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Magnani E, Nair AR, McBain I, Delaney P, Chu J, Sadler KC. Methods to Study Liver Disease Using Zebrafish Larvae. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2707:43-69. [PMID: 37668904 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3401-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease affects millions of people worldwide, and the high morbidity and mortality is attributed in part to the paucity of treatment options. In many cases, liver injury self-resolves due to the remarkable regenerative capacity of the liver, but in cases when regeneration cannot compensate for the injury, inflammation and fibrosis occur, creating a setting for the emergence of liver cancer. Whole animal models are crucial for deciphering the basic biological underpinnings of liver biology and pathology and, importantly, for developing and testing new treatments for liver disease before it progresses to a terminal state. The cellular components and functions of the zebrafish liver are highly similar to mammals, and zebrafish develop many diseases that are observed in humans, including toxicant-induced liver injury, fatty liver, fibrosis, and cancer. Therefore, the widespread use of zebrafish larvae for studying the mechanisms of these pathologies and for developing potential treatments necessitates the optimization of experimental approaches to assess liver disease in this model. Here, we describe protocols using staining methods, imaging, and gene expression analysis to assess liver injury, fibrosis, and preneoplastic changes in the liver of larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Magnani
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anjana Ramdas Nair
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian McBain
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patrice Delaney
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jaime Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Gerlach JL, Stevens BN, Garner MM, LaDouceur EEB, Adams LM. PRIMARY HEPATIC NEOPLASIA IN THREE ADULT BAMBOO SHARKS ( CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM AND CHILOSCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM) IN AN AQUARIUM POPULATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:865-872. [PMID: 38252013 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia in elasmobranchs is uncommonly documented. This report describes primary hepatic neoplasia in three adult female bamboo sharks under managed care: biliary adenocarcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 1; Chiloscyllium plagiosum), biliary adenocarcinoma in a brownbanded bamboo shark (Case 2; Chiloscyllium punctatum), and hepatocellular carcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 3). Case 1 presented with extensive cutaneous papillomas and was electively euthanized. At necropsy, a 4-cm-diameter, pale-tan, firm hepatic mass was identified and diagnosed histologically as a biliary adenocarcinoma. Case 2 presented with decreasing body condition despite normal food intake. Coelomic ultrasound and exploratory surgery revealed several large masses in both hepatic lobes, and the patient was euthanized. At necropsy, nine, 1-6-cm-diameter, black to tan, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as biliary adenocarcinoma with branchial intravascular neoplastic emboli. Case 3 presented for routine health examination and was euthanized for diagnostic purposes after coelomic ultrasound revealed multiple hepatic masses. At necropsy, two 1-3-cm-diameter, brown- and-black mottled, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed in two of these cases and was noncontributory, likely because of a lack of cross reactivity between antibodies (antipancytokeratin) and elasmobranch tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA 98272, USA
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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3
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Li J, Wang X, Ren M, He S, Zhao Y. Advances in experimental animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15261-15276. [PMID: 37248746 PMCID: PMC10417182 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with insidious early symptoms, easy metastasis, postoperative recurrence, poor drug efficacy, and a high drug resistance rate when surgery is missed, leading to a low 5-year survival rate. Research on the pathogenesis and drugs is particularly important for clinical treatment. Animal models are crucial for basic research, which is conducive to studying pathogenesis and drug screening more conveniently and effectively. An appropriate animal model can better reflect disease occurrence and development, and the process of anti-tumor immune response in the human body. This review summarizes the classification, characteristics, and advances in experimental animal models of HCC to provide a reference for researchers on model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mudan Ren
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
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Tian D, Yu Y, Yu Y, Lu L, Tong D, Zhang W, Zhang X, Shi W, Liu G. Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate Exerts Hepatotoxic Impacts on Zebrafish by Disrupting Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid and Gut-Liver Axes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37276532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous environmental presence of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) poses a potential threat to animals; however, little is known about its hepatotoxicity. In this study, the effects of TCEP exposure (0.5 and 5.0 μg/L for 28 days) on liver health and the potential underlying toxification mechanisms were investigated in zebrafish. Our results demonstrated that TCEP exposure led to hepatic tissue lesions and resulted in significant alterations in liver-injury-specific markers. Moreover, TCEP-exposed fish had significantly lower levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the brain, evidently less triiodothyronine whereas more thyroxine in plasma, and markedly altered expressions of genes from the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in the brain or liver. In addition, a significantly higher proportion of Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota, an elevated bacterial source endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the plasma, upregulated expression of LPS-binding protein and Toll-like receptor 4 in the liver, and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver were detected in TCEP-exposed zebrafish. Furthermore, TCEP-exposed fish also suffered severe oxidative damage, possibly due to disruption of the antioxidant system. These findings suggest that TCEP may exert hepatotoxic effects on zebrafish by disrupting the HPT and gut-liver axes and thereafter inducing hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzheng Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Difei Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixia Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyi Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Schraverus H, Larondelle Y, Page MM. Beyond the Lab: What We Can Learn about Cancer from Wild and Domestic Animals. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246177. [PMID: 36551658 PMCID: PMC9776354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer research has benefited immensely from the use of animal models. Several genetic tools accessible in rodent models have provided valuable insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms linked to cancer development or metastasis and various lines are available. However, at the same time, it is important to accompany these findings with those from alternative or non-model animals to offer new perspectives into the understanding of tumor development, prevention, and treatment. In this review, we first discuss animals characterized by little or no tumor development. Cancer incidence in small animals, such as the naked mole rat, blind mole rat and bats have been reported as almost negligible and tumor development may be inhibited by increased defense and repair mechanisms, altered cell cycle signaling and reduced rates of cell migration to avoid tumor microenvironments. On the other end of the size spectrum, large animals such as elephants and whales also appear to have low overall cancer rates, possibly due to gene replicates that are involved in apoptosis and therefore can inhibit uncontrolled cell cycle progression. While it is important to determine the mechanisms that lead to cancer protection in these animals, we can also take advantage of other animals that are highly susceptible to cancer, especially those which develop tumors similar to humans, such as carnivores or poultry. The use of such animals does not require the transplantation of malignant cancer cells or use of oncogenic substances as they spontaneously develop tumors of similar presentation and pathophysiology to those found in humans. For example, some tumor suppressor genes are highly conserved between humans and domestic species, and various tumors develop in similar ways or because of a common environment. These animals are therefore of great interest for broadening perspectives and techniques and for gathering information on the tumor mechanisms of certain types of cancer. Here we present a detailed review of alternative and/or non-model vertebrates, that can be used at different levels of cancer research to open new perspectives and fields of action.
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Li Y, Lee AQ, Lu Z, Sun Y, Lu JW, Ren Z, Zhang N, Liu D, Gong Z. Systematic Characterization of the Disruption of Intestine during Liver Tumor Progression in the xmrk Oncogene Transgenic Zebrafish Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111810. [PMID: 35681505 PMCID: PMC9180660 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between tumors and their local microenvironment has been well studied, whereas the effect of tumors on distant tissues remains understudied. Studying how tumors affect other tissues is important for understanding the systemic effect of tumors and for improving the overall health of cancer patients. In this study, we focused on the changes in the intestine during liver tumor progression, using a previously established liver tumor model through inducible expression of the oncogene xmrk in zebrafish. Progressive disruption of intestinal structure was found in the tumor fish, displaying villus damage, thinning of bowel wall, increase in goblet cell number, decrease in goblet cell size and infiltration of eosinophils, most of which were observed phenotypes of an inflammatory intestine. Intestinal epithelial cell renewal was also disrupted, with decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death. Analysis of intestinal gene expression through RNA-seq suggested deregulation of genes related to intestinal function, epithelial barrier and homeostasis and activation of pathways in inflammation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix organization, as well as hemostasis. Gene set enrichment analysis showed common gene signatures between the intestine of liver tumor fish and human inflammatory bowel disease, the association of which with cancer has been recently noticed. Overall, this study represented the first systematic characterization of the disruption of intestine under the liver tumor condition and suggested targeting intestinal inflammation as a potential approach for managing cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ai Qi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
| | - Ziheng Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
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Sun J, Chen Q, Ma J. Notch–Sox9 Axis Mediates Hepatocyte Dedifferentiation in KrasG12V-Induced Zebrafish Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094705. [PMID: 35563098 PMCID: PMC9103821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in humans. Hepatocytes normally undergo dedifferentiation after the onset of hepatocellular carcinoma, which in turn facilitates the progression of cancer. Although the process of hepatocellular carcinoma dedifferentiation is of significant research and clinical value, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it are still not fully characterized. We constructed a zebrafish liver cancer model based on overexpression of the oncogene krasG12V to investigate the hepatocyte dedifferentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma. We found that, after hepatocarcinogenesis, hepatocytes dedifferentiated and the Notch signaling pathway was upregulated in this progress. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway or deficiency of sox9b both prevented hepatocyte dedifferentiation following hepatocellular carcinoma induction, reducing cancer metastasis and improving survival. In conclusion, we found that hepatocytes undergo dedifferentiation after hepatocarcinogenesis, a process that requires Notch signaling and likewise the activation of Sox9.
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Zhang S, Xu Y, Zhang S, Zhao C, Feng D, Feng X. Fluorene-9-bisphenol exposure decreases locomotor activity and induces lipid-metabolism disorders by impairing fatty acid oxidation in zebrafish. Life Sci 2022; 294:120379. [PMID: 35134438 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF), as a substitute for bisphenol A, is used in many industries in daily life. Many studies have clarified its effects as an endocrine disruptor on organisms, but its effect on lipid metabolism of zebrafish larvae is not clear. Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are more susceptible to external pollutants. It is not clear how BHPF perturbs lipid metabolism or promotes NAFLD progression. MAIN METHODS We explored the biological effects of BHPF on locomotor activity, inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and lipid metabolism in zebrafish, especially in the mechanism of lipid homeostasis disorder. In addition, the role of BHPF in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was further explored. KEY FINDINGS We found that high concentration (100 nmol/L) BHPF caused retarded growth, mild lipid accumulation and reduced the locomotive activity of zebrafish larvae, accompanied by a decrease in endogenous cortisol level. At the same time, it caused the full activation of inflammation and ER stress. Rescue experiments by 25(OH)D3 demonstrated that high concentration of BHPF caused defects in 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolic pathway through downregulation of cyp2r1, which further damaged pgc1a-mediated fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial function, resulting in lipid accumulation. In summary, exposure to BHPF could damage lipid homeostasis and worsen the diet-induced NAFLD. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide new insights into the role of BHPF in development of overweight and obesity and also improve understanding of its toxicological mechanism. Our results play a warning role in the administration of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education. College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yixin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education. College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaozhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education. College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education. College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daofu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xizeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education. College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Migdał M, Tralle E, Nahia KA, Bugajski Ł, Kędzierska KZ, Garbicz F, Piwocka K, Winata CL, Pawlak M. Multi-omics analyses of early liver injury reveals cell-type-specific transcriptional and epigenomic shift. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:904. [PMID: 34920711 PMCID: PMC8684102 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to tissue injury and inflammation hallmarked by the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition in the liver parenchyma and tissue remodelling. Different cell types of the liver are known to play distinct roles in liver injury response. Hepatocytes and liver endothelial cells receive molecular signals indicating tissue injury and activate hepatic stellate cells which produce ECM proteins upon their activation. Despite the growing knowledge on the molecular mechanism underlying hepatic fibrosis in general, the cell-type-specific gene regulatory network associated with the initial response to hepatotoxic injury is still poorly characterized. Results In this study, we used thioacetamide (TAA) to induce hepatic injury in adult zebrafish. We isolated three major liver cell types - hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells - and identified cell-type-specific chromatin accessibility and transcriptional changes in an early stage of liver injury. We found that TAA induced transcriptional shifts in all three cell types hallmarked by significant alterations in the expression of genes related to fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as immune response-associated and vascular-specific genes. Interestingly, liver endothelial cells exhibit the most pronounced response to liver injury at the transcriptome and chromatin level, hallmarked by the loss of their angiogenic phenotype. Conclusion Our results uncovered cell-type-specific transcriptome and epigenome responses to early stage liver injury, which provide valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanism implicated in the early response of the liver to pro-fibrotic signals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08173-1.
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Lee AQ, Li Y, Gong Z. Inducible Liver Cancer Models in Transgenic Zebrafish to Investigate Cancer Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5148. [PMID: 34680297 PMCID: PMC8533791 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers, which incidence continues to increase while treatment response remains poor; thus, in-depth understanding of tumour events is necessary to develop more effective therapies. Animal models for liver cancer are powerful tools to reach this goal. Over the past decade, our laboratory has established multiple oncogene transgenic zebrafish lines that can be robustly induced to develop liver cancer. Histological, transcriptomic and molecular analyses validate the use of these transgenic zebrafish as experimental models for liver cancer. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our findings with these inducible zebrafish liver cancer models in tumour initiation, oncogene addiction, tumour microenvironment, gender disparity, cancer cachexia, drug screening and others. Induced oncogene expression causes a rapid change of the tumour microenvironment such as inflammatory responses, increased vascularisation and rapid hepatic growth. In several models, histologically-proven carcinoma can be induced within one week of chemical inducer administration. Interestingly, the induced liver tumours show the ability to regress when the transgenic oncogene is suppressed by the withdrawal of the chemical inducer. Like human liver cancer, there is a strong bias of liver cancer severity in male zebrafish. After long-term tumour progression, liver cancer-bearing zebrafish also show symptoms of cancer cachexia such as muscle-wasting. In addition, the zebrafish models have been used to screen for anti-metastasis drugs as well as to evaluate environmental toxicants in carcinogenesis. These findings demonstrated that these inducible zebrafish liver cancer models provide rapid and convenient experimental tools for further investigation of fundamental cancer biology, with the potential for the discovery of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Y.L.)
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Ivanovics B, Gazsi G, Reining M, Berta I, Poliska S, Toth M, Domokos A, Nagy B, Staszny A, Cserhati M, Csosz E, Bacsi A, Csenki-Bakos Z, Acs A, Urbanyi B, Czimmerer Z. Embryonic exposure to low concentrations of aflatoxin B1 triggers global transcriptomic changes, defective yolk lipid mobilization, abnormal gastrointestinal tract development and inflammation in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125788. [PMID: 33838512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds and foods induce various health problems in domesticated animals and humans, including tumor development and hepatotoxicity. Aflatoxin B1 also has embryotoxic effects in different livestock species and humans. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the indirect, maternally-mediated toxic effects and the direct embryotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in mammals. In the present study, we investigated the aflatoxin B1-induced direct embryotoxic effects in a zebrafish embryo model system combining toxicological, transcriptomic, immunological, and biochemical approaches. Embryonic exposure to aflatoxin B1 induced significant changes at the transcriptome level resulting in elevated expression of inflammatory gene network and repression of lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract development-related gene sets. According to the gene expression changes, massive neutrophil granulocyte influx, elevated nitric oxide production, and yolk lipid accumulation were observed in the abdominal region of aflatoxin B1-exposed larvae. In parallel, aflatoxin B1-induced defective gastrointestinal tract development and reduced L-arginine level were found in our model system. Our results revealed the complex direct embryotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, including inhibited lipid utilization, defective intestinal development, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Ivanovics
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Gyongyi Gazsi
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Marta Reining
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Izabella Berta
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marta Toth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Apolka Domokos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Molecular Cell and Immunobiology Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bela Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Staszny
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Matyas Cserhati
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Eva Csosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csenki-Bakos
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Andras Acs
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Bela Urbanyi
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Czimmerer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Patton EE, Zon LI, Langenau DM. Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: from preclinical modelling to clinical trials. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:611-628. [PMID: 34117457 PMCID: PMC9210578 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous drug treatments that have recently entered the clinic or clinical trials have their genesis in zebrafish. Zebrafish are well established for their contribution to developmental biology and have now emerged as a powerful preclinical model for human disease, as their disease characteristics, aetiology and progression, and molecular mechanisms are clinically relevant and highly conserved. Zebrafish respond to small molecules and drug treatments at physiologically relevant dose ranges and, when combined with cell-specific or tissue-specific reporters and gene editing technologies, drug activity can be studied at single-cell resolution within the complexity of a whole animal, across tissues and over an extended timescale. These features enable high-throughput and high-content phenotypic drug screening, repurposing of available drugs for personalized and compassionate use, and even the development of new drug classes. Often, drugs and drug leads explored in zebrafish have an inter-organ mechanism of action and would otherwise not be identified through targeted screening approaches. Here, we discuss how zebrafish is an important model for drug discovery, the process of how these discoveries emerge and future opportunities for maximizing zebrafish potential in medical discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David M Langenau
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center of Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Blidisel A, Marcovici I, Coricovac D, Hut F, Dehelean CA, Cretu OM. Experimental Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-A Preclinical Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3651. [PMID: 34359553 PMCID: PMC8344976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most frequent form of primary liver carcinoma, is a heterogenous and complex tumor type with increased incidence, poor prognosis, and high mortality. The actual therapeutic arsenal is narrow and poorly effective, rendering this disease a global health concern. Although considerable progress has been made in terms of understanding the pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, genetics, and therapeutical approaches, several facets of human HCC remain undiscovered. A valuable and prompt approach to acquire further knowledge about the unrevealed aspects of HCC and novel therapeutic candidates is represented by the application of experimental models. Experimental models (in vivo and in vitro 2D and 3D models) are considered reliable tools to gather data for clinical usability. This review offers an overview of the currently available preclinical models frequently applied for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of initiation, development, and progression, as well as for the discovery of efficient treatments, highlighting the advantages and the limitations of each model. Furthermore, we also focus on the role played by computational studies (in silico models and artificial intelligence-based prediction models) as promising novel tools in liver cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Blidisel
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania; (A.B.); (F.H.); (O.M.C.)
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Florin Hut
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania; (A.B.); (F.H.); (O.M.C.)
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Octavian Marius Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania; (A.B.); (F.H.); (O.M.C.)
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14
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Gao S, Gang J, Yu M, Xin G, Tan H. Computational analysis for identification of early diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic biomarkers of liver cancer based on GEO and TCGA databases and studies on pathways and biological functions affecting the survival time of liver cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:791. [PMID: 34238253 PMCID: PMC8268589 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death. The purpose of this work is to find new diagnostic biomarkers or prognostic biomarkers and explore the biological functions related to the prognosis of liver cancer. Methods GSE25097 datasets were firstly obtained and compared with TCGA LICA datasets and an analysis of the overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was conducted. Cytoscape was used to screen out the Hub Genes among the DEGs. ROC curve analysis was used to screen the Hub Genes to determine the genes that could be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model screened genes associated with prognosis biomarkers, and further Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed on the prognosis genes to explore the mechanism affecting the survival and prognosis of liver cancer patients. Results 790 DEGs and 2162 DEGs were obtained respectively from the GSE25097 and TCGA LIHC data sets, and 102 Common DEGs were identified by overlapping the two DEGs. Further screening identified 22 Hub Genes from 102 Common DEGs. ROC and survival curves were used to analyze these 22 Hub Genes and it was found that there were 16 genes with a value of AUC > 90%. Among these, the expression levels of ESR1,SPP1 and FOSB genes were closely related to the survival time of liver cancer patients. Three common pathways of ESR1, FOBS and SPP1 genes were identified along with seven common pathways of ESR1 and SPP1 genes and four common pathways of ESR1 and FOSB genes. Conclusions SPP1, AURKA, NUSAP1, TOP2A, UBE2C, AFP, GMNN, PTTG1, RRM2, SPARCL1, CXCL12, FOS, DCN, SOCS3, FOSB and PCK1 can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for liver cancer, among which FOBS and SPP1 genes can also be used as prognostic biomarkers. Activation of the cell cycle-related pathway, pancreas beta cells pathway, and the estrogen signaling pathway, while on the other hand inhibition of the hallmark heme metabolism pathway, hallmark coagulation pathway, and the fat metabolism pathway may promote prognosis in liver cancer patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08520-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Gao
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jian Gang
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guosong Xin
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huixin Tan
- Department of pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medicine University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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Abstract
Zebrafish are rapidly becoming a leading model organism for cancer research. The genetic pathways driving cancer are highly conserved between zebrafish and humans, and the ability to easily manipulate the zebrafish genome to rapidly generate transgenic animals makes zebrafish an excellent model organism. Transgenic zebrafish containing complex, patient-relevant genotypes have been used to model many cancer types. Here we present a comprehensive review of transgenic zebrafish cancer models as a resource to the field and highlight important areas of cancer biology that have yet to be studied in the fish. The ability to image cancer cells and niche biology in an endogenous tumor makes zebrafish an indispensable model organism in which we can further understand the mechanisms that drive tumorigenesis and screen for potential new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. McConnell
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haley R. Noonan
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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16
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Wrighton PJ, Shwartz A, Heo JM, Quenzer ED, LaBella KA, Harper JW, Goessling W. Quantitative intravital imaging in zebrafish reveals in vivo dynamics of physiological-stress-induced mitophagy. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.256255. [PMID: 33536245 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, the selective recycling of mitochondria through autophagy, is a crucial metabolic process induced by cellular stress, and defects are linked to aging, sarcopenia and neurodegenerative diseases. To therapeutically target mitophagy, the fundamental in vivo dynamics and molecular mechanisms must be fully understood. Here, we generated mitophagy biosensor zebrafish lines expressing mitochondrially targeted, pH-sensitive fluorescent probes, mito-Keima and mito-EGFP-mCherry, and used quantitative intravital imaging to illuminate mitophagy during physiological stresses, namely, embryonic development, fasting and hypoxia. In fasted muscle, volumetric mitolysosome size analyses documented organelle stress response dynamics, and time-lapse imaging revealed that mitochondrial filaments undergo piecemeal fragmentation and recycling rather than the wholesale turnover observed in cultured cells. Hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif) pathway activation through physiological hypoxia or chemical or genetic modulation also provoked mitophagy. Intriguingly, mutation of a single mitophagy receptor (bnip3) prevented this effect, whereas disruption of other putative hypoxia-associated mitophagy genes [bnip3la (nix), fundc1, pink1 or prkn (Parkin)] had no effect. This in vivo imaging study establishes fundamental dynamics of fasting-induced mitophagy and identifies bnip3 as the master regulator of Hif-induced mitophagy in vertebrate muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wrighton
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arkadi Shwartz
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Mi Heo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eleanor D Quenzer
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle A LaBella
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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17
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Inderbinen SG, Zogg M, Kley M, Smieško M, Odermatt A. Species-specific differences in the inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by itraconazole and posaconazole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 412:115387. [PMID: 33387577 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) converts active 11β-hydroxyglucocorticoids to their inactive 11-keto forms, thereby preventing inappropriate mineralocorticoid receptor activation by glucocorticoids. Disruption of 11β-HSD2 activity by genetic defects or inhibitors causes the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), characterized by hypokalemia, hypernatremia and hypertension. Recently, the azole antifungals itraconazole and posaconazole were identified to potently inhibit human 11β-HSD2, and several case studies described patients with acquired AME. To begin to understand why this adverse drug effect was missed during preclinical investigations, the inhibitory potential of itraconazole, its main metabolite hydroxyitraconazole (OHI) and posaconazole against 11β-HSD2 from human and three commonly used experimental animals was assessed. Whilst human 11β-HSD2 was potently inhibited by all three compounds (IC50 values in the nanomolar range), the rat enzyme was moderately inhibited (1.5- to 6-fold higher IC50 values compared to human), and mouse and zebrafish 11β-HSD2 were very weakly inhibited (IC50 values above 7 μM). Sequence alignment and application of newly generated homology models for human and mouse 11β-HSD2 revealed significant differences in the C-terminal region and the substrate binding pocket. Exchange of the C-terminus and substitution of residues Leu170,Ile172 in mouse 11β-HSD2 by the corresponding residues His170,Glu172 of the human enzyme resulted in a gain of sensitivity to itraconazole and posaconazole, resembling human 11β-HSD2. The results provide an explanation for the observed species-specific 11β-HSD2 inhibition by the studied azole antifungals. The obtained structure-activity relationship information should facilitate future assessments of 11β-HSD2 inhibitors and aid choosing adequate animal models for efficacy and safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Inderbinen
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zogg
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kley
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
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18
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Wu S, Yang W, Cheng C, Lin K, Sampurna BP, Chan S, Yuh C. Low molecular weight fucoidan inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in zebrafish via ASGR/STAT3/HNF4A signaling. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e252. [PMID: 33377648 PMCID: PMC7752165 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma ranks fourth in cancer-related mortality currently lacks effective therapeutics. Fucoidan is sulfated polysaccharide that is mainly found in brown seaweeds. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of low molecular weight fucoidan (i.e. oligo-fucoidan [OF]) preventing hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS We used [HBx,src], [HBx,src,p53-/+ ], and [CD36] transgenic zebrafish liver cancer model treated with OF, and performed molecular and histopathological analysis. Transcriptomic and pathways analysis was performed. RESULTS Decreased expression of lipogenic enzymes, fibrosis markers, and cell cycle/proliferation markers by OF in [HBx,src] and [HBx,src,p53-/+ ] transgenic fish. Liver fibrosis was decreased as revealed by Sirius Red staining, and the liver cancer formation was eventually reduced by feeding OF. OF was also found to be capable of reducing lipid accumulation and cancer formation in non-B non-C Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model in CD36 transgenic zebrafish. Whole-genome expression analysis showed that 661 genes were up-regulated, and 451 genes were downregulated by feeding OF. Upregulated genes were mostly found in protein transporter activity, and downregulated genes were enriched with response to extracellular stimulus and metal binding in gene ontology analysis. The driver gene was HNF4A revealed by NetworkAnalyst from OF differential regulated genes at various insults. OF is able to bind the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) in hepatoma cells, and increased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in both hepatoma cells and [HBx,src,p53-/+ ] transgenic fish liver cancer model. Using chromatin-immunoprecipitation, we found pSTAT3 could associate with the P1 promoter of HNF4A. Knockdown of either ASGR or HNF4A reversed OF mediated anti-cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we provide evidence that OF exhibits the anti-HCC, anti-steatosis, and anti-fibrosis effect for liver in zebrafish models, and the anti-cancer potential of OF attributed to the binding to ASGR and activation of STAT3/HNF4A signaling. OF might be potentially valuable for the management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu‐Yuan Wu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health ScienceAsia UniversityTaichung41354Taiwan
- Big Data Center, Lo‐Hsu Medical FoundationLotung Poh‐Ai HospitalYilan26546Taiwan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Lo‐Hsu Medical FoundationLotung Poh‐Ai HospitalYilan26546Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health ScienceAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Business AdministrationFu Jen Catholic UniversityTaipei24205Taiwan
| | - Wan‐Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan35053Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Chia Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan35053Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological ResearchChang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaoyuan33302Taiwan
| | - Kuan‐Hao Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan35053Taiwan
| | | | - Suat‐Ming Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan35053Taiwan
| | - Chiou‐Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan35053Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural BiologyNational Tsing‐Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science & TechnologyNational Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
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19
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Transcriptomically Revealed Oligo-Fucoidan Enhances the Immune System and Protects Hepatocytes via the ASGPR/STAT3/HNF4A Axis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060898. [PMID: 32545625 PMCID: PMC7355575 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligo-fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, the knowledge concerning the detailed mechanism of oligo-fucoidan on liver cells is obscure. In this study, we investigate the effect of oligo-fucoidan in normal hepatocytes by transcriptomic analysis. Using an oligo-fucoidan oral gavage in wild-type adult zebrafish, we find that oligo-fucoidan pretreatment enhances the immune system and anti-viral genes in hepatocytes. Oligo-fucoidan pretreatment also decreases the expression of lipogenic enzymes and liver fibrosis genes. Using pathway analysis, we identify hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) to be the potential driver gene. We further investigate whether hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) could be induced by oligo-fucoidan and the underlying mechanism. Therefore, a normal hepatocyte clone 9 cell as an in vitro model was used. We demonstrate that oligo-fucoidan increases cell viability, Cyp3a4 activity, and Hnf4a expression in clone 9 cells. We further demonstrate that oligo-fucoidan might bind to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) in normal hepatocytes through both in vitro and in vivo competition assays. This binding, consequently activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), increases the expression of the P1 isoform of HNF4A. According to our data, we suggest that oligo-fucoidan not only enhances the gene expression associated with anti-viral ability and immunity, but also increases P1-HNF4A levels through ASGPR/STAT3 axis, resulting in protecting hepatocytes.
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20
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de Oliveira S, Houseright RA, Korte BG, Huttenlocher A. DnaJ-PKAc fusion induces liver inflammation in a zebrafish model of fibrolamellar carcinoma. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042564. [PMID: 32102783 PMCID: PMC7197716 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare liver cancer that affects adolescents and young adults. Genomic analysis of FLC has revealed a 400 kb deletion in chromosome 19 that leads to the chimeric transcript DNAJB1-PRKACA (DnaJ-PKAc), comprised of the first exon of heat shock protein 40 (DNAJB1) and exons 2-10 of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PRKACA). Here, we report a new zebrafish model of FLC induced by ectopic expression of zebrafish Dnaja-Pkaca (zfDnaJa-Pkaca) in hepatocytes that is amenable to live imaging of early innate immune inflammation. Expression of zfDnaJa-Pkaca in hepatocytes induces hepatomegaly and increased hepatocyte size. In addition, FLC larvae exhibit early innate immune inflammation characterized by early infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the liver microenvironment. Increased Caspase-a (the zebrafish homolog for human caspase-1) activity was also found in the liver of FLC larvae, and pharmacological inhibition of Tnfα and caspase-a decreased liver size and inflammation. Overall, these findings show that innate immune inflammation is an early feature in a zebrafish model of FLC and that pharmacological inhibition of TNFα or caspase-1 activity might be targets to treat inflammation and progression in FLC patients.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia de Oliveira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ruth A Houseright
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin G Korte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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21
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Heslop KA, Rovini A, Hunt EG, Fang D, Morris ME, Christie CF, Gooz MB, DeHart DN, Dang Y, Lemasters JJ, Maldonado EN. JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death induced by VDAC opening and sorafenib in hepatocarcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113728. [PMID: 31759978 PMCID: PMC7309270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, and opening of voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) by the erastin-like compound X1 promotes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocarcinoma cells. Here, we hypothesized that X1 and sorafenib induce mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and activating c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), leading to translocation of activated JNK to mitochondria. Both X1 and sorafenib increased production of ROS and activated JNK. X1 and sorafenib caused a drop in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), a readout of mitochondrial metabolism, after 60 min. Mitochondrial depolarization after X1 and sorafenib occurred in parallel with JNK activation, increased superoxide (O2•-) production, decreased basal and oligomycin sensitive respiration, and decreased maximal respiratory capacity. Increased production of O2•- after X1 or sorafenib was abrogated by JNK inhibition and antioxidants. S3QEL 2, a specific inhibitor of site IIIQo, at Complex III, prevented depolarization induced by X1. JNK inhibition by JNK inhibitors VIII and SP600125 also prevented mitochondrial depolarization. After X1, activated JNK translocated to mitochondria as assessed by proximity ligation assays. Tat-Sab KIM1, a peptide selectively preventing the binding of JNK to the outer mitochondrial membrane protein Sab, blocked the depolarization induced by X1 and sorafenib. X1 promoted cell death mostly by necroptosis that was partially prevented by JNK inhibition. These results indicate that JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria is a common mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction induced by both VDAC opening and sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Heslop
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - A Rovini
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - E G Hunt
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - D Fang
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - M E Morris
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - C F Christie
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - M B Gooz
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - D N DeHart
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - J J Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - E N Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Shwartz A, Goessling W, Yin C. Macrophages in Zebrafish Models of Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2840. [PMID: 31867007 PMCID: PMC6904306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are key components of the liver immunity and consist of two main populations. Liver resident macrophages, known as Kupffer cells in mammals, are crucial for maintaining normal liver homeostasis. Upon injury, they become activated to release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruit a large population of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages to the liver. During the progression of liver diseases, macrophages are highly plastic and have opposing functions depending on the signaling cues that they receive from the microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of liver macrophages is essential for developing therapeutic interventions that target these cells in acute and chronic liver diseases. Mouse studies have provided the bulk of our current knowledge of liver macrophages. The emergence of various liver disease models and availability of transgenic tools to visualize and manipulate macrophages have made the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) an attractive new vertebrate model to study liver macrophages. In this review, we summarize the origin and behaviors of macrophages in healthy and injured livers in zebrafish. We highlight the roles of macrophages in zebrafish models of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver regeneration, and how they compare with the roles that have been described in mammals. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to study liver macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Shwartz
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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23
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Kalasekar SM, Kotiyal S, Conley C, Phan C, Young A, Evason KJ. Heterogeneous beta-catenin activation is sufficient to cause hepatocellular carcinoma in zebrafish. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio047829. [PMID: 31575545 PMCID: PMC6826293 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 41% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) result from activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin. HCC-associated CTNNB1 mutations stabilize the β-catenin protein, leading to nuclear and/or cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin and downstream activation of Wnt target genes. In patient HCC samples, β-catenin nuclear and cytoplasmic localization are typically patchy, even among HCC with highly active CTNNB1 mutations. The functional and clinical relevance of this heterogeneity in β-catenin activation are not well understood. To define mechanisms of β-catenin-driven HCC initiation, we generated a Cre-lox system that enabled switching on activated β-catenin in (1) a small number of hepatocytes in early development; or (2) the majority of hepatocytes in later development or adulthood. We discovered that switching on activated β-catenin in a subset of larval hepatocytes was sufficient to drive HCC initiation. To determine the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling heterogeneity later in hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed RNA-seq analysis of zebrafish β-catenin-driven HCC. At the single-cell level, 2.9% to 15.2% of hepatocytes from zebrafish β-catenin-driven HCC expressed two or more of the Wnt target genes axin2, mtor, glula, myca and wif1, indicating focal activation of Wnt signaling in established tumors. Thus, heterogeneous β-catenin activation drives HCC initiation and persists throughout hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya M Kalasekar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Srishti Kotiyal
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Conley
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cindy Phan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Annika Young
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kimberley J Evason
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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24
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A novel zebrafish model to emulate lung injury by folate deficiency-induced swim bladder defectiveness and protease/antiprotease expression imbalance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12633. [PMID: 31477754 PMCID: PMC6718381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung injury is one of the pathological hallmarks of most respiratory tract diseases including asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It involves progressive pulmonary tissue damages which are usually irreversible and incurable. Therefore, strategies to facilitate drug development against lung injury are needed. Here, we characterized the zebrafish folate-deficiency (FD) transgenic line that lacks a fully-developed swim bladder. Whole-mount in-situ hybridization revealed comparable distribution patterns of swim bladder tissue markers between wild-type and FD larvae, suggesting a proper development of swim bladder in early embryonic stages. Unexpectedly, neutrophils infiltration was not observed in the defective swim bladder. Microarray analysis revealed a significant increase and decrease of the transcripts for cathepsin L and a cystatin B (CSTB)-like (zCSTB-like) proteins, respectively, in FD larvae. The distribution of cathepsin L and the zCSTB-like transcripts was spatio-temporally specific in developing wild-type embryos and, in appropriate measure, correlated with their potential roles in maintaining swim bladder integrity. Supplementing with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate successfully prevented the swim bladder anomaly and the imbalanced expression of cathepsin L and the zCSTB-like protein induced by folate deficiency. Injecting the purified recombinant zebrafish zCSTB-like protein alleviated FD-induced swim bladder anomaly. We concluded that the imbalanced expression of cathepsin L and the zCSTB-like protein contributed to the swim bladder malformation induced by FD and suggested the potential application of this transgenic line to model the lung injury and ECM remodeling associated with protease/protease inhibitor imbalance.
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25
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Su ZL, Su CW, Huang YL, Yang WY, Sampurna BP, Ouchi T, Lee KL, Wu CS, Wang HD, Yuh CH. A Novel AURKA Mutant-Induced Early-Onset Severe Hepatocarcinogenesis Greater than Wild-Type via Activating Different Pathways in Zebrafish. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070927. [PMID: 31269749 PMCID: PMC6678475 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora A kinase (AURKA) is an important regulator in mitotic progression and is overexpressed frequently in human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many AURKA mutations were identified in cancer patients. Overexpressing wild-type Aurka developed a low incidence of hepatic tumors after long latency in mice. However, none of the AURKA mutant animal models have ever been described. The mechanism of mutant AURKA-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is still unclear. A novel AURKA mutation with a.a.352 Valine to Isoleucine (V352I) was identified from clinical specimens. By using liver-specific transgenic fish overexpressing both the mutant and wild-type AURKA, the AURKA(V352I)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis was earlier and much more severe than wild-type AURKA. Although an increase of the expression of lipogenic enzyme and lipogenic factor was observed in both AURKA(V352I) and AURKA(WT) transgenic fish, AURKA(V352I) has a greater probability to promote fibrosis at 3 months compared to AURKA(WT). Furthermore, the expression levels of cell cycle/proliferation markers were higher in the AURKA(V352I) mutant than AURKA(WT) in transgenic fish, implying that the AURKA(V352I) mutant may accelerate HCC progression. Moreover, we found that the AURKA(V352I) mutant activates AKT signaling and increases nuclear β-catenin, but AURKA(WT) only activates membrane form β-catenin, which may account for the differences. In this study, we provide a new insight, that the AURKA(V352I) mutation contributes to early onset hepatocarcinogenesis, possibly through activation of different pathways than AURKA(WT). This transgenic fish may serve as a drug-screening platform for potential precision medicine therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Liang Su
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Luen Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Bonifasius Putera Sampurna
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Toru Ouchi
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kuan-Lin Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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