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Sun M, Chang X, Gao Y, Zou S, Wang S, Liu H. GC/MS-Based Metabolomic Analysis of A549 Cells Exposed to Emerging Organophosphate Flame Retardants. TOXICS 2024; 12:384. [PMID: 38922064 PMCID: PMC11207991 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Emerging organophosphate flame retardants (eOPFRs) have attracted attention in recent times and are expected to gain extensive usage in the coming years. However, they may have adverse effects on organisms. Due to their novel nature, there are few relevant articles dealing with toxicological studies of the above eOPFRs, especially their information on the perturbation of cellular metabolism, which is, thus far, marginally understood. Our research initially assessed the cytotoxicity of eOPFRs, which include compounds like cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), triallyl phosphate (TAP), and pentaerythritol phosphate alcohol (PEPA). This evaluation was conducted using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Subsequently, we utilized a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolomic approach to investigate the metabolic disruptions induced by these four eOPFRs in A549 cells. The MTT results showed that, at high concentrations of 1 mM, their cytotoxicity was ranked as CDP > TAP > RDP > PEPA. In addition, metabolic studies at low concentrations of 10 μM showed that the metabolic interference of CDP, TAP, and PEPA focuses on oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism, while RDP mainly affects energy metabolism-galactose metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Therefore, from the perspective of cytotoxicity and metabolic analysis, RDP may be a more promising alternative. Our experiments provide important insights into the possible metabolic effects of potential toxic substances and complement the evidence on the human health risks of eOPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Sun
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Gao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Sisi Zou
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shaomin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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2
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Zhang J, Yang J, Luo Y, Li J, Gong T, Huang S, Xiong Y, Jiang X. Determination of 23 Amino Acids and Amines in Plasma and Cortex of C57BL/6 Mice with HPLC-FLD. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 62:44-57. [PMID: 36572394 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate as a pre-column derivatization reagent, optimized derivatization and chromatography parameters, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) method was developed and validated to determine 23 related amines in plasma and cortex of C57BL/6 mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The prepared samples were separated on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with 60% acetonitrile (ACN) and 20 mM sodium acetate solution (pH adjusted to 5.0 by phosphoric acid). All analytes achieved good separation within 1.2 h at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The limits of detection and limits of detection quantitation of the method were ranged from (0.1-9.2) to (0.3-30.6) ng/mL, respectively. The analytical method was apt for simultaneously determining 23 amino acids in plasma and cortex. Our results revealed that the relevant amino acids were significantly altered (P < 0.05) in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiansha Li
- Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Suqiong Huang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinhui Jiang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Németh K, Szatmári I, Tőkési V, Szabó PT. Application of Normal-Phase Silica Column in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Mode for Simultaneous Determination of Underivatized Amino Acids from Human Serum Samples via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9354-9367. [PMID: 38132432 PMCID: PMC10741747 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In neonatal screening, amino acids have a significant diagnostic role. Determination of their values may identify abnormal conditions. Early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of amino acid disorders results in a better disease outcome. An easy and simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitation of underivatized amino acids. Amino acids were separated using a normal-phase HPLC column having a totally porous silica stationary phase and using classical reversed-phase eluents. Mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for the analysis, providing high selectivity and sensitivity. A standard addition calibration model was applied for quantitation using only one isotope-labeled internal standard for all amino acids. Five calibration points were used for quantitation, and the method was successfully validated. The slopes of the calibration curves of the individual amino acids in parallel measurements were found to be similar. Since the measured slopes were reproducible, one serum sample could represent every series of serum samples of a given day. The method was tested on human serum samples and adequate results were obtained. This new method can be easily applied in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Németh
- MS Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter u. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Szatmári
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János u. 54, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Tőkési
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János u. 54, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Tamás Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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Alimohammadi M, Sharifi H, Tashkhourian J, Shamsipur M, Hemmateenejad B. A paper-based chemical tongue based on the charge transfer complex of ninhydrin with an array of metal-doped carbon dots discriminates natural amino acids and several of their enantiomers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3837-3849. [PMID: 37501627 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of multiple amino acids (AAs) instead of individual AAs is inherently worthwhile for improving diagnostic accuracy in clinical applications. Here, a facile and reliable colorimetric microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) using carbon dots doped with transition metals (Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) has been provided to detect and discriminate 20 natural amino acids. To make the colourless metal-doped carbon dots suitable for colorimetric assays, they were mixed with ninhydrin to form a charge transfer complex. This optical tongue system, which was constructed by dropping mixtures of ninhydrin with a series of metal-doped carbon dots on a paper substrate in an array format, represented obvious but different colorimetric signatures for every examined amino acid. Since bovine serum albumin was used as a chiral selector reagent for synthesizing the CDs, the sensor device represented excellent selectivity to identify enantiomeric species of AAs. This is the first optical array device that can simultaneously discriminate AAs and several of their enantiomers. We employed various statistical and chemometric methods to analyze the digital data library collected by Image J software, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Twenty AAs could be well distinguished at various concentrations (10.00, 5.00, 2.50, and 1.25 mM). The colorimetric patterns were highly repeatable and were characteristic of individual AAs. Besides qualitative analysis, the designed μPAD-based optical tongue represented quantitative analysis ability, e.g., for lysine in the concentration ranges of 0.005-20.0 mM with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10-6 M and for arginine in the concentration range of 0.12-20.00 mM with a detection limit of 80.0 × 10-6 M. In addition, the binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of AAs could also be well recognized with this sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoda Sharifi
- Chemistry Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | | | | | - Bahram Hemmateenejad
- Chemistry Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abdel-Aal FAM, Kamel RM, Abdeltawab AA, Mohamed FA, Mohamed AMI. Polypyrrole/carbon dot nanocomposite as an electrochemical biosensor for liquid biopsy analysis of tryptophan in the human serum of normal and breast cancer women. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4985-5001. [PMID: 37401962 PMCID: PMC10386971 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy analysis represents a suitable alternative analysis procedure in several cases where no tumor tissue is available or in poor patient conditions. Amino acids can play a crucial role in aiding cancer diagnosis. Monitoring of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism can aid in tracking cancer progression. Therefore, a novel nanocomposite was fabricated using overoxidized polypyrrole film doped with nano-carbon dots (nano-CDs) on the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surface for sensitive evaluation of Trp in human serum. Using square wave voltammetry (SWV), the overoxidized polypyrrole/carbon dots/pencil graphite electrode (Ov-Ox PPy/CDs/PGE) achieved excellent electrochemical catalytic activity for evaluating Trp. The modified electrode, known as Ov-Ox PPy/CDs/PGE, demonstrated superior electrochemical catalytic activity compared to bare PGE, CDs/PGE, PPy/PGE, and PPy/CDs/PGE for evaluation of Trp. The method's excellent sensitivity was confirmed by the low limits of detection (LOD = 0.003 μmol L-1) and limit of quantitation (LOQ = 0.009 μmol L-1). The biosensor that was developed can measure tryptophan (Trp) levels in the serum of both healthy individuals and female breast cancer patients with high accuracy and sensitivity. The results indicate that there is a significant difference, as shown by the F-test, between healthy individuals and those with breast cancer. This suggests that Trp amino acid could be an essential biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Consequently, liquid biopsy analysis presents a valuable opportunity for early disease detection, particularly for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Kamel
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdeltawab
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Fardous A Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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6
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Mrštná K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Švec F. Advances in kynurenine analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2023:117441. [PMID: 37321530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine, the first product of tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway, has become one of the most frequently mentioned biomarkers in recent years. Its levels in the body indicate the state of the human physiology. Human serum and plasma are the main matrixes used to evaluate kynurenine levels and liquid chromatography is the dominant technique for its determination. However, their concentrations in blood do not always correspond to the levels in other matrixes obtained from the affected individuals. It is therefore important to decide when it is appropriate to analyse kynurenine in alternative matrices. However, liquid chromatography may not be the best option for the analysis. This review presents alternatives that can be used and summarizes the features that need to be considered prior to kynurenine determination. Possible approaches to kynurenine analysis in a variety of human matrixes, their challenges, and limitations are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mrštná
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - L Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - F Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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7
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Zhao R, Huang B, Lu G, Fu S, Ying J, Zhao Y. A Practical Method for Amino Acid Analysis by LC-MS Using Precolumn Derivatization with Urea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087332. [PMID: 37108497 PMCID: PMC10138926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) analysis is important in biochemistry, food science, and clinical medicine. However, due to intrinsic limitations, AAs usually require derivatization to improve their separation and determination. Here, we present a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the derivatization of AAs using the simple agent urea. The reactions proceed quantitatively under a wide range of conditions without any pretreatment steps. Urea-derivatized products (carbamoyl amino acids) of 20 AAs exhibit better separation on reversed-phase columns and increased response in a UV detector compared to underivatized ones. We applied this approach to AA analysis in complex samples using a cell culture media as a model, and it showed potential for the determination of oligopeptides. This fast, simple, and inexpensive method should be useful for AA analysis in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjin Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Biling Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Songsen Fu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jianxi Ying
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Li YQ, Liu ZH, Chen S, Wu YJ, Liang JT, Dang Z, Liu Y. Trace determination of fifteen free amino acids in drinking source water via solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:594-605. [PMID: 35902528 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are important nitrogen-containing organics in water, and a large number of reports have proven that they were the precursors of many nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products, some of which have cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity. However, little has been done on their occurrence in drinking source water. Therefore, a trace determination method via solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for 15 free AAs (FAAs) was developed, which was successfully applied for drinking source water samples. For sample preparation, strong cation-exchange stationary solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge showed better extraction performance to that of reverse phase stationary oasis HLB SPE cartridge. The optimal water pH was determined to be 2.8 before extraction. Strong matrix effects for most FAAs were observed in this work; thus, sample extraction with SPE was recommended to eliminate the matrix effects. The developed method showed excellent linearity (R2 > 0.991), low limits of detection (LODs, 0.01-0.27 nmol/L), and good recoveries of 69.8-117.9% in drinking source water with low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.3-13.2%). The developed method was finally applied to eight drinking source water samples, and the top five FAAs were found to be serine, glycine, leucine, alanine, and isoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qiang Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sa Chen
- Zhongshan Public Water Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying-Juan Wu
- Zhongshan Public Water Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Tang Liang
- Zhongshan Public Water Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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9
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Qu C, Jian C, Ge K, Zheng D, Bao Y, Jia W, Zhao A. A rapid UHPLC-QDa method for quantification of human salivary amino acid profiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hu N, Zhang X, Yu Z, Du Y, He X, Wang H, Pu L, Pan D, He S, Liu X, Li J. Effects of oral exposure to leachate from boiled-water treated plastic products on gut microbiome and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129605. [PMID: 35863224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
By simulating plastic exposure patterns in modern society, the impact of daily exposure to plastic products on mammals was explored. In this study, Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice were used to establish drinking water exposure models of three popular kinds of plastic products, including non-woven tea bags, food-grade plastic bags and disposable paper cups. Feces and urine of mice were collected for gut microbiome and metabolomics analysis. Our results showed that the diversity and composition of gut microbiota changed at genus level compared to control group. Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Escherichia-shigella and Staphylococcus decreased while Lachnospiraceae increased treated with non-woven tea bags. Escherichia-shigella and Alistipes increased while Parabacteroides decreased treated with food grade plastic bags. Muribaculaceae decreased in the gut microbiota of mice treated with disposable paper cups. Metabolomics has seen changes in the number of metabolites and enrichment of metabolic pathways related to inflammatory responses and immune function. Inflammatory responses were found in histological and biochemical examination. In summary, this study demonstrated that long-term oral exposure to leachate form boiled-water treated plastic products might have effects on gut microbiome and metabolome, which further provided new insights about potential adverse effects for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Zhenfan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Yurun Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Lining Pu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Degong Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Shulan He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China.
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11
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Zlibut E, May JC, McLean JA. Enantiomer Differentiation of Amino Acid Stereoisomers by Structural Mass Spectrometry Using Noncovalent Trinuclear Copper Complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:996-1002. [PMID: 35580025 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that copper complexation strategies can be used with tandem MS (MS/MS) and, more recently, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to differentiate chiral isomers based upon enantiomeric-specific binding. In this study, we investigate the separation of chiral amino acids (AAs) forming trinuclear complexes that can be directly resolved by IM-MS analyses. Twenty standard AAs of both d- and l-chirality were investigated. Specific AAs including d/l-histidine, d/l-proline, d/l-glutamine, d/l-tyrosine, and d/l-tryptophan were evaluated as "chiral selectors" that, when combined with copper, were found to promote selective complexation with specific AA enantiomers. Significant enantiomer differentiation was observed in the IM spectra for hydrophobic AAs acids with peak-to-peak resolutions ranging from 0.63 to 1.15. Among the chiral selectors investigated, histidine provided the best enantioselectivity, followed by tryptophan, suggesting the aromatic structure plays an important role in forming chiral-specific ion complexes. Unlike MS/MS methods where chiral selectors with l-stereochemistry enhance the differentiation, the chirality of the selector was found to have no significant effect on observed IM separation with both d- and l-selectors providing similar resolutions but with inverted IM arrival time ordering. To investigate the structural differences between resolvable chiral complexes, a combination of MS/MS, collision cross-section (CCS) measurements, and molecular mechanics techniques was used. Candidate trinuclear structures of the stoichiometry [(Cu2+)3(d/lIle)3(lHis)2 - 5H]+ were constructed with guidance from empirical MS/MS results. Of the 48 theoretical structures generated, one enantiomeric cluster pair yielded close correlation (<1%) with experimental CCS measurements, suggesting the most enantioselective ion complexes observed in this work are bridged by three coppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Zlibut
- Center for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 United States
| | - Jody C May
- Center for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 United States
| | - John A McLean
- Center for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 United States
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Shen X, Wang C, Liang N, Liu Z, Li X, Zhu ZJ, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N, Terkeltaub R, Li C, Yin H. Serum Metabolomics Identifies Dysregulated Pathways and Potential Metabolic Biomarkers for Hyperuricemia and Gout. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1738-1748. [PMID: 33760368 DOI: 10.1002/art.41733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically profile metabolic alterations and dysregulated metabolic pathways in hyperuricemia and gout, and to identify potential metabolite biomarkers to discriminate gout from asymptomatic hyperuricemia. METHODS Serum samples from 330 participants, including 109 with gout, 102 with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, and 119 normouricemic controls, were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Multivariate principal components analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to explore differential metabolites and pathways. A multivariate methods with Unbiased Variable selection in R (MUVR) algorithm was performed to identify potential biomarkers and build multivariate diagnostic models using 3 machine learning algorithms: random forest, support vector machine, and logistic regression. RESULTS Univariate analysis demonstrated that there was a greater difference between the metabolic profiles of patients with gout and normouricemic controls than between the metabolic profiles of individuals with hyperuricemia and normouricemic controls, while gout and hyperuricemia showed clear metabolomic differences. Pathway enrichment analysis found diverse significantly dysregulated pathways in individuals with hyperuricemia and patients with gout compared to normouricemic controls, among which arginine metabolism appeared to play a critical role. The multivariate diagnostic model using MUVR found 13 metabolites as potential biomarkers to differentiate hyperuricemia and gout from normouricemia. Two-thirds of the samples were randomly selected as a training set, and the remainder were used as a validation set. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of 7 metabolites yielded an area under the curve of 0.83-0.87 in the training set and 0.78-0.84 in the validation set for distinguishing gout from asymptomatic hyperuricemia by 3 machine learning algorithms. CONCLUSION Gout and hyperuricemia have distinct serum metabolomic signatures. This diagnostic model has the potential to improve current gout care through early detection or prediction of progression to gout from hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shen
- ShanghaiTech University, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, and Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, and Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinde Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, and Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Robert Terkeltaub
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego
| | - Changgui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, and Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- ShanghaiTech University, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang L, Zheng W, Li X, Wang S, Xiao M, Xiao R, Zhang D, Ke N, Cai H, Cheng J, Chen X, Gong M. A merged method for targeted analysis of amino acids and derivatives using parallel reaction monitoring combined with untargeted profiling by HILIC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114208. [PMID: 34148019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With continuously increased scan rate and sensitivity, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows for both reliable targeted analysis (e.g., parallel reaction monitoring, PRM) and a global overview for discovery-based untargeted profiling (e.g., data dependent acquisition, DDA) to be performed. Based on previous study on PRM for large scale targeted metabolomics quantification, we developed an innovative method merged targeted and untargeted approaches in a single run. In our workflow, the scheduled PRM for targeted analysis of amino acids and derivatives combined with the full scan was acquired in every sample injection by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The identification of metabolic features from full scan was further performed with DDA methodology on grouped quality control (QC) samples and matched with available database. Specifically, 20 amino acids and 40 derivatives were selected for targeted analysis with optimal chromatographic separation and PRM parameters. All isomers within the selected metabolites were totally separated in the robust HILIC condition. 36 of selected metabolites were well-detected and showed a good linearity and reproducibility in NIST SRM 1950 plasma. Moreover, the absolute quantification performance of targeted PRM method was systematically validated using 10 amino acids with the corresponding stable isotope-labeled internal standards (SIL-IS). Finally, the newly developed method was successfully applied to analysis of the plasma samples from patients of pancreatic benign tumor and pancreatic cancer. The significant reduction of circulating amino acids in patients with pancreatic malignancy was confirmed by targeted PRM method and other amino acids modifications as well as polar metabolites were identified with untargeted profiling. Therefore, we have established a workflow that combines specifically and reliably targeted PRM method as well as broad-coverage untargeted profiling, which provides an innovative strategy for basic and clinical metabolomics study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nengwen Ke
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Meng Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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A Closer Examination of 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate Amino Acid Derivatization in HPLC with Multiple Detection Modes. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Stampina E, Tsiasioti A, Klimatsaki K, Zacharis CK, Tzanavaras PD. Determination of histidine in human serum and urine by cation exchange chromatography coupled to selective on-line post column derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122697. [PMID: 33878535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and highly selective method for the determination of histidine in human serum and urine is described. Histidine was separated from the matrix by cation exchange chromatography and detected selectively using on-line post column derivatization and fluorimetric detection. Unique reaction of histidine with o-phthalaldehyde in the absence of nucleophilic compounds offered specific detection in the complex biological substrate. Linearity was obeyed in the range of 0.5 - 25 μmol L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.160 μmol L-1. The absence of matrix effect (<5%) enabled the processing of real samples after minimal pretreatment. Endogenous histidine has been determined in human serum in the range of 78 - 119 μmol L-1 and random human urine in the range of 266 - 2034 μmol L-1. The percent recoveries were satisfactory in all cases, ranging between 89 and 114%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Stampina
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Apostolia Tsiasioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | | | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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16
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Wang YP, Liang F, Liu S. Molecular dynamics simulations of amino acid adsorption and transport at the acetonitrile–water–silica interface: the role of side chains. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21666-21677. [PMID: 35478806 PMCID: PMC9034086 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvation and transport of amino acid residues at liquid–solid interfaces have great importance for understanding the mechanism of separation of biomolecules in liquid chromatography. This study uses umbrella sampling molecular dynamics simulations to study the adsorption and transport of three amino acid molecules with different side chains (phenylalanine (Phe), leucine (Leu) and glutamine (Gln)) at the silica–water–acetonitrile interface in liquid chromatography. Free energy analysis shows that the Gln molecule has stronger binding affinity than the other two molecules, indicating the side chain polarity may play a primary role in adsorption at the liquid–solid interface. The Phe molecule with a phenyl side chain exhibits stronger adsorption free energy than Leu with a non-polar side chain, which can be ascribed to the better solvated configuration of Phe. Further analysis of molecular orientations found that the amino acid molecules with apolar side chains (Phe and Leu) have ‘standing up’ configurations at their stable adsorption state, where the polar functional groups are close to the interface and the side chain is far from the interface, whereas the amino acid molecule with a polar side chain (Gln) chooses the ‘lying’ configuration, and undergoes a sharp orientation transition when the molecule moves away from the silica surface. Extending our simulation studies to systems with different solute concentrations reveals that there is a decrease in the adsorption free energy as well as surface diffusion as the solute concentration increases, which is related to the crowding in the interfacial layers. This simulation study gives a detailed microscopic description of amino acid molecule solvation and transport at the acetonitrile–water–silica interface in liquid chromatography and will be helpful for understanding the retention mechanism for amino acid separation. The solvation and transport of amino acid residues at liquid–solid interfaces have great importance for understanding the mechanism of separation of biomolecules in liquid chromatography.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Peng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Shule Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
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17
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Solvent front position extraction with semi-automatic device as a powerful sample preparation procedure to quantitatitation of tryptophan in human plasma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15063. [PMID: 32934323 PMCID: PMC7493889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paper the results of the tryptophan determination in human plasma samples prepared with the novel Solvent Front Position Extraction (SFPE) technique are presented. The SFPE procedure is used for preparation of real biological sample for the first time. The results obtained using SFPE are compared with those using the classical sample preparation procedure. Under the optimal conditions, tryptophan and its internal standard were separated from other plasma compounds (matrix) as a small common zone/spot on a chromatographic plate using semiautomatic device equipped with moving pipet, which distributed developing solvent on the adsorbent layer. Tryptophan and the internal standard were evenly distributed within the small common zone from that the both substances were extracted and the solution obtained was transferred to quantitation with LC–MS and MS techniques. The determination results are satisfactory, the percentage values of relative error and RSD relative standard deviation do not exceed 5%. The procedure is characterized by simplicity, high analysis throughput, very good sample purification and seems to be easy applicable to other biological samples with these advantages mentioned.
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18
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Xu W, Zhong C, Zou C, Wang B, Zhang N. Analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1071-1088. [PMID: 32857227 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are important metabolites for tissue metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair, which are basic life necessities. Therefore, summarizing analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms is important. In the past decades, analytical methods for amino acids have developed rapidly but have not been fully explored. Thus, this article provides reference to analytical methods for amino acids in organisms for food and human research. Present amino acid analysis methods include thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and amino acid analyzer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai-lun Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui, 230013, China
| | - Congcong Zhong
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai-lun Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunpu Zou
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai-lun Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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19
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Chen Z, Lin F, Ye X, Dong Y, Hu L, Huang A. Simultaneous determination of five essential amino acids in plasma of Hyperlipidemic subjects by UPLC-MS/MS. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:52. [PMID: 32293459 PMCID: PMC7087371 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of adults have been reported with hyperlipemia in the world. It is still unclear whether the plasma level of essential amino acids (AAs) will be influenced by the hyperlipemia. This study was aimed to investigate the AAs levels and the underlying metabolic relationship in hyperlipidemic subjects. METHODS An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of phenylalanine (Phe), valine (Val), histidine (His), tryptophan (Trp), and methionine (Met). Plasma samples (100 μL) were precipitated by acetonitrile (300 μL) and analyzed on a BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) column at 40 °C by gradient elution. The mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile was used with flow rate at 0.2-0.4 ml/0-3 min. Five AAs were determined at positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) at m/z 118.1/72.1 (Val), 150.12/104.02(Met), 156.06/110.05(His), 166.1/120.1(Phe), and 205.2/188.02 (Trp). A total of 75 healthy subjects and 83 hyperlipidemic subjects, who had blood routine test and plasma lipid test were determined by developed UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS It was shown that there was good linearity for Val, Met, His, Phe, and Trp within 1-100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of precision and accuracy were all within 15%. The level of Val, Phe, Trp, His, and Met were 35.34 ± 15.64, 22.72 ± 9.13, 17.23 ± 4.94, 16.78 ± 13.64, and 6.24 ± 1.97 μg/mL in healthy subjects, while they were 38.04 ± 16.70, 22.41 ± 8.45, 15.62 ± 5.77, 18.35 ± 14.49, and 6.21 ± 1.97 μg/mL in hyperlipidemic subjects respectively. The Spearman's correlations analysis showed that there were high correlations between Val, Phe, Trp, His, Met and triglyceride in healthy subjects. While, those correlations decreased in hyperlipemia cases. CONCLUSION A convenient and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of Val, Phe, Trp, His, and Met in human plasma was developed. There was a high correlation between Val, Phe, Trp, His, Met and triglyceride. Hyperlipemia influences the metabolic balance of His, Phe, Trp, Met and Val.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Yueqing Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiyan Lin
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yuqian Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lufeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Aifang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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20
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Du CX, Huang Z. Analysis of amino acids in human tears by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36539-36545. [PMID: 35539085 PMCID: PMC9075113 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05956c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids in human tears play certain physiological roles and their determination is challenging due to complicated chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Xin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- College of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Zhu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- College of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
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21
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Mergola L, Orabona C, Albini E, Vasapollo G, Scorrano S, Del Sole R. Urinary l
-kynurenine quantification and selective extraction through a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction device. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3204-3212. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mergola
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Elisa Albini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vasapollo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce Italy
| | - Sonia Scorrano
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce Italy
| | - Roberta Del Sole
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce Italy
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Song Y, Xu C, Kuroki H, Liao Y, Tsunoda M. Recent trends in analytical methods for the determination of amino acids in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:35-49. [PMID: 28927726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are widely distributed in biological fluids and involved in many biological processes, such as the synthesis of proteins, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. The altered levels of amino acids in biological fluids have been found to be closely related to several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer. Therefore, the development of analytical methods to measure amino acid concentrations in biological samples can contribute to research on the physiological actions of amino acids and the prediction, diagnosis and understanding of diseases. This review describes the analytical methods reported in 2012-2016 that utilized liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection. Additionally, the relationship between amino acid concentrations and several diseases is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Yiyi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
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23
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Sadok I, Gamian A, Staniszewska MM. Chromatographic analysis of tryptophan metabolites. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3020-3045. [PMID: 28590049 PMCID: PMC5575536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway generates multiple tryptophan metabolites called collectively kynurenines and leads to formation of the enzyme cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The first step in this pathway is tryptophan degradation, initiated by the rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, depending on the tissue. The balanced kynurenine metabolism, which has been a subject of multiple studies in last decades, plays an important role in several physiological and pathological conditions such as infections, autoimmunity, neurological disorders, cancer, cataracts, as well as pregnancy. Understanding the regulation of tryptophan depletion provide novel diagnostic and treatment opportunities, however it requires reliable methods for quantification of kynurenines in biological samples with complex composition (body fluids, tissues, or cells). Trace concentrations, interference of sample components, and instability of some tryptophan metabolites need to be addressed using analytical methods. The novel separation approaches and optimized extraction protocols help to overcome difficulties in analyzing kynurenines within the complex tissue material. Recent developments in chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry provide new opportunity for quantification of tryptophan and its degradation products in various biological samples. In this review, we present current accomplishments in the chromatographic methodologies proposed for detection of tryptophan metabolites and provide a guide for choosing the optimal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
- Department of Medical BiochemistryWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Magdalena Maria Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
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Early Immune Regulatory Changes in a Primary Controlled Human Plasmodium vivax Infection: CD1c + Myeloid Dendritic Cell Maturation Arrest, Induction of the Kynurenine Pathway, and Regulatory T Cell Activation. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00986-16. [PMID: 28320838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00986-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria remains a major public health problem. The requirements for acquisition of protective immunity to the species are not clear. Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for immune cell priming but also perform immune regulatory functions, along with regulatory T cells (Treg). An important function of DC involves activation of the kynurenine pathway via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Using a controlled human experimental infection study with blood-stage P. vivax, we characterized plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and myeloid DC (mDC) subset maturation, CD4+ CD25+ CD127lo Treg activation, and IDO activity. Blood samples were collected from six healthy adults preinoculation, at peak parasitemia (day 14; ∼31,400 parasites/ml), and 24 and 48 h after antimalarial treatment. CD1c+ and CD141+ mDC and pDC numbers markedly declined at peak parasitemia, while CD16+ mDC numbers appeared less affected. HLA-DR expression was selectively reduced on CD1c+ mDC, increased on CD16+ mDC, and was unaltered on pDC. Plasma IFN-γ increased significantly and was correlated with an increased kynurenine/tryptophan (KT) ratio, a measure of IDO activity. At peak parasitemia, Treg presented an activated CD4+ CD25+ CD127lo CD45RA- phenotype and upregulated TNFR2 expression. In a mixed-effects model, the KT ratio was positively associated with an increase in activated Treg. Our data demonstrate that a primary P. vivax infection exerts immune modulatory effects by impairing HLA-DR expression on CD1c+ mDC while activating CD16+ mDC. Induction of the kynurenine pathway and increased Treg activation, together with skewed mDC maturation, suggest P. vivax promotes an immunosuppressive environment, likely impairing the development of a protective host immune response.
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Yang Y, Liu F, Wan Y. Simultaneous determination of 4-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and 3,4-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid in human urine by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2117-2122. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Yang
- College of Chemistry; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Fan Liu
- Center of Analysis and Testing; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Wan
- College of Chemistry; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P. R. China
- Center of Analysis and Testing; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P. R. China
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Yin B, Li T, Zhang S, Li Z, He P. Sensitive Analysis of 33 Free Amino Acids in Serum, Milk, and Muscle by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A sensitive and practical RP-HPLC-FLD for determination of the low neuroactive amino acid levels in body fluids and its application in depression. Neurosci Lett 2016; 616:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Quantitative analysis of drugs in biological matrices by HPLC hyphenated to fluorescence detection. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:743-62. [PMID: 25871590 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the state-of-the art in HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection is presented. Over the last 20 years, the increasing number of methodological papers on this topic (4082 between 1994 and 2004 and 7725 between 2004 and 2014) is testament to its utility in bioanalytical applications. Compared with conventional UV absorbance detection used in HPLC, fluorescence detection can greatly enhance the sensitivity leading to limits of detection similar to those obtained with mass spectrometry, offering researchers a sensitive, robust and relatively inexpensive instrumental method. This work will focus on the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in different biological matrices, either naturally fluorescent or derivatized with a fluorescent agent, and some of them chiral. Therapeutic applications, sample preparation and derivatization, sensitivity for each example are described.
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model for the Effect of l-Arginine on Endothelial Function in Patients with Moderately Severe Falciparum Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:198-205. [PMID: 26482311 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01479-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired organ perfusion in severe falciparum malaria arises from microvascular sequestration of parasitized cells and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction in malaria is secondary to impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, in part due to decreased plasma concentrations of l-arginine, the substrate for endothelial cell NO synthase. We quantified the time course of the effects of adjunctive l-arginine treatment on endothelial function in 73 patients with moderately severe falciparum malaria derived from previous studies. Three groups of 10 different patients received 3 g, 6 g, or 12 g of l-arginine as a half-hour infusion. The remaining 43 received saline placebo. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model was developed to describe the time course of changes in exhaled NO concentrations and reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) index values describing endothelial function and then used to explore optimal dosing regimens for l-arginine. A PK model describing arginine concentrations in patients with moderately severe malaria was extended with two pharmacodynamic biomeasures, the intermediary biochemical step (NO production) and endothelial function (RH-PAT index). A linear model described the relationship between arginine concentrations and exhaled NO. NO concentrations were linearly related to RH-PAT index. Simulations of dosing schedules using this PKPD model predicted that the time within therapeutic range would increase with increasing arginine dose. However, simulations demonstrated that regimens of continuous infusion over longer periods would prolong the time within the therapeutic range even more. The optimal dosing regimen for l-arginine is likely to be administration schedule dependent. Further studies are necessary to characterize the effects of such continuous infusions of l-arginine on NO and microvascular reactivity in severe malaria.
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Sun L, Jiao H, Gao B, Yuanzi Q, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ou N, Yan Z, Zhou H. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of l-valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tyrosine in human serum. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3876-3883. [PMID: 26377247 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
l-Valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tyrosine are important proposed biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. A simple and selective hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of these amino acids in human serum, using stable isotope-labeled amino acids as internal standards. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Syncronis HILIC column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with the column temperature of 35°C and a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/120 mM ammonium acetate (89:11, v/v), and the run time was 11.0 min. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode. As these five amino acids are endogenous compounds in serum, we used the corresponding stable isotope-labeled amino acids to evaluate the matrix effect and recovery in serum. The matrix effect was 98.7-107.3%, and the recovery was 92.7-102.3%. Calibration curves spiked unlabeled amino acids in water were linear over the range of 0.200-100 μg/mL. The accuracy, inter-, and intraday precision were below 10.2%. Analytes were stable during the study. This assay method has been validated and applied to the early diagnosis research of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Sun
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiwen Jiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Yuanzi
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Ou
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Amino Acids in Tea Infusion Coupled to Pre-column Derivatization with 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guo M, Shi T, Duan Y, Zhu J, Li J, Cao Y. Investigation of amino acids in wolfberry fruit (Lycium barbarum) by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Darcy CJ, Woodberry T, Davis JS, Piera KA, McNeil YR, Chen Y, Yeo TW, Weinberg JB, Anstey NM. Increased plasma arginase activity in human sepsis: association with increased circulating neutrophils. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 52:573-81. [PMID: 24166672 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of sepsis is incompletely understood. Impaired bioavailability of L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis, is linked to sepsis severity, and plasma arginase has been linked to hypoargininemia in other disease states. Circulating neutrophils are increased in sepsis and constitutively express arginase. We investigated whether plasma arginase activity is increased in human sepsis and whether this is associated with neutrophil numbers and activation. METHODS We used HPLC and a radiometric assay to evaluate plasma amino acid concentrations and plasma arginase activity. The relationships between plasma arginase activity, neutrophil count, neutrophil activity and plasma L-arginine and arginine metabolites were evaluated in 44 sepsis patients and 25 controls. RESULTS Plasma arginase activity was increased in sepsis patients, correlated with neutrophil count (r=0.44; p=0.003), but was independent of sepsis severity (SOFA or APACHE II score). Plasma HNP1-3 correlated with neutrophil count (r=0.31; p=0.04), was elevated in shock (median 180 ng/mL vs. 83 ng/mL sepsis without shock, p=0.0006) and correlated with SOFA score. Sepsis patients with high neutrophil counts had significantly higher plasma HNP1-3 and arginase activity and lower plasma L-arginine concentrations than those with lower neutrophil counts and controls. CONCLUSIONS Plasma arginase activity, potentially derived in part from neutrophil activation, is elevated in sepsis, and may contribute to impaired bioavailability of L-arginine in sepsis.
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Darcy CJ, Minigo G, Piera KA, Davis JS, McNeil YR, Chen Y, Volkheimer AD, Weinberg JB, Anstey NM, Woodberry T. Neutrophils with myeloid derived suppressor function deplete arginine and constrain T cell function in septic shock patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R163. [PMID: 25084831 PMCID: PMC4261583 DOI: 10.1186/cc14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Impaired T cell function in sepsis is associated with poor outcome, but the mechanisms are unclear. In cancer, arginase-expressing myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) deplete arginine, impair T cell receptor CD3 zeta-chain expression and T cell function and are linked to poor clinical outcome, but their role during acute human infectious disease and in particular sepsis remains unknown. Hypoarginemia is prevalent in sepsis. This study aimed to determine whether neutrophils that co-purify with PBMC express arginase, and if arginine depletion constrains T cell CD3 zeta-chain expression and function in human sepsis. Methods Using flow cytometry, cell culture, HPLC, arginase activity and mRNA detection, our study examined whether neutrophils, with reduced buoyant density isolated in the Ficoll interface, metabolise L-arginine and suppress T cell proliferation in sepsis. A total of 35 sepsis patients (23 with septic shock) and 12 hospital controls in a tertiary referral hospital in tropical Australia were evaluated. Results Only sepsis patients had interphase neutrophils, neutrophils co-purifying with mononuclear cells (≤1.077 specific gravity). The percentage of interphase neutrophils in sepsis was proportional to sepsis severity and correlated with plasma IL-6 concentrations. Ex vivo, sepsis-derived interphase neutrophils expressed arginase, metabolised culture L-arginine and suppressed T cell proliferation and CD3 zeta-chain expression. In vivo, in septic shock there was a longitudinal inverse association between interphase neutrophil number and CD3 zeta-chain expression. Depletion or inhibition of interphase neutrophils in vitro restored zeta-chain expression and T cell function. Conclusions For the first time during an acute human infection, interphase neutrophils that express arginase were found to circulate in sepsis, in proportion to disease severity. These neutrophil-MDSCs impair T cell CD3 zeta-chain expression and T cell function via L-arginine metabolism, and likely contribute to the T cell dysfunction seen in sepsis. Modulation of neutrophil-MDSC or their downstream effects warrant consideration as targets for novel adjunctive therapies in sepsis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/cc14003) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Analysis of amino acid composition in proteins of animal tissues and foods as pre-column o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives by HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:116-27. [PMID: 24731621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies of protein nutrition and biochemistry require reliable methods for analysis of amino acid (AA) composition in polypeptides of animal tissues and foods. Proteins are hydrolyzed by 6M HCl (110°C for 24h), 4.2M NaOH (105°C for 20 h), or proteases. Analytical techniques that require high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) include pre-column derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, 9-fluorenyl methylchloroformate, phenylisothiocyanate, naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde, 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate, and o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA). OPA reacts with primary AA (except cysteine or cystine) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or 3-mercaptopropionic acid to form a highly fluorescent adduct. OPA also reacts with 4-amino-1-butanol and 4-aminobutane-1,3-diol produced from oxidation of proline and 4-hydroxyproline, respectively, in the presence of chloramine-T plus sodium borohydride at 60°C, or with S-carboxymethyl-cysteine formed from cysteine and iodoacetic acid at 25°C. Fluorescence of OPA derivatives is monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 340 and 455 nm, respectively. Detection limits are 50 fmol for AA. This technique offers the following advantages: simple procedures for preparation of samples, reagents, and mobile-phase solutions; rapid pre-column formation of OPA-AA derivatives and their efficient separation at room temperature (e.g., 20-25°C); high sensitivity of detection; easy automation on the HPLC apparatus; few interfering side reactions; a stable chromatography baseline for accurate integration of peak areas; and rapid regeneration of guard and analytical columns. Thus, the OPA method provides a useful tool to determine AA composition in proteins of animal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, liver, intestine, placenta, brain, and body homogenates) and foods (e.g., milk, corn grain, meat, and soybean meal).
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