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Peng L, Xu W, Wang J, Liu Y, Qian W, Wang S, Xie T, Shan J. Optimization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid volume for untargeted lipidomic method and application in influenza A virus infection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115677. [PMID: 37651923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has been widely applied for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in clinical as it was recognized as a minimally invasive, well-tolerated and easily performed procedure. Lipid analysis of BAL fluid is a comprehensive strategy to observe lipid phenotypes, explore potential biomarkers, and elucidate the biological mechanisms of respiratory diseases. However, the highly diverse concentration of lipids in BAL fluid due to the deviation between the retrieved and injected aliquot volumes during lavage raised a challenge in obtaining high-quality lipidomic data. Here, this study aims to investigate what volume of BAL fluid is suitable for lipidomic analysis. Specifically, the BAL fluid harvested from H1N1 infected mice and controls was concentrated to varying degrees by freeze-drying technique before preparation for lipidomic analysis. The optimal concentration multiple of BAL fluid was approved by comparing the coverage and quality of identified lipids, as well as the number of differentially expressed lipids in the H1N1 infection model. Sixty-two differential lipids were identified respectively in the positive and negative modes when the BAL fluid was condensed five times, and they were classified into glycerolipids, phospholipids and fatty acids. This study focuses on the alterations of phospholipids, since they are the main constituents of pulmonary surfactants. Several phospholipids significantly accumulated in the BAL fluid of H1N1-infected mice, while most of them contained omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating disrupted inflammatory homeostasis in lungs. This study recommends freeze-drying/reconstitution prior to lipid extraction from BAL fluid for lipidomic analysis, as this procedure increased the richness and abundance of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiu Peng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichen Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Qian
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaodong Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen P, Pang C, Xu T, Dong P, Han H. Characterization of chemical constituents and metabolites in vivo and in vitro after oral administration of Wuteng tablets in rats by UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5704. [PMID: 37496363 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Waste medicinal plants are widely used in drug production. With the increasing demand for botanical drugs, there is an urgent need to identify new and effective drugs and improve the utilization of medicinal plant resources. Wuteng tablets (WTP) are extracted from the stem of Schisandra chinensis and have a good therapeutic effect on Alzheimer's disease. In this study, a holistic identification strategy based on UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS was developed for the first time to investigate the metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in the in vitro metabolism and liver microsomal incubation and in the in vivo metabolic system of rats after WTP administration. After the oral administration of WTP, 21 metabolites were identified in the serum and 25 metabolites were identified in the urine, of which six were new metabolites; 33 metabolites were inferred from the microsomal metabolites in vitro. The metabolic pathways related to WTP mainly involve demethylation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation and dehydrogenation. In this study, the metabolites and metabolic pathways of WTP were elucidated via UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS, which provided a basis for an in-depth study of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacotoxicological effects of WTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Chen
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Chengguo Pang
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tianen Xu
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Peiliang Dong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Han
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Chen Y, Zhang C, Wang N, Feng Y. Deciphering suppressive effects of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule on COVID-19 and synergistic effects of its major botanical drug pairs. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:383-400. [PMID: 37245876 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in excess deaths worldwide. Conventional antiviral medicines have been used to relieve the symptoms, with limited therapeutic effect. In contrast, Lianhua Qingwen Capsule is reported to exert remarkable anti-COVID-19 effect. The current review aims to: 1) uncover the main pharmacological actions of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule for managing COVID-19; 2) verify the bioactive ingredients and pharmacological actions of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule by network analysis; 3) investigate the compatibility effect of major botanical drug pairs in Lianhua Qingwen Capsule; and 4) clarify the clinical evidence and safety of the combined therapy of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule and conventional drugs. Numerous bioactive ingredients in Lianhu Qingwen, such as quercetin, naringenin, β-sitosterol, luteolin, and stigmasterol, were identified to target host cytokines, and to regulate the immune defence in response to COVID-19. Genes including androgen receptor (AR), myeloperoxidase (MPO), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin (INS), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) were found to be significantly involved in the pharmacological actions of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule against COVID-19. Four botanical drug pairs in Lianhua Qingwen Capsule were shown to have synergistic effect for the treatment of COVID-19. Clinical studies demonstrated the medicinal effect of the combined use of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule and conventional drugs against COVID-19. In conclusion, the four main pharmacological mechanisms of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule for managing COVID-19 are revealed. Therapeutic effect has been noted against COVID-19 in Lianhua Qingwen Capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Xu J, Fang H, Chong Y, Lin L, Xie T, Ji J, Shen C, Shi C, Shan J. Cyclophosphamide Induces Lipid and Metabolite Perturbation in Amniotic Fluid during Rat Embryonic Development. Metabolites 2022; 12:1105. [PMID: 36422245 PMCID: PMC9693482 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) has been proven to be an embryo-fetal toxic. However, the mechanism responsible for the toxicity of the teratogenic agent has not been fully explored. This study aimed to examine the teratogenicity of CP when administered in the sensitive period of pregnant rats. The effect of CP on the lipid and metabolic profiles of amniotic fluid was evaluated using a UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS-based method. Metabolome analysis was performed using the MS-DIAL software with LipidBlast and NIST. Initially, we identified 636 and 154 lipid compounds in the positive and negative ion modes and 118 metabolites for differential analysis. Mainly 4 types of oxidized lipids in the amniotic fluid were found to accumulate most significantly after CP treatment, including very-long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (VLCUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing triglycerides (TGs), oxidized phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM). Tryptophan and some long-chain saturated fatty acids were lowered pronouncedly after CP treatment. These findings suggest that CP may exert teratogenic toxicity on pregnant rats through maternal and fetal oxidative stress. The UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS-based lipidomics approach is worthy of wider application for evaluating the potential toxicity of other agents (toxicants) during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huafeng Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Chong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cunsi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Cui H, Wang Y, Yu B, Wu Y, Zhang G, Guo J, Luo J, Li Q, Li X, He W, Wen W, Liao J, Wang D. Jian-Ti-Kang-Yi decoction alleviates poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia by inhibiting inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating host metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979400. [PMID: 36147321 PMCID: PMC9486163 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jian-Ti-Kang-Yi decoction (JTKY) is widely used in the treatment of COVID-19. However, the protective mechanisms of JTKY against pneumonia remain unknown. In this study, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a mimic of viral dsRNA, was used to induce pneumonia in mice; the therapeutic effects of JTKY on poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia model mice were evaluated. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potentials of JTKY were also investigated. Lastly, the metabolic regulatory effects of JTKY in poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia model mice were studied using untargeted metabolomics. Our results showed that JTKY treatment decreased the wet-to-dry ratio in the lung tissue, total protein concentration, and total cell count of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and Masson staining indicated that the JTKY treatment alleviated the pathological changes and decreased the fibrotic contents in the lungs. JTKY treatment also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] and increased the levels of immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the BALF and serum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the JTKY treatment lowered the ratio of CD86+/CD206+ macrophages in the BALF, decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level, and increased arginase 1 (Arg-1) level in lung. JTKY also lowered CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils in BALF and decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung. Moreover, it also elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and decreased methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level in lung. Untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that the JTKY treatment could affect 19 metabolites in lung, such as L-adrenaline, L-asparagine, ornithine, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. These metabolites are associated with the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, butanoate, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle processes. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that treatment with JTKY ameliorated poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia. The mechanism of action of JTKY may be associated with the inhibition of the inflammatory response, the reduction of oxidative stress, and the regulation of the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, TCA cycle, and metabolism of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and butanoate processes in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantian Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bolun Yu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaijun Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Li
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenju He
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Wen, ; Jiabao Liao, ; Dongqiang Wang,
| | - Jiabao Liao
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Wen, ; Jiabao Liao, ; Dongqiang Wang,
| | - Dongqiang Wang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Wen, ; Jiabao Liao, ; Dongqiang Wang,
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Xiao-Chai-Hu Decoction Ameliorates Poly (I:C)-Induced Viral Pneumonia through Inhibiting Inflammatory Response and Modulating Serum Metabolism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1240242. [PMID: 35865338 PMCID: PMC9296287 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1240242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral pneumonia is widespread, progresses rapidly, and has a high mortality rate. Developing safe and effective therapies to treat viral pneumonia can minimize risks to public health and alleviate pressures on the associated health systems. Xiao-Chai-Hu (XCH) decoction can be used in the treatment of viral pneumonia. However, the mechanisms of XCH on viral pneumonia remain unclear. In this study, poly (I:C) was used to establish a mouse model of viral pneumonia, and the therapeutic effects of XCH on viral pneumonia were assessed. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of XCH on inflammatory response. Lastly, untargeted metabolomics were used to study the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of XCH on viral pneumonia model mice. Our results showed that XCH treatment decreased the wet/dry ratio in lung tissue, total protein concentration, and total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). H&E staining indicated that XCH treatment alleviated the pathological changes in lung. Moreover, XCH treatment decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and lowered the ratio of CD86+/CD206+ macrophages and CD11b+LY6G+ neutrophils in BALF. XCH treatment also decreased the myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reduced the phosphorylations of PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB p65 in lung. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that XCH treatment could affect 18 metabolites in serum such as creatine, hydroxyproline, cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, hypotaurine, and taurine. These metabolites were associated with arginine and proline metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism processes. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that treatment with XCH can ameliorate viral pneumonia and reduce inflammatory response in viral pneumonia. The mechanism of action of XCH in the treatment of viral pneumonia may be associated with inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in lung and regulating arginine and proline metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in serum.
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Wang J, Luo L, Zhao X, Xue X, Liao L, Deng Y, Zhou M, Peng C, Li Y. Forsythiae Fructuse extracts alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by regulating PPAR-γ/RXR-α in lungs and colons. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115322. [PMID: 35483561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Forsythiae Fructuse (FF), the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, is used as a traditional Chinese medicine that has been reported to exert good anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of many lung diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FF in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) based on gut-lung axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALI model was established by the intratracheal instillation of 5 mg/kg LPS in ICR mice. Mice were administered intragastrically with dexamethasone (DEX), and low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose of FF extracts (LFF, MFF and HFF) in addition to the mice of control (CON) and model (MOD) groups. Pathological observation and inflammation scoring of lung tissues were based on HE staining. Limulus lysate assay was used to detect endotoxin levels in serum. Western blot and Real-time quantitative PCR were respectively applied to detect the protein and mRNA expressions in both lung and colon tissues. RESULTS Lung pathological injury, inflammatory score and inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) could be effectively suppressed by FF in LPS-induced ALI mice. FF also increased the proteins of epithelial markers (E-cadherin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1) in lung and colon tissues, and decreased colonic inflammatory genes for protecting the epithelial barriers of lung and colon. The protein expression of TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in lung and colon was significantly inhibited by FF via the regulation of PPAR-γ, a nuclear hormone receptor that forms the heterodimer with RXR-α to inhibit inflammatory gene transcription. More specifically, FF promoted the upregulation of protein, phosphorylated proteins and genes of PPAR-γ/RXR-α in lungs, while inhibited the protein overexpression and phosphorylation of PPAR-γ/RXR-α in colons. CONCLUSIONS FF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and protected the epithelial barriers in lungs and colons by regulating PPAR-γ/RXR-α in the treatment of LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Zhang Q, Liu X, Gao M, Li X, Wang Y, Chang Y, Zhang X, Huo Z, Zhang L, Shan J, Zhang F, Zhu B, Yao W. The study of human serum metabolome on the health effects of glyphosate and early warning of potential damage. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134308. [PMID: 35302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicide with high efficiency, low toxicity and broad-spectrum. In recent decades, increasing evidence suggests that glyphosate may cause adverse health effects on human beings. However, until now, there is little data on the human metabolic changes. Since occupational workers are under greater health risks than ordinary people, the understanding regarding the health effects of glyphosate on occupational workers is very important for the early warning of potential damage. In this study, serum metabolic alterations in workers from three chemical factories were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the potential health risks caused by glyphosate at the molecular level. It was found that the levels of 27 metabolites changed significantly in the exposed group compared to the controls. The altered metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism (glycolysis and TCA cycle) and glutathione metabolism (oxidative stress), etc., indicated a series of changes occur in health profile of the human body after glyphosate exposure, and the suboptimal health status of human may further evolve into various diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, renal and liver dysfunction, hepatocellular carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. Subsequently, 4 biomarkers (i.e., benzoic acid, 2-ketoisocaproic acid, alpha-ketoglutarate, and monoolein) were identified as potential biomarkers related to glyphosate exposure based on the partial correlation analyses, linear regression analyses, and FDR correction. Receiver-operating curve (ROC) analyses manifested that these potential biomarkers and their combinational pattern had good performance and potential clinical value to assess the potential health risk associated with glyphosate exposure while retaining high accuracy. Our findings provided new insights on mechanisms of health effects probably induced by glyphosate, and may be valuable for the health risk assessment of glyphosate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiuLan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Occupational Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - MengTing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - YiFei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - YueYue Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - XueMeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - ZongLi Huo
- Department of Occupational Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - JinJun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - BaoLi Zhu
- Department of Occupational Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - WeiFeng Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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9
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Li C, Sun CZ, Yang YH, Ma N, Wang YJ, Zhang FX, Pei YH. A novel strategy by integrating chemical profiling, molecular networking, chemical isolation, and activity evaluation to target isolation of potential anti-ACE2 candidates in Forsythiae Fructus. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153888. [PMID: 35026501 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is regarded as a large database containing hundreds to thousands of chemical constituents that can be further developed as clinical drugs, such as artemisinin in Artemisia annua. However, effectively exploring novel candidates is still a challenge faced by researchers. PURPOSE In this work, an integrated strategy combining chemical profiling, molecular networking, chemical isolation, and activity evaluation (CMCA strategy) was proposed and applied to systematically characterize and screen novel candidates, and Forsythiae fructus (FF) was used as an example. STUDY DESIGN It contained four parts. First, the chemical compounds in FF were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) with data-dependent acquisition, and further, the targeted compounds were screened out based on an in-house database. In the meantime, the representative MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of different chemical structure types were summarized. Second, homologous constituents were grouped and organized based on feature-guided molecular networking, and the nontargeted components with homologous mass fragmentation behaviors were characterized. Third, the novel compounds were isolated and unambiguously identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Finally, the anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activities of isolated chemical constituents were further evaluated by in vitro experiments. RESULTS A total of 278 compounds were profiled in FF, including 151 targeted compounds and 127 nontargeted compounds. Among them, 16 were unambitiously identified by comparison with reference standards. Moreover, 25 were classified into potential novel compounds. Two novel compounds were unambiguously identified by using conventional chromatographic methods, and they were named phillyrigeninside D (peak 254) and forsythenside O (peak 155). Furthermore, the ACE2 activity of the compounds in FF was evaluated by modern pharmacological methods, and among them, suspensaside A was confirmed to present obvious anti-ACE2 activity. CONCLUSION Our work provides meaningful information for revealing potential FF candidates for the treatment of COVID-19, along with new insight for exploring novel candidates from complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Chen-Zhi Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yi-Hui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ya-Jing Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Liu Z, Huo JH, Dong WT, Sun GD, Li FJ, Zhang YN, Qin ZW, Pengna J, Wang WM. A Study Based on Metabolomics, Network Pharmacology, and Experimental Verification to Explore the Mechanism of Qinbaiqingfei Concentrated Pills in the treatment of Mycoplasma Pneumonia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:761883. [PMID: 34803705 PMCID: PMC8599429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.761883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Qinbaiqingfei concentrated pills (QB) are a commonly used medicine for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in China, and the mechanism of action of QB needs to be studied further. Therefore, we use a combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology to clarify the mechanism of QB. Nontarget metabolomics studies were performed on rat serum, urine, and lung tissues, and 56 therapeutic biomarkers were found. Subsequently, the components of QB absorbed into the blood and lung tissues were clarified, and based on this finding, the core target of network pharmacology was predicted. The enrichment analysis of biomarkers–genes finally confirmed their close relationship with the NF-κB signaling pathway. By western blotting expression of the proteins in the lung tissue–related signaling pathways, it is finally confirmed that QB inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway through SIRT1, IL-10 and MMP9, CTNNB1, EGFR, and other targets. It plays a role in regulating immunity, regulating metabolism, and treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Hai Huo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Ting Dong
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Dong Sun
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Feng-Jin Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Qin
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Jiang Pengna
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
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11
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Network Pharmacology-Based Identification of Potential Targets of Lonicerae japonicae Flos Acting on Anti-Inflammatory Effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5507003. [PMID: 34595237 PMCID: PMC8478540 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5507003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF) is widely used for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). To clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of LJF, 29 compounds with high content in LJF were selected for network pharmacology. Then, a comprehensive network pharmacology strategy was implemented, which involved compound-inflammation-target construction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and enrichment analysis. Finally, molecular docking and in vitro experiments were performed to verify the anti-inflammatory activity and targets of the key compound. As a result, 279 inflammation-associated proteins were identified, which are mainly involved in the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. A total of 12 compounds were linked to more than 35 targets, including apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, and ferulic acid. The results of molecular docking showed that AKT has the most binding activity, exhibiting certain binding activity with 10 compounds, including vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, secologanic acid, quercetin, and luteolin; the results of qRT-PCR and WB confirmed that two key compounds, secologanic acid and luteolin, could significantly decrease the secretion of TNF-α and the AKT expression of RAW264.7 murine macrophages stimulated by LPS (lipopolysaccharide). These results demonstrate that the comprehensive strategy can serve as a universal method to illustrate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine by identifying the pathways or targets.
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12
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Ambruso SL, Gil HW, Fox B, Park B, Altmann C, Bagchi RA, Baker PR, Reisz JA, Faubel S. Lung metabolomics after ischemic acute kidney injury reveals increased oxidative stress, altered energy production, and ATP depletion. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L50-L64. [PMID: 33949208 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00042.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease associated with increased mortality that may be due to deleterious distant organ effects. AKI associated with respiratory complications, in particular, has a poor outcome. In murine models, AKI is characterized by increased circulating cytokines, lung chemokine upregulation, and neutrophilic infiltration, similar to other causes of indirect acute lung injury (ALI; e.g., sepsis). Many causes of lung inflammation are associated with a lung metabolic profile characterized by increased oxidative stress, a shift toward the use of other forms of energy production, and/or a depleted energy state. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have evaluated pulmonary energy production and metabolism after AKI. We hypothesized that based on the parallels between inflammatory acute lung injury and AKI-mediated lung injury, a similar metabolic profile would be observed. Lung metabolomics and ATP levels were assessed 4 h, 24 h, and 7 days after ischemic AKI in mice. Numerous novel findings regarding the effect of AKI on the lung were observed including 1) increased oxidative stress, 2) a shift toward alternate methods of energy production, and 3) depleted levels of ATP. The findings in this report bring to light novel characteristics of AKI-mediated lung injury and provide new leads into the mechanisms by which AKI in patients predisposes to pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Ambruso
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado.,University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Hyo-Wook Gil
- Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, ChungcheongNam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Fox
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Bryan Park
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Rushita A Bagchi
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Peter R Baker
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Julie A Reisz
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sarah Faubel
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado.,University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
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13
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Ding JX, Liu C, Liu XW, Yan WN, Li WP, Shi H, Li JX, Tang CL, Zhou Y. Identification of compounds with antipyretic effects and anti-endotoxin activity in different species of Lonicera japonica using spectrum-effect correlation. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:665. [PMID: 33986830 PMCID: PMC8112112 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) is a common and straight forward approach used in the evaluation of the quality of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). Quality control is a critical step when systematically assessing the efficacy of TCMs. In the present study, the spectrum-effect correlation method was used to identify pharmacologically active substances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying correlations between common chemical compounds with antipyretic effects and the anti-endotoxin activity of Lonicera japonica. The common chemical constituents of Lonicera japonica were analyzed using LC, and the antipyretic effects and anti-endotoxin activity were determined using ELISAs. Combining the results of bivariate and principal component analysis methods, eight active constituents were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results of these analyses indicated that neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acids A, B and C served a synergistic role with respect to antipyretic effects and anti-endotoxin activity. The present study lays a foundation for the future clinical use of Lonicera japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xiong-Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Na Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Pei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Hui Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Lin Tang
- Guizhou Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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14
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Su X, Zhu ZH, Zhang L, Wang Q, Xu MM, Lu C, Zhu Y, Zeng J, Duan JA, Zhao M. Anti-inflammatory property and functional substances of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113502. [PMID: 33189843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis, the dried stem and branch of Lonicera japonica Thunb., is a Chinese Materia Medica known as Ren Dong Teng in Chinese with long use history in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions. Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis possesses heat-clearing and detoxifying functions according to the TCM theory. In recent years, a large amount of experimental and clinical studies proved good anti-inflammatory effects of some heat-clearing and detoxifying herbs. The present study aims to reveal the anti-inflammatory property and functional substances of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis. MATERIALS AND METHODS For anti-inflammatory activity test, LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, DSS-induced SPF male C57BL/6J mice model, and LPS-induced SPF male ICR mice model were used in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The behavioral changes, organ damage, and the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNT-α and IL-6 mRNA expression were measured for activity evaluation. Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis samples were prepared by solvent extraction and subsequent column chromatography. The main components were identified and determined using UPLC-UV analysis as well as NMR interpretation after purification. To testify the contribution of main components for the anti-inflammatory activity, different samples were also prepared by compound-knockout strategy. RESULTS Ethanol extract of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis could attenuate sickness symptoms in mice such as diarrhea, less activity, and depression. It could also alleviate multiple organ damage, and significantly inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ in mice. Furthermore, the isochlorogenic acid-rich and biflavonoid-rich fractions and isochlorogenic acids A and C, and ochnaflavone could significantly down-regulate the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis possesses anti-inflammatory property. Its isochlorogenic acid-rich and biflavonoid-rich fractions do the major contribution. And their main components, isochlorogenic acids A and C, and ochnaflavone, take main responsibility for the anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ming-Ming Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cai Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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15
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Chen X, Yin L, Peng L, Liang Y, Lv H, Ma T. Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Plumbagin with Gentamicin Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2751-2759. [PMID: 32884304 PMCID: PMC7432958 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s265753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aminoglycosides are one of a few susceptible antimicrobials available for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). However, the altered pharmacokinetics and increasing drug resistance of aminoglycosides will make them hardly effective if used in monotherapy. The purpose of this study was to identify herbal compounds that potentiate the antibacterial effect of gentamicin against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) with gentamicin resistance and explore the action mechanisms. Methods A collection of 280 Chinese herbal compounds was screened for synergistic effect with gentamicin against CRKp by broth microdilution method according to the standard of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Intracellular gentamicin was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The membrane potential was evaluated by BacLightTM Bacterial Membrane Potential Kit. Plumbagin-induced metabolite changes of vital metabolic pathways were measured by an optimized untargeted metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was detected via EnzyChrom NAD/NADH assay kit. Results We identified plumbagin to remarkably potentiate the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin against the CRKp with gentamicin resistance. Plumbagin at 100 μM could bring the MIC of gentamicin from >16 μg/mL to ~4 μg/mL despite its minimal inhibitory effect on the CRKp. A similar synergistic effect with gentamicin was also observed in an antibiotics-susceptible strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Compared with gentamicin monotreatment, the combination group showed a higher intracellular concentration of gentamicin and increased membrane potential in CRKp. Metabolomics analysis indicated remarkable increases of malate and α-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the CRKp upon plumbagin treatment. Further analysis revealed higher intracellular NADH concentration in plumbagin-treated CRKp, supporting increased proton-motive force (PMF) that facilitates aminoglycosides uptake. Conclusion Herbal compound plumbagin was identified to stimulate gentamicin uptake by CRKp via enhancing TCA efflux and PMF to achieve a synergistic antibacterial effect. Plumbagin may be used in combination with aminoglycosides for severe CRKp infection by potentiating their therapeutic efficacy and lowering dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chen
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Yin
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxiu Peng
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshan Liang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Lv
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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16
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Lyu MS, Li DY, Zhou SZ, Ban CJ, Yan J. Adult-onset Still's disease successfully treated with Chinese herbal medicine: A case report with 15-month follow-up. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:530-534. [PMID: 32928700 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare but clinically well-known, polygenic, and systemic autoinflammatory disease, which is characterized by spiking fever, evanescent skin rash, arthralgia, and sore throat. The application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids, which are first-line therapies of AOSD, is limited due to their side effects such as liver injury or disorder of blood glucose. Therefore, patients who suffer from systemic diseases in China prefer to seek help from Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), which is an important part of complementary and alternative medicine. In this case, we report a 28-year-old male badminton coach presenting with a 15-day history of fever and skin rash, accompanied by sore throat, fatigue, myalgia and chills. Additionally, hepatosplenomegaly, multiple lymphadenopathies, aminotransferase abnormality, and elevated inflammatory factor levels were observed during hospitalization. Infectious diseases, solid tumors, hematological diseases, and common autoimmune diseases were excluded. Not benefitting from antibiotic therapy, the patient was finally diagnosed with AOSD, after a careful examination, then showed rapid remission after a six-week treatment with CHM granules based on Xiaochaihu Decoction and Yinqiao Powder. After stopping the treatment, there was no relapse within a 15-month follow-up period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first well-documented case of this successful treatment. The present case report suggests that CHM is a reliable choice for complementary and alternative therapy for AOSD, but confirming the utility of CHM for AOSD requires further support from prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Lyu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - De-Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shao-Zhong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Ban
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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Wu P, Huang Z, Shan J, Luo Z, Zhang N, Yin S, Shen C, Xing R, Mei W, Xiao Y, Xu B, Mao J, Wang P. Interventional effects of the direct application of "Sanse powder" on knee osteoarthritis in rats as determined from lipidomics via UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. Chin Med 2020; 15:9. [PMID: 31998403 PMCID: PMC6979340 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous clinical evidence suggested that the direct application of "Sanse powder" the main ingredient of "Yiceng" might represent an alternative treatment for knee osteoarthritis. However, the mechanism underlying its effect is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the effect of direct "Sanse powder" application for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in rats by using lipidomics. METHODS KOA rats were established by cutting the anterior cruciate ligament, and the cold pain threshold and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) of seven rats from each group were measured before modelling (0 days) and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after modelling. Histopathological evaluation of the synovial tissue was performed by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining after modelling for 28 days. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) proteins in synovial tissue were measured by western blot, and the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in synovial tissue were measured using Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in rat serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Serum lipid profiles were obtained by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS). RESULTS The results confirmed that the direct application of "Sanse powder" had a significant protective effect against KOA in rats. Treatment with "Sanse powder" not only attenuated synovial tissue inflammation but also increased the levels of the cold pain threshold and MWT. In addition, the lipidomics results showed that the levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerols (TAGs), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were restored almost to control levels following treatment. CONCLUSIONS Lipidomics provides a better understanding of the actions of direct application "Sanse powder" therapy for KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Zhengquan Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Zichen Luo
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Nongshan Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Songjiang Yin
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Cunsi Shen
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Runlin Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Wei Mei
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yancheng Xiao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Bo Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jun Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Peimin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029 China
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18
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Metabolomic Analysis of Influenza A Virus A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) Infected A549 Cells during First Cycle of Viral Replication. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111007. [PMID: 31683654 PMCID: PMC6893833 DOI: 10.3390/v11111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has developed strategies to utilize host metabolites which, after identification and isolation, can be used to discover the value of immunometabolism. During this study, to mimic the metabolic processes of influenza virus infection in human cells, we infect A549 cells with H1N1 (WSN) influenza virus and explore the metabolites with altered levels during the first cycle of influenza virus infection using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) technology. We annotate the metabolites using MetaboAnalyst and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses, which reveal that IAV regulates the abundance of the metabolic products of host cells during early infection to provide the energy and metabolites required to efficiently complete its own life cycle. These metabolites are correlated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mainly are involved in purine, lipid, and glutathione metabolisms. Concurrently, the metabolites interact with signal receptors in A549 cells to participate in cellular energy metabolism signaling pathways. Metabonomic analyses have revealed that, in the first cycle, the virus not only hijacks cell metabolism for its own replication, but also affects innate immunity, indicating a need for further study of the complex relationship between IAV and host cells.
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19
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Zhang W, Cheng C, Han Q, Chen Y, Guo J, Wu Q, Zhu B, Shan J, Shi L. Flos Abelmoschus manihot extract attenuates DSS-induced colitis by regulating gut microbiota and Th17/Treg balance. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Lin L, Yan H, Chen J, Xie H, Peng L, Xie T, Zhao X, Wang S, Shan J. Application of metabolomics in viral pneumonia treatment with traditional Chinese medicine. Chin Med 2019; 14:8. [PMID: 30911327 PMCID: PMC6417174 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been reported to provide reliable therapies for viral pneumonia, but the therapeutic mechanism remains unknown. As a systemic approach, metabolomics provides an opportunity to clarify the action mechanism of TCMs, TCM syndromes or after TCM treatment. This review aims to provide the metabolomics evidence available on TCM-based therapeutic measures against viral pneumonia. Metabolomics has been gradually applied to the efficacy evaluation of TCMs in treatment of viral pneumonia and the metabolomics analysis exhibits a systemic metabolic shift in lipid, amino acids, and energy metabolism. Currently, most studies of TCM in treatment of viral pneumonia are untargeted metabolomics and further validations on targeted metabolomics should be carried out together with molecular biology technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hua Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Huihui Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Linxiu Peng
- School of Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Shouchuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
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21
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Qian W, Shan J, Shen C, Yang R, Xie T, Di L. Brain Metabolomics Reveal the Antipyretic Effects of Jinxin Oral Liquid in Young Rats by Using Gas Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2019; 9:E6. [PMID: 30609645 PMCID: PMC6359216 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrexia is considered as a part of host's defense response to the invasion of microorganisms or inanimate matter recognized as pathogenic or alien, which frequently occurs in children. Jinxin oral liquid (JXOL) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been widely used to treat febrile children in China. Experimental fever was induced by injecting yeast into young male Sprague-Dawley rats (80 ± 20 g) and the rectal temperature subsequently changed. Four hours later, the excessive production of interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin (PG) E2 induced by yeast was regulated to normal by JXOL administration. A rat brain metabolomics investigation of pyrexia of yeast and antipyretic effect of JXOL was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Clear separation was achieved between the model and normal group. Twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were found in pyretic rats as potential biomarkers of fever. Twelve metabolites, significantly adjusted by JXOL to help relieve pyrexia, were selected out as biomarkers of antipyretic mechanism of JXOL, which were involved in glycolysis, purine metabolism, tryptophan mechanism, etc. In conclusion, the brain metabolomics revealed potential biomarkers in the JXOL antipyretic process and the associated pathways, which may aid in advanced understanding of fever and therapeutic mechanism of JXOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Cunsi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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