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Oyaide M, Ishii C, Akita T, Kimura T, Sakai S, Mizui M, Mita M, Ide T, Isaka Y, Hamase K. Development of a three-dimensional HPLC system for the determination of serine, threonine and allo-threonine enantiomers in the plasma of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464739. [PMID: 38401374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
A highly-selective three-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic (3D-HPLC) system was developed for the determination of serine (Ser), threonine (Thr) and allo-threonine (aThr) enantiomers in human plasma to screen the new biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD). d-Ser has been reported to be the candidate biomarker of CKD, however, multiple biomarkers are still required. Therefore, Ser analogs of hydroxy amino acids are the focus in the present study. For the sensitive analysis, the amino acids were derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and detected by their fluorescence. The 3D-HPLC system consisted of a reversed-phase column (Singularity RP18, 1.0 × 250 mm), an anion-exchange column (Singularity AX, 1.0 × 150 mm) and a Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase (Singularity CSP-013S, 1.5 × 250 mm). The developed method was validated and applied to the human plasma samples obtained from 15 healthy volunteers and 165 CKD patients. The concentrations of the d-forms were 1.13-2.26 (Ser), 0.01-0.03 (Thr) and 0.04-0.10 μM (aThr) for the healthy volunteers and 0.95-19.0 (Ser), 0-0.57 (Thr) and 0.04-1.02 μM (aThr) for the CKD patients. The concentrations and the %d values of all the target d-amino acids were increased along with the decreasing of renal function and further investigation for clinical applications are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Oyaide
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI, Inc., 7-7-15 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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2
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Yap SH, Lee CS, Zulkifli ND, Suresh D, Hamase K, Das KT, Rajasuriar R, Leong KH. D-Amino acids differentially trigger an inflammatory environment in vitro. Amino Acids 2024; 56:6. [PMID: 38310167 PMCID: PMC10838247 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Studies in vivo have demonstrated that the accumulation of D-amino acids (D-AAs) is associated with age-related diseases and increased immune activation. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of these observations are not well defined. The metabolism of D-AAs by D-amino oxidase (DAO) produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species involved in several physiological processes including immune response, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Excessive levels of H2O2 contribute to oxidative stress and eventual cell death, a characteristic of age-related pathology. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms of D-serine (D-Ser) and D-alanine (D-Ala) in human liver cancer cells, HepG2, with a focus on the production of H2O2 the downstream secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine, and subsequent cell death. In HepG2 cells, we demonstrated that D-Ser decreased H2O2 production and induced concentration-dependent depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). This was associated with the upregulation of activated NF-кB, pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, and chemokine, IL-8 secretion, and subsequent apoptosis. Conversely, D-Ala-treated cells induced H2O2 production, and were also accompanied by the upregulation of activated NF-кB, TNF-α, and IL-8, but did not cause significant apoptosis. The present study confirms the role of both D-Ser and D-Ala in inducing inflammatory responses, but each via unique activation pathways. This response was associated with apoptotic cell death only with D-Ser. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying D-AA-induced inflammation and its downstream consequences, especially in the context of aging given the wide detection of these entities in systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hwei Yap
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Siang Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Diyana Zulkifli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Darshinie Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kumitaa Theva Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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3
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Katane M, Homma H. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Free D-Amino Acids and Their Physiological Roles in the Periphery and Endocrine Glands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:562-579. [PMID: 38432912 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratory artifacts, and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by L-amino acids. However, recent investigations have revealed a variety of D-amino acids in mammals that play important roles in physiological functions, including free D-serine and D-aspartate that are crucial in the central nervous system. The functions of several D-amino acids in the periphery and endocrine glands are also receiving increasing attention. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in elucidating the physiological roles of D-amino acids, especially in the periphery and endocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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4
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Oshima M, Toyama T, Nakade Y, Yomogida D, Yuasa T, Horikoshi K, Minami T, Ogura H, Nakagawa S, Miyagawa T, Kitajima S, Hara A, Sakai N, Shimizu M, Mita M, Kinoshita M, Nakada M, Kikuchi M, Iwata Y, Wada T. Association Between Risperidone Use and Kidney Function Decline in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Clin Ther 2023; 45:889-893. [PMID: 37487866 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several D-amino acids have been shown to be protective against kidney injury in mice. Risperidone, a currently used atypical antipsychotic agent for schizophrenia, is also known to inhibit the activity of D-amino acid oxidase, which degrades certain D-amino acids. Based on the hypothesis that risperidone would prevent kidney disease progression, this study investigated the association between risperidone use and kidney function decline in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and had data available from two or more serum creatinine measurements between April 1, 2010, and March 31, 2020. Patients who used risperidone for at least 30 days were included in the risperidone group, whereas those who had no record of risperidone use were included in the control group. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the risk for 40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients treated with risperidone compared to that in the control group. FINDINGS Overall, 212 patients used risperidone and 1468 patients had no record of risperidone use. The mean age was 55 years, 759 (45%) of the patients were male, and the mean eGFR at baseline was 88 mL/min/1.73 m2. The mean age in the risperidone group was less than that in the control group (52 vs 56 years); other baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. During a mean follow-up of 1.6 years, 267 patients (16%) had a 40% eGFR decline. The incidence rate of 40% eGFR decline was lower in the risperidone group than in the control group (60 vs 104 per 1000 person-years). After adjustment for baseline age, sex, and eGFR, risperidone use was associated with a decreased risk for 40% eGFR decline (hazard ratio = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33-0.87; P = 0.01). IMPLICATIONS Risperidone use may be associated with decreased risk for kidney function decline in patients with schizophrenia. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuke Nakade
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akinori Hara
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Miho Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and the; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine
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5
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Du S, Wey M, Armstrong DW. d-Amino acids in biological systems. Chirality 2023; 35:508-534. [PMID: 37074214 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on the occurrence and biochemical roles of free D-amino acids and D-amino acid-containing peptides and proteins in living systems have increased in frequency and significance. Their occurrence and roles may vary substantially with progression from microbiotic to evermore advanced macrobiotic systems. We now understand many of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways, which are outlined herein. Important uses for D-amino acids in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are reviewed. Given its importance, a separate section on the occurrence and role of D-amino acids in human disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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Gonda Y, Matsuda A, Adachi K, Ishii C, Suzuki M, Osaki A, Mita M, Nishizaki N, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T, Yasui M, Hamase K, Sasabe J. Mammals sustain amino acid homochirality against chiral conversion by symbiotic microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300817120. [PMID: 37014864 PMCID: PMC10104486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300817120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals exhibit systemic homochirality of amino acids in L-configurations. While ribosomal protein synthesis requires rigorous chiral selection for L-amino acids, both endogenous and microbial enzymes convert diverse L-amino acids to D-configurations in mammals. However, it is not clear how mammals manage such diverse D-enantiomers. Here, we show that mammals sustain systemic stereo dominance of L-amino acids through both enzymatic degradation and excretion of D-amino acids. Multidimensional high performance liquidchromatography analyses revealed that in blood, humans and mice maintain D-amino acids at less than several percent of the corresponding L-enantiomers, while D-amino acids comprise ten to fifty percent of the L-enantiomers in urine and feces. Germ-free experiments showed that vast majority of D-amino acids, except for D-serine, detected in mice are of microbial origin. Experiments involving mice that lack enzymatic activity to catabolize D-amino acids showed that catabolism is central to the elimination of diverse microbial D-amino acids, whereas excretion into urine is of minor importance under physiological conditions. Such active regulation of amino acid homochirality depends on maternal catabolism during the prenatal period, which switches developmentally to juvenile catabolism along with the growth of symbiotic microbes after birth. Thus, microbial symbiosis largely disturbs homochirality of amino acids in mice, whereas active host catabolism of microbial D-amino acids maintains systemic predominance of L-amino acids. Our findings provide fundamental insight into how the chiral balance of amino acids is governed in mammals and further expand the understanding of interdomain molecular homeostasis in host-microbial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Gonda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021Chiba, Japan
| | - Akina Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo UniversityFaculty of Medicine, 113-8431Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Adachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Department of Drug Discovery and Evolution, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akina Osaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Nishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 177-8521Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo UniversityFaculty of Medicine, 113-8431Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Department of Drug Discovery and Evolution, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Huang CC, Wei IH, Yang HT, Lane HY. Determination of D-serine and D-alanine Tissue Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Rats After a Single Dose of Sodium Benzoate, a D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, with Potential Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Properties. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2066-2076. [PMID: 36786942 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activators D-serine, D-alanine, and sarcosine against schizophrenia and depression are promising. Nevertheless, high doses of D-serine and sarcosine are associated with undesirable nephrotoxicity or worsened prostatic cancer. Thus, alternatives are needed. DAAO inhibition can increase D-serine as well as D-alanine and protect against D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity. Although several DAAO inhibitors improve the symptoms of schizophrenia and depression, they can increase the plasma levels but not brain levels of D-serine. The mechanism of action of DAAO inhibitors remains unclear. We investigated the effects of the DAAO inhibitor sodium benzoate on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal level of D-alanine as known another substrate with antipsychotic and antidepressant properties and other NMDAR-related amino acids, such as, L-alanine, D-serine, L-serine, D-glutamate, L-glutamate, and glycine levels. Our results indicate that sodium benzoate exerts antipsychotic and antidepressant-like effects without changing the D-serine levels in the brain prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Moreover, D-alanine levels in the PFC and hippocampus did not change. Despite these negative findings regarding the effects of D-amino acids in the PFC and hippocampus, sodium benzoate exhibited antipsychotic and antidepressant-like effects. Thus, the therapeutic effects of sodium benzoate are independent of D-serine or D-alanine levels. In conclusion, sodium benzoate may be effective among patients with schizophrenia or depression; however, the mechanisms of actions remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Huang
- Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 161, Yu-Pin Road Tsaotun Township, Nantou, 54249, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Hua Wei
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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8
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Gonda Y, Ishii C, Mita M, Nishizaki N, Ohtomo Y, Hamase K, Shimizu T, Sasabe J. Astrocytic D -amino acid oxidase degrades D -serine in the hindbrain. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2889-2897. [PMID: 35665501 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
D -serine modulates excitatory neurotransmission by binding to N-methyl-D -aspartate glutamate receptors. D- amino acid oxidase (DAO) degrades D -amino acids, such as D -serine, in the central nervous system, and is associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, cell types that express brain DAO remain controversial, and whether brain DAO influences systemic D -amino acids in addition to brain D -serine remains unclear. Here, we created astrocyte-specific DAO-conditional knockout mice. Knockout in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells eliminated DAO expression in the hindbrain and increased D -serine levels significantly in the cerebellum. Brain DAO did not influence levels of D -amino acids in the forebrain or periphery. These results show that astrocytic DAO regulates D -serine specifically in the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Gonda
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate school of Medicine, 113-8431, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Nishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 279-0021, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate school of Medicine, 113-8431, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Rogério da Silva Moraes E, Santos-Silva M, Grisólia AA, Braga DV, Reis Leão LK, Bahia CP, Soares de Moraes SA, Passos AF, de Jesus Oliveira Batista E, Herculano AM, Matos Oliveira KRH. High performance liquid chromatography-based method to analyze activity of GABA transporters in central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Yoshikawa M, Kan T, Shirose K, Watanabe M, Matsuda M, Ito K, Kawaguchi M. Free d-Amino Acids in Salivary Gland in Rat. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:390. [PMID: 35336764 PMCID: PMC8944958 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free d-amino acids, which are enantiomers of l-amino acids, are found in mammals, including humans, and play an important role in a range of physiological functions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Several d-amino acids have been observed in saliva, but their origin and the enzymes involved in their metabolism and catabolism remain to be clarified. In the present study, large amounts of d-aspartic acid and small amounts of d-serine and d-alanine were detected in all three major salivary glands in rat. No other d-enantiomers were detected. Protein expression of d-amino acid oxidase and d-aspartate oxidase, the enzymes responsible for the oxidative deamination of neutral and dicarboxylic d-amino acids, respectively, were detected in all three types of salivary gland. Furthermore, protein expression of the d-serine metabolic enzyme, serine racemase, in parotid glands amounted to approximately 40% of that observed in the cerebral cortex. The N-methyl-d-aspartic acid subunit proteins NR1 and NR2D were detected in all three major salivary glands. The results of the present study suggest that d-amino acids play a physiological role in a range of endocrine and exocrine function in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takugi Kan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kosuke Shirose
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Mariko Watanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Mitsumasa Matsuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
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11
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FURUSHO A, IKEJIRI KA, ISHII C, AKITA T, MITA M, NAGANO M, IDE T, HAMASE K. Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chiral Amino Acids in Food Samples and Human Physiological Fluids Using Fluorescence Derivatization with 4-(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aogu FURUSHO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Chiharu ISHII
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takeyuki AKITA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Tomomi IDE
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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12
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Calderón C, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114430. [PMID: 34757254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics strives to capture the entirety of the metabolites in a biological system by comprehensive analysis, often by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. A particular challenge thereby is the differentiation of structural isomers. Common achiral targeted and untargeted assays do not distinguish between enantiomers. This may lead to information loss. An increasing number of publications demonstrate that the enantiomeric ratio of certain metabolites can be meaningful biomarkers of certain diseases emphasizing the importance of introducing enantioselective analytical procedures in metabolomics. In this work, the state-of-the-art in the field of LC-MS based metabolomics is summarized with focus on developments in the recent decade. Methodologies, tagging strategies, workflows and general concepts are outlined. Selected biological applications in which enantioselective metabolomics has documented its usefulness are briefly discussed. In general, targeted enantioselective metabolomics assays are often based on a direct approach using chiral stationary phases (CSP) with polysaccharide derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, chiral crown ethers, chiral ion exchangers, donor-acceptor phases as chiral selectors. Rarely, these targeted assays focus on more than 20 analytes and usually are restricted to a certain metabolite class. In a variety of cases, pre-column derivatization of metabolites has been performed, especially for amino acids, to improve separation and detection sensitivity. Triple quadrupole instruments are the detection methods of first choice in targeted assays. Here, issues like matrix effect, absence of blank matrix impair accuracy of results. In selected applications, multiple heart cutting 2D-LC (RP followed by chiral separation) has been pursued to overcome this problem and alleviate bias due to interferences. Non-targeted assays, on the other hand, are based on indirect approach involving tagging with a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA). Besides classical CDAs numerous innovative reagents and workflows have been proposed and are discussed. Thereby, a critical issue for the accuracy is often neglected, viz. the validation of the enantiomeric impurity in the CDA. The majority of applications focus on amino acids, hydroxy acids, oxidized fatty acids and oxylipins. Some potential clinical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calderón
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Meftah A, Hasegawa H, Kantrowitz JT. D-Serine: A Cross Species Review of Safety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:726365. [PMID: 34447324 PMCID: PMC8384137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.726365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:D-Serine, a direct, full agonist at the D-serine/glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR), has been assessed as a treatment for multiple psychiatric and neurological conditions. Based on studies in rats, concerns of nephrotoxicity have limited D-serine research in humans, particularly using high doses. A review of D-serine's safety is timely and pertinent, as D-serine remains under active study for schizophrenia, both directly (R61 MH116093) and indirectly through D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors. The principal focus is on nephrotoxicity, but safety in other physiologic and pathophysiologic systems are also reviewed. Methods: Using the search terms "D-serine," "D-serine and schizophrenia," "D-serine and safety," "D-serine and nephrotoxicity" in PubMed, we conducted a systematic review on D-serine safety. D-serine physiology, dose-response and efficacy in clinical studies and dAAO inhibitor safety is also discussed. Results: When D-serine doses >500 mg/kg are used in rats, nephrotoxicity, manifesting as an acute tubular necrosis syndrome, seen within hours of administration is highly common, if not universal. In other species, however, D-serine induced nephrotoxicity has not been reported, even in other rodent species such as mice and rabbits. Even in rats, D--serine related toxicity is dose dependent and reversible; and does not appear to be present in rats at doses producing an acute Cmax of <2,000 nmol/mL. For comparison, the Cmax of D-serine 120 mg/kg, the highest dose tested in humans, is ~500 nmol/mL in acute dosing. Across all published human studies, only one subject has been reported to have abnormal renal values related to D-serine treatment. This abnormality did not clearly map on to the acute tubular necrosis syndrome seen in rats, and fully resolved within a few days of stopping treatment. DAAO inhibitors may be nephroprotective. D-Serine may have a physiologic role in metabolic, extra-pyramidal, cardiac and other systems, but no other clinically significant safety concerns are revealed in the literature. Conclusions: Even before considering human to rat differences in renal physiology, using current FDA guided monitoring paradigms, D-serine appears safe at currently studied maximal doses, with potential safety in combination with DAAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Meftah
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joshua T. Kantrowitz
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, United States
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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Sakamoto T, Onozato M, Uekusa S, Ichiba H, Umino M, Shirao M, Fukushima T. Development of derivatization reagents bearing chiral 4-imidazolidinone for distinguishing primary amines from other amino acids and application to the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of miso. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462341. [PMID: 34192611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized three novel derivatization reagents bearing chiral 4-imidazolidinone, namely succinimidyl 2-(3-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-1-methyl, ethyl, and -phenyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl)acetates (CIMs), for use in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The CIMs were able to discriminate primary amines from other compounds such as secondary amines and phenols, based on their unique m/z reduction of precursor ion to form product ion in MS/MS. As amino acid derivatization reagents, the CIMs were compared in terms of enantioseparation of amino acid and detection sensitivity. CIMa-OSu with 1-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidinone moiety gave the best optical resolution and detection sensitivity among the CIM reagents. Next, we applied (R)-CIMa-OSu to determine amino acids in miso by LC-triple-quadrupole MS. The proposed method achieved simultaneous determination of 20 l-amino acids and two d-amino acids (d-alanine and d-serine) in the sample with a high sensitivity (limits of detection 5-238 fmol, signal-to-noise ratio 3.3). After derivatization with CIMa-OSu, it was possible to determine whether each peak in the chromatogram was a component of primary amine or not, by using a high-resolution orbitrap MS instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shusuke Uekusa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ichiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Maho Umino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mika Shirao
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1 Osakaue, Hino, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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15
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Lockridge A, Gustafson E, Wong A, Miller RF, Alejandro EU. Acute D-Serine Co-Agonism of β-Cell NMDA Receptors Potentiates Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Excitatory β-Cell Membrane Activity. Cells 2021; 10:E93. [PMID: 33430405 PMCID: PMC7826616 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells express proteins characteristic of D-serine regulated synapses, but the acute effect of D-serine co-agonism on its presumptive β-cell target, N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is unclear. We used multiple models to evaluate glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in mice with a systemic increase in D-serine (intraperitoneal injection or DAAO mutants without D-serine catabolism) or tissue-specific loss of Grin1-encoded GluN1, the D-serine binding NMDAR subunit. We also investigated the effects of D-serine ± NMDA on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and β-cell depolarizing membrane oscillations, using perforated patch electrophysiology, in β-cell-containing primary isolated mouse islets. In vivo models of elevated D-serine correlated to improved blood glucose and insulin levels. In vitro, D-serine potentiated GSIS and β-cell membrane excitation, dependent on NMDAR activating conditions including GluN1 expression (co-agonist target), simultaneous NMDA (agonist), and elevated glucose (depolarization). Pancreatic GluN1-loss females were glucose intolerant and GSIS was depressed in islets from younger, but not older, βGrin1 KO mice. Thus, D-serine is capable of acute antidiabetic effects in mice and potentiates insulin secretion through excitatory β-cell NMDAR co-agonism but strain-dependent shifts in potency and age/sex-specific Grin1-loss phenotypes suggest that context is critical to the interpretation of data on the role of D-serine and NMDARs in β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Eric Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Robert F. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
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16
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Lee CJ, Qiu TA, Sweedler JV. d-Alanine: Distribution, origin, physiological relevance, and implications in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Tu Y, Fang QJ, Sun W, Liu BH, Liu YL, Wu W, Yee HY, Yuan CC, Wang MZ, Wan ZY, Tang RM, Wan YG, Tang HT. Total Flavones of Abelmoschus manihot Remodels Gut Microbiota and Inhibits Microinflammation in Chronic Renal Failure Progression by Targeting Autophagy-Mediated Macrophage Polarization. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:566611. [PMID: 33101025 PMCID: PMC7554637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.566611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) has been closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal metabolite-derived microinflammation. In China, total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA), a component of Abelmoschus manihot, has been widely used to delay CRF progression in clinics for the past two decades. However, the overall therapeutic mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we designed experiments to investigate the renoprotective effects of TFA in CRF progression and its underlying mechanisms involved in gut microbiota and microinflammation, compared with febuxostat (FEB), a potent non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Methods In vivo, the CRF rat models were induced by uninephrectomy, potassium oxonate, and proinflammatory diet, and received either TFA suspension, FEB, or vehicle after modeling for 28 days. In vitro, the RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without TFA or FEB. Changes in parameters related to renal injury, gut microbiota dysbiosis, gut-derived metabolites, and microinflammation were analyzed in vivo. Changes in macrophage polarization and autophagy and its related signaling were analyzed both in vivo and in vitro. Results For the modified CRF model rats, the administration of TFA and FEB improved renal injury, including renal dysfunction and renal tubulointerstitial lesions; remodeled gut microbiota dysbiosis, including decreased Bacteroidales and Lactobacillales and increased Erysipelotrichales; regulated gut-derived metabolites, including d-amino acid oxidase, serine racemase, d-serine, and l-serine; inhibited microinflammation, including interleukin 1β (IL1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor-κB; and modulated macrophage polarization, including markers of M1/M2 macrophages. More importantly, TFA and FEB reversed the expression of beclin1 (BECN1) and phosphorylation of p62 protein and light chain 3 (LC3) conversion in the kidneys by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-sirtuin 1 (AMPK-SIRT1) signaling. Further, TFA and FEB have similar effects on macrophage polarization and autophagy and its related signaling in vitro. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated that TFA, similar to FEB, exerts its renoprotective effects partially by therapeutically remodeling gut microbiota dysbiosis and inhibiting intestinal metabolite-derived microinflammation. This is achieved by adjusting autophagy-mediated macrophage polarization through AMPK-SIRT1 signaling. These findings provide more accurate information on the role of TFA in delaying CRF progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation, Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Massage College, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Jun Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Nephrology Division, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bu-Hui Liu
- Nephrology Division, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Lu Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Yun Yee
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Can-Can Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Zi Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Yue Wan
- Department of Social Work, Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ren-Mao Tang
- Institute of Huangkui, Suzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Yi-Gang Wan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- Institute of Huangkui, Suzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
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Hsiao SW, Ishii C, Furusho A, Hsieh CL, Shimizu Y, Akita T, Mita M, Okamura T, Konno R, Ide T, Lee CK, Hamase K. Determination of phenylalanine enantiomers in the plasma and urine of mammals and ᴅ-amino acid oxidase deficient rodents using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140540. [PMID: 32971287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) HPLC system focusing on the determination of phenylalanine (Phe) enantiomers in mammalian physiological fluids has been developed. ᴅ-Phe is indicated to have potential values as a disease biomarker and therapeutic molecule in several neuronal and metabolic disorders, thus the regulation of ᴅ-Phe in mammals is a matter of interest. However, the precise determination of amino acid enantiomers is difficult in complex biological samples, and the development of an analytical method with practically acceptable sensitivity, selectivity and throughput is expected. In the present study, a 2D-HPLC system equipped with a reversed-phase column in the 1st dimension and an enantioselective column in the 2nd dimension has been designed, following the fluorescence derivatization of the target amino acid enantiomers with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F). The analytical method was validated using both plasma and urine samples, and successfully applied to human, rat and mouse fluids. Trace levels of ᴅ-Phe were determined in the plasma, and the %ᴅ values were around 0.1% for all species. In the urine, relatively large amounts of ᴅ-Phe were observed, and the %ᴅ values for humans, rats and mice were 3.99, 1.76 and 5.25%, respectively. The relationships between the enzymatic activity of ᴅ-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and the amounts of intrinsic ᴅ-Phe have also been clarified, and high ᴅ-Phe amounts were observed (around 0.3% in the plasma and around 50% in the urine) in the DAO deficient rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Wen Hsiao
- Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chin-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI, Inc., 7-7-15, Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Chieffi Baccari G, Falvo S, Santillo A, Di Giacomo Russo F, Di Fiore MM. D-Amino acids in mammalian endocrine tissues. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1263-1273. [PMID: 32930873 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
D-Aspartate, D-serine and D-alanine are a regular occurrence in mammalian endocrine tissues, though in amounts varying with the type of gland. The pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, adrenal glands and testis contain relatively large amounts of D-aspartate in all species examined. D-alanine is relatively abundant in the pituitary gland and pancreas. High levels of D-serine characterize the hypothalamus. D-leucine, D-proline and D-glutamate are generally low. The current knowledge of physiological roles of D-amino acids in endocrine tissues is far from exhaustive, yet the topic is attracting increasing interest because of its potential in pharmacological application. D-aspartate is known to act at all levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis, playing a key role in reproductive biology in several vertebrate classes. An involvement of D-amino acids in the endocrine function of the pancreas is emerging. D-Aspartate has been immunolocalized in insulin-containing secretory granules in INS-1 E clonal β cells and is co-secreted with insulin by exocytosis. Specific immunolocalization of D-alanine in pituitary ACTH-secreting cells and pancreatic β-cells suggests that this amino acid participates in blood glucose regulation in mammals. By modulating insulin secretion, D-serine probably participates in the control of systemic glucose metabolism by modulating insulin secretion. We anticipate that future investigation will significantly increase the functional repertoire of D-amino acids in homeostatic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Di Giacomo Russo
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Solid-state vibrational circular dichroism studies on the conformation of an amino acid molecule in crystalline state. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shimizu Y, Ishii C, Yanobu-Takanashi R, Nakano K, Imaike A, Mita M, Hamase K, Okamura T. d-Amino acid oxidase deficiency is caused by a large deletion in the Dao gene in LEA rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140463. [PMID: 32512180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids, enantiomers of l-amino acids, are increasingly recognized as physiologically active molecules as well as potential biomarkers for diseases. d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d-amino acids and is present in a wide variety of organisms from yeasts to humans. Previous studies indicated that LEA rats lacked DAO activity, and levels of d-Ser and d-Ala were markedly increased in their tissues, suggesting a mutated locus responsible for the lack of Dao activity (ldao) existed in the LEA genome. Sequence analysis identified deletion breakpoints located in intron 4-5 of the Dao gene and intron 1-2 of the Svop gene, resulting in a 54.1-kb deletion which encompassed exons 5-12 of the Dao gene and exons 2-16 of the Svop gene. We developed a novel congenic rat strain, F344-Daoldao, harboring the Daoldao mutation from LEA rats delivered onto the F344 genetic background. Compared to the parental F344 strain, in F344-Daoldao rats d-Ala was markedly increased in both cerebrum and cerebellum, while d-Ser content was increased in cerebellum but not cerebrum. d-Ala, d-Ser, d-Pro and d-Leu levels were also elevated in F344-Daoldao plasma. F344-Daoldao rats represent a novel model system that will aid in elucidating the physiological functions of d-amino acids in vivo. (203 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Rieko Yanobu-Takanashi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Akio Imaike
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI INC., 7-7-15 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Section of Animal Models, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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22
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Capitão LP, Forsyth J, Thomaidou MA, Condon MD, Harmer CJ, Burnet PW. A single administration of 'microbial' D-alanine to healthy volunteers augments reaction to negative emotions: A comparison with D-serine. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:557-566. [PMID: 32167001 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120908904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor with its co-agonist D-serine has been shown to improve subjective mood in healthy volunteers. D-alanine is another potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist which arises from the natural breakdown of host gut microbes, and is predominantly sequestered in the pituitary. This may suggest that D-alanine influences the neuroendocrine stress response which may then impact on emotion. AIMS The current study explored the effects of D-serine and D-alanine on emotional processing, cognition and the levels of the stress hormone cortisol in healthy volunteers. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised study, participants (n=63) received a single oral dose of either D-serine, D-alanine (60 mg/kg) or placebo and then performed the Emotional Test Battery and N-back task (two hours post-administration) and provided saliva samples at fixed intervals. RESULTS Subjects administered with D-alanine were faster at identifying facial expressions of fear, surprise and anger, and at categorising negative self-referential words. Participants on D-alanine also showed a trend to recall more words than placebo in a memory task. D-serine did not have any meaningful effects in any of the tasks. Neither amino acid had a significant effect on salivary cortisol or working memory. CONCLUSION This study is the first to suggest that D-alanine can modulate emotional cognitive processing after a single dose. The lack of findings for D-serine nevertheless contrasts a previous study, emphasising a need for further investigation to clarify discrepancies. A better understanding of the physiological actions of D-amino acids would be beneficial in evaluating their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana P Capitão
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Mark D Condon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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23
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ISHII C, FURUSHO A, HSIEH CL, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chiral Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Real World Samples. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu ISHII
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Aogu FURUSHO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Chin-Ling HSIEH
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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24
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Umakoshi Y, Nakano Y, Fukuda K, Watanabe K, Miyawaki I, Fukusaki E. Automatic switching valve system to minimize variation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based chiral amino acid profiling. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:773-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Kanamoto T, Sakaue H, Kitaoka Y, Asaoka R, Tobiume K, Kiuchi Y. D-Alanine Is Reduced by Ocular Hypertension in the Rat Retina. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:490-495. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1666995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Asaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Tobiume
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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26
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Furusho A, Koga R, Akita T, Mita M, Kimura T, Hamase K. Three-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Asn, Ser, Ala, and Pro Enantiomers in the Plasma of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11569-11575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Reiko Koga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- Shiseido Co., Ltd., 1-6-2 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8310, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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27
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The glycine site of NMDA receptors: A target for cognitive enhancement in psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:387-404. [PMID: 30738126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a principal determinant of functional impairment in major depressive disorder (MDD) and often persists during periods of euthymia. Abnormalities in the glutamate system, particularly in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) activity, have been shown to contribute to both mood and cognitive symptoms in MDD. The current narrative review aims to evaluate the potential pro-cognitive effects of targeting the glycine site of NMDARs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, with a special focus on how these results may apply to MDD. Literature databases were searched from inception to May 2018 for relevant pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects of NMDAR glycine site modulators in both MDD and non-MDD samples. Six glycine site modulators with pro-cognitive and antidepressant properties were identified: d-serine (co-agonist), d-cycloserine (partial agonist), d-alanine (co-agonist), glycine (agonist), sarcosine (co-agonist) and rapastinel (partial agonist). Preclinical animal studies demonstrated improved neuroplasticity and pro-cognitive effects with these agents. Numerous proof-of-concept clinical trials demonstrated pro-cognitive and antidepressant effects trans-diagnostically (e.g., in healthy participants, MDD, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, major neurocognitive disorders). The generalizability of these clinical studies was limited by the small sample sizes and the paucity of studies directly evaluating cognitive effects in MDD samples, as most clinical trials were in non-MDD samples. Taken together, preliminary results suggest that the glycine site of NMDARs is a promising target to ameliorate symptoms of depression and cognitive dysfunction. Additional rigorously designed clinical studies are required to determine the cognitive effects of these agents in MDD.
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28
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Mothet JP, Billard JM, Pollegioni L, Coyle JT, Sweedler JV. Investigating brain d-serine: Advocacy for good practices. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13257. [PMID: 30650253 PMCID: PMC6462235 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed remarkable advance in our understanding the role of d-amino acids in the mammalian nervous system: from the unknown, to known molecules with unknown functions, to potential central players in health and disease. d-Amino acids have emerged as an important class of signaling molecules. In particular, the exploration of the roles of d-serine in brain physiopathology is a vibrant field that is growing at an accelerating pace. However, disentangling the functions of a chiral molecule in a complex chemical matrice as the brain requires specific measurement and detection methods but is also a challenging task as many molecular tools and models investigators are using can lead to confounded observations. Thus, study of d-amino acids demands accurate methodologies and specific controls, and these have often been lacking. Here we outline best practices for d-amino acid research, with a special emphasis on d-serine. We hope these concepts help move the field to greater rigor and reproducibility, allowing the field to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Team Gliotransmission & Synaptopathies, Aix Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille UMR7286 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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29
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KOGA R, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional HPLC Analysis of Metabolic Related Chiral Amino Acids -Method Development and Biological/Clinical Applications-. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko KOGA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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30
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Hasegawa H, Masuda N, Natori H, Shinohara Y, Ichida K. Pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of d-serine in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:264-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Popiolek M, Tierney B, Steyn SJ, DeVivo M. Lack of Effect of Sodium Benzoate at Reported Clinical Therapeutic Concentration on d-Alanine Metabolism in Dogs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2832-2837. [PMID: 29893546 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline and psychosis have been hypothesized to be mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. Consistent with this hypothesis, chronic treatment with d-alanine, a coagonist at the glycine site of the NMDAR, leads to an improvement of positive and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenic patients. d-alanine is oxidized by d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO); thus, an inhibitor of DAAO would be expected to enhance d-alanine levels and likewise lead to desirable clinical outcomes. Sodium benzoate, on the basis of d-amino acid inhibition, was observed to display beneficial clinical effects in schizophrenic and Alzheimer's patients. However, in the clinical pilot studies using sodium benzoate, d-amino acids were not quantified to verify that sodium benzoate's efficacy was mediated through DAAO inhibition. In this study, d-alanine content was monitored in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of dogs treated with daily injections of d-alanine (30 mg/kg) alone and in combination with sodium benzoate (30 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. We reasoned that the cerebral spinal fluid d-alanine quantity is reflective of the brain d-alanine levels and it would increase as a consequence of DAAO inhibition with sodium benzoate. We found that d-alanine treatment lead to maximal concentration of 7.51 μM CSF d-alanine level; however, coadministration of sodium benzoate and d-alanine did not change CSF d-alanine level beyond that of d-alanine treatment alone. As a consequence, we conclude that clinical efficacy associated with chronic administration of sodium benzoate in schizophrenic and Alzheimer's patients is likely not mediated through inhibition of DAAO.
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32
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HAMASE K, IKEDA T, ISHII C, ISHIGO S, MASUYAMA K, AKITA T, FURUSHO A, TAKAHASHI M, IDE T, MITA M. Determination of Trace Amounts of Chiral Amino Acids in Complicated Biological Samples Using Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with an Innovative “Shape-Fitting” Peak Identification/Quantification Method. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Chiharu ISHII
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Takeyuki AKITA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Aogu FURUSHO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Miho TAKAHASHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tomomi IDE
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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33
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Nakade Y, Iwata Y, Furuichi K, Mita M, Hamase K, Konno R, Miyake T, Sakai N, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Shinozaki Y, Sagara A, Miyagawa T, Hara A, Shimizu M, Kamikawa Y, Sato K, Oshima M, Yoneda-Nakagawa S, Yamamura Y, Kaneko S, Miyamoto T, Katane M, Homma H, Morita H, Suda W, Hattori M, Wada T. Gut microbiota-derived D-serine protects against acute kidney injury. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97957. [PMID: 30333299 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites play important roles in health and disease. D-amino acids and their L-forms are metabolites of gut microbiota with distinct functions. In this study, we show the pathophysiologic role of D-amino acids in association with gut microbiota in humans and mice with acute kidney injury (AKI). In a mouse kidney ischemia/reperfusion model, the gut microbiota protected against tubular injury. AKI-induced gut dysbiosis contributed to the altered metabolism of D-amino acids. Among the D-amino acids, only D-serine was detectable in the kidney. In injured kidneys, the activity of D-amino acid oxidase was decreased. Conversely, the activity of serine racemase was increased. The oral administration of D-serine mitigated the kidney injury in B6 mice and D-serine-depleted mice. D-serine suppressed hypoxia-induced tubular damage and promoted posthypoxic tubular cell proliferation. Finally, the D-serine levels in circulation were significantly correlated with the decrease in kidney function in AKI patients. These results demonstrate the renoprotective effects of gut-derived D-serine in AKI, shed light on the interactions between the gut microbiota and the kidney in both health and AKI, and highlight D-serine as a potential new therapeutic target and biomarker for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Division of Infection Control.,Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Division of Nephrology, and.,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Morita
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine.,Division of Nephrology, and
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34
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Ishii C, Akita T, Mita M, Ide T, Hamase K. Development of an online two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic system in combination with tandem mass spectrometric detection for enantiomeric analysis of free amino acids in human physiological fluid. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1570:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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FURUSHO A, KOGA R, AKITA T, MIYOSHI Y, MITA M, HAMASE K. Development of a Highly-Sensitive Two-Dimensional HPLC System with Narrowbore Reversed-Phase and Microbore Enantioselective Columns and Application to the Chiral Amino Acid Analysis of the Mammalian Brain. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aogu FURUSHO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Reiko KOGA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Takeyuki AKITA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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36
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Distinctive Roles of D-Amino Acids in the Homochiral World: Chirality of Amino Acids Modulates Mammalian Physiology and Pathology. Keio J Med 2018; 68:1-16. [PMID: 29794368 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2018-0001-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms enantioselectively employ L-amino acids as the molecular architecture of protein synthesized in the ribosome. Although L-amino acids are dominantly utilized in most biological processes, accumulating evidence points to the distinctive roles of D-amino acids in non-ribosomal physiology. Among the three domains of life, bacteria have the greatest capacity to produce a wide variety of D-amino acids. In contrast, archaea and eukaryotes are thought generally to synthesize only two kinds of D-amino acids: D-serine and D-aspartate. In mammals, D-serine is critical for neurotransmission as an endogenous coagonist of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors. Additionally, D-aspartate is associated with neurogenesis and endocrine systems. Furthermore, recognition of D-amino acids originating in bacteria is linked to systemic and mucosal innate immunity. Among the roles played by D-amino acids in human pathology, the dysfunction of neurotransmission mediated by D-serine is implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Non-enzymatic conversion of L-aspartate or L-serine residues to their D-configurations is involved in age-associated protein degeneration. Moreover, the measurement of plasma or urinary D-/L-serine or D-/L-aspartate levels may have diagnostic or prognostic value in the treatment of kidney diseases. This review aims to summarize current understanding of D-amino-acid-associated biology with a major focus on mammalian physiology and pathology.
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37
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Sasabe J, Suzuki M. Emerging Role of D-Amino Acid Metabolism in the Innate Defense. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:933. [PMID: 29867842 PMCID: PMC5954117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian innate and adaptive immune systems use the pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors, to detect conserved bacterial and viral components. Bacteria synthesize diverse D-amino acids while eukaryotes and archaea generally produce two D-amino acids, raising the possibility that many of bacterial D-amino acids are bacteria-specific metabolites. Although D-amino acids have not been identified to bind to any known pattern recognition receptors, D-amino acids are enantioselectively recognized by some other receptors and enzymes including a flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) in mammals. At host-microbe interfaces in the neutrophils and intestinal mucosa, DAO catalyzes oxidation of bacterial D-amino acids, such as D-alanine, and generates H2O2, which is linked to antimicrobial activity. Intestinal DAO also modifies the composition of microbiota through modulation of growth for some bacteria that are dependent on host nutrition. Furthermore, regulation and recognition of D-amino acids in mammals have additional meanings at various host-microbe interfaces; D-phenylalanine and D-tryptophan regulate chemotaxis of neutrophils through a G-coupled protein receptor, D-serine has a bacteriostatic role in the urinary tract, D-phenylalanine and D-leucine inhibit innate immunity through the sweet taste receptor in the upper airway, and D-tryptophan modulates immune tolerance in the lower airway. This mini-review highlights recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that D-amino acids are utilized as inter-kingdom communication at host-microbe interface to modulate bacterial colonization and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Suzuki M, Imanishi N, Mita M, Hamase K, Aiso S, Sasabe J. Heterogeneity of D-Serine Distribution in the Human Central Nervous System. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417713905. [PMID: 28604057 PMCID: PMC5470653 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417713905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
D-serine is an endogenous ligand for N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. Accumulating evidence including genetic associations of D-serine metabolism with neurological or psychiatric diseases suggest that D-serine is crucial in human neurophysiology. However, distribution and regulation of D-serine in humans are not well understood. Here, we found that D-serine is heterogeneously distributed in the human central nervous system (CNS). The cerebrum contains the highest level of D-serine among the areas in the CNS. There is heterogeneity in its distribution in the cerebrum and even within the cerebral neocortex. The neocortical heterogeneity is associated with Brodmann or functional areas but is unrelated to basic patterns of cortical layer structure or regional expressional variation of metabolic enzymes for D-serine. Such D-serine distribution may reflect functional diversity of glutamatergic neurons in the human CNS, which may serve as a basis for clinical and pharmacological studies on D-serine modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Imanishi
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Hamase
- 3 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sadakazu Aiso
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Intraperitoneal injection of d-serine inhibits high-fat diet intake and preference in male mice. Appetite 2017; 118:120-128. [PMID: 28803978 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
d-serine is a co-agonist of the N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an important modulator of glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission. We previously reported that oral d-serine ingestion inhibited the intake of highly preferred food and promoted the intake of less preferred food in mice. Here, we analyzed the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) d-serine injections on feeding behavior in mice. We assessed the effects of d-serine during both the acquisition and maintenance of a preference for high-fat diets (HFDs). Aversiveness of IP d-serine was analyzed in the conditioned taste aversion paradigm. The effects on food intake were assessed by providing liquid meals with different fat contents. Finally, we measured brain d-serine and l-serine levels after d-serine administration. We found that IP-injected d-serine effectively inhibited the acquisition of a HFD preference, but failed to prevent expression of a previously learned HFD preference. IP-injected d-serine was not sufficient to condition taste aversion. The effect on HFD preference acquisition was associated with increases in d-serine levels in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. IP-injected d-serine most effectively inhibited the intake of liquid meals with high fat content. This effect was dose-dependent, but the responses varied significantly among male C57BL/6J mice. The differential responses to d-serine were consistent among multiple trials in each mouse. In summary, IP-injected d-serine inhibited HFD intake and the acquisition of an HFD preference. Individual mice with the same genetic background showed different sensitivities to d-serine; thus, d-serine sensitivity may be associated with unidentified traits.
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Ma B, Zou Y, Xie X, Zhao J, Piao X, Piao J, Yao Z, Quinto M, Wang G, Li D. A high throughput mass spectrometry screening analysis based on two-dimensional carbon microfiber fractionation system. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1501:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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MORIKAWA A, FUKUOKA H, UEZONO K, MITA M, KOYANAGI S, OHDO S, ZAITSU K, HAMASE K. Sleep-Awake Profile Related Circadian D-Alanine Rhythm in Human Serum and Urine. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2017. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2017.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko MORIKAWA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hideoki FUKUOKA
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | | | | | - Satoru KOYANAGI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shigehiro OHDO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kiyoshi ZAITSU
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Lockridge AD, Baumann DC, Akhaphong B, Abrenica A, Miller RF, Alejandro EU. Serine racemase is expressed in islets and contributes to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Islets 2016; 8:195-206. [PMID: 27880078 PMCID: PMC5161142 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2016.1260797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) have recently been discovered as functional regulators of pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion. While these excitatory receptor channels have been extensively studied in the brain for their role in synaptic plasticity and development, little is known about how they work in β-cells. In neuronal cells, NMDAR activation requires the simultaneous binding of glutamate and a rate-limiting co-agonist, such as D-serine. D-serine levels and availability in most of the brain rely on endogenous synthesis by the enzyme serine racemase (Srr). Srr transcripts have been reported in human and mouse islets but it is not clear whether Srr is functionally expressed in β-cells or what its role in the pancreas might be. In this investigation, we reveal that Srr protein is highly expressed in primary human and mouse β-cells. Mice with whole body deletion of Srr (Srr KO) show improved glucose tolerance through enhanced insulin secretory capacity, possibly through Srr-mediated alterations in islet NMDAR expression and function. We observed elevated insulin sensitivity in some animals, suggesting Srr metabolic regulation in other peripheral organs as well. Srr expression in neonatal and embryonic islets, and adult deficits in Srr KO pancreas weight and islet insulin content, point toward a potential role for Srr in pancreatic development. These data reveal the first evidence that Srr may regulate glucose homeostasis in peripheral tissues and provide circumstantial evidence that D-serine may be an endogenous islet NMDAR co-agonist in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. Baumann
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian Akhaphong
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alleah Abrenica
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert F. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- CONTACT Emilyn U. Alejandro Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Koga R, Miyoshi Y, Sato Y, Mita M, Konno R, Lindner W, Hamase K. Enantioselective determination of citrulline and ornithine in the urine of d -amino acid oxidase deficient mice using a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:312-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rojas C, Alt J, Ator NA, Wilmoth H, Rais R, Hin N, DeVivo M, Popiolek M, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS. Oral administration of D-alanine in monkeys robustly increases plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels but experimental D-amino acid oxidase inhibitors had minimal effect. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:887-95. [PMID: 27287825 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116652586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is thought to exacerbate psychosis in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Consistent with this hypothesis, D-alanine, a co-agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, was shown to improve positive and cognitive symptoms when used as add-on therapy for schizophrenia treatment. However, D-alanine had to be administered at high doses (~7 g) to observe clinical effects. One possible reason for the high dose is that D-alanine could be undergoing oxidation by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) before it reaches the brain. If this is the case, the dose could be reduced by co-administration of D-alanine with a DAAO inhibitor (DAAOi). Early studies with rodents showed that co-administration of D-alanine with 5-chloro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol (CBIO), a prototype DAAOi, significantly enhanced the levels of extracellular D-alanine in the frontal cortex compared with D-alanine alone. Further, the use of CBIO reduced the dose of D-alanine needed to attenuate prepulse inhibition deficits induced by dizocilpine. The objective of the work reported herein was to confirm the hypothesis that DAAO inhibition can enhance D-alanine exposure in a species closer to humans: non-human primates. We report that while oral D-alanine administration to baboons (10 mg/kg) enhanced D-alanine plasma and CSF levels over 20-fold versus endogenous levels, addition of experimental DAAOi to the regimen exhibited a 2.2-fold enhancement in plasma and no measurable effect on CSF levels. The results provide caution regarding the utility of DAAO inhibition to increase D-amino acid levels as treatment for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Ator
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Wilmoth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Niyada Hin
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Prior A, Sánchez-Hernández L, Sastre-Toraño J, Marina ML, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Enantioselective analysis of proteinogenic amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2410-9. [PMID: 27465690 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids (AAs) are increasingly being recognized as essential molecules in biological systems. Enantioselective analysis of proteinogenic AAs in biological samples was accomplished by CE-MS employing β-CD as chiral selector and ESI via sheath-liquid (SL) interfacing. Prior to analysis, AAs were fully derivatized with FMOC, improving AA-enantiomer separation and ESI efficiency. In order to optimize the separation and MS detection of FMOC-AAs, the effects of type and concentration of CD in the BGE, the composition of the SL, and MS-interfacing parameters were evaluated. Using a BGE of 10 mM β-CD in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH 8) containing 15% v/v isopropanol, a SL of isopropanol-water-1 M ammonium bicarbonate (50:50:1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 3 μL/min, and a nebulizer gas pressure of 2 psi, 15 proteinogenic AAs could be detected with enantioresolutions up to 3.5 and detection limits down to 0.9 μM (equivalent to less than 3 pg AA injected). The selectivity of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of spiked cerebrospinal fluid, allowing specific detection of d-AAs. Repeatability and linearity obtained for cerebrospinal fluid were similar to standard solutions, with peak area and migration-time RSDs (n = 5) below 16.2 and 1.6%, respectively, and a linear response (R(2) ≥ 0.977) in the 3-90 μM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Prior
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Javier Sastre-Toraño
- Division of Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Gerhardus J de Jong
- Division of Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Montesinos Guevara C, Mani AR. The role of D-serine in peripheral tissues. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sakamoto T, Kuwabara R, Takahashi S, Onozato M, Ichiba H, Iizuka H, Fukushima T. Determination of d-serine in human serum by LC-MS/MS using a triazole-bonded column after pre-column derivatization with (S)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7- (N, N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:517-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xing Y, Li X, Guo X, Cui Y. Simultaneous determination of 18 d-amino acids in rat plasma by an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to explore the potential relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and d-amino acid level alterations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:141-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tabata-Imai A, Inoue R, Mori H. Increased sensitivity to inflammatory pain induced by subcutaneous formalin injection in serine racemase knock-out mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105282. [PMID: 25133605 PMCID: PMC4136830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Serine, an endogenous coagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), is widely distributed in the central nervous system and is synthesized from L-serine by serine racemase (SR). NMDAR plays an important role in pain processing including central sensitization that eventually causes hyperalgesia. To elucidate the roles of D-serine and SR in pain transmission, we evaluated the behavioral changes and spinal nociceptive processing induced by formalin using SR knock-out (KO) mice. We found that SR is mainly distributed in lamina II of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in wild-type (WT) mice. Although the formalin injected subcutaneously induced the biphasic pain response of licking in SR-KO and WT mice, the time spent on licking was significantly longer in the SR-KO mice during the second phase of the formalin test. The number of neurons immunopositive for c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), which are molecular pain markers, in laminae I-II of the ipsilateral dorsal horn was significantly larger in the SR-KO mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the distribution of SR changed from being broad to being concentrated in cell bodies after the formalin injection. On the other hand, the expression level of the cytosolic SR in the ipsilateral dorsal horn significantly decreased. Oral administration of 10 mM D-serine in drinking water for one week cancelled the difference in pain behaviors between WT and SR-KO mice in phase 2 of the formalin test. These findings demonstrate that the SR-KO mice showed increased sensitivity to inflammatory pain and the WT mice showed translocation of SR and decreased SR expression levels after the formalin injection, which suggest a novel antinociceptive mechanism via SR indicating an important role of D-serine in pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tabata-Imai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ran Inoue
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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