifically, melanopsin-dependent photoreception, which is provided by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), is considered as a valid candidate. Although what is assumed herein cannot be verified in humans based on knowledge available so far, proposing an important and novel function can trigger a broad range of diversified research in different domains, from neurophysiology to neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Polese
- PhD Program on Sensorineural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs NESMOS, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniela Polese
| | | | - Marcella Fagioli
- Department of Mental Health, National Health System ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mazzetta
- PhD Program on Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fagioli
- Department of Mental Health, National Health System ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs NESMOS, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Yuan L, Zhang J, Guo JH, Holscher C, Yang JT, Wu MN, Wang ZJ, Cai HY, Han LN, Shi H, Han YF, Qi JS. DAla2-GIP-GLU-PAL Protects Against Cognitive Deficits and Pathology in APP/PS1 Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation and Upregulating cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathways. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:695-713. [PMID: 33579843 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for AD. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been identified to be effective in T2DM treatment and neuroprotection. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL, a novel long-lasting GIP analogue, in APP/PS1 AD mice. METHODS Multiple behavioral tests were performed to examine the cognitive function of mice. In vivo hippocampus late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) was recorded to reflect synaptic plasticity. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to examine the Aβ plaques and neuroinflammation in the brain. IL-1β, TNF-α, and cAMP/PKA/CREB signal molecules were also detected by ELISA or western blotting. RESULTS DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL increased recognition index (RI) of APP/PS1 mice in novel object recognition test, elevated spontaneous alternation percentage of APP/PS1 mice in Y maze test, and increased target quadrant swimming time of APP/PS1 mice in Morris water maze test. DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL treatment enhanced in vivo L-LTP of APP/PS1 mice. DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL significantly reduced Aβ deposition, inhibited astrocyte and microglia proliferation, and weakened IL-1β and TNF-α secretion. DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL also upregulated cAMP/PKA/CREB signal transduction and inhibited NF-κB activation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL can improve cognitive behavior, synaptic plasticity, and central pathological damage in APP/PS1 mice, which might be associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammation, as well as upregulation of cAMP-/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. This study suggests a potential benefit of DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China.,Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jun-Hong Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Christian Holscher
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jun-Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Ling-Na Han
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Han
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
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Hua Q, Li T, Liu Y, Shen X, Zhu X, Xu P. Upregulation of KLK8 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:624837. [PMID: 34395235 PMCID: PMC8362328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.624837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a growing cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Kallikrein-related peptidase 8 (KLK8) has potential clinical values in many cancers. However, the clinicopathological significances of KLK8 in PDAC remain unknown. We explored the relationship of KLK8 to clinicopathological features of PDAC based on public databases. KLK8 expression was examined in human PDAC tissues. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated in KLK8-overexpressed human pancreatic cancer cell lines Mia-paca-2 and Panc-1. The related signaling pathways of KLK8 involved in pancreatic cancer progression were analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and further verified in in vitro studies. We found that KLK8 was up-regulated in tumor tissues in the TCGA-PAAD cohort, and was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease-free survival of PDAC. KLK8 mRNA and protein expressions were increased in PDAC tissues compared with para-cancerous pancreas. KLK8 overexpression exerted pro-proliferation and anti-apoptotic functions in Mia-paca-2 and Panc-1 cells. GSEA analysis showed that KLK8 was positively associated with PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Notch pathways. KLK8-induced pro-proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects in Mia-paca-2 and Panc-1 cells were attenuated by inhibitors for PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, but not by inhibitor for Notch. Furthermore, overexpression of KLK8 in Mia-paca-2 and Panc-1 cells significantly increased epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels in the culture media. EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibitor could block KLK8-induced activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and attenuate pro-proliferation and anti-apoptotic of KLK8 in Mia-paca-2 and Panc-1 cells. In conclusion, KLK8 overexpression exerts pro-proliferation and anti-apoptotic functions in pancreatic cancer cells via EGF signaling-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Upregulated KLK8 in PDAC predicts poor prognosis and may be a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefang Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingbo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ishii T, Furuoka H, Kaya M, Kuhara T. Oral Administration of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve Improves Facilitation of Hippocampal Memory Extinction via Restoration of Aberrant Higher Induction of Neuropsin in an MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020167. [PMID: 33567772 PMCID: PMC7914481 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) model mice (PD mice) facilitate hippocampal memory extinction, which may be the cause of cognitive impairment in PD. Recent studies on the consumption of probiotics have reported a variety of beneficial effects on the central nervous system via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve strain A1 [MCC1274] (B. breve A1) on the facilitation of hippocampal memory extinction observed in PD mice. We found that four-day consecutive oral administration of B. breve A1 restored facilitation of contextual fear extinction in PD mice. Hippocampal mRNA expression levels of postsynaptic density protein-95 and synaptophysin significantly decreased in the PD mice, but mRNA and protein expression levels of neuropsin increased. Furthermore, CA1 apical spine density was significantly reduced in PD mice. On the other hand, administration of B. breve A1 to PD mice recovered all these expression levels and the CA1 spine density to control levels. These results suggest that increased induction of neuropsin is involved in abnormal changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and that B. breve A1 imposes reins on its expression, resulting in the restoration of abnormal hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the facilitation of fear extinction in PD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Ishii
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-155-49-5366
| | - Hidefumi Furuoka
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Motohiro Kaya
- Center for Regional Collaboration in Research and Education, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Kuhara
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama 252-8583, Kanagawa, Japan;
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Mella C, Figueroa CD, Otth C, Ehrenfeld P. Involvement of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Nervous System Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:166. [PMID: 32655372 PMCID: PMC7324807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine proteases that when dysregulated may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In the present review article, we describe what is known about their physiological and pathological roles with an emphasis on KLK6 and KLK8, two KLKs that are highly expressed in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Altered expression and activity of KLK6 have been linked to brain physiology and the development of multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, altered levels of KLK6 in the brain and serum of people affected by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have been documented, pointing out to its function in amyloid metabolism and development of synucleinopathies. People who have structural genetic variants of KLK8 can suffer mental illnesses such as intellectual and learning disabilities, seizures, and autism. Increased expression of KLK8 has also been implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Also, we discuss the possible link that exists between KLKs activity and certain viral infections that can affect the nervous system. Although little is known about the exact mechanisms that mediate KLKs function and their participation in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders will open a new field to develop novel therapies to modulate their levels and/or activity and their harmful effects on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Mella
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D. Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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7
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Bukowski L, Chernomorchenko AMF, Starnawska A, Mors O, Staunstrup NH, Børglum AD, Qvist P. Neuropsin in mental health. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:26. [PMID: 32414324 PMCID: PMC10717651 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsin is a brain-expressed extracellular matrix serine protease that governs synaptic plasticity through activity-induced proteolytic cleavage of synaptic proteins. Its substrates comprise several molecules central to structural synaptic plasticity, and studies in rodents have documented its role in cognition and the behavioral and neurobiological response to stress. Intriguingly, differential usage of KLK8 (neuropsin gene) splice forms in the fetal and adult brain has only been reported in humans, suggesting that neuropsin may serve a specialized role in human neurodevelopment. Through systematic interrogation of large-scale genetic data, we review KLK8 regulation in the context of mental health and provide a summary of clinical and preclinical evidence supporting a role for neuropsin in the pathogenesis of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Bukowski
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ana M F Chernomorchenko
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Starnawska
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicklas H Staunstrup
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders D Børglum
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Qvist
- IPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Gong W, Liu Y, Preis S, Geng X, Petit-Courty A, Kiechle M, Muckenhuber A, Dreyer T, Dorn J, Courty Y, Magdolen V. Prognostic value of kallikrein-related peptidase 12 (KLK12) mRNA expression in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Mol Med 2020; 26:19. [PMID: 32028882 PMCID: PMC7006133 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine protease KLK12 belongs to the human fifteen-member family of kallikrein-related peptidases. Differential expression accompanied by either increased or decreased enzymatic activity has been linked to several diseases including cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a very aggressive subgroup of breast cancer with high tumor recurrence rates and poor patient prognosis. Here, we quantified the KLK12 mRNA expression levels in tumor tissue of TNBC patients and analyzed their prognostic value. METHODS In the present study, KLK12 mRNA expression in tumor tissue of TNBC patients (n = 116) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR assay. The association of KLK12 mRNA levels with clinical parameters, and patients' outcome was analyzed using Chi-square tests, Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS Positive, but low KLK12 mRNA levels were detected in about half of the cases (54 out of 116; 47%), the other samples were negative for KLK12 mRNA expression. No significant association was observed between KLK12 mRNA levels and clinicopathological variables (age, lymph node status, tumor size, and histological grade). In univariate Cox analyses, positive KLK12 mRNA expression was significantly associated with shortened disease-free survival (DFS; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.19-3.78, p = 0.010) as well as overall survival (OS; HR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.04-3.50, p = 0.037). In multivariable Cox analysis, including all clinical parameters plus KLK12 mRNA, the latter - together with age - remained an independent unfavorable predictive marker for DFS (HR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.28-4.24, p = 0.006) and showed a trend towards significance in case of OS (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.96-3.38, p = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS Positive KLK12 expression is remarkably associated with shortened DFS and OS, suggesting that KLK12 plays a tumor-supporting role in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gong
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah Preis
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaocong Geng
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Petit-Courty
- INSERM, U1100 - Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Dreyer
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dorn
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | - Yves Courty
- INSERM, U1100 - Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany.
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9
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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10
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Konar A, Gupta R, Shukla RK, Maloney B, Khanna VK, Wadhwa R, Lahiri DK, Thakur MK. M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13990. [PMID: 31570736 PMCID: PMC6769020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory loss is one of the most tragic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that 'i-Extract' of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) restores memory loss in scopolamine (SC)-induced mice. The prime target of i-Extract is obscure. We hypothesize that i-Extract may primarily target muscarinic subtype acetylcholine receptors that regulate memory processes. The present study elucidates key target(s) of i-Extract via cellular, biochemical, and molecular techniques in a relevant amnesia mouse model and primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Wild type Swiss albino mice were fed i-Extract, and hippocampal cells from naïve mice were treated with i-Extract, followed by muscarinic antagonist (dicyclomine) and agonist (pilocarpine) treatments. We measured dendritic formation and growth by immunocytochemistry, kallikrein 8 (KLK8) mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and levels of KLK8 and microtubule-associated protein 2, c isoform (MAP2c) proteins by western blotting. We performed muscarinic receptor radioligand binding. i-Extract stimulated an increase in dendrite growth markers, KLK8 and MAP2. Scopolamine-mediated reduction was significantly reversed by i-Extract in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Our study identified muscarinic receptor as a key target of i-Extract, providing mechanistic evidence for its clinical application in neurodegenerative cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Konar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Richa Gupta
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Devision of ECD, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rajendra K Shukla
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Autonomous State Medical College, Bahraich, Utter Pradesh, 271801, India
| | - Bryan Maloney
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA
| | - Vinay K Khanna
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8562, Japan.
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA.
- Departments of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Alzheimer Disesae Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA.
| | - Mahendra K Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Preparation of 4-Flexible Amino-2-Arylethenyl-Quinoline Derivatives as Multi-target Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123100. [PMID: 30486440 PMCID: PMC6321145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder of aged people. The development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) to act as multifunctional agents to treat this disease is the mainstream of current research. As a continuation of our previous studies, a series of 4-flexible amino-2-arylethenylquinoline derivatives as multi-target agents was efficiently synthesized and evaluated for the treatment of AD. Among these synthesized derivatives, some compounds exhibited strong self-induced Aβ1–42 aggregation inhibition and antioxidant activity. The structure-activity relationship was summarized, which confirmed that the introduction of a flexible amino group featuring a N,N-dimethylaminoalkylamino moiety at the 4-position increased the Aβ1–42 aggregation inhibition activity, with an inhibition ratio of 95.3% at 20 μM concentration. Compound 6b1, the optimal compound, was able to selectively chelate copper (II), and inhibit Cu2+-induced Aβ aggregation effectively. It also could disassemble the self-induced Aβ1–42 aggregation fibrils with a ratio of 64.3% at 20 μM concentration. Moreover, compound 6b1 showed low toxicity and a good neuroprotective effect against Aβ1–42-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, the step-down passive avoidance test indicated compound 6b1 significantly reversed scopolamine-induced memory deficit in mice. Taken together, these results suggested that compound 6b1 was a promising multi-target compound worthy of further study for AD.
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Tamura H, Shiosaka S, Morikawa S. Trophic modulation of gamma oscillations: The key role of processing protease for Neuregulin-1 and BDNF precursors. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Structural determinants of specificity and regulation of activity in the allosteric loop network of human KLK8/neuropsin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10705. [PMID: 30013126 PMCID: PMC6048020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human KLK8/neuropsin, a kallikrein-related serine peptidase, is mostly expressed in skin and the hippocampus regions of the brain, where it regulates memory formation by synaptic remodeling. Substrate profiles of recombinant KLK8 were analyzed with positional scanning using fluorogenic tetrapeptides and the proteomic PICS approach, which revealed the prime side specificity. Enzyme kinetics with optimized substrates showed stimulation by Ca2+ and inhibition by Zn2+, which are physiological regulators. Crystal structures of KLK8 with a ligand-free active site and with the inhibitor leupeptin explain the subsite specificity and display Ca2+ bound to the 75-loop. The variants D70K and H99A confirmed the antagonistic role of the cation binding sites. Molecular docking and dynamics calculations provided insights in substrate binding and the dual regulation of activity by Ca2+ and Zn2+, which are important in neuron and skin physiology. Both cations participate in the allosteric surface loop network present in related serine proteases. A comparison of the positional scanning data with substrates from brain suggests an adaptive recognition by KLK8, based on the tertiary structures of its targets. These combined findings provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the enzyme activity of KLK8.
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A serine protease KLK8 emerges as a regulator of regulators in memory: Microtubule protein dependent neuronal morphology and PKA-CREB signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9928. [PMID: 29967374 PMCID: PMC6028475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The multitude of molecular pathways underlying memory impairment in neurological disorders and aging-related disorders has been a major hurdle against therapeutic targeting. Over the years, neuronal growth promoting factors, intracellular kinases, and specific transcription factors, particularly cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), have emerged as crucial players of memory storage, and their disruption accompanies many cognitive disabilities. However, a molecular link that can influence these major players and can be a potential recovery target has been elusive. Recent reports suggest that extracellular cues at the synapses might evoke an intracellular signaling cascade and regulate memory function. Herein, we report novel function of an extracellular serine protease, kallikrein 8 (KLK8/Neuropsin) in regulating the expression of microtubule associated dendrite growth marker microtubule-associated protein (MAP2)c, dendrite architecture and protein kinase A (PKA)-CREB signaling. Both knockdown of KLK8 via siRNA transfection in mouse primary hippocampal neurons and via intra-hippocampal administration of KLK8 antisense oligonucleotides in vivo reduced expression of MAP2c, dendrite length, dendrite branching and spine density. The KLK8 mediated MAP2c deficiency in turn inactivated PKA and downstream transcription factor phosphorylated CREB (pCREB), leading to downregulation of memory-linked genes and consequent impaired memory consolidation. These findings revealed a protease associated novel pathway of memory impairment in which KLK8 may act as a “regulator of regulators”, suggesting its exploration as an important therapeutic target of memory disorders.
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Wu M, Shi H, He Y, Yuan L, Qu X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Cai H, Qi J. Colivelin Ameliorates Impairments in Cognitive Behaviors and Synaptic Plasticity in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1067-1078. [PMID: 28731445 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and effective therapeutics are lacking. Colivelin (CLN), a novel, strong humanin derivative, is effective in vitro in preventing cell death induced by AD-causative genes and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) even at a low concentration. We recently demonstrated that intrahippocampal injection of CLN prevents Aβ25-35-induced deficits in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity in normal rats. Here, we further observed the effects of chronically intranasally (i.n.) administered CLN on cognitive behaviors and pathological hallmarks in 9-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) AD mice using multiple behavioral tests and immunochemistry. The electrophysiological mechanism of CLN neuroprotection was also investigated by recording in vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). CLN pretreatment effectively prevented impairments in new object recognition, working memory, and long-term spatial memory and reversed the depression of in vivo hippocampal LTP in APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, chronic application of CLN obviously reduced Aβ deposition in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. These results indicate that CLN has strong neuroprotective effects on learning and memory behaviors in APP/PS1 mice and that this behavioral improvement is closely associated with the reduction of Aβ deposition and alleviation of LTP suppression in the hippocampus, supporting the potential of CLN for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Intensive Care Unit, Chifeng Municipal Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Chifeng, China
| | - Yexin He
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuesong Qu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinshun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Rhynchophylline suppresses soluble Aβ 1-42-induced impairment of spatial cognition function via inhibiting excessive activation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:100-112. [PMID: 29510187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhynchophylline (RIN) is a significant active component isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Uncaria rhynchophylla. The overproduction of soluble amyloid β protein (Aβ) oligomers in the hippocampus is closely involved in impairments in cognitive function at the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing evidences show that RIN possesses neuroprotective effects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, whether RIN can prevent soluble Aβ1-42-induced impairments in spatial cognitive function and synaptic plasticity is still unclear. Using the combined methods of behavioral tests, immunofluorescence and electrophysiological recordings, we characterized the key neuroprotective properties of RIN and its possible cellular and molecular mechanisms against soluble Aβ1-42-related impairments in rats. Our findings are as follows: (1) RIN efficiently rescued the soluble Aβ1-42-induced spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze test and prevented soluble Aβ1-42-induced suppression in long term potentiation (LTP) in the entorhinal cortex (EC)-dentate gyrus (DG) circuit. (2) Excessive activation of extrasynaptic GluN2B-NMDAR and subsequent Ca2+ overload contributed to the soluble Aβ1-42-induced impairments in spatial cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. (3) RIN prevented Aβ1-42-induced excessive activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs by reducing extrasynaptic NMDARs -mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and down regulating GluN2B-NMDAR expression in the DG region, which inhibited Aβ1-42-induced Ca2+ overload mediated by extrasynanptic NMDARs. The results suggest that RIN could be an effective therapeutic candidate for cognitive impairment in AD.
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Lundwall Å. Old genes and new genes: The evolution of the kallikrein locus. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:469-75. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SummaryThe human kallikrein locus consists of KLK1, the gene of major tissue kallikrein, and 14 genes of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) located in tandem on chromosome 19q13.3-13.4. In this review, based on information retrieved from the literature or extracted from genome databases, it is hypothesised that the kallikrein locus is unique to mammals. The majority of genes are highly conserved, as demonstrated by the identification of 11 KLK genes in the opossum, a metatherian species. In contrast, a sublocus, encompassing KLK1-4, has gone through major transformations that have generated new genes, which in most cases are closely related to KLK1. In the primate lineage, this process created KLK3, the gene of the prostate cancer marker, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), whereas in the murine lineage it gave rise to 13 genes unique to the mouse and nine unique to the rat. The KLK proteases are effector molecules that emerged early in mammalian evolution and their importance in skin homeostasis and male reproductive function is undisputed and there are also accumulating evidence for a role of KLK proteases in the development of the brain. It is speculated that the KLK gene family arose as part of the process that generated distinguishing mammalian features, like skin with hair and sweat glands, and specialised anatomical attributes of the brain and the reproductive tract.
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Tarui T, Kim A, Flake A, McClain L, Stratigis JD, Fried I, Newman R, Slonim DK, Bianchi DW. Amniotic fluid transcriptomics reflects novel disease mechanisms in fetuses with myelomeningocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:587.e1-587.e10. [PMID: 28735706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-free RNA in amniotic fluid supernatant reflects developmental changes in gene expression in the living fetus, which includes genes that are specific to the central nervous system. Although it has been previously shown that central nervous system-specific transcripts are present in amniotic fluid supernatant, it is not known whether changes in the amniotic fluid supernatant transcriptome reflect the specific pathophysiologic condition of fetal central nervous system disorders. In myelomeningocele, there is open communication between the central nervous system and amniotic fluid. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify molecular pathophysiologic changes and novel disease mechanisms that are specific to myelomeningocele by the analysis of amniotic fluid supernatant cell-free RNA in fetuses with open myelomeningocele. STUDY DESIGN Amniotic fluid supernatant was collected from 10 pregnant women at the time of the open myelomeningocele repair in the second trimester (24.5±1.0 weeks); 10 archived amniotic fluid supernatant from sex and gestational age-matched euploid fetuses without myelomeningocele were used as controls (20.9±0.9 weeks). Differentially regulated gene expression patterns were analyzed with the use of human genome expression arrays. RESULTS Fetuses with myelomeningocele had 284 differentially regulated genes (176 up- and 108 down-regulated) in amniotic fluid supernatant. Known genes that were associated with myelomeningocele (PRICKLE2, GLI3, RAB23, HES1, FOLR1) and novel dysregulated genes were identified in association with neurodevelopment and neuronal regeneration (up-regulated, GAP43 and ZEB1) or axonal growth and guidance (down-regulated, ACAP1). Pathway analysis demonstrated a significant contribution of inflammation to disease and a broad influence of Wnt signaling pathways (Wnt1, Wnt5A, ITPR1). CONCLUSION Transcriptomic analyses of living fetuses with myelomeningocele with the use of amniotic fluid supernatant cell-free RNA demonstrated differential regulation of specific genes and molecular pathways relevant to this central nervous system disorder, which resulted in a new understanding of pathophysiologic changes. The data also suggested the importance of pathways that involve secondary disease, such as inflammation, in myelomeningocele. These newly identified pathways may lead to hypotheses that can test novel therapeutic targets as adjuncts to fetal surgical repair.
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Kawata M, Morikawa S, Shiosaka S, Tamura H. Ablation of neuropsin-neuregulin 1 signaling imbalances ErbB4 inhibitory networks and disrupts hippocampal gamma oscillation. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1052. [PMID: 28267150 PMCID: PMC5416666 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons are pivotal for the processing of information in healthy brain, whereas the coordination of these functions is seriously disrupted in diseased brain. How these interneurons in the hippocampus participate in pathological functions remains unclear. We previously reported that neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-ErbB4 signaling, which is actuated by neuropsin, is important for coordinating brain plasticity. Neuropsin cleaves mature NRG1 (bound to extracellular glycosaminoglycans) in response to long-term potentiation or depression, liberating a soluble ligand that activates its receptor, ErbB4. Here, we show in mice that kainate-induced status epilepticus transiently elevates the proteolytic activity of neuropsin and stimulates cFos expression with a time course suggesting that activation of ErbB4- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons follows the excitation and subsequent silencing of pyramidal neurons. In neuropsin-deficient mice, kainate administration impaired signaling and disrupted the neuronal excitation-inhibition balance (E/I balance) in hippocampal networks, by decreasing the activity of parvalbumin-positive interneurons while increasing that of pyramidal neurons, resulting in the progression of status epilepticus. Slow, but not fast, gamma oscillations in neuropsin-deficient mice showed reduced power. Intracerebroventricular infusion of the soluble NRG1 ligand moiety restored the E/I balance, status epilepticus and gamma oscillations to normal levels. These results suggest that the neuropsin-NRG1 signaling system has a role in pathological processes underlying temporal lobe epilepsy by regulating the activity of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, and that neuropsin regulates E/I balance and gamma oscillations through NRG1-ErbB4 signaling toward parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. This neuronal system may be a useful target of pharmacological therapies against cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawata
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan,Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Morikawa
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan,Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Shiosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan
| | - H Tamura
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan,Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan. E-mail:
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Marcoli M, Agnati LF, Benedetti F, Genedani S, Guidolin D, Ferraro L, Maura G, Fuxe K. On the role of the extracellular space on the holistic behavior of the brain. Rev Neurosci 2016; 26:489-506. [PMID: 26103627 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple players are involved in the brain integrative action besides the classical neuronal and astrocyte networks. In the past, the concept of complex cellular networks has been introduced to indicate that all the cell types in the brain can play roles in its integrative action. Intercellular communication in the complex cellular networks depends not only on well-delimited communication channels (wiring transmission) but also on diffusion of signals in physically poorly delimited extracellular space pathways (volume transmission). Thus, the extracellular space and the extracellular matrix are the main players in the intercellular communication modes in the brain. Hence, the extracellular matrix is an 'intelligent glue' that fills the brain and, together with the extracellular space, contributes to the building-up of the complex cellular networks. In addition, the extracellular matrix is part of what has been defined as the global molecular network enmeshing the entire central nervous system, and plays important roles in synaptic contact homeostasis and plasticity. From these premises, a concept is introduced that the global molecular network, by enmeshing the central nervous system, contributes to the brain holistic behavior. Furthermore, it is suggested that plastic 'brain compartments' can be detected in the central nervous system based on the astrocyte three-dimensional tiling of the brain volume and on the existence of local differences in cell types and extracellular space fluid and extracellular matrix composition. The relevance of the present view for neuropsychiatry is discussed. A glossary box with terms and definitions is provided.
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Kallikrein-related peptidase 8 is expressed in myocardium and induces cardiac hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2016; 7:20024. [PMID: 26823023 PMCID: PMC4731818 DOI: 10.1038/srep20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue kallikrein-related peptidase family (KLK) is a group of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases that share a similar homology to parent tissue kallikrein (KLK1). KLK1 is identified in heart and has anti-hypertrophic effects. However, whether other KLK family members play a role in regulating cardiac function remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that KLK8 was expressed in myocardium. KLK8 expression was upregulated in left ventricle of cardiac hypertrophy models. Both intra-cardiac adenovirus-mediated and transgenic-mediated KLK8 overexpression led to cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. In primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, KLK8 knockdown inhibited phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas KLK8 overexpression promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via a serine protease activity-dependent but kinin receptor-independent pathway. KLK8 overexpression increased epidermal growth factor (EGF) production, which was blocked by the inhibitors of serine protease. EGF receptor (EGFR) antagonist and EGFR knockdown reversed the hypertrophy induced by KLK8 overexpression. KLK8-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was also significantly decreased by blocking the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) or PAR2 pathway. Our data suggest that KLK8 may promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through EGF signaling- and PARs-dependent but a kinin receptor-independent pathway. It is implied that different KLK family members can subtly regulate cardiac function and remodeling.
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The Role of Proteases in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity: Putting Together Small Pieces of a Complex Puzzle. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:156-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wiera G, Mozrzymas JW. Extracellular proteolysis in structural and functional plasticity of mossy fiber synapses in hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:427. [PMID: 26582976 PMCID: PMC4631828 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain is continuously altered in response to experience and environmental changes. One of the underlying mechanisms is synaptic plasticity, which is manifested by modification of synapse structure and function. It is becoming clear that regulated extracellular proteolysis plays a pivotal role in the structural and functional remodeling of synapses during brain development, learning and memory formation. Clearly, plasticity mechanisms may substantially differ between projections. Mossy fiber synapses onto CA3 pyramidal cells display several unique functional features, including pronounced short-term facilitation, a presynaptically expressed long-term potentiation (LTP) that is independent of NMDAR activation, and NMDA-dependent metaplasticity. Moreover, structural plasticity at mossy fiber synapses ranges from the reorganization of projection topology after hippocampus-dependent learning, through intrinsically different dynamic properties of synaptic boutons to pre- and postsynaptic structural changes accompanying LTP induction. Although concomitant functional and structural plasticity in this pathway strongly suggests a role of extracellular proteolysis, its impact only starts to be investigated in this projection. In the present report, we review the role of extracellular proteolysis in various aspects of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that among perisynaptic proteases, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin system, β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and metalloproteinases play a crucial role in shaping plastic changes in this projection. We discuss recent advances and emerging hypotheses on the roles of proteases in mechanisms underlying mossy fiber target specific synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wiera
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University Wroclaw, Poland ; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University Wroclaw, Poland ; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
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Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2015; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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Abstract
Proteases regulate a myriad of cell functions, both in normal and disease states. In addition to protein turnover, they regulate a range of signaling processes, including those mediated by Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands. A variety of proteases is reported to directly cleave Ephs and/or ephrins under different conditions, to promote receptor and/or ligand shedding, and regulate receptor/ligand internalisation and signaling. They also cleave other adhesion proteins in response to Eph-ephrin interactions, to indirectly facilitate Eph-mediated functions. Proteases thus contribute to Eph/ephrin mediated changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, in cell morphology and in cell migration and invasion, in a manner which appears to be tightly regulated by, and co-ordinated with, Eph signaling. This review summarizes the current literature describing the function and regulation of protease activities during Eph/ephrin-mediated cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Atapattu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Monash University , Victoria ; Australia
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Wu MN, Zhou LW, Wang ZJ, Han WN, Zhang J, Liu XJ, Tong JQ, Qi JS. Colivelin ameliorates amyloid β peptide-induced impairments in spatial memory, synaptic plasticity, and calcium homeostasis in rats. Hippocampus 2014; 25:363-72. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Li-Wei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Wei-Na Han
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Xiao-Jie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Jia-Qing Tong
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan China
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27
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Cissé M, Checler F. Eph receptors: new players in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:137-49. [PMID: 25193466 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is devastating and leads to permanent losses of memory and other cognitive functions. Although recent genetic evidences strongly argue for a causative role of Aβ in AD onset and progression (Jonsson et al., 2012), its role in AD etiology remains a matter of debate. However, even if not the sole culprit or pathological trigger, genetic and anatomical evidences in conjunction with numerous pharmacological studies, suggest that Aβ peptides, at least contribute to the disease. How Aβ contributes to memory loss remains largely unknown. Soluble Aβ species referred to as Aβ oligomers have been shown to be neurotoxic and induce network failure and cognitive deficits in animal models of the disease. In recent years, several proteins were described as potential Aβ oligomers receptors, amongst which are the receptor tyrosine kinases of Eph family. These receptors together with their natural ligands referred to as ephrins have been involved in a plethora of physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic neurogenesis, learning and memory, diabetes, cancers and anxiety. Here we review recent discoveries on Eph receptors-mediated protection against Aβ oligomers neurotoxicity as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Cissé
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, "Labex Distalz", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France..
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, "Labex Distalz", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France..
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Sonderegger P, Matsumoto-Miyai K. Activity-controlled proteolytic cleavage at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:413-23. [PMID: 24969462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activity-controlled enzymatic cleavage of proteins on the surface of synaptic membranes or in the synaptic or perisynaptic interstitial compartment represents a direct way to regulate synaptic structure, function, and number. Extracellular proteolysis at synapses was initially understood to be plasticity enabling by freeing synapses from the constraints provided by the extracellular matrix. However, recent observations indicate that at least part of the extracellular protein cleavage results in activation of previously cryptic functions that regulate adaptive changes of synapses and neuronal circuits. Here, we focus on peptidases with distinct localization and function at synapses combined with regulation by neuronal and synaptic activity, and evaluate their function in the context of developmental and/or adult synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sonderegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Kansai University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 1456-4 Shizuki, Awaji, Hyogo 656-2131, Japan
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29
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Tawara-Hirata Y. [Neuropsin signaling as a novel therapeutic target of schizophrenia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 143:153-155. [PMID: 24614639 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.143.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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30
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Tsilibary E, Tzinia A, Radenovic L, Stamenkovic V, Lebitko T, Mucha M, Pawlak R, Frischknecht R, Kaczmarek L. Neural ECM proteases in learning and synaptic plasticity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:135-57. [PMID: 25410356 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies implicate extracellular proteases in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. The data are especially strong for such serine proteases as thrombin, tissue plasminogen activator, neurotrypsin, and neuropsin as well as matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-9 in particular. The role of those enzymes in the aforementioned phenomena is supported by the experimental results on the expression patterns (at the gene expression and protein and enzymatic activity levels) and functional studies, including knockout mice, specific inhibitors, etc. Counterintuitively, the studies have shown that the extracellular proteolysis is not responsible mainly for an overall degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and loosening perisynaptic structures, but rather allows for releasing signaling molecules from the ECM, transsynaptic proteins, and latent form of growth factors. Notably, there are also indications implying those enzymes in the major neuropsychiatric disorders, probably by contributing to synaptic aberrations underlying such diseases as schizophrenia, bipolar, autism spectrum disorders, and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie Tsilibary
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Tzinia
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Lidija Radenovic
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Stamenkovic
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomasz Lebitko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Renato Frischknecht
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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31
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Tamura H, Ishikawa Y, Shiosaka S. Does extracellular proteolysis control mammalian cognition? Rev Neurosci 2013; 24:365-74. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Processing of neuregulin-1 by neuropsin regulates GABAergic neuron to control neural plasticity of the mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12657-72. [PMID: 22972991 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2542-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-mediated signaling is an important modulator of the nervous system. However, identifying the specific signaling substrates of such proteases is limited by the rapidity with which intermediate substrate forms are cleaved and released. Here, a screening method to detect noncleaved enzyme-bound forms was developed and used to identify a novel neuropsin/neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) proteolytic signaling system, which is specifically localized in the microdomain of synaptic cleft, in the mouse hippocampus. The extracellular protease, neuropsin, cleaved mature NRG-1 (comprising the extracellular domain of the NRG-1) at three newly identified sites to remove the heparin-binding domain of NRG-1. This released the ligand moiety from the matrix-glycosaminoglycan pool and enabled it to trigger the phosphorylation of NRG-1 receptor, p185 (ErbB4). Proteolysis of mature NRG-1 by neuropsin led to colocalization of the processed NRG-1 with ErbB4 in parvalbumin-positive hippocampal interneurons and consequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of proteins in the cells. Moreover, neuropsin knock-out mice exhibited impairments in Schaffer collateral early phase long-term potentiation, and application of the recombinant NRG-1 lacking heparin-binding activity reversed the effects through the activation of ErbB4 and GABA(A) receptors. Thus, ErbB4 signaling induced by neuropsin-dependent processing of NRG-1 contributes to the modulation of synaptic plasticity via regulation of GABAergic transmission. This signaling system may be involved in human cognition and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, by its dysfunction.
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Sotiropoulou G, Pampalakis G. Targeting the kallikrein-related peptidases for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:623-34. [PMID: 23089221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 serine proteases. Recent studies have shed light on key physiological functions of KLK enzymes and implicate their deregulation in major human pathologies such as neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, skin conditions, asthma, and cancer. Consequently, KLKs have emerged as novel targets for pharmacological intervention. Given the pleiotropic roles of KLKs, both activators and inhibitors of KLK activities are of therapeutic interest. For example, inhibitors of hyperactive KLKs in the epidermis would be effective against excess skin desquamation and inflammation, whereas KLK activators could benefit hyperkeratosis caused by diminished KLK proteolysis. Expression of active KLKs by cancer cells and tissues can be exploited to target prodrugs that are proteolytically cleaved to release a cytotoxic compound or a cytolytic toxin at the site of KLK protease activity. Here, we review current approaches for the design and testing of KLK-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Greece.
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