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Laveriano-Santos EP, Luque-Corredera C, Trius-Soler M, Lozano-Castellón J, Dominguez-López I, Castro-Barquero S, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Pérez M. Enterolignans: from natural origins to cardiometabolic significance, including chemistry, dietary sources, bioavailability, and activity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38952149 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2371939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The enterolignans, enterolactone and enterodiol, the main metabolites produced from plant lignans by the gut microbiota, have enhanced bioavailability and activity compared to their precursors, with beneficial effects on metabolic and cardiovascular health. Although extensively studied, the biosynthesis, cardiometabolic effects, and other therapeutic implications of mammalian lignans are still incompletely understood. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of these phytoestrogen metabolites based on up-to-date information reported in studies from a wide range of disciplines. Established and novel synthetic strategies are described, as are the various lignan precursors, their dietary sources, and a proposed metabolic pathway for their conversion to enterolignans. The methodologies used for enterolignan analysis and the available data on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability are summarized and their cardiometabolic bioactivity is explored in detail. The special focus given to research on the health benefits of microbial-derived lignan metabolites underscores the critical role of lignan-rich diets in promoting cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Laveriano-Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Trius-Soler
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Lozano-Castellón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Dominguez-López
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Castro-Barquero
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pérez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Polyphenol Research Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Balcells C, Xu Y, Gil-Solsona R, Maitre L, Gago-Ferrero P, Keun HC. Blurred lines: Crossing the boundaries between the chemical exposome and the metabolome. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 78:102407. [PMID: 38086287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The aetiology of every human disease lies in a combination of genetic and environmental factors, each contributing in varying proportions. While genomics investigates the former, a comparable holistic paradigm was proposed for environmental exposures in 2005, marking the onset of exposome research. Since then, the exposome definition has broadened to include a wide array of physical, chemical, and psychosocial factors that interact with the human body and potentially alter the epigenome, the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome. The chemical exposome, deeply intertwined with the metabolome, includes all small molecules originating from diet as well as pharmaceuticals, personal care and consumer products, or pollutants in air and water. The set of techniques to interrogate these exposures, primarily mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, are also extensively used in metabolomics. Recent advances in untargeted metabolomics using high resolution mass spectrometry have paved the way for the development of methods able to provide in depth characterisation of both the internal chemical exposome and the endogenous metabolome simultaneously. Herein we review the available tools, databases, and workflows currently available for such work, and discuss how these can bridge the gap between the study of the metabolome and the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Balcells
- Institute of Developmental and Reproductive Biology (IRDB), Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Yitao Xu
- Institute of Developmental and Reproductive Biology (IRDB), Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector C Keun
- Institute of Developmental and Reproductive Biology (IRDB), Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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3
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Westmark PR, Lyon G, Gutierrez A, Boeck B, Van Hammond O, Ripp N, Pagan-Torres NA, Brower J, Held PK, Scarlett C, Westmark CJ. Effects of Soy Protein Isolate on Fragile X Phenotypes in Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:284. [PMID: 38257177 PMCID: PMC10819477 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pediatric epidemic that is more prevalent in children with developmental disabilities. We hypothesize that soy protein-based diets increase weight gain and alter neurobehavioral outcomes. Our objective herein was to test matched casein- and soy protein-based purified ingredient diets in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, Fmr1KO mice. The experimental methods included assessment of growth; 24-7 activity levels; motor coordination; learning and memory; blood-based amino acid, phytoestrogen and glucose levels; and organ weights. The primary outcome measure was body weight. We find increased body weight in male Fmr1KO from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P224, male wild type (WT) from P32-P39, female Fmr1KO from P6-P18 and P168-P224, and female Fmr1HET from P9-P18 as a function of soy. Activity at the beginning of the light and dark cycles increased in female Fmr1HET and Fmr1KO mice fed soy. We did not find significant differences in rotarod or passive avoidance behavior as a function of genotype or diet. Several blood-based amino acids and phytoestrogens were significantly altered in response to soy. Liver weight was increased in WT and adipose tissue in Fmr1KO mice fed soy. Activity levels at the beginning of the light cycle and testes weight were greater in Fmr1KO versus WT males irrespective of diet. DEXA analysis at 8-months-old indicated increased fat mass and total body area in Fmr1KO females and lean mass and bone mineral density in Fmr1KO males fed soy. Overall, dietary consumption of soy protein isolate by C57BL/6J mice caused increased growth, which could be attributed to increased lean mass in males and fat mass in females. There were sex-specific differences with more pronounced effects in Fmr1KO versus WT and in males versus females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Greg Lyon
- Undergraduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (G.L.); (O.V.H.)
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Master’s Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Brynne Boeck
- Neurology Undergraduate Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.B.); (N.R.)
| | - Olivia Van Hammond
- Undergraduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (G.L.); (O.V.H.)
| | - Nathan Ripp
- Neurology Undergraduate Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.B.); (N.R.)
| | - Nicole Arianne Pagan-Torres
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Summer Research Opportunities Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - James Brower
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.B.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Patrice K. Held
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.B.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Cameron Scarlett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kim JH, Kang DW, Cho SJ, Cho HY. Parent-Metabolite Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Formononetin and Its Active Metabolites in Rats after Oral Administration of Formononetin Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010045. [PMID: 36678675 PMCID: PMC9860708 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Formononetin is a major isoflavone contained in propolis and is reported to exhibit various pharmacological effects. However, the use of formononetin in pharmaceutical industry is limited due to its low bioavailability and solubility. There had been several efforts on formononetin formulation development, but further study is required to acquire optimal formulation. The aim of this study is to conduct pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations after the oral administration of three formononetin formulations (20 mg/kg) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Then, a parent-metabolite PK model for formononetin was developed and evaluated for the first time. To do this, a simultaneous analysis method for formononetin and its active metabolites, daidzein, dihydrodaidzein and equol in rat plasma was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The separation was performed using a gradient elution of water and acetonitrile and a Kinetex C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) at a temperature of 30 ± 5 °C. The simultaneous analytical method developed in this study was validated according to international guidance and was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study. The time-plasma concentrations of formononetin and daidzein were well described by a two-compartment model combined with a metabolite compartment. Additionally, plasma protein binding assay was conducted in male rat plasma. The findings from the study could be used as a fundamental for the future development of formononetin as a pharmaceutical product.
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5
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Flasch M, Fitz V, Rampler E, Ezekiel CN, Koellensperger G, Warth B. Integrated Exposomics/Metabolomics for Rapid Exposure and Effect Analyses. JACS AU 2022; 2:2548-2560. [PMID: 36465551 PMCID: PMC9709941 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The totality of environmental exposures and lifestyle factors, commonly referred to as the exposome, is poorly understood. Measuring the myriad of chemicals that humans are exposed to is immensely challenging, and identifying disrupted metabolic pathways is even more complex. Here, we present a novel technological approach for the comprehensive, rapid, and integrated analysis of the endogenous human metabolome and the chemical exposome. By combining reverse-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and fast polarity-switching, molecules with highly diverse chemical structures can be analyzed in 15 min with a single analytical run as both column's effluents are combined before analysis. Standard reference materials and authentic standards were evaluated to critically benchmark performance. Highly sensitive median limits of detection (LODs) with 0.04 μM for >140 quantitatively assessed endogenous metabolites and 0.08 ng/mL for the >100 model xenobiotics and human estrogens in solvent were obtained. In matrix, the median LOD values were higher with 0.7 ng/mL (urine) and 0.5 ng/mL (plasma) for exogenous chemicals. To prove the dual-column approach's applicability, real-life urine samples from sub-Saharan Africa (high-exposure scenario) and Europe (low-exposure scenario) were assessed in a targeted and nontargeted manner. Our liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approach demonstrates the feasibility of quantitatively and simultaneously assessing the endogenous metabolome and the chemical exposome for the high-throughput measurement of environmental drivers of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Fitz
- Vienna
Doctoral School of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Microbiology, Babcock University, 121103 Ilishan
Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Exposome
Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Exposome
Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Kamel NM, Samaha MW, Elzoghby AO, El-Kimary EI. Sensitive Inexpensive HPLC Determination of Novel Anticancer Combination in Nanoparticles and Rat Plasma: Pharmacokinetic Application. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 58:334-345. [PMID: 32043118 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection methods have been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of genistein (GNS) and all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as a novel anticancer combination therapy in their co-formulated nanoparticles and in rat plasma. Separation was performed on C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using celecoxib as internal standard. A mobile phase containing acetonitrile and water adjusted to pH 3 using 1% trifluoroacetic acid was delivered in gradient elution modes with time programmed UV detection. For extraction of the drugs and the internal standard from rat plasma, liquid- liquid extraction was applied. The proposed methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines (in the range 0.1-10 μg/mL for analysis of GNS and ATRA in nanoparticles) or according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on bioanalytical method validation (in the range 0.025-20 μg/mL for analysis of GNS and ATRA in rat plasma). Pharmacokinetic study in six rats was performed following intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of 0.5 mg/Kg of GNS and ATRA. The drugs' concentrations were measured up to 24 hours, and different pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The obtained parameters were comparable with the reported values for IV administration of each drug alone in rats. This confirms the applicability of the proposed method in monitoring the levels of the two drugs in vivo following their coadministration and indicating that the two drugs could be coadministered as a promising novel combination therapy for the treatment of lung cancer without great alteration in their pharmacokinetic parameters compared with their individual IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra M Kamel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Magda W Samaha
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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7
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Serum isoflavones and lignans and odds of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:413-422. [PMID: 33399319 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isoflavones and lignans are phytoestrogens present in plant-based foods, which have a potential preventive effect on breast carcinogenesis. The effects of phytoestrogens on breast cancer may differ according to the hormonal environment. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between serum phytoestrogens and odds of breast cancer among Chinese pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 792 cases and 813 age-matched controls were included. Serum isoflavone (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, and formononetin) and lignan (enterodiol and enterolactone) concentrations were measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Significant inverse associations were found between serum total soy isoflavone precursors, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, total lignans, enterodiol, enterolactone, and the odds of breast cancer in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus the lowest serum concentration groups were 0.60 (0.41-0.87) for total soy isoflavones precursors, 0.64 (0.44-0.93) for daidzein, 0.62 (0.43-0.90) for genistein, 0.49 (0.35-0.68) for formononetin, 0.38 (0.25-0.57) for total lignans, 0.49 (0.33-0.73) for enterodiol, and 0.49 (0.33-0.74) for enterolactone. However, the interaction between serum phytoestrogens and menopausal status on odds of breast cancer was statistically significant only for daidzein. No significant association was found between serum equol or gycitein and the odds of breast cancer among either pre- or postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of certain serum isoflavones and lignans were associated with reduced odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women, but the interaction was statistically significant only for daidzein.
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8
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Simultaneous determination of formononetin, biochanin A and their active metabolites in human breast milk, saliva and urine using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1145:122108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Min J, Wang Z, Liang C, Li W, Shao J, Zhu K, Zhou L, Cheng J, Luo S, Yu L, Wu Y, Xie M, Hu X. Detection of Phytoestrogen Metabolites in Breastfed Infants' Urine and the Corresponding Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3485-3494. [PMID: 32093471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been limited information on phytoestrogen (PE) exposure and metabolism in breastfed infants. In the present work, 50 sample pairs of Chinese breastfed infants' urine and the corresponding breast milk were collected. The contents of the relevant PE metabolites in the biosamples were detected via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlations between the PE metabolite contents in breastfed infants' urine and those in the corresponding breast milk were analyzed. The average concentrations of total PE metabolites in breast milk and urine were 0.27 and 0.23 nmol/mL, respectively. Genistein and enterolactone levels in the infant urine were positively correlated with their concentrations in the corresponding breast milk samples, which implies that urine excretion can be utilized as a noninvasive parameter for precise genistein and enterolactone intake assessment. Additionally, the efficiency of PE urine excretion showed significant differences across infants with different ages, genders, and durations of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Kunrui Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lehan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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10
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Saha S, Kroon PA. A Simple and Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Total Daidzein, Genistein, and Equol in Human Urine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:2359397. [PMID: 32399306 PMCID: PMC7201686 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2359397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones and isoflavandiols have shown many health benefits, such as reducing cardiovascular disease, cancer, age-related disease, and osteoporosis. However, to investigate the relationships between consumption of isoflavones and their health benefits, it is important to be able to accurately quantify exposure in the large numbers of samples typically produced in association studies (i.e., several thousands). Current methods rely on solid-phase extraction protocols for sample cleanup, resulting in protracted extraction and analysis times. Here, we describe a fast and easy sample preparation method of human urine samples for subsequent quantification of daidzein, genistein (isoflavones), and equol (isoflavandiol) using LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation involves only the addition of dimethylformamide (DMF) and formic acid (FA) after enzymatic hydrolysis of their metabolites by a β-glucuronidase and sulfatase mixture. The method was validated by precision, linearity, accuracy, recoveries, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linear calibration curves have been shown by daidzein, genistein, and equol. The correlation coefficients values are r 2 > 0.99 for daidzein, genistein, and equol. LOD for daidzein and genistein was 1 ng/ml and equol was 2 ng/ml. Recoveries were >90%, and the relative standard deviation for intraday (<10%) and interday (≤20% over 10 days) was good. This method is suitable for quantification of isoflavones and the microbial metabolite equol in human urine and is particularly useful where large numbers of samples require analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Saha
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
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11
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Qi J, Mulabagal V, Liu L, Wilson C, Hayworth JS. A rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of phytoestrogens and the distribution of enterolactone in an Alabama estuary. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124472. [PMID: 31394445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds that can interfere with the endocrine systems of humans and wildlife. EDCs can pass through wastewater treatment systems, or run off from urban areas or agricultural operations, into natural water bodies, exposing resident and migratory organisms to complex EDC mixtures. Some phytoestrogenic polyphenolics (PEPP) are known or suspected EDCs; however, their contribution to total EDC burden in natural surface water systems is largely unknown. We describe a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible quantitative method for analysis of 15 PEPP in estuarine sediment and water, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method provides excellent peak resolution, peak separation, and rapid run times (method separation/total run time: 8/12.5 min). With two exceptions, spiking experiments demonstrated that the percent recoveries for target PEPP in sediment and water samples were within acceptable analytical validation limits. LOD and LOQ values ranged from 0.004 to 0.010 ng/injection and 0.013-0.032 ng/injection, respectively. The validated method was used for PEPP analysis of sediment and water samples collected from 11 locations within the Perdido Bay estuary in coastal Alabama. No PEPP above the LOD were detected in sediment samples. The mammalian-derived lignin enterolactone was observed at low concentrations in water throughout the estuary, and significantly, at elevated concentrations at two locations associated with small-scale septic systems (3.66 ± 0.27 ng L-1 and 4.01 ± 0.33 ng L-1) and a large wastewater treatment system (4.56 ± 0.24 ng L-1 and 5.69 ± 0.43 ng L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Qi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vanisree Mulabagal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Caleb Wilson
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Joel S Hayworth
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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12
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Preindl K, Braun D, Aichinger G, Sieri S, Fang M, Marko D, Warth B. A Generic Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry Exposome Method for the Determination of Xenoestrogens in Biological Matrices. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11334-11342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Preindl
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Aichinger
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Achaintre D, Gicquiau A, Li L, Rinaldi S, Scalbert A. Quantification of 38 dietary polyphenols in plasma by differential isotope labelling and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1558:50-58. [PMID: 29759646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols constitute one of the most complex classes of phytochemicals in the human diet and have been suggested to play a role in the prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. However, evidence from epidemiological studies is still needed to better understand their role in disease prevention. To do so, robust methods for the accurate measurement of these molecules in large series of samples are needed. We report here the development of a highly-sensitive method based on differential isotope labelling with 13C- and 12C-dansyl chloride for the analysis of 38 structurally diverse polyphenols in 50 μL plasma by tandem mass spectrometry with limits of quantification varying between 0.11 to 44 nmol/L. Full validation of the method was achieved for 37 compounds out of the 38 tested. The method showed intra- and inter-batch coefficients of variations of 2.3-9.0% and 2.8-20.3% respectively depending on polyphenols when applied to 1163 plasma samples from the European Prospective Investigation on Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. For the first time this method allowed to quantify with high accuracy and reproducibility a large selection of compounds representative of the main classes of dietary polyphenols in low volumes of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Achaintre
- Biomarkers Group, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
| | - Audrey Gicquiau
- Biomarkers Group, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Biomarkers Group, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Biomarkers Group, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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14
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Simultaneous Determination of Daidzein, Genistein and Formononetin in Coffee by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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15
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Bianchi SE, Teixeira HF, Kaiser S, Ortega GG, Schneider PH, Bassani VL. A bioanalytical HPLC method for coumestrol quantification in skin permeation tests followed by UPLC-QTOF/HDMS stability-indicating method for identification of degradation products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Jiang H, Liao X, Wood CM, Xiao CW, Feng YL. A robust analytical method for measurement of phytoestrogens and related metabolites in serum with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:106-12. [PMID: 26815920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and robust method using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for quantitation of 13 phytoestrogens and related metabolites in rat serum samples. A new type of column, the Kinetex core-shell C18 column, was applied for rapid separation of the target analytes in 10min. Two enzymes, sulfatase H-1 and gulcuronidase H-5 from Helix pomatia were compared on the efficiency of releasing the conjugated forms of the target analytes to their free forms in serum samples. The method detection limit (MDL) defined as three times the signal to noise ratio in spiked serum matrix-based solutions was in the range of 0.1-3.5ng/mL. The linear dynamic calibration was in the broad range of 0.2-500ng/mL for all target compounds. Thirty-two rat serum samples from the rats that were fed with diets containing either casein or soy protein isolates with various amounts of isoflavones for 8 weeks were analyzed for the target analytes with the developed method. Nine target analytes were detected in the serum samples. Those detectable compounds are all the metabolites of the dietary isoflavones, suggesting that the diet isoflavones were mostly metabolized to their metabolites in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jiang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada; Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Xiangjun Liao
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carla M Wood
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Chao-Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Palma-Duran SA, Caire-Juvera G, Robles-Burgeño MDR, Ortega-Vélez MI, Gutiérrez-Coronado MDL, Bermúdez Almada MDC, Chávez-Suárez K, Campa-Siqueiros M, Grajeda-Cota P, Saucedo-Tamayo MDS, Valenzuela-Quintanar AI. Serum levels of phytoestrogens as biomarkers of intake in Mexican women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:819-25. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1092019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Development of a molecular recognition based approach for multi-residue extraction of estrogenic endocrine disruptors from biological fluids coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8713-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, McCabe L, Jackson GS, Peacock M, Barnes S, Weaver CM. Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:695-703. [PMID: 26245807 PMCID: PMC4548170 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.093906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal estrogen depletion is a major contributing factor to bone loss. Soy isoflavones have variable effects on the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss, which is possibly related to the specific isoflavone content or the variable equol-producing capacity of individuals. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effects of the content of isoflavones in a soy supplement and the equol-producing ability of the individual on postmenopausal bone calcium retention. DESIGN The study was a blinded, randomized, crossover intervention trial in 24 postmenopausal women who were prescreened for their ability to convert daidzein to equol. Women were equilibrated with (41)Ca before the intervention. Interventions were 5 soy isoflavone oral supplements (2 doses of a genistein-rich soy supplement and 3 doses of mixed isoflavones in various proportions) and a bisphosphonate (risedronate). Each intervention was given sequentially for 50 d followed by a 50-d washout period. The percentage of bone calcium retention was determined from the change in urinary (41)Ca:calcium. RESULTS Interventions that ranged from 52 to 220 mg total isoflavones/d increased bone calcium retention between 3.4% and 7.6% (P < 0.05), which was a moderate effect compared with that of risedronate at 15.3% (95% CI: 7.1%, 22.7%; P = 0.0014). The most-effective soy intervention delivered 105.23 mg total isoflavones/d as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein in their natural ratios and increased bone calcium retention by 7.6% (95% CI: 4.9%, 10.2%; P < 0.0001). Genistein, at 52.85 mg/d, increased bone calcium retention by 3.4% (95% CI: 0.5%, 6.2%; P = 0.029); but there was no benefit at higher amounts (113.52 mg/d). There was no difference (P = 0.5) in bone calcium retention between equol producers and nonproducers. CONCLUSION Soy isoflavones, although not as potent as risedronate, are effective bone-preserving agents in postmenopausal women regardless of their equol-producing status, and mixed isoflavones in their natural ratios are more effective than enriched genistein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00244907.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berdine R Martin
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences
| | | | - Linda McCabe
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences
| | - George S Jackson
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Munro Peacock
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; and
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Connie M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences,
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20
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Nørskov NP, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Bolvig AK, Lærke HN, Knudsen KEB. Targeted LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantitation of Plant Lignans and Enterolignans in Biofluids from Humans and Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6283-6292. [PMID: 26077973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignans have gained nutritional interest due to their promising role in the prevention of lifestyle diseases. However, epidemiological studies are in need of more evidence to link the intake of lignans to this promising role. In this context, it is necessary to study large population groups to obtain sufficient statistical power. Therefore, there is a demand for fast, sensitive, and accurate methods for quantitation with high throughput of samples. This paper presents a validated LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of eight plant lignans (matairesinol, hydroxymatairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, lariciresinol, isolariciresinol, syringaresinol, medioresinol, and pinoresinol) and two enterolignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) in both human and pig plasma and urine. The method showed high selectivity and sensitivity allowing quantitation of lignans in the range of 0.024-100 ng/mL and with a run time of only 4.8 min per sample. The method was successfully applied to quantitate lignans in biofluids from ongoing studies with humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalja P Nørskov
- †Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- §Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- §Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Bolvig
- †Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle Nygaard Lærke
- †Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- †Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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21
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Cozma C, Eichler S, Wittmann G, Flores Bonet A, Kramp GJ, Giese AK, Rolfs A. Diagnosis of Morquio Syndrome in Dried Blood Spots Based on a New MRM-MS Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131228. [PMID: 26147980 PMCID: PMC4492791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A disease) is an autosomal recessive disease caused and characterized by a decreased activity of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), resulting in accumulation of keratan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate in tissues and secondary organ damage. Recently approved enzyme replacement therapy renders the easy and early identification of MPS IVA of out-most importance. Methodology We propose a completely new assay for the stable and reproducible detection of GALNS deficiency in dry blood spots (DBS). For the validation blood samples were taken from 59 healthy individuals and 24 randomly selected genetically confirmed MPS IVA patients. The material extracted from DBS was incubated with a 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfate as a specific substrate. Final enzymatic product, 4-methylumbelliferone, obtained after adding exogenous beta-galactosidase, was quantified by LC/MRM-MS (liquid-chromatography/multiple-reaction-monitoring mass-spectrometry). 4-propyl-5-hydroxy-7-methyl-2h-chromen-2-one was used as internal standard, a compound with a similar molecular structure and fragmentation pattern in negative ion mode as 4-methylumbelliferone. Findings The enzymatic assay yielded a positive and negative predictive value of 1.0 for genetically confirmed MPS IVA patients (GALNS activity of 0.35 ± 0.21 μmol/L/h) and for controls with normal GALNS activity (23.1 ± 5.3 μmol/L /h). With present enzymatic conditions, the reaction yield in dried blood spots is at least 20 fold higher than any previously reported data with other assays. Interpretation The present LC/MRM-MS based assay for MPS IVA diagnosis provides an easy, highly-standardized, accurate and innovative quantification of the enzymatic product in vitro and distinguishes perfectly between MPS IVA affected patients and normal controls. This technique will significantly simplify the early detection of MPS IVA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene AG, Rostock, Germany
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Daems F, Jasselette C, Romnee JM, Planchon V, Lognay G, Froidmont É. Validating the use of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify equol in cow’s milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Wilson L, Arabshahi A, Simons B, Prasain JK, Barnes S. Improved high sensitivity analysis of polyphenols and their metabolites by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:3-11. [PMID: 24967696 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the value of a high resolution, high mass accuracy time-of-flight analyzer in combination with nanoliquid chromatography for the analysis of polyphenols and their metabolites. The goal was to create a method that utilizes small volumes of biological fluids and provides a significant improvement in sensitivity compared with existing methods. Accordingly, nanoLC-MS and nanoLC-pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) methods were developed that had a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 nM for several polyphenols and were linear over 2-3 orders of magnitude (R(2)>0.999). Using urine samples, the ability to observe and quantify polyphenols in such a complex biological fluid depended on much narrower mass windows (0.050 amu or less) on a TOF analyzer than those used on a quadrupole analyzer (0.7 amu). Although a greater selectivity was possible with the low mass resolution of a triple quadrupole instrument using the MRM approach, for the daidzein metabolite O-DMA, a chromatographically resolvable second peak could only be substantially reduced by using a 0.01 amu mass window. The advantage of a TOF analyzer for product ion data is that the whole MSMS spectrum is collected at high mass accuracy and MRM experiments are conducted in silico after the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Wilson
- The Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ali Arabshahi
- The Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Jeevan K Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The O'Brien Acute Kidney Injury Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The O'Brien Acute Kidney Injury Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Virk-Baker MK, Barnes S, Krontiras H, Nagy TR. S-(-)equol producing status not associated with breast cancer risk among low isoflavone-consuming US postmenopausal women undergoing a physician-recommended breast biopsy. Nutr Res 2014; 34:116-25. [PMID: 24461312 PMCID: PMC4028846 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soy foods are the richest sources of isoflavones, mainly daidzein and genistein. Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol and may protect against breast cancer. S-(-)equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, has a higher bioavailability and greater affinity for estrogen receptor β than daidzein. Approximately one-third of the Western population is able to produce S-(-)equol, and the ability is linked to certain gut microbes. We hypothesized that the prevalence of breast cancer, ductal hyperplasia, and overall breast pathology will be lower among S-(-)equol producing, as compared with nonproducing, postmenopausal women undergoing a breast biopsy. We tested our hypothesis using a cross-sectional study design. Usual diets of the participants were supplemented with 1 soy bar per day for 3 consecutive days. Liquid chromatography-multiple reaction ion monitoring mass spectrometry analysis of urine from 143 subjects revealed 25 (17.5%) as S-(-)equol producers. We found no statistically significant associations between S-(-)equol producing status and overall breast pathology (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-1.89), ductal hyperplasia (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.20-3.41), or breast cancer (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.16-1.87). However, the mean dietary isoflavone intake was much lower (0.3 mg/d) than in previous reports. Given that the amount of S-(-)equol produced in the gut depends on the amount of daidzein exposure, the low soy intake coupled with lower prevalence of S-(-)equol producing status in the study population favors toward null associations. Findings from our study could be used for further investigations on S-(-)equol producing status and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K Virk-Baker
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Helen Krontiras
- The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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25
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Design and validation of a novel immunological test for enterolactone. Talanta 2014; 119:116-24. [PMID: 24401393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterolactone (ENL) is produced by the gut microflora from lignans found in edible plants. ENL is estrogenic with no effect on the E-screen test and is a natural Selected Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) with health interests that have to be checked in clinical studies with bioavailability assessment. Two haptens of ENL were synthesized, with a spacer arm at the C5 position having either 2 or 4 carbon atoms (ENLΔ2 and ENLΔ4, respectively). Hapten coupling to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was characterized by MALDI mass spectrometry. Polyclonal antibodies were obtained against the BSA conjugates. Additional conjugates were generated by coupling to swine thyroglobulin (Thyr). Homologous and heterologous competitive ELISAs were developed with Thyr or BSA conjugates as coating. The best assays were validated on biological samples from mice. Both antibodies exhibited the same IC50 at 1.5 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit below 0.5 ng mL(-1). Most cross-reactions with structurally related lignans were lower than 0.03%. This new assay type is faster, more specific and more reliable than existing ones.
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Carlson S, Prasain JK, Peng N, Dai Y, Wyss JM. Acute and Chronic Kudzu Improves Plasma Glucose Tolerance in Non-Diabetic CD-1 Mice. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES MELLITUS 2014; 2:70-77. [PMID: 28255552 PMCID: PMC5330362 DOI: 10.12970/2310-9971.2014.02.02.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that kudzu root extract and its major isoflavone (puerarin) improve glucose metabolism in animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, these beneficial effects have not been investigated in normal glycemic mice. The present study investigates the effect of acute and chronic kudzu root extract supplementation on glucose tolerance in normoglycemic CD-1 mice. Male, adult CD-1 mice were fed a phytoestrogen-free diet containing 0.2% or 0.0% kudzu root extract for 6 weeks. Thereafter, they were acutely administered kudzu root extract (75 mg/kg BW; oral) or vehicle followed by a glucose challenge (2 g/kg BW; oral). In control fed mice, the acute glucose challenge increased blood glucose ~300% after 30 minutes, and acute kudzu root extract administration significantly blunted this response by ~50%. In mice chronically fed a kudzu-supplemented diet, glucose tolerance was improved, and acute treatment caused no additional improvement. Irrespective of treatment, all mice were normoglycemic at the start of each glucose challenge. Administration of insulin resulted in a larger decrease in blood glucose in chronic kudzu-supplemented compared to control mice. Co-administration of phloridzin (a specific inhibitor of SGLT-mediated glucose uptake), improved glucose tolerance in acutely kudzu-treated mice but had no significant effect on glucose tolerance in chronically treated mice. These results indicate that both acute and chronic administration of kudzu root extract improves glucose tolerance in a normal glycemic mouse strain and that the effects of chronic kudzu feeding may be mediated, in part, by enhanced insulin sensitivity (chronic) and inhibition of sodium dependent glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeevan K. Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ning Peng
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yanying Dai
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J. Michael Wyss
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Weight gain in college females is not prevented by isoflavone-rich soy protein: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Res 2013; 34:66-73. [PMID: 24418248 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human clinical trials targeted at preventing gains in body weight using soy protein and isoflavones are limited to adults and yield conflicting results. We hypothesized that daily intake of soy protein/isoflavones would attenuate gains in body weight to a greater extent than a casein-based control in 18 to 19 year-old females. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial over 16 weeks to examine the effects of a soy protein/isoflavone-based meal replacement (experimental group) versus a casein-based meal replacement (control group) on body weight and body composition variables in female college freshmen (N = 120). Fat mass (FM), fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST), and percent body fat (%BF) were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Delphi A). Repeated measures mixed models were used to determine the effects of treatment on anthropometric and body composition variables (body weight, waist circumference, FM, FFST, and %BF). No significant group×time interactions were observed, even when body mass index was controlled for in the analysis. Over 16 weeks, body weight, FM, FFST, and %BF significantly increased in both groups (P < .05). Our findings show that female college freshmen gained a significant amount of weight over the course of the 16-week study. Gains in body weight and FM were similar among participants assigned to the soy protein/isoflavone- and the casein-based meal replacements. Future research is warranted to determine the effects of soy protein/isoflavone- and casein-based meal replacements versus a non-intervention (i.e., non-protein based) control.
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Coumestrol and its metabolite in mares' plasma after ingestion of phytoestrogen-rich plants: Potent endocrine disruptors inducing infertility. Theriogenology 2013; 80:684-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tamames-Tabar C, Imbuluzqueta E, Campanero M, Horcajada P, Blanco-Prieto M. A simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector method for the analysis of genistein in mouse tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 935:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Whitehouse-Tedd KM, Cave NJ, Ugarte CE, Waldron LA, Prasain JK, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Hendriks WH, Thomas DG. Isoflavone metabolism in domestic cats (Felis catus): comparison of plasma metabolites detected after ingestion of two different dietary forms of genistein and daidzein. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1295-306. [PMID: 23307849 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some felid diets contain isoflavones but the metabolic capacity of cats toward isoflavones is relatively unknown, despite the understanding that isoflavones have divergent biological potential according to their metabolite end products. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma metabolites detectable in domestic cats after exposure to 2 different dietary forms of isoflavones, either as a soy extract tablet (n = 6) or as part of a dietary matrix (n = 4). Serial blood samples were collected after isoflavone exposure to identify the plasma metabolites of each cat. Genistein was detected in its unconjugated form or as a monosulfate. Daidzein was detected as both a mono- and disulfate as well as in its unconjugated form. Other daidzein metabolites detected included equol mono- and disulfate, dihydrodaidzein, and O-desmethylangolensin. No β-glucuronide metabolites of either isoflavone were detected. Equol was produced in markedly fewer cats after ingestion of a soy extract tablet as a single oral bolus compared with cats consuming an isoflavone-containing diet. The detectable metabolites of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in domestic cat plasma after dietary ingestion has been described in the present study for the first time. The metabolic capacity for isoflavones by domestic cats appears to be efficient, with only minimal proportions of the ingested amount detected in their unconjugated forms. This has implications for the potential of isoflavones to exert physiological activity in the domestic cat when consumed at concentrations representative of typical dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Whitehouse-Tedd
- Center for Feline Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand.
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Gavina JMA, Priem J, Wood CM, Xiao CW, Feng YL. Determination of isoflavones in rat serum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a highly efficient core-shell column. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2643-51. [PMID: 23334221 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Consumption and nutritional supplementation of soy and soy-based products have been linked to health benefits such as lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In this study, we have developed a sensitive, specific, and robust method using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for determination of serum isoflavones. A new highly efficient pentafluorophenyl phase core-shell column was first used to separate all isoflavones within 3 min, a separation time which is comparable to ultra-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) and micro-HPLC. A two-enzyme hydrolysis system with sulfatase and β-glucuronidase has also been developed to improve the efficiency of deconjugation of conjugated isoflavones in serum. The corresponding conjugated isoflavones were used to evaluate recoveries. In addition to duplicates, the method of standard addition was also applied in sample analysis for quality control. The developed method was applied to the analysis of 32 serum samples and was shown to be specific, sensitive and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M A Gavina
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Prasain JK, Peng N, Rajbhandari R, Wyss JM. The Chinese Pueraria root extract (Pueraria lobata) ameliorates impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 20:17-23. [PMID: 23123226 PMCID: PMC3513565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease is rapidly increasing, but effective therapies for their prevention and treatment have been poorly tolerated or minimally effective. In this study, chronic administration of kudzu root extract (8 months, 0.2%, w/w, in diet) decreased baseline fasting plasma glucose (183±14 vs. 148±11 mg/dl) and improved glucose and insulin tolerance in C57BL/6J ob/ob mice (1.67±0.17 ng/ml [kudzu treated] vs. 2.35±0.63 ng/ml [control]), but such treatment did not alter these parameters in lean control mice. Among the mice on the kudzu supplementation, plasma levels of isoflavone metabolites were significantly higher in ob/ob versus lean control mice, and unmetabolized puerarin (11.50±5.63 ng/g) was found in adipose tissue only in the treated mice. Together, these data demonstrate that a puerarin containing kudzu diet improves glucose and insulin responsiveness in ob/ob mice, suggesting that puerarin may be a beneficial adjuvant for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan K. Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ning Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rajani Rajbhandari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J. Michael Wyss
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Effect of different sample preparation methods on isoflavone, lignan, coumestan and flavonoid contents of various vegetables determined by triple quadrupole LC–MS/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Magiera S, Baranowska I, Kusa J. Development and validation of UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of selected cardiovascular drugs, polyphenols and their metabolites in human urine. Talanta 2012; 89:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Parker DL, Rybak ME, Pfeiffer CM. Phytoestrogen biomonitoring: an extractionless LC-MS/MS method for measuring urinary isoflavones and lignans by use of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1123-36. [PMID: 22124753 PMCID: PMC10074165 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present here a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying phytoestrogenic isoflavones (daidzein, equol, genistein, and O-desmethylangolensin) and lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) in urine without the use of extraction or the preconcentration techniques inherent in existing methods. The development of this concept was made possible by use of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI); an ionization technique that we found to improve analyte sensitivity relative to electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for this particular group of compounds. The analytical performance of this method was equal to or exceeded that of comparable methods. Between-run coefficients of variation (CVs) across three quality control (QC) pool levels analyzed in duplicate over 20 days were 3.1-5.8% CV; within-run CVs were 2.3-6.0%. Accuracy, as determined by average spike recovery in QC pools, was generally within ±10% of being quantitative (100%). Relative limits of detection were 0.04-0.4 ng/mL urine, with absolute detection limits as low as 0.1 pg. This method was applied to the analysis of >2,500 urine specimens for the 2005-2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The method was capable of quantifying these compounds in 95-100% of study samples. This work is the first ever report of using APPI for the LC-MS/MS determination of these compounds in urine. It is also the first method of its kind to do so without any need for analyte extraction or preconcentration prior to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Parker
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-55, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Barnes S, Prasain J, D'Alessandro T, Arabshahi A, Botting N, Lila MA, Jackson G, Janle EM, Weaver CM. The metabolism and analysis of isoflavones and other dietary polyphenols in foods and biological systems. Food Funct 2011; 2:235-44. [PMID: 21779561 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols in dietary and botanical matrices are usually present as simple and complex O-glycosides. In fermented dietary materials, the glycosidic moiety is removed and accompanied in some cases by more complex changes to the polyphenol. As for most xenobiotics, polyphenols undergo phase II conjugation in the intestinal wall during their absorption from the gut. In contrast, a few polyphenols, such as puerarin in the kudzu vine, are C-glycosides and are stable in the gut and during absorption, distribution and excretion. Large bowel bacteria reduce polyphenol aglycones, causing opening of the heterocyclic B-ring and ring cleavage. The products are mostly absorbed and enter the bloodstream. Phase I and II metabolism events occur in the intestine and the liver - most polyphenols predominantly circulate as β-glucuronides and sulfate esters with very little as the aglycones, the presumed active forms. In addition, metabolism can occur in non-hepatic tissues and cells including breast tumor cells that have variable amounts of cytochrome P450s, sulfatase and sulfotransferase activities. Inflammatory cells produce chemical oxidants (HOCl, HOBr, ONO(2)(-)) that will react with polyphenols. The isoflavones daidzein and genistein and the flavonol quercetin form mono- and dichlorinated products in reaction with HOCl. Genistein is converted to 3'-nitrogenistein in the lung tissue of lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. Whereas polyphenols that can be converted to quinones or epoxides react with glutathione (GSH) to form adducts, chlorinated isoflavones do not react with GSH; instead, they are converted to β-glucuronides and are excreted in bile. Analysis of polyphenols and their metabolites is routinely carried out with great sensitivity, specificity and quantification by LC-tandem mass spectrometry. Critical questions about the absorption and tissue uptake of complex polyphenols such as the proanthocyanins can be answered by labeling these polyphenols with (14)C-sucrose in plant cell culture and then purifying them for use in animal experiments. The (14)C signature is quantified using accelerator mass spectrometry, a technique capable of detecting one (14)C atom in 10(15) carbon atoms. This permits the study of the penetration of the polyphenols into the interstitial fluid, the fluid that is actually in contact with non-vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, MCLM 452, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Plomley JB, Jackson RL, Schwen RJ, Greiwe JS. Development of chiral liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry isotope dilution methods for the determination of unconjugated and total S-equol in human plasma and urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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