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Lin R, Xie L, Zheng X, Patience DOD, Duan X. Advances and challenges in biocathode microbial electrolysis cells for chlorinated organic compounds degradation from electroactive perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167141. [PMID: 37739072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising in-situ strategy for chlorinated organic compound (COC) pollution remediation due to its high efficiency, low energy input, and long-term potential. Reductive dechlorination as the most critical step in COC degradation which takes place primarily in the cathode chamber of MECs is a complex biochemical process driven by the behavior of electrons. However, no information is currently available on the internal mechanism of MEC in dechlorination from the perspective of the whole electron transfer procedure and its dependent electrode materials. This review addresses the underlying mechanism of MEC on the fundamental of the generation (electron donor), transmission (transfer pathway), utilization (functional microbiota) and reception (electron acceptor) of electrons in dechlorination. In addition, the vital role of varied cathode materials involved in the entire electron transfer procedure during COC dechlorination is emphasized. Subsequently, suggestions for future research, including model construction, cathode material modification, and expanding the applicability of MECs to removal gaseous COCs have been proposed. This paper enriches the mechanism of COC degradation by MEC, and thus provides the theoretical support for the scale-up bioreactors for efficient COC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dzedzemo-On Dufela Patience
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Šrédlová K, Cajthaml T. Recent advances in PCB removal from historically contaminated environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132096. [PMID: 34523439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite being drastically restricted in the 1970s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) still belong among the most hazardous contaminants. The chemical stability and dielectric properties of PCBs made them suitable for a number of applications, which then lead to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. PCBs are highly bioaccumulative and persistent, and their teratogenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine-disrupting features have been widely reported in the literature. This review discusses recent advances in different techniques and approaches to remediate historically contaminated matrices, which are one of the most problematic in regard to decontamination feasibility and efficiency. The current knowledge published in the literature shows that PCBs are not sufficiently removed from the environment by natural processes, and thus, the suitability of some approaches (e.g., natural attenuation) is limited. Physicochemical processes are still the most effective; however, their extensive use is constrained by their high cost and often their destructiveness toward the matrices. Despite their limited reliability, biological methods and their application in combinations with other techniques could be promising. The literature reviewed in this paper documents that a combination of techniques differing in their principles should be a future research direction. Other aspects discussed in this work include the incompleteness of some studies. More attention should be given to the evaluation of toxicity during these processes, particularly in terms of monitoring different modes of toxic action. In addition, decomposition mechanisms and products need to be sufficiently clarified before combined, tailor-made approaches can be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Šrédlová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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3
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Xu W, Zhang J, Shen Y, Yu H, Chen K, Zhu Y, Shen C, Lou L. The effect of black carbon on the chemical degradability of PCB1 via TENAX desorption technology from the perspective of adsorption states. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131583. [PMID: 34293558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical degradation is one of the crucial methods for the remediation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soil/sediment. The sequestration effect of black carbon (BC) can affect the adsorption state of HOCs, thereby affecting their chemical degradability. Our study focused on the chemical degradability of 2-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB1) sequestrated on the typical BC (fly ash (FC), soot (SC), low-temperature biochar (BC400) and high-temperature biochar (BC900)) by iron-nickel bimetallic nanomaterials (nZVI/Ni) based on TENAX desorption technology. The results showed that PCB1 adsorbed in various states were simultaneously dechlorinated by nZVI/Ni. Specifically, rapid-desorption-state PCB1 tended to degrade more easily than resistant-desorption-state PCB1. Moreover, the degradation mechanism varied according to the type of BC. In the case of FC and SC, the degradation rate was lower than the desorption rate for the PCB1 in rapid and slow desorption states, and the degradation rate of PCB1 in the resistant desorption state was negligible. The PCB1 on FC and SC was first desorbed from BC and then degraded. However, in terms of BC400 and BC900, the degradation rate was higher than the desorption rate, and the degradation rate of the resistant-desorption-state PCB1 was 1.4 × 10-2 h-1 and 4.1 × 10-2 h-1, respectively. The graphitized structure of BC900 can directly transfer electrons, so more than 90% of the resistant-desorption-state PCB1 could be degraded. In addition, BC may affect the longevity of nZVI/Ni, thereby affecting its degradability. Therefore, the chemical degradability of BC-adsorbed HOCs should be comprehensively evaluated based on the adsorption state and the properties of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - KeZhen Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghong Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, 310020, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, 310020, People's Republic of China.
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Li Q, Chen Z, Wang H, Yang H, Wen T, Wang S, Hu B, Wang X. Removal of organic compounds by nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148546. [PMID: 34465057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During the latest several decades, the continuous development of the economy and industry has brought more and more serious organic pollutants to the natural environment, which have inevitably aroused severe menace to human health and the environmental system. The nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles and NZVI-based materials have widely applied to remove organic pollutants. This article reviews the key advancements of different methods for the synthesis of NZVI and NZVI-based materials. Different modification methods (e.g., doped NZVI, encapsulated NZVI and supported NZVI) are also introduced detailedly for overcoming the defects of NZVI such as aggregation and easy oxidation. The removal of different organic pollutants including dyes, halogenated organic compounds, nitro-organic compounds, phenolic compounds, pesticides, and antibiotics are summarized. The interaction mechanisms, including adsorption, reduction, and active oxidation of organic pollutants by NZVI/NZVI-based composites, are discussed. The dyes are mainly removed by destroying their chromogenic group according to the reduction or the Fenton-like reaction with NZVI. The removal of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) is realized by the dehalogenation process, including reductive elimination, hydrogenolysis, and hydrogenation. As for the nitro-organic compounds, three different reduction pathways as nitro-reduction (into amino), cleavage at the carbon‑nitrogen bond or denitration of the NO2 group may take effect. The phenolic compounds can be mineralized into inorganic molecules, including CO2 and H2O, by Fenton oxidation. This review might provide the basis for future studies on developing more effective NZVI-based materials for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated by organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhongshan Chen
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Huihui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Xiangke Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Wu SC, Lu CC. Evaluation of applying an alkaline green tea/ferrous iron system to lindane remediation impacts to soil and plant growth-promoting microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147511. [PMID: 33975108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Application of in situ chemical oxidation or reduction (ISCO/ISCR) technologies for contaminated soil remediation and its subsequent impact on soil is gaining increased attention. Reductive reactivity, generated from green tea (GT) extract mixed with ferrous (Fe2+) ions under alkaline conditions (the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system), has been considered as a promising ISCR process; however, its impact on soil has never been studied. In this study, the impact of applying the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system on soil was evaluated by analyzing the variations of the soil microbial community, diversity, and richness using next-generation 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing while mimicking the lindane-contaminated soil remediation procedure. Lindane was reductively degraded by the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system with reaction rate constants of 0.014 to 0.057 μM/h depending on the lindane dosage. Environmental change to the alkaline condition significantly decreased the microbial diversity and richness, but the recovery of the influence was observed subsequently. Bacteria that mainly belong within the phylum Firmicutes, including Salipaludibacillus, Anaerobacillus, Bacillaceae, and Paenibacillaceae, were greatly enhanced due to the alkaline condition. Besides, the dominance of heterotrophic, iron-metabolic, lindane-catabolic, and facultative bacteria was observed in the other corresponding conditions. From the results of principal component analysis (PCA), although dominant microbes all shifted significantly at every lindane-existing condition, the set of optimal lindane treatment with the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system had a minimized effect on the plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Nitrogen-cycling-related PGPB is sensitive to all factors of the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system. However, the other types, including plant-growth-inducer producing, phosphate solubilizing, and siderophore producing PGPB, has less impact under the optimal treatment. Our results demonstrate that the alkaline GT/Fe2+ system is an effective and soil-ecosystem-friendly ISCR remediation technology for lindane contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chen Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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6
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Li Y, Zhao HP, Zhu L. Remediation of soil contaminated with organic compounds by nanoscale zero-valent iron: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143413. [PMID: 33246720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been gradually applied in soil remediation due to its strong reducing ability and large specific surface area. Compared to conventional remediation solutions, in situ remediation using nZVI offers some unique advantages. In this review, respective merits and demerits of each approach to nZVI synthesis are summarized in detail, particularly the most commonly used aqueous-phase reduction method featuring surface modification. In order to overcome undesired oxidation and agglomeration of fresh nZVI due to its high reactivity, modifications of nZVI have been developed such as doping with transition metals, stabilization using macromolecules or surfactants, and sulfidation. Mechanisms underlying efficient removal of organic pollutants enabled by the modified nZVI lie in alleviative oxidation and agglomeration of nZVI and enhanced electron utilization efficiency. In addition to chemical modification, other assisting methods for further improving nZVI mobility and reactivity, such as electrokinetics and microbial technologies, are evaluated. The effects of different remediation technologies and soil physicochemical properties on remediation performance of nZVI are also summarized. Overall, this review offers an up-to-date comprehensive understanding of nZVI-driven soil remediation from scientific and practical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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7
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Surfactants-based remediation as an effective approach for removal of environmental pollutants—A review. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Peng YP, Chen TY, Wu CY, Chang YC, Chen KF. Dispersant-modified iron nanoparticles for mobility enhancement and TCE degradation: a comparison study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34157-34166. [PMID: 30456616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dispersants including Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, and polyacrylic acid (PAA) were used to modify nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). All dispersants dispersed nZVI effectively. PAA-modified nZVI was more stable than nZVI that was modified with Tween surfactant. Iron nanoparticles that were prepared using 0.5-5.0% (vol%) of PAA remained in suspension for more than 2 h. nZVI that was modified using Tween surfactant remained in suspension for 30-60 min, and there was complete sedimentation of bare iron in 10 min. When 2.0-5.0% (vol%) of Tween surfactant was used, the stability of the nZVI that was modified using Tween 20 was much better than that for nZVI that was modified using Tween 40 or Tween 60. The results for the transportation test show that nZVI that was prepared using 2% (vol%) of Tween 20 exhibited the best mobility in porous media. Approximately 83-90% of TCE was degraded by bare, PAA-modified, and Tween 20-modified nZVI, and about 63-67% of TCE was removed by nZVI that was modified using Tween 40 and Tween 60 during 20 days of reaction. The production of cis-dichloroethene (DCE) and 1,1-DCE demonstrates that TCE is removed via reductive dechlorination. The results of this study show that PAA- and Tween 20-modified nZVI are more practical for in situ remediation because they exhibit good mobility and degrade TCE effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ping Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Xitun, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Department of Landscape Architecture, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping, Taichung, 41170, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, 1 Univ. Rd, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, 1 Univ. Rd, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Fan Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, 1 Univ. Rd, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan.
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Benamar A, Tian Y, Portet-Koltalo F, Ammami MT, Giusti-Petrucciani N, Song Y, Boulangé-Lecomte C. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of multi-contaminated dredged sediments and induced effect on their toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:744-755. [PMID: 31071561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic (EK) remediation is often developed for metal decontamination but shows limitations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) which are nonionic and involve low aqueous solubility. This paper reports many laboratory studies devoted to the investigations of EK efficiency on the mobility and the removal of metals, PAHs and PCBs from dredged sediments, using a mixture of chelating agent and surfactants. The results showed that increasing chelating agent concentration was favorable for both metal and PAH removal. Applying a periodic voltage gradient associated to a low concentration of additives provided the best removal of Zn, Cd and Pb and also the 16 priority PAHs. The tested fresh harbor sediment was highly resistant to metals and organics mobilization and transport because of an aged contamination, a high buffering capacity, a very low hydraulic permeability and a high organic matter content. However, experiments performed on a former sediment which was deposited many years ago provided better removal results, involving low organic matter and carbonates content. The efficiency of the EK process was also assessed by measuring the acute toxicity of the EK-treated sediment on the copepod Eurytemora affinis exposed to sediment elutriates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benamar
- Normandie University, ULHN, LOMC UMR CNRS 6294, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Le Havre, France.
| | - Y Tian
- Normandie University, ULHN, LOMC UMR CNRS 6294, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Le Havre, France.
| | - F Portet-Koltalo
- Normandie University, URN, COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Evreux, France.
| | - M T Ammami
- CESI, Engineering School, Civil Engineering Department, Nanterre, Paris, France.
| | - N Giusti-Petrucciani
- Normandie University, ULHN, SEBIO UMR-I 02, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Le Havre, France.
| | - Y Song
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - C Boulangé-Lecomte
- Normandie University, ULHN, SEBIO UMR-I 02, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Le Havre, France.
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Zhao R, Zhou Z, Zhao X, Jing G. Enhanced Cr(VI) removal from simulated electroplating rinse wastewater by amino-functionalized vermiculite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:458-467. [PMID: 30485829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel amino-functionalized vermiculite (AVT)-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (AVT-nZVI) was successfully synthesized for Cr(VI) removal from simulated electroplating rinse wastewater. Since the agglomeration and oxidation of nZVI could be weakened and the reaction rate between Cr(VI) and nZVI could be enhanced for the novel AVT-nZVI, an efficient Cr(VI) removal could be achieved. The experimental results showed that 100% of Cr(VI) removal was obtained with AVT-nZVI, whereas only 87.5% was achieved by nZVI after reacting for 60 min with 20.0 mg L-1 Cr(VI) (pH = 5.0). After four cycles, the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) by AVT-nZVI still maintained at above 70%, suggesting that AVT-nZVI exhibited a good performance of reusability. The stability of AVT-nZVI particles was better than nZVI, which was confirmed by the steady-state polarization measurements. Furthermore, the removal of Cr(VI) by AVT-nZVI was proved to be in accordance with the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics and Langmuir model. Based on the experiments and characterization, the reaction mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by AVT-nZVI was clarified. The protonated amino groups (-NH3+) on the AVT promoted negative Cr(VI) species to be adsorbed on AVT-nZVI surface. Besides, Cr(VI) was reduced by Fe (0) to Cr(III), which was eventually adsorbed on the surface of AVT-nZVI particles as the Cr(III)-Fe(III) co-precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Zuoming Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Guohua Jing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Boyarskii VP, Sangaranarayanan MV, Boyarskaya IA, Tolstopyatova EG, Chulkova TG. Electrochemical Reduction of Trichlorobiphenyls: Mechanism and Regioselectivity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Cao M, Tu S, Xiong S, Zhou H, Chen J, Lu X. EDDS enhanced PCB degradation and heavy metals stabilization in co-contaminated soils by ZVI under aerobic condition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:265-272. [PMID: 29990814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, biodegradable ligand EDDS was employed to assist ZVI on simultaneous remediation of PCB and heavy metals co-contaminated soils under aerobic condition. With addition of 4 mmol L-1 EDDS and 5 g L-1 ZVI, the total removal ratio of PCB reached 75.3%, and the stabilization ratio of Pb and Cu attained 97.1% and 91.9% respectively. EDDS played two key roles during the process. Firstly, the addition of EDDS could enhance hydroxyl radical generation by ZVI and oxygen for the oxidation of PCB including distribution in the soil phase and dissolved form in the aqueous phase. Secondly, free EDDS could accelerate the release of Cu and Pb from the soil phase to the aqueous phase. As the oxidation of EDDS and the increase of pH value during the process, the dissolved Cu and Pb could be efficiently stabilized by iron oxyhydroxide through coprecipitation. Compared with ZVI/Air, ZVI/EDDS/Air treatment could significantly enhance the stabilization of Pb and Cu. The reason was the dissolution of Cu and Pb by EDDS extraction could reduce the mass transfer limitations between heavy metals and iron oxyhydroxide. Therefore, our study suggests a promising alternative for remediation of organic compounds and heavy metals co-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Shuxin Tu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Shuanglian Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Institute of Eco-environment and Soil remediation, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Badmus KO, Coetsee-Hugo E, Swart H, Petrik L. Synthesis and characterisation of stable and efficient nano zero valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23667-23684. [PMID: 29748806 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) is an excellent adsorbent/reductant with wide applicability in remediation of persistent contaminants in soil, water and groundwater aquifers. There are concerns about its environmental fate, agglomeration, toxicity and stability in the air. Several modification methods have applied chistosan, green tea, carboxyl methyl cellulose and other coating substances to ensure production of nZVI with excellent air stability and effectiveness. The synthesis of a novel green nZVI (gNZVI) with Harpephyllum caffrum leaf extracts was successfully executed in the current study. Production of gNZVI involved the simultaneous addition of an optimum amount of the NaBH4 and H. caffrum extract to FeCl3 in an inert environment (Nitrogen). The solution was stirred for 30 min, washed with dilute ethanol (50%) and freeze dried. This procedure offered the best option for the synthesis of gNZVI in terms of nontoxic and inexpensive choice of stabiliser/reductant. Systematic characterisations using TGA, TEM, SEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS confirmed the synthesis of crystalline, stable, reactive, well-dispersed and predominantly 50 nm diameter sized gNZVI compared to the conventionally synthesised nZVI which is 65 nm. The activity testing using Orange II sodium salt (OR2) confirmed the effectiveness of the synthesised gNZVI as an excellent Fenton catalyst with 65% degradation of 20 ppm OR2 dye in 1 h reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassim O Badmus
- Environmental and Nanoscience, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Elizabeth Coetsee-Hugo
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Hendrik Swart
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nanoscience, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Gameiro PH, Pereira NC, Rocha JAV, Leal KA, Vargas VMF. Assessment of sediment mutagenicity in areas under the influence of a contaminated site undergoing a remediation process. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:625-638. [PMID: 29637621 DOI: 10.1002/em.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination enters aquatic ecosystems affecting sediment quality. The region studied is the Taquari River, Brazil, close to a site contaminated by wood preservatives, with a runoff route into the river. The first stage of the remediation process (In this article, the terms intervention and remediation have been used with slightly different meanings. We consider intervention to be the first phase of the remediation process, which aims to remove active sources) was an intervention to remove the main active sources. The Salmonella/microsome assay and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to assess sediment quality in organic extracts during different intervention phases. The strains used were TA98, TA97a, and TA100 with and without S9mix (±S9). The results indicated the presence of pro-mutagens at site Ta010 (closest to the contaminated site) in all samplings, and the highest result occurred before intervention for TA100 + S9 (1,672 ± 215.9 rev/g). These values decreased during (83 ± 23.6 rev/g) and after this process (403 ± 105.9 rev/g), although the PAHs concentrations increased. Samples from this site presented PAHs with a carcinogenic potential during the assessed periods. After intervention, Ta006 (4 km downstream from Ta010) showed the most significant mutagenesis for TA100 + S9 (764 ± 230.2 rev/g) and, although the total PAHs values were lower, the species considered carcinogenic had higher concentrations. Mutagenesis predicted values of PAHs confirmed that carcinogenic species were predominantly detected by TA100, and the other PAHs by TA97a strains. Marked contaminant release to the river was observed, mainly in Ta010 at different periods. Mutagenicity and PAHs values in an internal stream, upstream from Ta010, showed a dispersion route of these agents. Thus, contamination in Ta010 and possible contribution to Ta006, after intervention, provides a warning regarding environmental quality in the region. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:625-638, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hauber Gameiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Cx Postal, Porto Alegre, RS, 15007, Brazil
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-090, Brazil
| | - Naiara Costa Pereira
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-090, Brazil
| | - Jocelita Aparecida Vaz Rocha
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-090, Brazil
| | - Karen Alam Leal
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-090, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Cx Postal, Porto Alegre, RS, 15007, Brazil
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-090, Brazil
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15
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Qiao W, Ye S, Wu J, Zhang M. Surfactant-Enhanced Electroosmotic Flushing in a Trichlorobenzene Contaminated Clayey Soil. GROUND WATER 2018; 56:673-679. [PMID: 29320601 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of the sites contaminated with organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes, remains a challenging issue. Electroosmotic flushing can be a promising approach which is based on mechanism of electrokinetic remediation for removal of organic contaminants from fluids in low-permeability soil. To select an optimum surfactant that can effectively enhance electroosmotic flushing, three common surfactants, Triton X-100 (EK2), Tween 80 (EK3), and a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 (EK4) buffered with Na2 HPO4 /NaH2 PO4 solution, were tested. The efficiency of each kind of surfactant was evaluated using a three-dimensional box filled with a clayey soil spiked with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and compared with a test (EK1) without surfactant. The results demonstrated that the buffer solutions efficiently neutralized H+ and OH- produced by electrolysis. EK3 with Tween 80 added in the flushing solution reached the highest electroosmotic permeability of 10-4 cm2 /v/s and achieved a notably high cumulative electroosmotic flow (EOF) of 5067 mL within 6 d, which was 6.3, 3.4, and 4.2 times higher than that in EK1, EK2, and EK4, respectively. There were 420 mL more cumulative EOF obtained after 50 h of electrical application in EK4 than in EK2. The introduction of nonreactive ions can increase the current, thereby benefiting the EOF. Both the higher pH caused by the buffer and the application of nonionic surfactants can make the zeta potential more negative, thereby increasing the EOF. Tween 80 can be recommended as the best flushing solution for removing organic contaminants from sites when electrokinetic remediation is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | | | - Jichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan
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16
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Wan H, Yi X, Liu X, Feng C, Dang Z, Wei C. Time-dependent bacterial community and electrochemical characterizations of cathodic biofilms in the surfactant-amended sediment-based bioelectrochemical reactor with enhanced 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl dechlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:343-354. [PMID: 29414357 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Applying an electric field to stimulate the microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represents a promising approach for bioremediation of PCB-contaminated sites. This study aimed to demonstrate the biocathodic film-facilitated reduction of PCB 61 in a sediment-based bioelectrochemical reactor (BER) and, more importantly, the characterizations of electrode-microbe interaction from microbial and electrochemical perspectives particularly in a time-dependent manner. The application of a cathodic potential (-0.45 V vs. SHE) significantly improved the rate and extent of PCB 61 dechlorination compared to the open-circuit scenario (without electrical stimulation), and the addition of an external surfactant further increased the dechlorination, with Tween 80 exerting more pronounced effects than rhamnolipid. The bacterial composition of the biofilms and the bioelectrochemical kinetics of the BERs were found to be time-dependent and to vary considerably with the incubation time and slightly with the coexistence of an external surfactant. Excellent correlations were observed between the dechlorination rate and the relative abundance of Dehalogenimonas, Dechloromonas, and Geobacter, the dechlorination rate and the cathodic current density recorded from the chronoamperometry tests, and the dechlorination rate and the charge transfer resistance derived from the electrochemical impedance tests, with respect to the 120 day-operation. After day 120, PCB 61 was resistant to further appreciable reduction, but substantial hydrogen production was detected, and the bacterial community and electrochemical parameters observed on day 180 were not distinctly different from those on day 120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Yi
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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17
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Ševců A, El-Temsah YS, Filip J, Joner EJ, Bobčíková K, Černík M. Zero-valent iron particles for PCB degradation and an evaluation of their effects on bacteria, plants, and soil organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21191-21202. [PMID: 28733821 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two types of nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI-B prepared by borohydride reduction and nZVI-T produced by thermal reduction of iron oxide nanoparticles in H2) and a micro-scale ZVI (mZVI) were compared for PCB degradation efficiency in water and soil. In addition, the ecotoxicity of nZVI-B and nZVI-T particles in treated water and soil was evaluated on bacteria, plants, earthworms, and ostracods. All types of nZVI and mZVI were highly efficient in degradation of PCBs in water, but had little degradation effect on PCBs in soil. Although nZVI-B had a significant negative impact on the organisms tested, treatment with nZVI-T showed no negative effect, probably due to surface passivation through controlled oxidation of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Ševců
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovations, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 46117, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yehia S El-Temsah
- Norwegian Institute for Bioecomomy Research, Environment and Climate Department, Høgskoleveien 7, 1430, Ås, Norway
- Genøk - Centre for Biosafety, Postboks 6418, 9294, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Erik J Joner
- Norwegian Institute for Bioecomomy Research, Environment and Climate Department, Høgskoleveien 7, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Kateřina Bobčíková
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovations, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovations, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 46117, Liberec, Czech Republic.
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18
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Pedersen KB, Lejon T, Jensen PE, Ottosen LM. Simultaneous electrodialytic removal of PAH, PCB, TBT and heavy metals from sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 198:192-202. [PMID: 28460326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediments are remediated in order to protect human health and the environment, with the additional benefit of using the treated sediments for other activities. Common for many polluted sediments is the contamination with several different pollutants, making remediation challenging with the need of different remedial actions for each pollutant. In this study, electrodialytic remediation (EDR) of sediments was found effective for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants for sediments from Arctic regions - Sisimiut in Greenland and Hammerfest in Norway. The influence of sediment properties and experimental settings on the remediation process was studied by employing multivariate analysis. The importance of the variables studied varied with the pollutant and based on these results it was possible to assess removal processes for the different pollutants. Desorption was found to be important for the removal of heavy metals and TBT, while photolysis was significant for removal of PAH, PCB and TBT. In addition, dechlorination was found to be important for the removal of PCB. The highest removal efficiencies were found for heavy metals, TBT and PCB (>40%) and lower removal efficiencies for PAH (<35%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine B Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Tore Lejon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pernille E Jensen
- Arctic Technology Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Arctic Technology Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Liu X, Wan H, Xue Y, Feng C, Wei C. Addition of iron oxides in sediments enhances 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 61) dechlorination by low-voltage electric fields. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02849k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of iron oxides in sediments significantly improves anaerobic dechlorination of PCB (i.e., PCB 61) in bioelectrochemical reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Hui Wan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Yuzhou Xue
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Chaohai Wei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters
- Ministry of Education
- School of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
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20
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Fan G, Wang Y, Fang G, Zhu X, Zhou D. Review of chemical and electrokinetic remediation of PCBs contaminated soils and sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1140-1156. [PMID: 27711886 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00320f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are manmade organic compounds, and pollution due to PCBs has been a global environmental problem because of their persistence, long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulation. Many physical, chemical and biological technologies have been utilized to remediate PCBs contaminated soils and sediments, and there are some emerging new technologies and combined methods that may provide cost-effective alternatives to the existing remediation practice. This review provides a general overview on the recent developments in chemical treatment and electrokinetic remediation (EK) technologies related to PCBs remediation. In particular, four technologies including photocatalytic degradation of PCBs combined with soil washing, Fe-based reductive dechlorination, advanced oxidation process, and EK/integrated EK technology (e.g., EK coupled with chemical oxidation, nanotechnology and bioremediation) are reviewed in detail. We focus on the fundamental principles and governing factors of chemical technologies, and EK/integrated EK technologies. Comparative analysis of these technologies including their major advantages and disadvantages is summarized. The existing problems and future prospects of these technologies regarding PCBs remediation are further highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Fan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China. and China Construction Power and Environment Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Rybnikova V, Usman M, Hanna K. Removal of PCBs in contaminated soils by means of chemical reduction and advanced oxidation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17035-17048. [PMID: 27206754 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemical reduction and advanced oxidation processes have been widely used individually, very few studies have assessed the combined reduction/oxidation approach for soil remediation. In the present study, experiments were performed in spiked sand and historically contaminated soil by using four synthetic nanoparticles (Fe(0), Fe/Ni, Fe3O4, Fe3 - x Ni x O4). These nanoparticles were tested firstly for reductive transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and then employed as catalysts to promote chemical oxidation reactions (H2O2 or persulfate). Obtained results indicated that bimetallic nanoparticles Fe/Ni showed the highest efficiency in reduction of PCB28 and PCB118 in spiked sand (97 and 79 %, respectively), whereas magnetite (Fe3O4) exhibited a high catalytic stability during the combined reduction/oxidation approach. In chemical oxidation, persulfate showed higher PCB degradation extent than hydrogen peroxide. As expected, the degradation efficiency was found to be limited in historically contaminated soil, where only Fe(0) and Fe/Ni particles exhibited reductive capability towards PCBs (13 and 18 %). In oxidation step, the highest degradation extents were obtained in presence of Fe(0) and Fe/Ni (18-19 %). The increase in particle and oxidant doses improved the efficiency of treatment, but overall degradation extents did not exceed 30 %, suggesting that only a small part of PCBs in soil was available for reaction with catalyst and/or oxidant. The use of organic solvent or cyclodextrin to improve the PCB availability in soil did not enhance degradation efficiency, underscoring the strong impact of soil matrix. Moreover, a better PCB degradation was observed in sand spiked with extractable organic matter separated from contaminated soil. In contrast to fractions with higher particle size (250-500 and <500 μm), no PCB degradation was observed in the finest fraction (≤250 μm) having higher organic matter content. These findings may have important practical implications to promote successively reduction and oxidation reactions in soils and understand the impact of soil properties on remediation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rybnikova
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - M Usman
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - K Hanna
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France.
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22
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Gao X, Ji B, Huang Q. Thermal dechlorination of heavily PCB-contaminated soils from a sealed site of PCB-containing electrical equipment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15544-50. [PMID: 27126866 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of soils are contaminated by leakage of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sealed-up PCB-containing electrical equipment in China. Thermal dechlorination of soils contaminated with PCBs at a level of 108 mg g(-1) and PCB77 (3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl) as a model isomer in conjunction with calcium oxide was investigated in this study. The PCB dechlorination rate improved with increased temperature and time. The highest dechlorination rate was 85.3 %, and temperature was the main influencing factor. Pentachlorobiphenyl and tetrachlorobiphenyl in soils decreased or disappeared in response to treatment at 350 and 400 °C for 4 h, while monochlorinated biphenyl and biphenyl were detected after the reaction, indicating the presence of a dechlorination/hydrogenation pathway. Discrepancy in chlorine balance was observed after low-temperature thermal dechlorination. The species of dechlorination products were identified as amorphous carbon containing a crystalline graphite plane structure and a carbonyl group-containing polymerized product, demonstrating the existence of a dechlorination/polymerization pathway. The yield of amorphous carbon and high-molecular-weight intermediates increased with heating time. The results showed that the discrepancy in chlorine balance was because of the generation of polymerized products and undetected intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Bingjing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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23
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Shah A, Shahzad S, Munir A, Nadagouda MN, Khan GS, Shams DF, Dionysiou DD, Rana UA. Micelles as Soil and Water Decontamination Agents. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6042-74. [PMID: 27136750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated soil and water pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystem. For the treatment of industrial effluents or minimizing their detrimental effects, preventive and remedial approaches must be adopted prior to the occurrence of any severe environmental, health, or safety hazard. Conventional treatment methods of wastewater are insufficient, complicated, and expensive. Therefore, a method that could use environmentally friendly surfactants for the simultaneous removal of both organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater is deemed a smart approach. Surfactants containing potential donor ligands can coordinate with metal ions, and thus such compounds can be used for the removal of toxic metals and organometallic compounds from aqueous systems. Surfactants form host-guest complexes with the hydrophobic contaminants of water and soil by a mechanism involving the encapsulation of hydrophobes into the self-assembled aggregates (micelles) of surfactants. However, because undefined amounts of surfactants may be released into the aqueous systems, attention must be paid to their own environmental risks as well. Moreover, surfactant remediation methods must be carefully analyzed in the laboratory before field implementation. The use of biosurfactants is the best choice for the removal of water toxins as such surfactants are associated with the characteristics of biodegradability, versatility, recovery, and reuse. This Review is focused on the currently employed surfactant-based soil and wastewater treatment technologies owing to their critical role in the implementation of certain solutions for controlling pollution level, which is necessary to protect human health and ensure the quality standard of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Suniya Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Azeema Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio 45324, United States
| | - Gul Shahzada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University , Sheringal, Dir (Upper), 18000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, United States
| | - Usman Ali Rana
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University , PO Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Han Y, Shi N, Wang H, Pan X, Fang H, Yu Y. Nanoscale zerovalent iron-mediated degradation of DDT in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6253-6263. [PMID: 26611630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI)-mediated degradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) was investigated in a spiked soil under different conditions (iron sources, iron dosage, soil moisture, temperature, and soil types) and DDT-contaminated field. The degradation efficiency of p,p'-DDT by nZVI and nZVI coated with sodium oleate (SO-nZVI) was much higher than that by nZVI coated with polyimide (PI-nZVI). The rapid degradation of p,p'-DDT by nZVI only occurred in flooded soil. The degradation half-life of p,p'-DDT decreased significantly from 58.3 to 27.6 h with nZVI dosage from 0.5 to 2.0% and from 46.5 to 32.0 h with temperature from 15 to 35 °C. The degradation efficiency of p,p'-DDT by nZVI differed in Jinhua (JH), Jiaxing (JX), Xiaoshan (XS), Huajiachi (HJC), and Heilongjiang (HLJ) soils. A good correlation was found between the degradation half-life of p,p'-DDT and multiple soil properties. The probable nZVI-mediated degradation pathway of p,p'-DDT in soil was proposed as DDT → DDD/DDE → DDNS → DDOH based on the metabolites identified by GC-MS. The in situ degradation efficiency of residual DDTs in a contaminated field was profoundly enhanced by the addition of nZVI as compared to the control. It is concluded that nZVI might be an efficient agent for the remediation of DDT-contaminated soil under anaerobic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Han
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Xiong Pan
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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25
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Fan G, Cang L, Gomes HI, Zhou D. Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: Effect of different activation methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:138-147. [PMID: 26347936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate-based in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for the remediation of organic polluted soils has gained much interest in last decade. However, the transportation of persulfate in low-permeability soil is very low, which limits its efficiency in degrading soil pollutants. Additionally, the oxidation-reduction process of persulfate with organic contaminants takes place slowly, while, the reaction will be greatly accelerated by the production of more powerful radicals once it is activated. Electrokinetic remediation (EK) is a good way for transporting persulfate in low-permeability soil. In this study, different activation methods, using zero-valent iron, citric acid chelated Fe(2+), iron electrode, alkaline pH and peroxide, were evaluated to enhance the activity of persulfate delivered by EK. All the activators and the persulfate were added in the anolyte. The results indicated that zero-valent iron, alkaline, and peroxide enhanced the transportation of persulfate at the first stage of EK test, and the longest delivery distance reached sections S4 or S5 (near the cathode) on the 6th day. The addition of activators accelerated decomposition of persulfate, which resulted in the decreasing soil pH. The mass of persulfate delivered into the soil declined with the continuous decomposition of persulfate by activation. The removal efficiency of PCBs in soil followed the order of alkaline activation > peroxide activation > citric acid chelated Fe(2+) activation > zero-valent iron activation > without activation > iron electrode activation, and the values were 40.5%, 35.6%, 34.1%, 32.4%, 30.8% and 30.5%, respectively. The activation effect was highly dependent on the ratio of activator and persulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Fan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Helena I Gomes
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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26
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Mânzatu C, Nagy B, Ceccarini A, Iannelli R, Giannarelli S, Majdik C. Laboratory tests for the phytoextraction of heavy metals from polluted harbor sediments using aquatic plants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:605-611. [PMID: 26515993 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations and pollution levels of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments from the Leghorn Harbor (Italy) on the Mediterranean Sea. The phytoextraction capacity of three aquatic plants Salvinia natans, Vallisneria spiralis, and Cabomba aquatica was also tested in the removal of lead and copper, present in high concentration in these sediments. The average detectable concentrations of metals accumulated by the plants in the studied area were as follows: >3.328 ± 0.032 mg/kg dry weight (DW) of Pb and 2.641 ± 0.014 mg/kg DW of Cu for S. natans, >3.107 ± 0.034 g/kg DW for V. spiralis, and >2.400 ± 0.029 mg/kg DW for C. aquatica. The occurrence of pesticides was also analyzed in the sediment sample by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Due to its metal and organic compound accumulation patterns, S. natans is a potential candidate in phytoextraction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mânzatu
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, 11 Arany János st., 400028 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Boldizsár Nagy
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, 11 Arany János st., 400028 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Alessio Ceccarini
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, 3 Giuseppe Moruzzi st., 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Renato Iannelli
- University of Pisa, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, 22 C.F Gabba st., 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Giannarelli
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, 3 Giuseppe Moruzzi st., 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cornelia Majdik
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, 11 Arany János st., 400028 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
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Gomes HI, Dias-Ferreira C, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB. Electroremediation of PCB contaminated soil combined with iron nanoparticles: Effect of the soil type. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:157-163. [PMID: 25841071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are carcinogenic and persistent organic pollutants that accumulate in soils and sediments. Currently, there is no cost-effective and sustainable remediation technology for these contaminants. In this work, a new combination of electrodialytic remediation and zero valent iron particles in a two-compartment cell is tested and compared to a more conventional combination of electrokinetic remediation and nZVI in a three-compartment cell. In the new two-compartment cell, the soil is suspended and stirred simultaneously with the addition of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Remediation experiments are made with two different historically PCB contaminated soils, which differ in both soil composition and contamination source. Soil 1 is a mix of soils with spills of transformer oils, while Soil 2 is a superficial soil from a decommissioned school where PCB were used as windows sealants. Saponin, a natural surfactant, was also tested to increase the PCB desorption from soils and enhance dechlorination. Remediation of Soil 1 (with highest pH, carbonate content, organic matter and PCB concentrations) obtained the maximum 83% and 60% PCB removal with the two-compartment and the three-compartment cell, respectively. The highest removal with Soil 2 were 58% and 45%, in the two-compartment and the three-compartment cell, respectively, in the experiments without direct current. The pH of the soil suspension in the two-compartment treatment appears to be a determining factor for the PCB dechlorination, and this cell allowed a uniform distribution of the nanoparticles in the soil, while there was iron accumulation in the injection reservoir in the three-compartment cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Celia Dias-Ferreira
- CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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28
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Gomes HI, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB, Dias-Ferreira C. Treatment of a suspension of PCB contaminated soil using iron nanoparticles and electric current. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 151:550-555. [PMID: 25601386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soils and sediments with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are an important environmental problem due to the persistence of these synthetic aromatic compounds and to the lack of a cost-effective and sustainable remediation technology. Recently, a new experimental setup has been proposed using electrodialytic remediation and iron nanoparticles. The current work compares the performance of this new setup (A) with conventional electrokinetics (setup B). An historically contaminated soil with an initial PCB concentration of 258 μg kg(-1) was treated during 5, 10, 20 and 45 d using different amounts of iron nanoparticles in both setups A and B. A PCB removal of 83% was obtained in setup A compared with 58% of setup B. Setup A also showed additional advantages, such as a higher PCB dechlorination, in a shorter time, with lower nZVI consumption, and with the use of half of the voltage gradient when compared with the traditional setup (B). Energy and nZVI costs for a full-scale reactor are estimated at 72 € for each cubic meter of PCB contaminated soil treated on-site, making this technology competitive when compared with average off-site incineration (885 € m(-3)) or landfilling (231 € m(-3)) cost in Europe and in the USA (327 USD m(-3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 117, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Celia Dias-Ferreira
- CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
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