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Inamassu CH, Raspini E Silva L, Marchioni C. Recent advances in the chromatographic analysis of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465225. [PMID: 39128236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system, including endocannabinoid neurotransmitters (eCBs), has gained much attention over the last years due to its involvement with the pathophysiology of diseases and the potential use of Cannabis sativa (marijuana). The identification of eCBs and phytocannabinoids in biological samples for forensic, clinical, or therapeutic drug monitoring purposes constitutes a still significant challenge. In this scoping review, the recent advantages, and limitations of the eCBs and phytocannabinoids quantification in biological samples are described. Published studies from 2018-2023 were searched in 8 databases, and after screening and exclusions, the selected 38 articles had their data tabulated, summarized, and analyzed. The main characteristics of the eCBs and phytocannabinoids analyzed and the potential use of each biological sample were described, indicating gaps in the literature that still need to be explored. Well-established and innovative sample preparation protocols, and chromatographic separations, such as GC, HPLC, and UHPLC, are reviewed highlighting their respective advantages, drawbacks, and challenges. Lastly, future approaches, challenges, and tendencies in the quantification analysis of cannabinoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Henkes Inamassu
- Program on Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, s/n, Sala 208, Bloco E, Prédio Administrativo - Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luisa Raspini E Silva
- Program on Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, s/n, Sala 208, Bloco E, Prédio Administrativo - Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Marchioni
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rua Engenheiro Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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Pego AMF, Knaven EJ, van de Plas APC, Brouwers JF, Cuypers E, Flinders B, Heeren RMA, van Asten AC, de Rooij BM. Untargeted metabolomics for lifestyle biomarker discovery in human hair. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 356:111938. [PMID: 38301432 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
There is a risk of crimes remaining unsolved when no matching DNA profiles or fingermarks are found. If this is the case, forensic investigations are faced with a significant shortage of evidence and information regarding the unknown perpetrator and/or victim as well as any missing persons. However, a rather commonly found biological trace encountered at crime scenes is human hair. As hair acts as a biochemical reservoir, it may contain valuable information regarding one's characteristics and habits. This study aimed to build an analytical method capable of determining a marker set of relevant metabolites in hair, eventually building up a profile of its donor. To find potential markers, an untargeted metabolomics approach was developed to select and identify statistically significant features. For that purpose, a total of 68 hair samples were collected at several hairdresser shops in varying neighbourhoods. Compound extraction was achieved via methanolic incubation overnight and analysis performed using a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Orbitrap Q Exactive Focus. The acquired data was uploaded and statistically evaluated using two free online software/libraries, where a total of eight compounds have given a match on both tools. Their presumptive identity was confirmed using reference standards and consequently added to a dynamic target donor profiling list. These results show the potential of using untargeted metabolomics for the search for lifestyle biomarkers capable of differentiating individuals. Such tools are of paramount importance in a forensic setting with little or no evidence available and no clear tactical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M F Pego
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands; Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, NY, USA.
| | - Edward J Knaven
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Anke P C van de Plas
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Belgium; M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben M de Rooij
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
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Funes DSH, Bonilla K, Baudelet M, Bridge C. Morphological and chemical profiling for forensic hair examination: A review of quantitative methods. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 346:111622. [PMID: 37001429 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, there have been many studies for quantitative analysis on human hair samples. Microscopical and chemical analysis techniques have been used to analyze various aspects of hair regarding biological, chemical, anthropological, cosmetic, and forensic applications. Studies have attempted to develop quantification methods to increase the evidentiary value of hair in forensic casework. The literature reviewed in this paper provides some of the current techniques used for forensic examinations and quantitative methods. Although microscopical analysis has been scrutinized in the past, using chemical and microscopical techniques can provide a myriad of information. The extraction of DNA from hair provides high-value evidence; however, it may not be readily available and may yield inconclusive results. Hair analysis can be used for many forensic applications such as comparison, toxicology, and exposure analysis. In this article, we will review published research material regarding chemical and microscopical techniques for human hair analysis. Aspects considered for this review were the sample size requirement for analysis and the destructive nature of the instrumental method. This review will focus on both macro and micro quantitative methods for human hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Funes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mathieu Baudelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; CREOL - The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Candice Bridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Forensic implication of seized drug imitating methamphetamine with mileage in crime. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-023-00325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The increase in drug abuse a major global issue. Clandestine laboratories along with illegal drug trafficking and trade increase the menace. Increased confiscation of illicit drugs not only indicates the manifold rise in drug abuse in Delhi and its neighboring region but also signifies an escalation and proliferation in other drug-related criminal activities. Investigating agencies around the world are working hard to combat and eradicate this problem. The samples seized by these agencies are subsequently sent for forensic examination to rule out the presence of any illicit drugs. Few such seized crystalline samples such as “methamphetamine” were submitted for examination with a query for the identification of any scheduled substance. The analysis outline followed was physical, chemical, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis for detection, identification, and confirmation of seized drug samples. The purpose of a detailed investigation regarding the identification of the crystalline sample was also to understand the criminal activities involved in the consistent seizures and the forensics behind it.
Results
The comprehensive examination identified the sample as an inorganic salt of sodium thiosulfate with the absence of contraband methamphetamine. The study on salt-imitating methamphetamine underlines its diverse uses as in adulteration, trafficking to camouflage narcotics drug and its involvement in numerous other illegal purposes which on the other hand has a very crucial impact on society and its well-being.
Conclusions
The novel findings will update the investigating agencies and other experts regarding the importance of the detection of sodium thiosulfate salt in seized samples and will well establish the foul play behind large seizures to justify the role of forensic science. This unique finding deals with a very sensitive issue that has immense social impact and needs exceptional thoughtfulness.
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Madia MAO, de Oliveira LO, Baccule NS, Sakurada JY, Scanferla DTP, Aguera RG, Moreira PP, Bando É, Junior MM, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA in hair samples from a rehabilitation facility: Validation and applicability of HF-LPME-GC-MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107212. [PMID: 36028047 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is known that drug abuse jeopardizes economic and social development. Toxicological analyses can guide prevention and treatment strategies in rehabilitation facilities. The current greatest challenge is finding easily adaptable and less costly sensitive methods that meet the principles of green chemistry. Hair, as a biological matrix, has several advantages, and its ability to detect consumption for longer periods keeping the matrix stable and unaltered stands out. This manuscript addresses the use of a miniaturized technique in an alternative matrix, by making use of a reduced amount of solvents to quantify amphetamines, aiming to guide prevention and treatment strategies in rehabilitation facilities. METHODS A Hollow Fiber Liquid-phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) technique for extracting amphetamines from hair samples with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CG-MS) was validated, adapted, and applied to ten samples from patients of a rehabilitation facility. RESULTS The technique proved to be sensitive, accurate, precise, and not affected by interference from the biological matrix and the linear range for the analytes was 0.2 to 20 ng mg -1. The three analytes were quantified in the samples analyzed. It is worth stressing that the patients were young. CONCLUSION The HF-LPME-GC-MS technique complied with the principles of green chemistry, and proved to be a sensitive technique, adaptable to the routine of common laboratories. Validation in the analysis phase with authentic samples, thus, showed that it can be an important tool for preventing and controlling drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A O Madia
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Luís O de Oliveira
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nicole S Baccule
- State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Y Sakurada
- State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Deborah T P Scanferla
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raul G Aguera
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula P Moreira
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Érika Bando
- Laboratory of Toxicology. Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology. Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Marchioni
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Simone A G Mossini
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hill VA, Schaffer MI, Paulsen RB, Stowe GN. Identifying contamination versus ingestion in hair testing, with cocaine as example. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1557-1564. [PMID: 35701178 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When developing a procedure to identify external contamination of hair as opposed to drug that is in hair from ingestion, there are components of the process that must be considered in the final method. A method that does not achieve the objective may be missing one or more of these elements: choice of solvent, a drug-binding agent, ratio of solvent to hair, temperature, time, intactness of the hair, and establishing, for the chosen method, a criterion based on the drug contents of the wash and hair that indicates the hair may be contaminated.
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8
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A comparative review on detection of Cocaine using hyphenated techniques. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Meng L, Ye S, Wu Y, You L. Determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and capillary electrophoresis with PDA detection. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 7:265-271. [PMID: 35784428 PMCID: PMC9245984 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1986771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method was developed for pre-concentration and determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with photodiode array detection. The method was based on the formation of tiny droplets of an organic extractant in the prepared sample solution using water-immiscible organic solvent (chloroform) dissolved in water-miscible organic dispersive solvent (isopropyl alcohol). The organic phase, which extracted eight drugs of abuse from the prepared urine solution, was separated by centrifugation. The sedimented phase was transferred into a small volume CE auto-sampler vial with 10 µL of 1% HCl methanol solution and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in lidocaine hydrochloride (internal standard) aqueous solution and introduced by electrokinetic injection into CE. Under the optimum conditions, acceptable linear relationship was observed in the range of 3.0–500 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9982–0.9994 for spiked urine samples. The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) was estimated to be 1.0 ng/mL. A recovery of 75.7%–90.6% was obtained for spiked samples. The mean relative error (MRE) was within ±7.0% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 6.9%. The proposed DLLME-CE procedure offers an alternative analytical approach for the sensitive detection of drugs of abuse in real urine samples.Key points The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was involved for the determination of drugs in urine with capillary electrophoresis with photodiode array detection (CE-PDA). Good linearity, sensitivity, recovery and precision were achieved. The proposed method was eco-friendly with microliter scale solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuhai Ye
- Institute of Forensic Science, Fujian Provincial Public Security Department, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yilin Wu
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linda You
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
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Ferreira AB, Lobo Castro A, Tarelho S, Domingues P, Franco JM. GC-MS – Still standing for clinical and forensic analysis: validation of a multidrug method to detect and quantify illicit drugs. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1964598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Ferreira
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Oporto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André Lobo Castro
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Oporto, Portugal
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Tarelho
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Franco
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Oporto, Portugal
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Evaluation of Cocaine Effect on Endogenous Metabolites of HepG2 Cells Using Targeted Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154610. [PMID: 34361761 PMCID: PMC8347943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine toxicity has been a subject of study because cocaine is one of the most common and potent drugs of abuse. In the current study the effect of cocaine on human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was assessed. Cocaine toxicity (IC50) on HepG2 cells was experimentally calculated using an XTT assay at 2.428 mM. The metabolic profile of HepG2 cells was further evaluated to investigate the cytotoxic activity of cocaine at 2 mM at three different time points. Cell medium and intracellular material samples were analyzed with a validated HILIC-MS/MS method for targeted metabolomics on an ACQUITY Amide column in gradient mode with detection on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring. About 106 hydrophilic metabolites from different metabolic pathways were monitored. Multivariate analysis clearly separated the studied groups (cocaine-treated and control samples) and revealed potential biomarkers in the extracellular and intracellular samples. A predominant effect of cocaine administration on alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathway was observed. Moreover, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were found to be affected in cocaine-treated cells. Targeted metabolomics managed to reveal metabolic changes upon cocaine administration, however deciphering the exact cocaine cytotoxic mechanism is still challenging.
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Elboraie MZ, Elbashir AA, Eid EEM, Aboul-Enein HY. Dispersive solid-phase extraction for simultaneous determination of four amphetamines drugs in urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ottaviano V, Tavone AM, Scipione C, Potenza S, Petroni G, Marella GL. Drug detection in decomposed cadavers confirms testimonial evidence in a case of serial homicides. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110893. [PMID: 34273605 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology investigation on human's buried dead bodies is a rare and challenging task in the forensic field. As requested by the Judicial Authority, this work aimed to verify testimonial evidence that emerged during a criminal investigation involving multiple murder cases. The statements indicated an improper medical administration of one or more alleged drugs (propofol, morphine, diazepam, and midazolam) which presumably caused the deaths. Since the supposed crimes took place several years before, the task of the present work was to obtain results to support the charges. The analyses involved 18 biological samples taken from four exhumed bodies, three of which were female and one male, each buried in a different date and mode. Each sample was treated with specific purification and extraction techniques (LLE - SPE) after the addition of the deuterated analogs of the searched analytes (propofol-d17, morphine-d3, diazepam-d5, midazolam-d4) as internal standards. Afterwards, the extracts were subjected to qualitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-Electron Impact (GC/MS - EI), both in full scan and SIM mode. Propofol, morphine, and diazepam were identified in the corpses. It supports testimonials that were administered just before the deaths occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ottaviano
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, via Montpellier 1, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro Tavone
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, via Montpellier 1, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Scipione
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, via Montpellier 1, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Saverio Potenza
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, via Montpellier 1, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Petroni
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, via Montpellier 1, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Marella
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Surgical Sciences, via Montpellier 1, 00166 Rome, Italy
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14
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Ghauri MA, Hassan F, Hassan Y, Atif N, Adnan A. Detection of 6-monoacetylemorphine in hair sample of heroin addicts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and significance of rehabilitation program. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The analysis of hair samples for the detection of drugs has become one of the convincing strategies in the field of forensic toxicology. A large number of cases concerning heroin abuse or its byproducts have been documented under the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997, over the past decade. The present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the primary metabolite of heroin, i.e., 6-monoacetylemorphine (6-MAM), in hair samples of addicts and subjects undergoing rehabilitation, thereafter accessing the success rate of the rehabilitation program at the de-addiction center.
Results
Hair samples were randomly collected from 20 regular heroin addicts and 20 heroin addicts from their past, from the rehabilitation center, of different age groups. Samples were cleaned, digested, and extracted using an alkaline digestion mediator methyl tertiary butyl ether, followed by quantification of 6-MAM via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mean concentration of 6-MAM in regular heroin addicts detected was 7.80 ng/mg and 2.34 ng/mg in samples of subjects undergoing rehabilitation at the de-addiction center, respectively.
Conclusion
Traces of 6-MAM in the hair sample of heroin addicts can be efficiently detected days after the last intake of heroin. In addition to that, our findings also give an idea for future evaluating the approximate timeframe for detection of 6-MAM and/or other metabolites of heroin in the hair sample. However, in the future, by carefully analyzing the hair samples that can be taken from rehabilitation centers from target subjects at different time intervals, the exact duration of traceable quantity of 6-MAM can be determined in the hair sample. Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant success rate of the rehabilitation program at de-addiction centers in connection with dragging the 6-MAM level from the body.
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Fan Y, Yang D, Huang X, Yao G, Wang W, Gao M, Jia X, Ouyang H, Chang Y, He J. Pharmacokinetic Study of Safrole and Methyl Eugenol after Oral Administration of the Essential Oil Extracts of Asarum in Rats by GC-MS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6699033. [PMID: 33829063 PMCID: PMC8004375 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6699033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asarum is a traditional medicine and has been widely used as remedies for inflammatory diseases, toothache, headache, local anesthesia, and aphthous stomatitis in China, Japan, and Korea. Our previous research found that safrole and methyl eugenol were vital compounds that contribute to distinguish the different species and raw Asarum and its processed products apart. The pharmacokinetics of safrole and methyl eugenol after oral administration of Asarum extract has not been reported yet. In this study, a rapid and simple gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method that has a complete run time of only 4.5 min was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of safrole and methyl eugenol in rat plasma after administration of Asarum extracts. The chromatographic separation was realized on a DB-17 column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). And detection was carried out under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Plasma samples were pretreated by n-hexane. The pharmacokinetic parameters provided by this study will be beneficial for further developments and clinical applications of Asarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dongyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guangzhe Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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16
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Validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 16 drugs and metabolites in hair in the context of driving license granting. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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18
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Yen YT, Chang YJ, Lai PJ, Chang CL, Chen TY, Chyueh SC. A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25040972. [PMID: 32098143 PMCID: PMC7070706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using "dilute-and-shoot" analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5-1000 ng mL-1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5-800 ng mL-1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5-600 ng mL-1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine-codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2911-2241 (ext. 3714)
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19
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Bastiani MF, Lizot LLF, Da Silva ACC, Hahn RZ, Dries SS, Perassolo MS, Antunes MV, Linden R. An Optimized Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Determination of Ethyl Palmitate in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:402-409. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of hair as a matrix for the evaluation of chronic ethanol drinking behavior presents the advantage of a longer window of detection and higher specificity when compared to classical biochemical markers. The most recent recommendations the Society of Hair Testing (SOHT) indicate that ethyl palmitate (EtP) hair levels can be used to estimate the ethanol drinking behavior, alternatively to the combined measurement of four main fatty acid ethyl esters. In this study, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) conditions for the extraction of EtP from hair were optimized using response surface analysis, after a Box–Behnken experiment. Analyses were performed by GC-MS. The optimized HS-SPME conditions, using a PDMS-DVB (65 μm) fiber, were pre-adsorption time of 6 min, extraction time of 60 min and incubation temperature of 94°C. The linear range was 0.05 to 3 ng mg−1, with accuracy within 95.15–109.91%. Between-assay and within-assay precision were 8.58–12.53 and 6.12–6.82%, respectively. The extraction yield was 61.3–71.9%. The assay was applied to hair specimens obtained from 46 volunteers, all presenting EtP levels within the linear range of the assay. Using a statistically designed experiment, a sensitive SPME-GC-MS assay for the measurement of EtP in hair was developed and validated, requiring only 20 mg of hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bastiani
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - L L F Lizot
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - A C C Da Silva
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - R Z Hahn
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - S S Dries
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - M S Perassolo
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - M V Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - R Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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20
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WITHDRAWN: Ratio of Morphine and Codeine over Antihistamines in Urine by LC-MS/MS for Determining Opiate Metabolites from Cold Syrups. Forensic Sci Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Usman M, Naseer A, Baig Y, Jamshaid T, Shahwar M, Khurshuid S. Forensic toxicological analysis of hair: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Determination of Selected Opiates in Hair Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent: A New Approach for Sample Clean-up. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:465-476. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this article the development and validation of an analytical method using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) to determine tramadol (TRM), codeine (COD), morphine (MOR), 6-acetylcodeine (6-AC), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and fentanyl (FNT) in hair samples by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS-MS) is presented. The MEPS used a mixed mode sorbent, and the steps for sample cleanup were conditioning (three cycles of 250 μL of methanol and three cycles of 250 μL formic acid 2%); sample load (15 cycles of 150 μL); wash (150 μL of 3.36% formic acid); and elution (eight cycles of 100 μL of ammonium hydroxide 2.36% (in methanol)). Linearity was obtained from the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) up to 5 ng/mg, with all target compounds revealing determination coefficients >0.99. The LLOQs achieved were 0.01 ng/mg for TRM, COD and 6-AC, and 0.025 ng/mg for MOR, 6-MAM and FNT. The recoveries ranged from 74 to 90% (TRM), 51 to 59% (COD), 22 to 36% (MOR), 69 to 99% (6-AC), 53 to 61% (6-MAM) and 75 to 86% (FNT). Precision and accuracy revealed coefficients of variation typically below 15% and relative errors within a ±15% interval, respectively. This new approach has proven to be an excellent alternative to classic procedures, reducing the volumes of organic solvents required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
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23
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Petrochilou E, Athanaselis S, Nikolaou P, Papadodima S, Panderi I, Spiliopoulou C, Papoutsis I. Synovial fluid as an alternative specimen for quantification of drugs of abuse by GC–MS. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Hassall D, Brealey N, Wright W, Hughes S, West A, Ravindranath R, Warren F, Daley-Yates P. Hair analysis to monitor adherence to prescribed chronic inhaler drug therapy in patients with asthma or COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 51:59-64. [PMID: 29981458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor adherence to inhaled drug therapy in individuals with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be associated with suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Measurement of drug residues in hair samples has been employed to assess oral medication use over time. Here, we test the feasibility of analyzing hair samples from patients with asthma and/or COPD for assessing adherence to prescribed inhaled medication. METHODS In total, 200 male and female subjects, ≥ 18 years of age, with stable asthma and/or COPD who were receiving an acceptable standard of care daily inhaled product consistently, were recruited. Head hair samples were taken during a single visit to the clinical site and grouped by hair color according to the Fischer-Saller scale. Drug residues were extracted from milled hair samples using solid-phase extraction and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Inhaled drugs were detected in hair for 72% of subjects from whom it was possible to analyze hair samples (n = 157/200). Most hair samples obtained from subjects receiving formoterol or vilanterol had amounts of drug present that allowed determination of a quantifiable concentration, and demonstrated a dose response. Drugs were detected in all hair colors, with higher concentrations of formoterol observed in dark-haired versus light-haired individuals. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that inhaled medication can be measured in hair samples from subjects with asthma and/or COPD. The results show that hair drug concentration data could potentially provide a record of historical adherence to inhaled therapeutics.
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25
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Yang M, Luo J, Li K, Hu S, Ding T, Liu H, Sheng P, Yang M. Determination and pharmacokinetic study of guaiol in rat plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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A rapid detection method for policy-sensitive amines real-time supervision. Talanta 2018; 178:636-643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Smolianitski-Fabian E, Cohen E, Dronova M, Voloshenko-Rossin A, Lev O. Discrimination between closely related synthetic cannabinoids by GC-Cold-EI-MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:474-487. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Smolianitski-Fabian
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Etia Cohen
- Analytical Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National HQ; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Marina Dronova
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Anna Voloshenko-Rossin
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
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