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Li D, Du H, Qu ST, Wu JL, Li YC, Xu QY, Chen X, Dai XX, Xu JT, Wang Q, Xu GY. Thalamic Nucleus Reuniens Glutamatergic Neurons Mediate Colorectal Visceral Pain in Mice via 5-HT 2B Receptors. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1421-1433. [PMID: 38739251 PMCID: PMC11422542 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and visceral hypersensitivity. Reducing visceral hypersensitivity is the key to effectively relieving abdominal pain in IBS. Increasing evidence has confirmed that the thalamic nucleus reuniens (Re) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotransmitter system play an important role in the development of colorectal visceral pain, whereas the exact mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that high expression of the 5-HT2B receptors in the Re glutamatergic neurons promoted colorectal visceral pain. Specifically, we found that neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) mice exhibited visceral hyperalgesia and enhanced spontaneous synaptic transmission in the Re brain region. Colorectal distension (CRD) stimulation induced a large amount of c-Fos expression in the Re brain region of NMD mice, predominantly in glutamatergic neurons. Furthermore, optogenetic manipulation of glutamatergic neuronal activity in the Re altered colorectal visceral pain responses in CON and NMD mice. In addition, we demonstrated that 5-HT2B receptor expression on the Re glutamatergic neurons was upregulated and ultimately promoted colorectal visceral pain in NMD mice. These findings suggest a critical role of the 5HT2B receptors on the Re glutamatergic neurons in the regulation of colorectal visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Han Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shu-Ting Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing-Lai Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qi-Ya Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Li X, Zhou Y, Wang F, Wang L. Sex-Dimorphic Kidney-Brain Connectivity Map of Mice. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1445-1457. [PMID: 38896358 PMCID: PMC11422536 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The kidneys are essential organs that help maintain homeostasis, and their function is regulated by the neural system. Despite the anatomical multi-synaptic connection between the central autonomic nuclei and the kidneys, it remains unclear whether there are any variations in neural connections between the nervous systems and the renal cortex and medulla in male and female mice. Here, we used the pseudorabies virus to map the central innervation network of the renal cortex and medulla in both sexes. The data revealed that specific brain regions displayed either a contralateral-bias or ipsilateral-bias pattern while kidney-innervating neurons distributed symmetrically in the midbrain and hindbrain. Sex differences were observed in the distribution of neurons connected to the left kidney, as well as those connected to the renal cortex and medulla. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the brain-kidney network in both males and females and may help shed light on gender differences in kidney function and disease susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Medrano M, Allaoui W, Haddad RES, Makrini-Maleville L, Valjent E, Smolders I, Kormos V, Gaszner B, De Bundel D. Neuromedin U Neurons in the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus Respond to Alcohol Without Interfering with the Urocortin 1 Response. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04238-1. [PMID: 39266897 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) is a midbrain nucleus composed of a preganglionic, cholinergic subpopulation and a densely clustered peptidergic subpopulation (EWcp). The EWcp is one of the few brain regions that show consistent induction of FOS following voluntary alcohol intake. Previous results in rodents point to urocortin 1 (UCN1) as one of the peptides most involved in the control of ethanol intake and preference. Notably, the functions described for UCN1, such as reward processing, stress coping or the regulation of feeding behavior are similar to those described for the neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU). Interestingly, NMU has been recently associated with the modulation of alcohol-related behaviors. However, little is known about the expression and functionality of NMU neurons in alcohol-responsive areas. In this study, we used the recently developed Nmu-Cre knock-in mouse model to examine the expression of NMU in the subaqueductal paramedian zone comprising the EWcp. We delved into the characterization and co-expression of NMU with other markers already described in the EWcp. Moreover, using FOS as a marker of neuronal activity, we tested whether NMU neurons were sensitive to acute alcohol administration. Overall, we provided novel insights on NMU expression and functionality in the EW region. We showed the presence of NMU within a subpopulation of UCN1 neurons in the EWcp and demonstrated that this partial co-expression does not interfere with the responsivity of UCN1-containing cells to alcohol. Moreover, we proposed that the UCN1 content in these neurons may be influenced by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Medrano
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wissal Allaoui
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ra'fat Ehab Salim Haddad
- Medical School, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Medical School, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Medical School, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Al-Omari A, Gaszner B, Zelena D, Gecse K, Berta G, Biró-Sütő T, Szocsics P, Maglóczky Z, Gombás P, Pintér E, Juhász G, Kormos V. Neuroanatomical evidence and a mouse calcitonin gene-related peptide model in line with human functional magnetic resonance imaging data support the involvement of peptidergic Edinger-Westphal nucleus in migraine. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00627. [PMID: 38875125 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The urocortin 1 (UCN1)-expressing centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal (EWcp) nucleus is influenced by circadian rhythms, hormones, stress, and pain, all known migraine triggers. Our study investigated EWcp's potential involvement in migraine. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunostaining, we examined the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor components in both mouse and human EWcp and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Tracing study examined connection between EWcp and the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN). The intraperitoneal CGRP injection model of migraine was applied and validated by light-dark box, and von Frey assays in mice, in situ hybridization combined with immunostaining, were used to assess the functional-morphological changes. The functional connectivity matrix of EW was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging in control humans and interictal migraineurs. We proved the expression of CGRP receptor components in both murine and human DRN and EWcp. We identified a direct urocortinergic projection from EWcp to the STN. Photophobic behavior, periorbital hyperalgesia, increased c-fos gene-encoded protein immunoreactivity in the lateral periaqueductal gray matter and trigeminal ganglia, and phosphorylated c-AMP-responsive element binding protein in the STN supported the efficacy of CGRP-induced migraine-like state. Calcitonin gene-related peptide administration also increased c-fos gene-encoded protein expression, Ucn1 mRNA, and peptide content in EWcp/UCN1 neurons while reducing serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 levels in the DRN. Targeted ablation of EWcp/UCN1 neurons induced hyperalgesia. A positive functional connectivity between EW and STN as well as DRN has been identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The presented data strongly suggest the regulatory role of EWcp/UCN1 neurons in migraine through the STN and DRN with high translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Omari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School and Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kinga Gecse
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tünde Biró-Sütő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Szocsics
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Maglóczky
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gombás
- Department of Pathology, St. Borbála Hospital, Tatabánya, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhász
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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5
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Solé Puig M, Bustos Valenzuela P, Romeo A, Supèr H. A Pilot Study to Improve Cognitive Performance and Pupil Responses in Mild Cognitive Impaired Patients Using Gaze-Controlled Gaming. Vision (Basel) 2024; 8:25. [PMID: 38804346 PMCID: PMC11130921 DOI: 10.3390/vision8020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may progress to severe forms of dementia, so therapy is needed to maintain cognitive abilities. The neural circuitry for oculomotor control is closely linked to that which controls cognitive behavior. In this study, we tested whether training the oculomotor system with gaze-controlled video games could improve cognitive behavior in MCI patients. Patients played a simple game for 2-3 weeks while a control group played the same game using a mouse. Cognitive improvement was assessed using the MoCA screening test and CANTAB. We also measured eye pupil and vergence responses in an oddball paradigm. The results showed an increased score on the MoCA test specifically for the visuospatial domain and on the Rapid Visual Information Processing test of the CANTAB battery. Pupil responses also increased to target stimuli. Patients in the control group did not show significant improvements. This pilot study provides evidence for the potential cognitive benefits of gaze-controlled gaming in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Solé Puig
- Unitat d’Avaluació de la Cognició, l’Atenció i l’Aprenentatge (ACAP), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Patricia Bustos Valenzuela
- Vision and Control of Action Group, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.V.)
| | - August Romeo
- Vision and Control of Action Group, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.V.)
| | - Hans Supèr
- Unitat d’Avaluació de la Cognició, l’Atenció i l’Aprenentatge (ACAP), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Vision and Control of Action Group, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.V.)
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona (UBNeuro), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Braingaze SL, 08302 Mataró, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Ogut E, Kaya P, Karakas O, Yildiz E, Sozge I. Investigations into the anatomical location, physiological function, clinical implications, and significance of the nucleus of Perlia. Acta Neurol Belg 2024:10.1007/s13760-024-02533-w. [PMID: 38583111 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-024-02533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The article discusses the investigations into the nucleus of Perlia (NP), a spindle-shaped nucleus located in the dorsal aspect of the oculomotor complex. However, there is still debate over its exact location and function, with conflicting findings in nonhuman primates. Therefore, the current study aimed the describe the location, function, clinical and surgical implications of NP. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify studies related to the following MeSH terms: "perlia nucleus" OR "nucleus of "perlia" OR "convergence nucleus" OR "nucleus of convergence" OR "Perlia's nucleus". The search was conducted until September 2022. RESULTS The location of the NP has been consistently reported in various studies, with most describing it as situated ventral to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) and dorsomedial to the oculomotor complex. The incidence of the NP in humans has been reported to range from 9 to 40%. In primates, it was observed to be absent in 77% of midbrains, while well developed in 9%. It is also noted that the NP is not a single nucleus, but rather a group of nuclei that are interconnected and involved in the coordination of eye movements that contain parasympathetic neurons. CONCLUSIONS The study of the NP holds clinical implications for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the irregularities in the pupillary light reflex, such as anisocoria or abnormal responses to light, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disorders like Horner's syndrome, and management of eye movement disorders including one-and-a-half syndrome, vertical gaze palsy, skew deviation and ptosis. The current study also highlighted the limitations of previous studies, including variations in the reported prevalence of the NP, limitations of the histological techniques, and inconsistent findings across human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Ogut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34700, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Pamirhan Kaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozge Karakas
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Edanur Yildiz
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ilgin Sozge
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Türkiye
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7
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Priest MF, Freda SN, Rieth IJ, Badong D, Dumrongprechachan V, Kozorovitskiy Y. Peptidergic and functional delineation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112992. [PMID: 37594894 PMCID: PMC10512657 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neuronal populations that release fast-acting excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain also contain slower-acting neuropeptides. These facultative peptidergic cell types are common, but it remains uncertain whether neurons that solely release peptides exist. Our fluorescence in situ hybridization, genetically targeted electron microscopy, and electrophysiological characterization suggest that most neurons of the non-cholinergic, centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus in mice are obligately peptidergic. We further show, using anterograde projection mapping, monosynaptic retrograde tracing, angled-tip fiber photometry, and chemogenetic modulation and genetically targeted ablation in conjunction with canonical assays for anxiety, that this peptidergic population activates in response to loss of motor control and promotes anxiety responses. Together, these findings elucidate an integrative, ethologically relevant role for the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and functionally align the nucleus with the periaqueductal gray, where it resides. This work advances our understanding of peptidergic modulation of anxiety and provides a framework for future investigations of peptidergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Priest
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sara N Freda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Isabelle J Rieth
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Deanna Badong
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vasin Dumrongprechachan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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8
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Yi T, Wang N, Huang J, Wang Y, Ren S, Hu Y, Xia J, Liao Y, Li X, Luo F, Ouyang Q, Li Y, Zheng Z, Xiao Q, Ren R, Yao Z, Tang X, Wang Y, Chen X, He C, Li H, Hu Z. A Sleep-Specific Midbrain Target for Sevoflurane Anesthesia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300189. [PMID: 36961096 PMCID: PMC10214273 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane has been the most widely used inhaled anesthetics with a favorable recovery profile; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its anesthetic action are still not completely understood. Here the authors show that sevoflurane activates a cluster of urocortin 1 (UCN1+ )/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART+ ) neurons in the midbrain involved in its anesthesia. Furthermore, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is highly enriched in sevoflurane-activated UCN1+ /CART+ cells and is necessary for sleep induction. Blockade of GHSR abolishes the excitatory effect of sevoflurane on UCN1+ /CART+ neurons and attenuates its anesthetic effect. Collectively, their data suggest that anesthetic action of sevoflurane necessitates the GHSR activation in midbrain UCN1+ /CART+ neurons, which provides a novel target including the nucleus and receptor in the field of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yi
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
- Department of AnesthesiologyYongchuan HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing402160China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
- College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Shuancheng Ren
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Jianxia Xia
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yixiang Liao
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Fenlan Luo
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Ziyi Zheng
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Rong Ren
- Sleep Medicine CenterDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineMental Health CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Zhongxiang Yao
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Xiangdong Tang
- Sleep Medicine CenterDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineMental Health CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of NeurologyDaping HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research CenterCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Chao He
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
- College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and IntelligenceGuangyang Bay LaboratoryChongqing400064China
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9
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Hryciw G, Wong J, Heinricher MM. Brainstem pain-modulating neurons are sensitized to visual light in persistent inflammation. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 13:100111. [PMID: 36605934 PMCID: PMC9808023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals with chronic pain report abnormal sensitivity to visual light, referred to as "photosensitivity" or "photophobia," yet how processing of light and nociceptive information come together remains a puzzle. Pain-modulating neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) have been shown to respond to bright visual light in male rats: activity of pain-enhancing ON-cells is increased, while that of pain-inhibiting OFF-cells is decreased. Since the RVM is the output node of a well-known pain modulation pathway, light-related input to these neurons could contribute to photosensitivity. The purpose of the present study was to fully characterize RVM ON- and OFF-cell responses to visual light by defining stimulus-response curves in male and female rats across a range of intensities (30 to 16,000 lx). We also determined if light-evoked responses are altered in animals subjected to persistent inflammation. We found that ON- and OFF-cells responded to relatively dim light (<1000 lx in naïve animals), with no difference between the sexes in threshold for light-evoked changes in firing or the percentage of responsive cells. Second, light-evoked suppression of OFF-cell firing was enhanced in persistent inflammation, with no change in light-evoked activation of ON-cells. These data indicate that pain-modulating neurons can be engaged by dim light, even under normal conditions. Further, they suggest that decreased descending inhibition during light exposure could contribute to reduced nociceptive thresholds in chronic pain states, resulting in light-induced somatic discomfort and aversion to light. Lastly, our findings argue for differences in how light and somatic stimuli engage RVM, and suggest that light-related input acts as a "top-down" regulatory input to RVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Hryciw
- School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Dept. Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Dept. Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mary M. Heinricher
- Dept. Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Dept. Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Neurological Surgery, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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10
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Gaszner T, Farkas J, Kun D, Ujvári B, Berta G, Csernus V, Füredi N, Kovács LÁ, Hashimoto H, Reglődi D, Kormos V, Gaszner B. Fluoxetine treatment supports predictive validity of the three hit model of depression in male PACAP heterozygous mice and underpins the impact of early life adversity on therapeutic efficacy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:995900. [PMID: 36213293 PMCID: PMC9537566 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.995900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the three hit concept of depression, interaction of genetic predisposition altered epigenetic programming and environmental stress factors contribute to the disease. Earlier we demonstrated the construct and face validity of our three hit concept-based mouse model. In the present work, we aimed to examine the predictive validity of our model, the third willnerian criterion. Fluoxetine treatment was applied in chronic variable mild stress (CVMS)-exposed (environmental hit) CD1 mice carrying one mutated allele of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide gene (genetic hit) that were previously exposed to maternal deprivation (epigenetic hit) vs. controls. Fluoxetine reduced the anxiety level in CVMS-exposed mice in marble burying test, and decreased the depression level in tail suspension test if mice were not deprived maternally. History of maternal deprivation caused fundamental functional-morphological changes in response to CVMS and fluoxetine treatment in the corticotropin-releasing hormone-producing cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central amygdala, in tyrosine-hydroxylase content of ventral tegmental area, in urocortin 1-expressing cells of the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and serotonergic cells of the dorsal raphe nucleus. The epigenetic background of alterations was approved by altered acetylation of histone H3. Our findings further support the validity of both the three hit concept and that of our animal model. Reversal of behavioral and functional-morphological anomalies by fluoxetine treatment supports the predictive validity of the model. This study highlights that early life stress does not only interact with the genetic and environmental factors, but has strong influence also on therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Farkas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kun
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ujvári
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Valér Csernus
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Ákos Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience & Szentágothai Research Centre, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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11
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Li J, Ryabinin AE. Oxytocin Receptors in the Mouse Centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus and their Potential Functional Significance for Thermoregulation. Neuroscience 2022; 498:93-104. [PMID: 35803493 PMCID: PMC9420781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) has been shown to contribute to regulation of multiple functions, including responses to stress and fear, attention, food consumption, addiction, body temperature and maternal behaviors. However, receptors involved in regulation of these behaviors through EWcp remain poorly characterized. On the other hand, the oxytocin peptide (OXT) is also known to regulate a substantial number of physiological responses and behaviors. Here we show that mRNA encoding OXT receptors (Oxtr) is expressed in EWcp of male and female C57BL/6J mice. These receptors are present on urocortin 1 (Ucn) mRNA-containing neurons and, to a lesser extent, on neurons in EWcp expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) mRNA of EWcp. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization, we show that neurons containing Ucn and Vglut2 mRNAs are two intermingled, but independent subpopulations in EWcp and characterize their relationship with other populations of neurons in the vicinity of this nucleus. Using immunohistochemistry, we show that intraperitoneal (IP) administration of OXT can induce FOS in Oxtr-containing neurons, suggesting that these receptors on EWcp neurons are functional. A follow up study showed that injection of OXT (2.3 or 7.7 mg/kg, IP) is accompanied by a decrease in body temperature. Since EWcp is known to be involved in regulation of body temperature, we hypothesize that OXT's effects on body temperature could be mediated through the EWcp. The contribution of OXTR in EWcp to regulation of various functions of EWcp and OXT needs to be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Li
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrey E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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12
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Topilko T, Diaz SL, Pacheco CM, Verny F, Rousseau CV, Kirst C, Deleuze C, Gaspar P, Renier N. Edinger-Westphal peptidergic neurons enable maternal preparatory nesting. Neuron 2022; 110:1385-1399.e8. [PMID: 35123655 PMCID: PMC9090132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing reproductive fitness in mammalians requires behavioral adaptations during pregnancy. Maternal preparatory nesting is an essential behavior for the survival of the upcoming litter. Brain-wide immediate early gene mapping in mice evoked by nesting sequences revealed that phases of nest construction strongly activate peptidergic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in pregnant mice. Genetic ablation, bidirectional neuromodulation, and in vitro and in vivo activity recordings demonstrated that these neurons are essential to modulate arousal before sleep to promote nesting specifically. We show that these neurons enable the behavioral effects of progesterone on preparatory nesting by modulating a broad network of downstream targets. Our study deciphers the role of midbrain CART+ neurons in behavioral adaptations during pregnancy vital for reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Topilko
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Silvina L Diaz
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E de Robertis (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catarina M Pacheco
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Florine Verny
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Charly V Rousseau
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Kirst
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Deleuze
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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13
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Anatomical Evidence for the Neural Connection from the Emotional Brain to Autonomic Innervation in the Anterior Chamber Structures of the Eye. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:417-425. [PMID: 35366148 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which can be affected by emotions, is important in the occurrence or progression of glaucoma. The autonomic innervation distributed in the anterior chamber (AC) structures might play an efferent role in the neural regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). This study aimed to investigate the anatomic neural connection from the emotional brain to autonomic innervation in the AC. METHODS A retrograde trans-multisynaptic pseudorabies virus encoded with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (PRV531) and non-trans-synaptic tracer FAST Dil were injected into the right eye of mice, respectively. Fluorescent localization in the emotional brain and preganglionic nuclei was studied. Five and a half days after PRV531 injection into the right AC, fluorescent signals were observed in several emotional brain regions, including the amygdala, agranular insular cortex, lateral septal nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and hypothalamus. Autonomic preganglionic nuclei, including Edinger-Westphal nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, and intermediolateral nucleus, were labeled using PRV531. RESULTS The sensory trigeminal nuclei were not labeled using PRV531. The fluorescence signals in the nuclei mentioned above showed bilateral distribution, primarily on the ipsilateral side. Seven days after injecting FAST Dil into the AC, we observed no FAST Dil-labeled neurons in the central nervous system. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a neural connection from the emotional brain to autonomic innervation in the AC, which provides anatomical support for the emotional influence of IOP via the ANS.
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14
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Pomrenze MB, Walker LC, Giardino WJ. Gray areas: Neuropeptide circuits linking the Edinger-Westphal and Dorsal Raphe nuclei in addiction. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108769. [PMID: 34481834 PMCID: PMC8484048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The circuitry of addiction comprises several neural networks including the midbrain - an expansive region critically involved in the control of motivated behaviors. Midbrain nuclei like the Edinger-Westphal (EW) and dorsal raphe (DR) contain unique populations of neurons that synthesize many understudied neuroactive molecules and are encircled by the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Despite the proximity of these special neuron classes to the ventral midbrain complex and surrounding PAG, functions of the EW and DR remain substantially underinvestigated by comparison. Spanning approximately -3.0 to -5.2 mm posterior from bregma in the mouse, these various cell groups form a continuum of neurons that we refer to collectively as the subaqueductal paramedian zone. Defining how these pathways modulate affective behavioral states presents a difficult, yet conquerable challenge for today's technological advances in neuroscience. In this review, we cover the known contributions of different neuronal subtypes of the subaqueductal paramedian zone. We catalogue these cell types based on their spatial, molecular, connectivity, and functional properties and integrate this information with the existing data on the EW and DR in addiction. We next discuss evidence that links the EW and DR anatomically and functionally, highlighting the potential contributions of an EW-DR circuit to addiction-related behaviors. Overall, we aim to derive an integrated framework that emphasizes the contributions of EW and DR nuclei to addictive states and describes how these cell groups function in individuals suffering from substance use disorders. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pomrenze
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5453, USA
| | - Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - William J Giardino
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5453, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5453, USA.
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15
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Pereira G, Gillies H, Chanda S, Corbett M, Vernon SD, Milani T, Bateman L. Acute Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2 Agonism Results in Sustained Symptom Improvement in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:698240. [PMID: 34539356 PMCID: PMC8441022 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.698240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex multi-symptom disease with widespread evidence of disrupted systems. The authors hypothesize that it is caused by the upregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2) in the raphé nuclei and limbic system, which impairs the ability to maintain homeostasis. The authors propose utilizing agonist-mediated receptor endocytosis to downregulate CRFR2. Materials and Methods This open-label trial tested the safety, tolerability and efficacy of an acute dose of CT38s (a short-lived, CRFR2-selective agonist, with no known off-target activity) in 14 ME/CFS patients. CT38s was subcutaneously-infused at one of four dose-levels (i.e., infusion rates of 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.20 μg/kg/h), for a maximum of 10.5 h. Effect was measured as the pre-/post-treatment change in the mean 28-day total daily symptom score (TDSS), which aggregated 13 individual patient-reported symptoms. Results ME/CFS patients were significantly more sensitive to the transient hemodynamic effects of CRFR2 stimulation than healthy subjects in a prior trial, supporting the hypothesized CRFR2 upregulation. Adverse events were generally mild, resolved without intervention, and difficult to distinguish from ME/CFS symptoms, supporting a CRFR2 role in the disease. The acute dose of CT38s was associated with an improvement in mean TDSS that was sustained (over at least 28 days post-treatment) and correlated with both total exposure and pre-treatment symptom severity. At an infusion rate of 0.03 μg/kg/h, mean TDSS improved by -7.5 ± 1.9 (or -25.7%, p = 0.009), with all monitored symptoms improving. Conclusion The trial supports the hypothesis that CRFR2 is upregulated in ME/CFS, and that acute CRFR2 agonism may be a viable treatment approach warranting further study. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03613129.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tina Milani
- Bateman Horne Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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16
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Shewale SA, Deshbhratar SM, Ravikumar A, Bhargava SY. Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the tadpole brain: Response to different energy states. Neuropeptides 2021; 88:102152. [PMID: 33932859 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide known to play a key role in energy homeostasis across the vertebrate phyla. In the current study, we have investigated the response of the CART immunoreactive system to varying energy states in the brain of a tadpole model. The pro-metamorphic tadpoles of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis were fasted, or intracranially injected with glucose or 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG; an antagonist to glucose inducing glucoprivation) and the response of the CART containing system in various neuroanatomical areas was studied using immunohistochemistry. Glucose administration increased the CART immunoreactivity in the entopeduncular neurons (EN), preoptic area (POA), ventral hypothalamus (vHy) and the Edinger Westphal nucleus (EW) while CART positive cells decrease in response to fasting and glucoprivation. A substantial decrease in CART was noted in the EW nucleus of tadpoles injected with 2DG. These regions might contain the glucose-sensing neurons and regulate food intake in anurans. Therefore, we speculate that the function of central CART and its antagonistic action with NPY in food and feeding circuitry of anurans is evolutionary conserved and might be responsible for glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil A Shewale
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India; Department of Zoology, Bhavan's Hazarimal Somani College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400 007, India
| | - Shantaj M Deshbhratar
- Department of Zoology, Bhavan's Hazarimal Somani College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400 007, India
| | - Ameeta Ravikumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Shobha Y Bhargava
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India.
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Cano G, Hernan SL, Sved AF. Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Control of Sympathetic Outflow and Energy Homeostasis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1005. [PMID: 34439626 PMCID: PMC8392615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) is a midbrain neuronal group, adjacent but segregated from the preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus that projects to the ciliary ganglion. The EWcp plays a crucial role in stress responses and in maintaining energy homeostasis under conditions that require an adjustment of energy expenditure, by virtue of modulating heart rate and blood pressure, thermogenesis, food intake, and fat and glucose metabolism. This modulation is ultimately mediated by changes in the sympathetic outflow to several effector organs, including the adrenal gland, heart, kidneys, brown and white adipose tissues and pancreas, in response to environmental conditions and the animal's energy state, providing for appropriate energy utilization. Classic neuroanatomical studies have shown that the EWcp receives inputs from forebrain regions involved in these functions and projects to presympathetic neuronal populations in the brainstem. Transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus has demonstrated that the EWcp is connected polysynaptically with central circuits that provide sympathetic innervation to all these effector organs that are critical for stress responses and energy homeostasis. We propose that EWcp integrates multimodal signals (stress, thermal, metabolic, endocrine, etc.) and modulates the sympathetic output simultaneously to multiple effector organs to maintain energy homeostasis under different conditions that require adjustments of energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Cano
- Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (S.L.H.); (A.F.S.)
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18
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Park S, Mun S, Ha J, Kim L. Non-Contact Measurement of Motion Sickness Using Pupillary Rhythms from an Infrared Camera. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144642. [PMID: 34300382 PMCID: PMC8309520 DOI: 10.3390/s21144642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both physiological and neurological mechanisms are reflected in pupillary rhythms via neural pathways between the brain and pupil nerves. This study aims to interpret the phenomenon of motion sickness such as fatigue, anxiety, nausea and disorientation using these mechanisms and to develop an advanced non-contact measurement method from an infrared webcam. Twenty-four volunteers (12 females) experienced virtual reality content through both two-dimensional and head-mounted device interpretations. An irregular pattern of the pupillary rhythms, demonstrated by an increasing mean and standard deviation of pupil diameter and decreasing pupillary rhythm coherence ratio, was revealed after the participants experienced motion sickness. The motion sickness was induced while watching the head-mounted device as compared to the two-dimensional virtual reality, with the motion sickness strongly related to the visual information processing load. In addition, the proposed method was verified using a new experimental dataset for 23 participants (11 females), with a classification performance of 89.6% (n = 48) and 80.4% (n = 46) for training and test sets using a support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel, respectively. The proposed method was proven to be capable of quantitatively measuring and monitoring motion sickness in real-time in a simple, economical and contactless manner using an infrared camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangin Park
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Sungchul Mun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Jihyeon Ha
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.P.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea
| | - Laehyun Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.P.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-6726
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19
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Jiménez EC, Sierra-Marcos A, Romeo A, Hashemi A, Leonovych O, Bustos Valenzuela P, Solé Puig M, Supèr H. Altered Vergence Eye Movements and Pupil Response of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment During an Oddball Task. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:421-433. [PMID: 34024820 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and may be preceded by mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Evidence shows changes in pupil and vergence responses related to cognitive processing of visual information. OBJECTIVE Here we test the hypothesis that MCI and AD are associated with specific patterns in vergence and pupil responses. METHODS We employed a visual oddball task. In the distractor condition (80%of the trials), a blue stimulus was presented whereas in the target condition (20%of trials) it was red. Participants (23 Controls, 33 MCI patients, and 18 AD patients) were instructed to press a button when a target appeared. RESULTS Participants briefly converged their eyes 200 ms after stimulus presentation. In controls, this transient peak response was followed by a delay response to targets but not to distractor stimuli. In the patient groups, delay responses to distractors were noticed. Consequently, the differential vergence response was strong in the control group, weak in the MCI group, and absent in the AD group. Pupils started to dilate 500-600 ms after the appearance of a target but slightly contracted after the presentation of a distractor. This differential pupil response was strongest in the AD group. CONCLUSION Our findings support the idea of a role of vergence and pupil responses in attention and reveal altered responses in MCI and AD patients. Further studies should assess the value of vergence and pupil measurements as an objective support tool for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carolina Jiménez
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alba Sierra-Marcos
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Sanitas CIMA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - August Romeo
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amin Hashemi
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oleksii Leonovych
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain
| | - Patricia Bustos Valenzuela
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Solé Puig
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Supèr
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona (UBNeuro), Barcelona, Spain.,Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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The Same Magnocellular Neurons Send Axon Collaterals to the Posterior Pituitary and Retina or to the Posterior Pituitary and Autonomic Preganglionic Centers of the Eye in Rats. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In rats, some parvocellular paraventricular neurons project to spinal autonomic centers. Using the virus tracing technique, we have demonstrated that some magnocellular paraventricular neurons, but not supraoptic neurons, also project to autonomic preganglionic centers of the mammary gland, gingiva, or lip. A part of these neurons has shown oxytocin immunoreactivity. In the present experiment, we have examined whether the same magnocellular neuron that sends fibers to the retina or autonomic preganglionic centers of the eye also projects to the posterior pituitary. Double neurotropic viral labeling and oxytocin immunohistochemistry were used. After inoculation of the posterior pituitary and the eye with viruses, spreading in a retrograde direction and expressing different fluorescence proteins, we looked for double-labeled neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Double-labeled neurons were observed in non-sympathectomized and cervical-sympathectomized animals. Some double-labeled neurons contained oxytocin. After the optic nerve was cut, the labeling did not appear in the supraoptic nucleus; however, it could still be observed in the paraventricular nucleus. In the paraventricular nucleus, the double-labeled cells may be the origin of centrifugal visual fibers or autonomic premotor neurons. In the supraoptic nucleus, all double-labeled neurons are cells of origin of centrifugal visual fibers.
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21
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Romero-Leguizamón CR, Kohlmeier KA. Stress-related endogenous neuropeptides induce neuronal excitation in the Laterodorsal Tegmentum. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 38:86-97. [PMID: 32768153 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a physiological response that promotes maintenance of balance against harmful stimuli. Unfortunately, chronic activation of stress systems facilitates the development of psychiatric disorders. A stress-mediated hypercholinergic state could underlie this facilitation, as cholinergic mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in anxiety, depression, and substance use disorder (SUD). Stimulation by stress hormones, urocortin (Ucn1) or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), of the CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1) of acetylcholine-containing neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) could be involved in modulation of cholinergic transmission during periods of stress hormone activation, which could play a role in psychiatric disorders as cholinergic LDT neurons project to, and control activity in, mood-, arousal- and SUD-controlling regions. The present study investigated for the first time the membrane effects and intracellular outcomes of CRFR1 activation by endogenous stress hormones on LDT neurons. Patch clamp recordings of immunohistochemically-identified cholinergic and non-cholinergic LDT neurons with concurrent calcium imaging were used to monitor cellular responses to CRFR1 stimulation with Ucn1 and CRF. Postsynaptically-mediated excitatory currents were elicited in LDT cholinergic neurons, accompanied by an enhancement in synaptic events. In addition, CRFR1 activation resulted in rises in intracellular calcium levels. CRFR1 stimulation recruited MAPK/ERK and SERCA-ATPase involved pathways. The data presented here provide the first evidence that Ucn1 and CRF exert pre and postsynaptic excitatory membrane actions on LDT cholinergic neurons that could underlie the hypercholinergic state associated with stress which could play a role in the heightened risk of psychiatric disorders associated with a chronic stress state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar R Romero-Leguizamón
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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22
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Gasparini S, Howland JM, Thatcher AJ, Geerling JC. Central afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2708-2728. [PMID: 32307700 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) regulates life-sustaining functions ranging from appetite and digestion to heart rate and breathing. It is also the brain's primary sensory nucleus for visceral sensations relevant to symptoms in medical and psychiatric disorders. To better understand which neurons may exert top-down control over the NTS, here we provide a brain-wide map of all neurons that project axons directly to the caudal, viscerosensory NTS, focusing on a medial subregion with aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons. Injecting an axonal tracer (cholera toxin b) into the NTS produces a similar pattern of retrograde labeling in rats and mice. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) contain the densest concentrations of NTS-projecting neurons. PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express Slc17a6/Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons. CeA afferents are GABAergic (express Slc32a1/Vgat) and are distributed largely in the medial CeA subdivision. Other retrogradely labeled neurons are located in a variety of brain regions, including the cerebral cortex (insular and infralimbic areas), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, hindbrain reticular formation, and rostral NTS. Similar patterns of retrograde labeling result from tracer injections into different NTS subdivisions, with dual retrograde tracing revealing that many afferent neurons project axon collaterals to both the lateral and medial NTS subdivisions. This information provides a roadmap for studying descending axonal projections that may influence visceromotor systems and visceral "mind-body" symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gasparini
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob M Howland
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew J Thatcher
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
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23
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Chen Z, Liu NN, Xiao J, Wang YH, Dong R. The amygdala via the paraventricular nucleus regulates asthma attack in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:730-740. [PMID: 32011093 PMCID: PMC7298979 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to investigate the functions of the amygdala in rat asthma model. Main methods Wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) was used for tracing from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to the amygdala, and nuclear lesions were performed to observe changes in respiratory function and airway inflammation. Results This study showed that the extracellular neuronal discharged in the medial amygdala (MeA) and central amygdala (CeA), and the expression of Fos significantly increased in asthmatic rat compared to control group. The distribution of Fos‐ and oxytocin (OT)‐positive neurons and Fos/OT dual‐positive neurons evidently increased in the PVN. WGA‐HRP was injected into the PVN for tracing, and Fos/HRP‐dual‐positive neurons were observed to be distributed in the MeA. By using kainic acid (KA) to injure the MeA and CeA in asthmatic rats, expiratory and inspiratory times (TE/TI) and airway resistance (Raw) decreased, and minute ventilation volume (MVV) and dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn) increased accordingly. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the number of eosinophils and the concentration of IL‐4 were lower than those of the control group, and the ratio of Th1/Th2 cells was higher than that of the control group. In the PVN, the distribution of Fos‐, OT‐positive cells and Fos/OT double‐positive cells decreased compared with those of the control group. The activities of the MeA and CeA and of OT neurons in the PVN of the rats were correlated with the occurrence of asthma. Conclusions Asthma attack could induce neural activities in the MeA and CeA, and OT neurons in the PVN may be involved in the process of asthma attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ni-Na Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Han Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Zuniga A, Ryabinin AE. Involvement of Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus Neuropeptides in Actions of Addictive Drugs. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020067. [PMID: 31991932 PMCID: PMC7071833 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) is a brain region distinct from the preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWpg). In contrast to the EWpg, the EWcp does not send projections to the ciliary ganglion and appears not to regulate oculomotor function. Instead, evidence is accumulating that the EWcp is extremely sensitive to alcohol and several other drugs of abuse. Studies using surgical, genetic knockout, and shRNA approaches further implicate the EWcp in the regulation of alcohol sensitivity and self-administration. The EWcp is also known as the site of preferential expression of urocortin 1, a peptide of the corticotropin-releasing factor family. However, neuroanatomical data indicate that the EWcp is not a monotypic brain region and consists of several distinct subpopulations of neurons. It is most likely that these subpopulations of the EWcp are differentially involved in the regulation of actions of addictive drugs. This review summarizes and analyzes the current literature of the EWcp's involvement in actions of drugs of abuse in male and female subjects in light of the accumulating evidence of complexities of this brain region.
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25
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Sekaninova N, Ondrejka I, Bona Olexova L, Visnovcova Z, Mestanik M, Cesnekova D, Hamrakova A, Tonhajzerova I. Oculometric behavior assessed by pupil response is altered in adolescent depression. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S325-S338. [PMID: 31928050 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculometric behaviour assessed by pupil response provides important information about central autonomic activity and emotional regulation. However, studies regarding pupil response to emotional stimuli in adolescent depression are rare. We aimed to study emotional-linked pupil response in adolescent depression. Twenty depressive adolescents (average age: 15.4+/-1.2 years) and 20 age/gender-matched healthy subjects were examined. Average pupil diameter assessed by eye-tracking and pupillary light reflex were evaluated during protocol - baseline, free-view task, recovery phase. Regarding right eye, significantly greater initial pupil diameter and pupil dilation to positive pictures free-viewing (p=0.013, p=0.031, respectively), significantly slower average and maximum constriction velocity in baseline and positive pictures free-viewing (p=0.036, p=0.050, p=0.021, p=0.015, respectively), significantly slower maximum constriction velocity in recovery phase (p=0.045), and significantly faster average dilation velocity in negative pictures free-viewing (p=0.042) were observed in depressive group. Regarding left eye, significantly lower constriction percentual change in negative pictures free-viewing (p=0.044) and significantly greater baseline pupil diameter and pupil diameter at the peak of constriction in positive vs. negative pictures free-viewing (p=0.002, p=0.015, respectively) were observed in depressive group. Our study revealed discrete central autonomic dysregulation - parasympathetic hypoactivity associated with relative sympathetic dominance influenced by impairments in emotional processing already in adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sekaninova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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26
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Park S, Mun S, Lee DW, Whang M. IR-camera-based measurements of 2D/3D cognitive fatigue in 2D/3D display system using task-evoked pupillary response. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:3467-3480. [PMID: 31044844 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate a method used to measure three-dimensional (3D) cognitive fatigue based on the pupillary response. This technique was designed to overcome measurement burdens by using non-contact methods. The pupillary response is related to cognitive function by a neural pathway and may be an indicator of 3D cognitive fatigue. Twenty-six undergraduate students (including 14 women) watched both 2D and 3D versions of a video for 70 min. The participants experienced visual fatigue after viewing the 3D content. Measures such as subjective rating, response time, event-related potential latency, heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) alpha power, and task-evoked pupillary response (TEPR) latency were significantly different. Multitrait-multimethod matrix analysis indicated that HEP and TEPR latency measures had stronger reliability and higher correlations with 3D cognitive fatigue than other measures. TEPR latency may be useful for quantitatively determining 3D visual fatigue, as it can be easily used to evaluate 3D visual fatigue using a non-contact method without measuring burden.
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27
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Vera J, Luque-Casado A, Redondo B, Cárdenas D, Jiménez R, García-Ramos A. Ocular Accommodative Response is Modulated as a Function of Physical Exercise Intensity. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:442-450. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1557210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatríz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Cárdenas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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28
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Wagner S. Urocortins and their unfolding role in mammalian social behavior. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:133-142. [PMID: 30465153 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is well known for its major role in coordinating the endocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. These functions have been shown to be mediated mainly by the binding of the CRF neuropeptide to its specific receptor CRFR1. Yet, the CRF system comprises several more neuropeptides, including the three urocortins, UCN1, UCN2 and UCN3, of which the latter two bind specifically to a distinct receptor-CRFR2. Unlike the brain-wide abundant expression of CRF and CRFR1, the brain expression of the urocortins and CRFR2 is rather restricted and seems to be focused in limbic areas associated with social behavior. Here, we will review accumulating evidence from recent studies that unfold the role of UCN2 and UCN3 in regulating mammalian social behavior, via activation of CRFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Wagner
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
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29
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Park S, Whang M. Infrared Camera-Based Non-contact Measurement of Brain Activity From Pupillary Rhythms. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1400. [PMID: 30364205 PMCID: PMC6192458 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupillary responses are associated with affective processing, cognitive function, perception, memory, attention, and other brain activities involving neural pathways. The present study aimed to develop a noncontact system to measure brain activity based on pupillary rhythms using an infra-red web camera. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and pupil imaging of 70 undergraduate volunteers (35 female, 35 male) were measured in response to sound stimuli designed to evoke arousal, relaxation, happiness, sadness, or neutral responses. This study successfully developed a real-time system that could detect an EEG spectral index (relative power: low beta in FP1; mid beta in FP1; SMR in FP1; beta in F3; high beta in F8; gamma P4; mu in C4) from pupillary rhythms using the synchronization phenomenon in harmonic frequency (1/100 f) between the pupil and brain oscillations. This method was effective in measuring and evaluating brain activity using a simple, low-cost, noncontact system, and may be an alternative to previous methods used to evaluate brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangin Park
- Industry-Academy Cooperation Team, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mincheol Whang
- Department of Intelligent Engineering Informatics for Human, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Janeček M, Dabrowska J. Oxytocin facilitates adaptive fear and attenuates anxiety responses in animal models and human studies-potential interaction with the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:143-172. [PMID: 30054732 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite its relatively well-understood role as a reproductive and pro-social peptide, oxytocin (OT) tells a more convoluted story in terms of its modulation of fear and anxiety. This nuanced story has been obscured by a great deal of research into the therapeutic applications of exogenous OT, driving more than 400 ongoing clinical trials. Drawing from animal models and human studies, we review the complex evidence concerning OT's role in fear learning and anxiety, clarifying the existing confusion about modulation of fear versus anxiety. We discuss animal models and human studies demonstrating the prevailing role of OT in strengthening fear memory to a discrete signal or cue, which allows accurate and rapid threat detection that facilitates survival. We also review ostensibly contrasting behavioral studies that nonetheless provide compelling evidence of OT attenuating sustained contextual fear and anxiety-like behavior, arguing that these OT effects on the modulation of fear vs. anxiety are not mutually exclusive. To disambiguate how endogenous OT modulates fear and anxiety, an understudied area compared to exogenous OT, we survey behavioral studies utilizing OT receptor (OTR) antagonists. Based on emerging evidence about the role of OTR in rat dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) and elsewhere, we postulate that OT plays a critical role in facilitating accurate discrimination between stimuli representing threat and safety. Supported by human studies, we demonstrate that OT uniquely facilitates adaptive fear but reduces maladaptive anxiety. Last, we explore the limited literature on endogenous OT and its interaction with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) with a special emphasis on the dorsolateral BNST, which may hold the key to the neurobiology of phasic fear and sustained anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Janeček
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Joanna Dabrowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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31
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Company V, Moreno-Bravo JA, Perez-Balaguer A, Puelles E. The Amniote Oculomotor Complex. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:446-451. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Company
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550 Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno-Bravo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550 Spain
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision; 17 Rue Moreau, Paris 75012 France
| | - Ariadna Perez-Balaguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550 Spain
| | - Eduardo Puelles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC; Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550 Spain
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32
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Martinon D, Dabrowska J. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors Modulate Oxytocin Release in the Dorsolateral Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) in Male Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:183. [PMID: 29618970 PMCID: PMC5871712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in the regulation of social and anxiety-like behavior. Our previous studies have shown that OT neurons send projections from the hypothalamus to the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTdl), a forebrain region critically involved in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior. Importantly, these OT terminals in the BNSTdl express presynaptic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor type 2 (CRFR2). This suggests that CRFR2 might be involved in the modulation of OT release. To test this hypothesis, we measured OT content in microdialysates collected from the BNSTdl of freely-moving male Sprague-Dawley rats following the administration of a selective CRFR2 agonist (Urocortin 3) or antagonist (Astressin 2B, As2B). To determine if type 1 CRF receptors (CRFR1) are also involved, we used selective CRFR1 antagonist (NBI35965) as well as CRF, a putative ligand of both CRFR1 and CRFR2. All compounds were delivered directly into the BNSTdl via reverse dialysis. OT content in the microdialysates was measured with highly sensitive and selective radioimmunoassay. Blocking CRFR2 with As2B caused an increase in OT content in BNSTdl microdialysates, whereas CRFR2 activation by Urocortin 3 did not have an effect. The As2B-induced increase in OT release was blocked by application of the CRFR1 antagonist demonstrating that the effect was dependent on CRFR1 transmission. Interestingly, CRF alone caused a delayed increase in OT content in BNSTdl microdialysates, which was dependent on CRF2 but not CRF1 receptors. Our results suggest that members of the CRF peptide family modulate OT release in the BNSTdl via a fine-tuned mechanism that involves both CRFR1 and CRFR2. Further exploration of mechanisms by which endogenous OT system is modulated by CRF peptide family is needed to better understand the role of these neuropeptides in the regulation of anxiety and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Martinon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joanna Dabrowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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33
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Contribution of Urocortin to the Development of Excessive Drinking. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:275-291. [PMID: 29056154 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system plays a role in alcohol consumption, and its dysregulation can contribute to alcohol use disorder. This system includes four peptide ligands: CRF, urocortin (Ucn)1, Ucn2, and Ucn3. Historically, attention focused on CRF, however, Ucn1 also plays a critical role in excessive alcohol use. This review covers evidence for this contribution and contrasts the role of Ucn1 with CRF. While CRF can promote binge consumption, this regulation occurs through generalized mechanisms that are not specific for alcohol. In contrast, inhibition of Ucn1 action specifically blunts escalation of alcohol drinking. Lesions, genetic knockout, and RNA interference experiments indicate that the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the neuroanatomical source of Ucn1 critical for alcohol drinking. We propose that the contributions of Ucn1 to excessive drinking likely occur through enhancing rewarding properties of alcohol and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, whereas CRF drives dependence-induced drinking at later stages of alcohol use. The transition from occasional binge drinking to dependence intricately depends on CRF system plasticity and coordination of CRF and Ucn1.
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34
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Park S, Won MJ, Lee DW, Whang M. Non-contact measurement of heart response reflected in human eye. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 123:179-198. [PMID: 28757234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a non-contact measurement technique for cardiac response that uses an infrared image of the patient's pupil. The pupil contraction rhythm is related to the autonomic balance and major organs (such as the heart) via a neural pathway. In this study, the response of the heart was determined by analyzing the pupillary rhythm based on the harmonic frequencies between them. Seventy undergraduate volunteers of both genders, (35 females and 35 males), with ages ranging between 20 and 30years (mean: 24.52±0.64years) were asked to conduct a simple conversation, perform slight movements, and experience sound stimuli to evoke arousal, relaxation, happiness, sadness, or a neutral mood in this experiment. Electrocardiograms and pupil images were measured and analyzed, and the harmonic frequencies were identified to determine the relational response. The cardiac time (heart rate (HR), beats per minute (BPM), the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), the mean squared differences in the successive N-N intervals (rMSSD), and the percentage difference between adjacent normal interbeat (R-R) intervals>50 (pNN50)) and frequency (very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), VLF/HF, and LF/HF) parameters were also observed with regard to the effects of the movement, conversation, and physiological state. The cardiac response was stable, showing less significance than the effects of the three conditions. Therefore, multi-cardiac measurements were successfully obtained from a simple, low-cost, non-invasive, and non-contact data acquisition method in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangin Park
- Seoul Industry-Academy Cooperation Team, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ju Won
- Seoul Industry-Academy Cooperation Team, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Dept. of Emotion Engineering, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Whang
- Dept. of Intelligent Engineering Informations for Human, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea.
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Diniz GB, Bittencourt JC. The Melanin-Concentrating Hormone as an Integrative Peptide Driving Motivated Behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 28611599 PMCID: PMC5447028 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an important peptide implicated in the control of motivated behaviors. History, however, made this peptide first known for its participation in the control of skin pigmentation, from which its name derives. In addition to this peripheral role, MCH is strongly implicated in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, mating and, more recently, maternal behavior. It is suggested that MCH acts as an integrative peptide, converging sensory information and contributing to a general arousal of the organism. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of energy homeostasis to which MCH has been associated to, focusing on the different inputs that feed the MCH peptidergic system with information regarding the homeostatic status of the organism and the exogenous sensory information that drives this system, as well as the outputs that allow MCH to act over a wide range of homeostatic and behavioral controls, highlighting the available morphological and hodological aspects that underlie these integrative actions. Besides the well-described role of MCH in feeding behavior, a prime example of hypothalamic-mediated integration, we will also examine those functions in which the participation of MCH has not yet been extensively characterized, including sexual, maternal, and defensive behaviors. We also evaluated the available data on the distribution of MCH and its function in the context of animals in their natural environment. Finally, we briefly comment on the evidence for MCH acting as a coordinator between different modalities of motivated behaviors, highlighting the most pressing open questions that are open for investigations and that could provide us with important insights about hypothalamic-dependent homeostatic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B. Diniz
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Melanocortin 4 receptor ligands modulate energy homeostasis through urocortin 1 neurons of the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Neuroanatomical distribution of galectin-3 in the adult rat brain. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:133-146. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Giardino WJ, Rodriguez ED, Smith ML, Ford MM, Galili D, Mitchell SH, Chen A, Ryabinin AE. Control of chronic excessive alcohol drinking by genetic manipulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus urocortin-1 neuropeptide system. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1021. [PMID: 28140406 PMCID: PMC5299395 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain neurons of the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) are activated by alcohol, and enriched with stress-responsive neuropeptide modulators (including the paralog of corticotropin-releasing factor, urocortin-1). Evidence suggests that EWcp neurons promote behavioral processes for alcohol-seeking and consumption, but a definitive role for these cells remains elusive. Here we combined targeted viral manipulations and gene array profiling of EWcp neurons with mass behavioral phenotyping in C57BL/6 J mice to directly define the links between EWcp-specific urocortin-1 expression and voluntary binge alcohol intake, demonstrating a specific importance for EWcp urocortin-1 activity in escalation of alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Giardino
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E D Rodriguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M M Ford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - D Galili
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S H Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA. E-mail:
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