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Bomfim Bahia PV, Brandão BDRL, Machado ME. Deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds in fuel, food and environmental samples. Talanta 2024; 277:126418. [PMID: 38879948 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) encompass a wide variety of organic analytes that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials for human health and are recalcitrant in the environment. Evaluating PACs levels in fuel (e.g., gasoline and diesel), food (e.g., grilled meat, fish, powdered milk, fruits, honey, and coffee) and environmental (e.g., industrial effluents, water, wastewater and marine organisms) samples are critical to determine the risk that these chemicals pose. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have garnered significant attention in recent years as a green alternative to traditional organic solvents employed in sample preparation. DES are biodegradable, have low toxicities, ease of synthesis, low cost, and a remarkable ability to extract PACs. However, no comprehensive assessment of the use of DESs for extracting PACs from fuel, food and environmental samples has been performed. This review focused on research involving the utilization of DESs to extract PACs in matrices such as PAHs in environmental samples, NSO-HET in fuels, and bisphenols in foods. Chromatographic methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were also revised, considering the sensibility to quantify these compound types. In addition, the characteristics of DES and advantages and limitations for PACs in the context of green analytical chemistry principles (GAC) and green profile based on metrics provide perspective and directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Victor Bomfim Bahia
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Dos Reis Lago Brandão
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Machado
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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2
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Brown LM, Thornton SF, Baú D. Enhancing in situ biodegradation in groundwater using pump and treat remediation: a proof of concept and modelling analysis of controlling variables. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:27356-27374. [PMID: 38512569 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
A remediation approach which uses pump and treatment (PAT) to enhance the biodegradation of organic contaminants by increasing dispersive mixing between plumes and groundwater was evaluated for a phenol-contaminated aquifer, using a reactive transport model which simulates kinetic reactions between an electron donor (ED) in the plume and electron acceptor (EA) in the groundwater. The influence of system design and operation was examined in six modelling scenarios. Injection or extraction of groundwater increases biodegradation above no action and the location, pumping rate, and distance between well(s) are important variables which influence biodegradation. An increase in pumping rate, distance of the wells from the plume centreline, and changing the flow direction increase dispersive mixing between the plume and groundwater. This increases plume spreading and the plume fringe interface, providing a greater flux of dissolved EAs for biodegradation. In general, injection of groundwater containing natural EAs enhances biodegradation more than extraction. The enhancement of biodegradation is sensitive to the relative fluxes of ED and EA, as controlled by the arrangement of the wells. In the best performing scenario, biodegradation was enhanced by 128%, compared with no action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther M Brown
- Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Steven F Thornton
- Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Domenico Baú
- Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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3
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Tian L, Hu L, Wang D, Cao X. Site-scale groundwater pollution risk assessment using surrogate models and statistical analysis. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 261:104288. [PMID: 38176294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Petroleum pollution in soil and groundwater has emerged as a significant environmental concern worldwide. As a sustainable and cost-effective in-situ remediation technique, Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) exhibits significant promise in addressing sites contaminated by petrochemicals. This study specifically targets a typical petrochemical-contaminated site in northern China and employs GMS software to establish a comprehensive physical model. The model relies on time-series monitoring data of phenol concentrations spanning from 2018 to 2020, effectively simulating both the leakage and natural attenuation of phenol. Within this study, the adsorption coefficient and maximum adsorption capacity emerge as the foremost influential factors shaping the outcomes of the model. Given the inherent heterogeneity of the site and the variability of hydrochemical conditions, parameters such as dispersion, porosity, and adsorption coefficient exhibit significant uncertainties. Consequently, relying on traditional deterministic models to predict the feasibility of MNA technology is not reliable. Therefore, this study employs machine learning (ML) methods to construct stochastic parameter models based on physical processes. The Random Forest Regression (RFR) algorithm, after trained, demonstrates strong alignment with numerical model output, exhibiting an average Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) >0.96. Using a stochastic approach, RFR iteratively computes phenol concentration across 6000 sets of parameters. Applying probability statistics, the model shows a notable reduction in the likelihood of phenol concentrations exceeding a threshold, dropping from 64.0% to 15.7% before and after natural attenuation. In parameter uncertainty, the stochastic model emphasizes natural attenuation's efficacy in mitigating phenol pollution risk (porosity being the most influential factor). This case study proposed a novel method to quickly assess the pollution risks at petrochemical sites under the influence of the uncertainty of pollutant transport and reaction parameters. The results can provide a reference for the pollution risk assessment at petrochemical sites, especially in sites with high stratigraphic heterogeneity or insufficient transport parameter data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Litang Hu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Cao
- Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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4
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Çelik G, Stolte S, Müller S, Schattenberg F, Markiewicz M. Environmental persistence assessment of heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons - Ultimate and primary biodegradability using adapted and non-adapted microbial communities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132370. [PMID: 37666173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (heterocyclic PAHs) are of increasing concern and their environmental and human health impacts should be assessed due to their widespread presence and potential persistence in the environment. This study investigated the ultimate and primary biodegradability of ten heterocyclic PAHs, nine of which were found to be non-readily biodegradable. To generate a microbial community capable of degrading such compounds, a bacterial inoculum isolated from the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was adapted to a mixture of heterocyclic PAHs for one year. Throughout the adaptation process, bacterial samples were collected at different stages to conduct primary biodegradation, ultimate biodegradation, and inoculum toxicity tests. Interestingly, after one year of adaptation, the community developed the ability to mineralize carbazole, but in the same time showed an increasing sensitivity to the toxic effects of benzo[c]carbazole. In two consecutive primary biodegradation experiments, degradation of four heterocycles was observed, while no biodegradation was detected for five compounds in any of the tests. Furthermore, the findings of this work were compared with predictions from in silico models regarding biodegradation timeframe and sorption, and it was found that the models were partially successful in describing these processes. The results of study provide valuable insights into the persistence of a representative group of heterocyclic PAHs in aquatic environments, which contributes to the hazard assessment of this particular class of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksu Çelik
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Schattenberg
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Markiewicz
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Ma L, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Pollution characteristics, distribution, and source analysis of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in coastal areas of Bohai Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122103. [PMID: 37356794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of emerging environmental contaminants formed by the substitution of hydrogen on carbazole (CZ) benzene rings with halogens (Cl, Br, I) with potential dioxin-like toxicity, and they have been frequently detected in various environmental media and organisms recently. Nevertheless, co-research of CZ/PHCZs with PAHs is very limited. In addition, I-PHCZs, which are believed to be much more toxic than CZ, Cl-PHCZs and Br-PHCZs, have a few data in sediments previously. The concentration and distribution of CZ/PHCZs and PAHs were analyzed in 18 surface sediments of Bohai Bay, China. There is a significant correlation (R = 0.64, P<0.05) between PHCZs and PAHs, and principal component analysis (PCA) also indicating that they may have a certain similarity in origin. Additionally, total CZ and PHCZs was up to 230.57 ng/g dw in the studied samples, which was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs and other common persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compositions of the CZ/PHCZs in our study were dominated by CZ (2.74-18.28, median 2.92 ng/g dw), 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (n.d-6.78, median 0.97 ng/g dw) and 3,6-iodocarbazole (n.d-12.68, median 1.65 ng/g dw). Results of this study discovered the varying origins of CZ and PHCZs and/or a complexity of anthropogenic influences and natural sources processes, and revealed a wide distribution of CZ/PHCZs across the studied. Moreover, more attention should be paid by comparing CZ/PHCZs with other widely distributed POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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6
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Almouallem W, Michel J, Dorge S, Joyeux C, Trouvé G, Le Nouen D. A comparative study of the sorption of O-PAHs and PAHs onto soils to understand their transport in soils and groundwater. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:61-75. [PMID: 36182167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivates (O-PAHs) are identified in soils and groundwater of industrialized sites and contribute to the risk for Humans and the Environment. Nevertheless, data are scarce in literature concerning their retention and transfer in soils and no soil - water partition coefficients are available for these compounds. Sorption of two PAHs, fluorene and acenaphthene and two O-PAHs, 9H-fluorenone and dibenzofuran onto two soils with different organic carbon contents was evaluated and compared by determining their sorption isotherms. Effect of ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio, on fluorene and fluorenone sorption was also evaluated. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within less than 24 hr of mixing and linear sorption models best fit the isotherm data. Acenaphthene and dibenzofuran are similarly sorbed onto the soil. KD of fluorene is higher than the one of fluorenone, showing a smaller affinity of fluorenone towards the solid phase. This means that O-PAH could form larger contamination plumes in groundwater than PAHs. Decreasing the L/S ratio from 100 to 50 and 30, increases the sorption of fluorenone onto the soil by 56% and 67% respectively, while the sorption of fluorene is slightly increased. Increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase also modifies the sorption of fluorenone, contrary to the sorption of fluorene which is slightly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Almouallem
- French National Institute for Industrial and Environment and Risks, Direction Sites & Territoires, Verneuil en Halatte, F-60550, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| | - J Michel
- French National Institute for Industrial and Environment and Risks, Direction Sites & Territoires, Verneuil en Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - S Dorge
- University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - C Joyeux
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
| | - G Trouvé
- University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE) UR2334, Mulhouse, France; University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - D Le Nouen
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA) UMR 7042 CNRS, Mulhouse, France
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7
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Çelik G, Beil S, Stolte S, Markiewicz M. Environmental Hazard Screening of Heterocyclic Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons: Physicochemical Data and In Silico Models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:570-581. [PMID: 36542499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (heterocyclic PAHs) are frequently found in the environment yet, compared to homocyclic PAHs, little attention has been paid to their environmental behavior and a comprehensive hazard assessment has not been undertaken. Surprisingly, the physicochemical data necessary to perform at least a screening-level assessment are also limited. To address this, we began by experimentally determining the physicochemical properties of heterocyclic PAHs, namely, water solubility (Sw), n-octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), and organic carbon-water partition coefficients (Koc). The physicochemical data obtained in this study allowed for the development of clear structure-property relationships and evaluation of the predictive power of in silico models including conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation, the poly-parameter linear solvation energy relationship, and the quantitative structure-property relationship. Finally, heterocyclic and homocyclic PAHs were evaluated in terms of persistence, bioaccumulation, mobility, and toxicity to perform a screening-level comparative hazard assessment by integrating the data and evidence from multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksu Çelik
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Beil
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Markiewicz
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062Dresden, Germany
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8
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Microbial degradation of quinoline by immobilized bacillus subtilis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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He L, Sang Y, Yu W, Lu T, Wang F, Ma F, Gu Q, Jiao W. Sustainable remediation of dibenzofuran-contaminated soil by low-temperature thermal desorption: Robust decontamination and carbon neutralization. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134810. [PMID: 35508260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) is generally considered to be an effective but unsustainable technology. Decontamination performance, charring behaviors and physicochemical properties during TD of dibenzofuran-contaminated soil (DCS) are explored. After treatment at 300 °C for 20 min, the dibenzofuran concentration decreases from 3969.37 mg/kg to 17.29 mg/kg, lower than Chinese risk screening value. More than 99% of dibenzofuran in soil are removed at low temperature of 300 °C, meanwhile the organic carbon is partially retained in soil. Removal mechanism of DCS at 300 °C is proposed, including desorption, cracking, and charring. Char material of low H:C ratio is produced by the generation, polymerization and dehydrogenation of aromatic intermediates, and then increases carbon stocks and reduces the carbon footprint of contaminated soil. Meanwhile, due to the char generated, pH, cation exchange capacity and specific surface area of DCS heated at 300 °C are higher than those of raw DCS, promoting ecological restoration and enhancing carbon sink in soil ecosystems. The aforesaid saving energy, reducing carbon footprint and enhancing carbon sink are exactly the main innovative technologies for achieving carbon neutrality. Hence, it may be a contribution to climate change mitigation, in addition to a robust and sustainable remediation of organic contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao He
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yimin Sang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China.
| | - Wang Yu
- BCEG Environmental Consulting Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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10
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Machado ME, Nascimento MM, Bomfim Bahia PV, Martinez ST, Bittencourt de Andrade J. Analytical advances and challenges for the determination of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HET) in sediment: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Hu H, Zhao M, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Li T, Zhu W, Jin H. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential risk of polyhalogenated carbazoles in marine organisms from the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150643. [PMID: 34597545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As well-known emergent environmental contaminants, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have recently received increasing attention. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of carbazole (CZ) and PHCZs in 70 marine organisms from the East China Sea (ECS). CZ and 9-11 PHCZs were detected in organisms from the ECS, with concentrations in the range of 0.75-33 ng/g lipid weight, lw and 4.3-113 ng/g lw, respectively. Among the PHCZs, there were 3-4 major components in zooplankton, fish, shrimp, crabs, snails and shellfish, and the sum of these major components accounted for 59% to 67% of ∑PHCZs. The bioaccumulation potentials of 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole (1368-CCZ) and 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) from water were observed. The logarithmic bioaccumulation factor (logBAF) values of the CZ and PHCZs increased significantly with increasing logKOW values (R = 0.449-0.784, p < 0.01). The trophic magnification factor (TMF) values of the CZ, 9 PHCZs and ∑PHCZs were calculated to be 3.32, 1.87-4.06 and 2.36, respectively, indicating the potential biomagnification of the CZ and PHCZs in the zooplankton-shrimp-fish food web. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PHCZs in organisms from the ECS were in the range of 0.78-36 pg TEQ/g lw. Overall, for the first time, this study systematically examined the occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential risk of PHCZs in the marine food web of the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Yongdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Wu P, Cai C. Supported Pt-Ni bimetallic nanoparticles catalyzed hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran with high selectivity to bicyclohexane. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Salowsky H, Schäfer W, Schneider AL, Müller A, Dreher C, Tiehm A. Beneficial effects of dynamic groundwater flow and redox conditions on Natural Attenuation of mono-, poly-, and NSO-heterocyclic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 243:103883. [PMID: 34479119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural Attenuation (NA) processes have been demonstrated to reduce pollutant loads at different contaminated groundwater sites world-wide and are increasingly considered in contaminated site management concepts. However, data are mainly available for steady state groundwater flow and stable redox conditions as well as pollutants listed in standard regulatory schemes. In this study, the influence of transient groundwater flow and redox conditions on NA was examined at a former gas works site near the river Rhine in Germany. The investigated 78 pollutants included 40 mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, PAHs) and 38 NSO-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NSO-HET). In the highly polluted areas, the MAHs benzene, indene and indane, the PAHs naphthalene, acenaphthene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and the NSO-HET 2-methylquinoline, carbazole, benzothiophene, dibenzofuran and benzofuran were predominant. Pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the sources of contamination. At the plume fringes, the MAHs benzene and indane, the PAH acenaphthene, the NSO-HET carbazole, 5-methylbenzothiophene, 2- and 3-methylbenzofuran and 2-methyldibenzofuran were predominant, indicating low retention and slow intrinsic biodegradation of these compounds. The influence of surface water on groundwater level, pollutant concentrations, and redox conditions in the monitoring wells was observed with a permanently installed groundwater sensor. The temporary availability of oxygen was observed at the plume fringes, resulting in aerobic and ferric iron reducing biodegradation processes. Field and laboratory data were used to set-up a groundwater flow and reactive transport model used for quantification of the field mass transfer rates. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that NA is effective under transient flow and redox conditions. A conceptual model and reactive transport simulation can facilitate the interpretation of pronounced fluctuations of pollutant concentration in monitoring wells. Based on the analysis of 78 pollutants, indane, indene and several NSO-HET like carbazole, benzothiophene and 2-methyldibenzofuran are recommended for monitoring at tar oil polluted sites, besides EPA-PAHs and BTEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Salowsky
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schäfer
- Steinbeis Transfercenter for Groundwater Modelling, Schustergasse 2, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schneider
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Müller
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carolin Dreher
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Department Water Microbiology, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Ghosh P, Mukherji S. Environmental contamination by heterocyclic Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their microbial degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125860. [PMID: 34614557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in all environmental matrices at few ppb to several ppm concentrations and they are characterized by high polarity. Some heterocyclic PAHs are mutagenic and carcinogenic to humans and various organisms. Despite being potent environmental pollutants, these compounds have received less attention. This paper focuses on the sources and occurrence of these compounds and their microbial degradation using diverse species of bacteria, fungi, and algae. Complete removal of 1.8 to 2614 mg/L of nitrogen heterocyclic PAH (PANH), 0.27 to 184 mg/L of sulfur heterocyclic PAH (PASH), and 0.6 to 120 mg/L of oxygen heterocyclic PAH (PAOH) compounds by various microbial species was observed between 3 h and 18 days, 8 h to 6 days, and 4 h to 250 h, respectively under aerobic condition. Strategies for enhancing the removal of heterocyclic PAHs from aquatic systems are also discussed along with the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Ghosh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India; Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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15
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Würth A, Menberg K, Martus P, Sültenfuß J, Blum P. Quantifying biodegradation rate constants of o-xylene by combining compound-specific isotope analysis and groundwater dating. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 238:103757. [PMID: 33465657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to estimate hydraulic conductivities and biodegradation rate constants in a coal-tar contaminated aquifer by compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and tracer-based (3H-3He) groundwater dating (TGD). In two observation wells downgradient from the contaminant source in situ biodegradation of o-xylene, toluene and naphthalene under sulfate-reducing redox conditions could be demonstrated using CSIA. Median biodegradation rate constants for o-xylene ranging between 0.08 and 0.22 a-1 were estimated. By using tracer-based groundwater dating in these two wells, hydraulic conductivities could be also estimated, which are in a similar range as k-values derived from sieve analysis, a pumping test and a calibrated groundwater flow model. These results clearly demonstrate the applicability of tracer-based groundwater dating for the determination of in situ hydraulic conductivities in aquifers without pumping contaminated groundwater. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. These results indicate high sensitivities of the assumed effective porosity for the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity and the selected isotope enrichment factor for the biodegradation rate constant, respectively. Conversely, the outcome also evidently demonstrates the main limitations of the novel combined isotope approach for a successful implementation of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) at such field sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Würth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Geosciences (AGW), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kathrin Menberg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Geosciences (AGW), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- AECOM Deutschland GmbH, Siemensstraße 10, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Sültenfuß
- University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Otto-Hahn-Allee, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Philipp Blum
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Geosciences (AGW), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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16
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Bag D, Sawant SD. Heteroarene-tethered Functionalized Alkyne Metamorphosis. Chemistry 2021; 27:1165-1218. [PMID: 32603015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes are multipotent synthons in organic chemistry. This detailed Review described herein offers a thorough discussion of the metamorphosis of heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes, an area which has earned much attention over the past decade in the straightforward synthesis of architecturally complex heterocyclic scaffolds in atom and step economic manner. Depending upon the variety of functionalized alkynes, this Review is divided into multiple sections. Amongst the vast array of synthetic transformations covered, dearomatizing spirocyclizations and cascade spirocyclization/rearrangement are of great interest. Synthetic transformations involving the heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes with scope, challenges, limitations, mechanism, their application in the total synthesis of natural products and future perceptions are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Bag
- Laboratory 212, Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Laboratory 212, Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
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17
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Vargas-Villagrán H, Ramírez-Suárez D, Ramírez-Muñoz G, Calzada L, González-García G, Klimova T. Tuning of activity and selectivity of Ni/(Al)SBA-15 catalysts in naphthalene hydrogenation. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Luo Y, Yue X, Wei P, Zhou A, Kong X, Alimzhanova S. A state-of-the-art review of quinoline degradation and technical bottlenecks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141136. [PMID: 32777494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline is a critical raw material for the dye, metallurgy, pharmaceutical, rubber, and agrochemical industries, and its use poses a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. Quinoline has carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body through food accumulation. However, due to the steric hindrance of its bicyclic fused structure and its long photooxidation half-life, quinoline is too difficult to decompose naturally. To date, numerous technologies have been used to degrade quinoline, whereas only a few have been reviewed. Therefore, this paper is focused on offering a comprehensive overview of the state of quinoline degradation in an effort to improve its degradation efficiency and fully utilize the carbon and nitrogen within quinoline without causing any damage to the environment. Accordingly, the strains, research progress and mechanisms of various methods for degrading quinoline are explored and elucidated in detail, especially quinoline biodegradation and the combination of these technologies for efficient removal. The state-of-the-art processes and new findings of our team on the biofortification of quinoline degradation are also presented. Finally, research bottlenecks and gaps for future research were identified along with the prospects and resource utilization of quinoline. These discussions facilitate the realization of the zero discharge of quinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; North University of China, Shouzhou 036024, China
| | - Xiuping Yue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Peng Wei
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Aijuan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xin Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shyryn Alimzhanova
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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19
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El Bourakadi K, Mekhzoum MEM, Qaiss AEK, Bouhfid R. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Thiabendazole Derivatives: A Short Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200922090947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiabendazoles and their derivatives have a unique place in the field of
medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry. These synthesized compounds are used as
principal precursors for the synthesis of several new active heterocyclic molecules
that have diverse biological activities and play vital roles in other industrial fields.
This short review aims to provide current updates about the most bioactive thiabendazole
derivatives from synthesis to their functional applications in diverse fields
including biology, chemistry, materials, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija El Bourakadi
- Moroccan Foundation of Advanced Science Innovation and Research MAScIR, Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat design Center, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Mehdi Mekhzoum
- Moroccan Foundation of Advanced Science Innovation and Research MAScIR, Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat design Center, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abou El Kacem Qaiss
- Moroccan Foundation of Advanced Science Innovation and Research MAScIR, Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat design Center, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Bouhfid
- Moroccan Foundation of Advanced Science Innovation and Research MAScIR, Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Rabat design Center, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco
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El Foujji L, El Bourakadi K, Mekhzoum MEM, Essassi EM, Boeré RT, Qaiss AEK, Bouhfid R. Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic, thermal properties and DFT calculation of a novel ethyl 2-(2-(thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetate. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Salvianolic Acid B in Microemulsion Formulation Provided Sufficient Hydration for Dry Skin and Ameliorated the Severity of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050457. [PMID: 32429542 PMCID: PMC7284938 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a pathogenesis involving the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis. Salvianolic acid B exerts several pharmacological effects, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antitumor effects. The anti-psoriatic effects of salvianolic acid B have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimum vehicle for salvianolic acid B, investigate its therapeutic effect on psoriatic-like skin conditions, and explore its underlying mechanisms of action. BALB/c mice were administered topical imiquimod to induce psoriasis-like skin and were then randomly assigned to control, vehicle control, salvianolic acid B in vehicles, and 0.25% desoximetasone ointment treatment groups. Barrier function, cytokine expression, histology assessment, and disease severity were evaluated. The results showed that salvianolic acid B-containing microemulsion alleviated disease severity, reduced acanthosis, and inhibited interleukin-23/interleukin-17 (IL-23/IL-17) cytokines, epidermal proliferation, and increased skin hydration. Our study suggests that salvianolic acid B represents a possible new therapeutic drug for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, such formulation could obtain high therapeutic efficacy in addition to providing sufficient hydration for dry skin.
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22
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Idowu O, Carbery M, O'Connor W, Thavamani P. Speciation and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in sediments of the largest salt water lake of Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125779. [PMID: 31927372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Great ecological and human health risks may arise from the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic environments and particularly in sediments, where they often partition. In spite of the apparent risk, knowledge about PAHs and their polar derivatives in sediments is limited. We, therefore, carried out an assessment of the concentrations of parent PAHs and their derivatives (polar PAHs) in sediments of Lake Macquarie: the largest saltwater lake in the southern hemisphere. A total of 31 sediment samples along the pollution prone western shoreline of the estuary were analysed. Multiple source apportionment methods were used to investigate PAH sources contributing to parent and polar PAH concentrations in the estuarine sediments. Concentration levels were highest for high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs compared to low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. The highest PAH concentrations were recorded for oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) compared to parent and other polar PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diagnostic ratios and compositional analysis showed that PAHs in Lake Macquarie were predominantly pyrogenic exhibiting strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.972) with total PAH concentrations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified three groupings of PAHs with oxy-PAHs and NPAHs dominating (40.2%). Carbazole, a heterocyclic PAH, was also a prominent contributor to sediment PAH concentrations. Atmospheric deposition, coal combustion and vehicular emissions were implicated as the major contributors to sediment pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Maddison Carbery
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, NSW, 2316, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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23
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Vila J, Tian Z, Wang H, Bodnar W, Aitken MD. Isomer-selective biodegradation of high-molecular-weight azaarenes in PAH-contaminated environmental samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135503. [PMID: 31780161 PMCID: PMC6981052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles, or azaarenes, normally co-occur with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. We recently reported that nontarget analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry of samples from four PAH-contaminated sites revealed a previously unrecognized diversity and abundance of azaarene isomers and their methylated derivatives. Here we evaluated their biodegradability by natural microbial communities from each site in aerobic microcosm incubations under biostimulated conditions. The removal of total quantifiable azaarenes ranged from 15 to 85%, and was related to the initial degree of weathering for each sample. While three-ring azaarenes were readily biodegradable, the five-ring congeners were the most recalcitrant. Microbial-mediated removal of four-ring congeners varied for different isomers, which might be attributed to the position of the nitrogen atom that also influences the physicochemical properties of azaarenes and possibly the susceptibility to transformation by relevant microbial enzymes. The presence of methyl groups also influenced azaarene biodegradability, which decreased with increasing degree of methylation. Several oxidation products of azaarenes were detected, including ketones and dioxygenated derivatives of three- and four-ring compounds. Our results indicate the susceptibility of some azaarenes to bioremediation, while suggesting the potential implications for risk from the persistence of less-biodegradable isomers and the formation of oxidized-azaarene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Vila
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
| | - Hanyan Wang
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3260, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
| | - Michael D Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
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Lan Y, Li Z, Xie W, Li D, Yan G, Guo S, Pan C, Wu J. In situ fabrication of I-doped Bi 2O 2CO 3/g-C 3N 4 heterojunctions for enhanced photodegradation activity under visible light. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121622. [PMID: 31806444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-doped Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 heterojunctions consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and iodine-doped bismutite (Bi2O2CO3) components were successfully in situ synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method. Characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated iodine was favorably doped into the Bi2O2CO3 component, of which the {001} facets grew in situ from {002} facets of g-C3N4 for the heterostructure construction of I-doped Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 (IB/CN). The photocatalytic activity of catalysts was evaluated by the degradation efficiency of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene under visible light. 1.5-IB/CN with a reasonable iodine doping amount (Bi: I molar ratio = 1.0: 1.5) exhibited the superior photodegradation performance compared to Bi2O2CO3, achieving an 85.5% removal ratio after 100 min illumination. The enhanced activity of 1.5-IB/CN was attributed to both of the heterostructure that promoted the separation of photoinduced carriers and iodine doping that tuned the bandgap for sufficient visible-light harvesting. The degradation intermediates of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene in the system were determined and its possible photodegradation pathway was proposed in detail. This study provides a rational approach for enhancing the visible-light catalytic activity of wide-bandgap Bi2O2CO3, and reveals a new perspective on the removal mechanism of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Wenyu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Dehao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
| | - Guangxu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Shaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Chao Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
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Bamze Attoumani R, de Vaufleury A, Crini N, Fatin-Rouge N. Assessing natural clays of a contaminated site to stabilize and reduce the ecotoxicity of a coal tar. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110081. [PMID: 31864117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization/solidification is widely used for the immobilization of pollutants in matrices. This work addresses the effect of illite amendment to a liquid coal tar on organic compounds (OCs) immobilization, especially PAHs and BTEX. For practical purpose, illite was selected as raw clay material available on the coal tar contaminated site. Contaminants availability and ecotoxicity of clay/tar matrices at various ratios and considering several treatments were assessed. Varying the tar mass fraction from 1 to 0.12, strongly viscous pastes, pellets and powders were obtained successively, with minimal contaminant mobility observed for tar fractions ranging from 0.28 to 0.80. Pellets obtained for the tar fraction of 0.33 were particularly studied for toxicity tests, because of their ease of handling. Using the land snail Cantareus aspersus as an ecotoxicity probe, mechanisms of PAHs bioavailability considering several treatments were studied. Considering either land snails for direct contact or exposed to vapors, or Lymnaea stagnalis for contact with leachates, toxicity of matrices decreased with ageing or even better with incineration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Bamze Attoumani
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institute UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, Cedex, France
| | - Annette de Vaufleury
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Department Chrono-environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, Cedex, France
| | - Nadia Crini
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Department Chrono-environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Fatin-Rouge
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institute UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, Cedex, France.
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26
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Modification of the Bacterial Cell Wall—Is the Bioavailability Important in Creosote Biodegradation? Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Creosote oil, widely used as a wood preservative, is a complex mixture of different polycyclic aromatic compounds. The soil contamination result in the presence of a specific microcosm. The presented study focuses on the most active strains involved in bioremediation of long-term creosote-contaminated soil. In three soil samples from different boreholes, two Sphingomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) and one Paenibacillus ulginis (P. ulginis) strain were isolated. The conducted experiments showed the differences and similarities between the bacteria strains capable of degrading creosote from the same contaminated area. Both S. maltophilia strains exhibit higher biodegradation efficiency (over 50% after 28 days) and greater increase in glutathione S-transferase activity than P. ulginis ODW 5.9. However, S. maltophilia ODW 3.7 and P. ulginis ODW 5.9 were different from the third of the tested strains. The growth of the former two on creosote resulted in an increase in cell adhesion to Congo red and in the total membrane permeability. Nevertheless, all three strains have shown a decrease in the permeability of the inner cell membrane. That suggests the complex relationship between the cell surface modifications and bioavailability of the creosote to microorganisms. The conducted research allowed us to broaden the current knowledge about the creosote bioremediation and the properties of microorganisms involved in the process.
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Diedhiou M, West BJ, Bouwman J, Mayer PM. Ion Dissociation Dynamics of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene: Tetralin as a Test Case For Hydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10885-10892. [PMID: 31794665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The unimolecular dissociation of ionized tetralin was probed by tandem mass spectrometry, imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy, and theory. The major reactions observed were the loss of the hydrocarbons CH3•, C2H4, and C3H5• together with H•-atom loss. RRKM modeling of the iPEPICO data suggested a two-well potential energy surface. Ionized tetralin can lose all four neutrals via H-shift and ring-opening reactions or CH3• and C2H4 after interconversion to the 1-methylindane ion, a process similar to that found for ionized 1,2-dihydronaphthalene (isomerizing to form the 1-methylindene ion structure). This was confirmed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory, and potential mechanisms for all reactions are described. The ionization energy of tetralin was established from the threshold photoelectron spectrum to be 8.46 ± 0.01 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malick Diedhiou
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Brandi J West
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jordy Bouwman
- Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
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Li X, Gao Y, Zuo C, Zheng S, Xu F, Sun Y, Zhang Q. The Gas-Phase Formation Mechanism of Dibenzofuran (DBF), Dibenzothiophene (DBT), and Carbazole (CA) from Benzofuran (BF), Benzothiophene (BT), and Indole (IN) with Cyclopentadienyl Radical. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5420. [PMID: 31683506 PMCID: PMC6861977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzofuran (BF), benzothiophene (BT), indole (IN), dibenzofuran (DBF), dibenzothiophene (DBT), and carbazole (CA) are typical heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HETs), which can coexist with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion and pyrolysis conditions. In this work, quantum chemical calculations were carried out to investigate the formation of DBF, DBT, and CA from the reactions of BF, BT, and IN with a cyclopentadienyl radical (CPDyl) by using the hybrid density functional theory (DFT) at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level. The rate constants of crucial elementary steps were deduced over 600-1200 K, using canonical variational transition state theory with a small-curvature tunneling contribution (CVT/SCT). This paper showed that the production of DBF, DBT, and CA from the reactions of BF, BT, and IN with CPDyl involved six elementary steps: the addition reaction, ring closure, the first H shift, C-C cleavage, the second H shift, and elimination of CH3 or H. The cleavage of the C-C bond was regarded as the rate-determining step for each pathway due to the extremely high barrier. The 1-methyl substituted products were more easily formed than the 4-methyl substituted products. The main products were DBF and 1-methyl-DBF, DBT and 1-methyl-DBT, and CA and 1-methyl-CA for reactions of BF, BT, and IN with CPDyl, respectively. The ranking of DBF, DBT, and CA formation potential was as follows: DBT and methyl-DBT formation > DBF and methyl-DBF formation > CA, and methyl-CA formation. Comparison with the reaction of naphthalene with CPDyl indicated that the reactions of CPDyl attacking a benzene ring and a furan/thiophene/pyrrole ring could be inferred to be comparable under high temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yixiang Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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da Silva BM, Maranho LT. Petroleum-contaminated sites: Decision framework for selecting remediation technologies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120722. [PMID: 31200225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brício Marcelino da Silva
- Graduate Program in Environmental Management, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300, CEP: 81.280-330, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Federal Institution of Education, Science and Technology Fluminense, Av. Souza Mota, 350, CEP: 28.060-010, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila Teresinha Maranho
- Graduate Program in Environmental Management, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300, CEP: 81.280-330, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Brinkmann M, Schneider AL, Bluhm K, Schiwy S, Lehmann G, Deutschmann B, Müller A, Tiehm A, Hollert H. Ecotoxicity of Nitrogen, Sulfur, or Oxygen Heterocycles and Short-Chained Alkyl Phenols Commonly Detected in Contaminated Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1343-1355. [PMID: 30900770 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NSO-HETs) and short-chained alkyl phenols (SCAPs) are commonly detected in groundwater at contaminated sites and in the surrounding environment. It is now scientific consensus that these chemicals pose a risk to human and ecosystem health. However, toxicity data are comparably fragmentary, and only few studies have addressed the ecotoxicity of NSO-HETs and SCAPs in a systematic and comparative fashion. To overcome this shortcoming, we tested 18 SCAPs, 16 NSO-HETs, as well as the homocyclic hydrocarbons indane and indene in the Microtox® assay with Aliivibrio fischeri, the growth inhibition test with Desmodesmus subspicatus, the acute immobilization assay with Daphnia magna, as well as the fish embryo toxicity test with embryos of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Because of the physicochemical properties of the tested chemicals (limited water solubility, volatility, and sorption to test vessels), actual exposure concentrations in test media and their dissipation over time were analytically quantified by means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Analytically corrected effect levels (median effect and lethal concentrations) ranged from 0.017 to 180 mg L-1 , underlining the environmental relevance of some NSO-HETs and SCAPs. Para-substituted phenols showed the overall greatest toxicities in all 4 toxicity tests. We provide, for the first time, a complete high-quality data set in support of better environmental risk assessments of these chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1343-1355. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Anna-Lena Schneider
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Water Technology Center, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Lehmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Deutschmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Axel Müller
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Water Technology Center, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Water Technology Center, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P. Beyond the obvious: Environmental health implications of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:543-557. [PMID: 30622079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polar PAHs) are believed to surpass those of their parent PAHs; however, their environmental and human health implications have been largely unexplored. Oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) is a critical class of polar PAHs associated with carcinogenic effects without enzymatic activation. They also cause an upsurge in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells. This results in oxidative stress and other consequences, such as abnormal gene expressions, altered protein activities, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Similarly, some nitrated PAHs (N-PAHs) are probable human carcinogens as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Heterocyclic PAHs (polar PAHs containing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen atoms within the aromatic rings) have been shown to be potent endocrine disruptors, primarily through their estrogenic activities. Despite the high toxicity and enhanced environmental mobility of many polar PAHs, they have attracted only a little attention in risk assessment of contaminated sites. This may lead to underestimation of potential risks, and remediation end points. In this review, the toxicity of polar PAHs and their associated mechanisms of action, including their role in mutagenic, carcinogenic, developmental and teratogenic effects are critically discussed. This review suggests that polar PAHs could have serious toxicological effects on human health and should be considered during risk assessment of PAH-contaminated sites. The implications of not doing so were argued and critical knowledge gaps and future research requirements discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, Australia
| | - Phil Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Al-Zaydi KM, Petrier C, Mousally SMM, Arab ST, Refat MS. Sonochemical Degradation of Benzothiophene (BT) in Deionized Water, Natural Water and Sea Water. Molecules 2019; 24:E257. [PMID: 30641947 PMCID: PMC6359156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper deals with the sonochemical water treatment of polycyclic aromatic sulfur hydrocarbons (PASHs), one of the most common impurities found in waste water coming from petroleum industry. The best fit of the experimental data appears to be the kinetic parameters determined using the Michaelis-Mentonmodel in the concentrations range of the study. For the initial increase in the degradation rates, it is simply considered that the more the bulk concentration increases, the more the concentration in the interfacial region increases. This will be explained by Michaelis-Menton kinetics. The influence of organic compounds in the water matrix as a mixture with Benzothiophene (BT) was also evaluated. The results indicated that BT degradation is unaffected by the presence of bisphenol A (BPA). Finally, the results indicated that ultrasonic action is involved in oxidation rather than pyrolitic processing in the BT sonochemical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah M Al-Zaydi
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty -AL Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christian Petrier
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty -AL Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia.
- Rheology and processes Laboratory UMR 5520- UJF-Grenoble INP-CNR, Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés, Domaine Universitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France.
| | - Sameera M M Mousally
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty -AL Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sana T Arab
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty -AL Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Al-Hawiah, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt.
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Brendel S, Polleichtner C, Behnke A, Jessel S, Hassold E, Jennemann C, Einhenkel-Arle D, Seidel A. Four selected high molecular weight heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Ecotoxicological hazard assessment, environmental relevance and regulatory needs under REACH. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:340-348. [PMID: 30059878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the ecotoxicity of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NSO-HETs) to aquatic organisms. In the environment, NSO-HETs have been shown to occur in a strong association with their unsubstituted carbocyclic analogues, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), for which much more information is available. The present study addressed this issue by investigating the toxicity of four selected NSO-HETs in green algae (Desmodesmus subspicatus), daphnids (Daphnia magna) and fish embryos (Danio rerio). The four high molecular weight NSO-HETs dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBA), 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene (BNT) and benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan (BNF) were selected, based on the results of a previous research project, indicating a lack of toxicity data and a high potential for persistence and bioaccumulation. The solubilities of the NSO-HETs in the test media were determined and turned out to be comparatively low (2.7-317 µg/L) increasing in the following order: DBA < BNT « DBC « BNF. Exposure concentrations during the toxicity tests were quantified with GC-MS and decreased strongly possibly due to sorption or metabolising during the test periods (48-96 h). Therefore, the estimated effect concentrations were related to the mean measured concentrations, as endpoints related to nominal concentrations would have underestimated the toxicity many times over. Within the range of the substance solubilities, BNF affected all test organisms with fish embryos being the most sensitive (fish: EC50 6.7 µg/L, algae: EC10 17.8 µg/L, daphnids: EC50 55.8 µg/L). DBC affected daphnids (EC50 2.5 µg/L,) and algae (EC10 3.1 µg/L), but not fish embryos. The lowest toxicity endpoint was observed for BNT affecting only algae (NOEC 0.556 µg/L) and neither daphnids nor fish embryos. DBA did not show any effects on the tested organisms in the range of the water solubility. However, we would expect effects in long-term toxicity studies to fish and aquatic invertebrates for all substances at lower concentrations, which needs further investigation. All four NSO-HETs were identified in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the German coasts, in green kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and in freshwater harbor sediment in concentrations between 0.07 and 2 µg/kg, highlighting their relevance as environmental contaminants. There is a need to regulate the four NSO-HETs within the REACH regulation due to their intrinsic properties and their environmental relevance. However, acquisition of additional experimental data appears to be pivotal for a regulation under REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Behnke
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Sönke Jessel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Jennemann
- Berlin Office for Occupational Safety, Protection of Health and Technical Safety (LAGetSi), Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Brusetti L, Ciccazzo S, Borruso L, Bellucci M, Zaccone C, Beneduce L. Metataxonomy and functionality of wood-tar degrading microbial consortia. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 353:108-117. [PMID: 29655090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wood-tar is a liquid material obtained by wood gasification process, and comprises several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Tar biodegradation is a very challenging task, due to its toxicity and to its complex chemistry. The 'microbial resource management' concerns the use of environmental microbial communities potentially able to provide us services. We applied this concept in tar biodegradation. Tar composed by several PAH (including phenanthrene, acenaphthylene and fluorene) was subjected to a biodegradation process in triplicate microcosms spiked with a microbial community collected from PAH-rich soils. In 20 days, 98.9% of tar was mineralized or adsorbed to floccules, while negative controls showed poor PAH reduction. The dynamics of fungal and bacterial communities was assessed through Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), 454 pyrosequencing of the fungal ITS and of the bacterial 16S rRNA. Quantification of the degrading bacterial communities was performed via quantitative Real Time PCR of the 16S rRNA genes and of the cathecol 2,3-dioxygenase genes. Results showed the importance of fungal tar-degrading populations in the first period of incubation, followed by a complex bacterial dynamical growth ruled by co-feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brusetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, I-39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Sonia Ciccazzo
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, I-39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Micol Bellucci
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71121 Foggia, Italy; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) Sec. Environment, Polytechnic University of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Zaccone
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Beneduce
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71121 Foggia, Italy
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Qian H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Si C, Chen Z. Characteristics of petroleum-contaminated groundwater during natural attenuation: a case study in northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:80. [PMID: 29332176 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate a petroleum-contaminated groundwater site in northeast China. We determined the physicochemical properties of groundwater that contained total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) with a view to developing a scientifically robust strategy for controlling and remediating pollution of groundwater already contaminated with petroleum. Samples were collected at regular intervals and were analyzed for dissolved oxygen (DO), iron (Fe3+), sulfate (SO42-), electrical conductivity (Eh), pH, hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-), and enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (HRP), catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O), and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O). We used factor analysis in SPSS to determine the main environmental characteristics of the groundwater samples. The results confirmed that the study site was slightly contaminated and that TPH levels were decreasing slightly. Some of the physicochemical variables showed regular fluctuations; DO, Fe3+, and SO42- contents decreased gradually, while the concentrations of one of the microbial degradation products, HCO3-, increased. Microorganism enzyme activities decreased gradually. The microbiological community deteriorated noticeably during the natural attenuation process, so microbiological degradation of pollutants receded gradually. The HCO3- content increased and the pH and Eh decreased gradually. The groundwater environment tended to be reducing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Yanbian Water Conservancy Bureaus, Yanbian, 133000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiali Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Si
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaixing Chen
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
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Tian Z, Vila J, Wang H, Bodnar W, Aitken MD. Diversity and Abundance of High-Molecular-Weight Azaarenes in PAH-Contaminated Environmental Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14047-14054. [PMID: 29160699 PMCID: PMC6343503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Azaarenes are N-heterocyclic polyaromatic pollutants that co-occur with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. Despite the known toxicity of some high-molecular-weight azaarenes, their diversity, abundance, and fate in contaminated soils remain to be elucidated. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass-defect filtering to four PAH-contaminated samples from geographically distant sites and detected 232 azaarene congeners distributed in eight homologous series, including alkylated derivatives and two hitherto unknown series. Four- and five-ring azaarenes were detected among these series, and the most abundant nonalkylated congeners groups (C13H9N, C15H9N, C17H11N, C19H11N, and C21H13N) were quantified. The profiles of congener groups varied among different sites. Three-ring azaarenes presented higher concentrations in unweathered sites, while four- and five-ring azaarenes predominated in weathered sites. Known toxic and carcinogenic azaarenes, such as benzo[c]acridine and dibenzo[a,h]acridine, were detected along with their multiple isomers. Our results highlight a previously unrecognized diversity and abundance of azaarenes in PAH-contaminated sites, with corresponding implications for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
- Corresponding Authors; , Phone: +1 919-966-1481
| | - Hanyan Wang
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3260 USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
- Corresponding Authors; , Phone: +1 919-966-1481
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Salam LB, Ilori MO, Amund OO. Properties, environmental fate and biodegradation of carbazole. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:111. [PMID: 28567624 PMCID: PMC5451359 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two decades had witnessed extensive investigation on bacterial degradation of carbazole, an N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Specifically, previous studies have reported the primary importance of angular dioxygenation, a novel type of oxygenation reaction, which facilitates mineralization of carbazole to intermediates of the TCA cycle. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are the predominant bacterial phyla implicated in this novel mode of dioxygenation, while anthranilic acid and catechol are the signature metabolites. Several studies have elucidated the degradative genes involved, the diversity of the car gene clusters and the unique organization of the car gene clusters in marine carbazole degraders. However, there is paucity of information regarding the environmental fate as well as industrial and medical importance of carbazole and its derivatives. In this review, attempt is made to harness this information to present a comprehensive outlook that not only focuses on carbazole biodegradation pathways, but also on its environmental fate as well as medical and industrial importance of carbazole and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lateef B Salam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria.
| | - Mathew O Ilori
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olukayode O Amund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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Scherr KE, Backes D, Scarlett AG, Lantschbauer W, Nahold M. Biogeochemical gradients above a coal tar DNAPL. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:741-754. [PMID: 26610368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring distribution and attenuation processes can keep hydrocarbon emissions from dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) into the adjacent groundwater at a minimum. In a historically coal tar DNAPL-impacted site, the de facto absence of a plume sparked investigations regarding the character of natural attenuation and DNAPL resolubilization processes at the site. Steep vertical gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, microbial community composition, secondary water quality and redox-parameters were found to occur between the DNAPL-proximal and shallow waters. While methanogenic and mixed-electron acceptor conditions prevailed close to the DNAPL, aerobic conditions and very low dissolved contaminant concentrations were identified in three meters vertical distance from the phase. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) proved to be an efficient tool to characterize the behavior of the present complex contaminant mixture. Medium to low bioavailability of ferric iron and manganese oxides of aquifer samples was detected via incubation with Shewanella alga and evidence for iron and manganese reduction was collected. In contrast, 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis revealed the absence of common iron reducing bacteria. Aerobic hydrocarbon degraders were abundant in shallow horizons, while nitrate reducers were dominating in deeper aquifer regions, in addition to a low relative abundance of methanogenic archaea. Partial Least Squares - Canonical Correspondence Analysis (PLS-CCA) suggested that nitrate and oxygen concentrations had the greatest impact on aquifer community structure in on- and offsite wells, which had a similarly high biodiversity (H' and Chao1). Overall, slow hydrocarbon dissolution from the DNAPL appears to dominate natural attenuation processes. This site may serve as a model for developing legal and technical strategies for the treatment of DNAPL-impacted sites where contaminant plumes are absent or shrinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin E Scherr
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Diana Backes
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Alan G Scarlett
- University of Plymouth, Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Wolfgang Lantschbauer
- Government of Upper Austria, Directorate for Environment and Water Management, Division for Environmental Protection, Kärntner Strasse 10-12, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Manfred Nahold
- GUT Gruppe Umwelt und Technik GmbH, Ingenieurbüro für Technischen Umweltschutz, Plesching 15, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Chen WL, Xie Z, Wolschke H, Gandrass J, Kötke D, Winkelmann M, Ebinghaus R. Quantitative determination of ultra-trace carbazoles in sediments in the coastal environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:586-595. [PMID: 26919804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole and some of its derivatives may possess dioxin-like toxicity and could be persistent in the environment, but information on their distribution and environmental fate is limited. This study developed and validated an ultra-trace targeted-analysis method for the determination of carbazole, 1,2-benzocarbazole, and 13 halogenated carbazoles in sediments from the river, coast, and North Sea. An 8-g sediment sample was extracted using accelerated solvent extraction combined with in-cell cleanup and analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was sensitive and reliable with method detection limits ranging from 4.54 to 52.9 pg/g, and most of the quantification biases and relative standard deviations were <20 and <15%, respectively. Carbazole and 1,2-benzocarbazole were the predominant substances in the sediments (median 565 and 369 pg/g, respectively) followed by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (median 196 pg/g). The detection frequencies of carbazole, benzo-, 3-chloro-, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were >75%, while those of 3,6-dibromo-, 1-bromo-3,6-dichloro-, and 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole were approximately 50%. Brominated carbazoles occurred more frequently in marine than river-influenced sediments, which could indicate halogenation after discharge into the river. This is the first study regarding these substances in coastal environments without apparent contamination history. The ubiquity and bioaccumulative potential of these substances needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Juergen Gandrass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Danijela Kötke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Magnus Winkelmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
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Felczak A, Bernat P, Różalska S, Lisowska K. Quinoline biodegradation by filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans and adaptive modifications of the fungal membrane composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8872-8880. [PMID: 26810790 PMCID: PMC4850185 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline, which belongs to N-heterocyclic compounds, occurs naturally in the environment and is used in numerous industrial processes. The structures of various chemicals, such as dyes and medicines, are based on this compound. Due to that fact, quinoline and its derivatives are widely distributed in environment and can exert toxic effects on organisms from different trophic levels. The ability of the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21Gp to degrade quinoline and modulate the membrane composition in response to the pollutant was studied. C. elegans IM 1785/21Gp removes quinoline with high efficiency and transforms the pollutant into two novel hydroxylated derivatives, 2-hydroxyquinoline and 3-hydroxyquinoline. Moreover, due to the disruption in the membrane stability by quinoline, C. elegans IM 1785/21Gp modulates the fatty acid composition and phospholipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Felczak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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41
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Biodegradation of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine in Solution and Soil by Bacteria Isolated from Activated Sludge. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Dong P, Lu GP, Cai C. Effective hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran by a bimetallic catalyst in water. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02164b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran by Ni/Pt bimetallic catalyst was achieved with 99% total conversion and 88% of selectivity of cyclohexylbenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-ping Lu
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Cai
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
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Floehr T, Scholz-Starke B, Xiao H, Hercht H, Wu L, Hou J, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Segner H, Kammann U, Yuan X, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Linking Ah receptor mediated effects of sediments and impacts on fish to key pollutants in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China - A comprehensive perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:191-211. [PMID: 26298852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), created in consequence of the Yangtze River's impoundment by the Three Gorges Dam, faces numerous anthropogenic impacts that challenge its unique ecosystem. Organic pollutants, particularly aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, have been widely detected in the Yangtze River, but only little research was yet done on AhR-mediated activities. Hence, in order to assess effects of organic pollution, with particular focus on AhR-mediated activities, several sites in the TGR area were examined applying the "triad approach". It combines chemical analysis, in vitro, in vivo and in situ investigations to a holistic assessment. Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011/2012, respectively, to identify relevant endpoints. Sediment was tested in vitro with the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction assay, and in vivo with the Fish Embryo Toxicity Test and Sediment Contact Assay with Danio rerio. Activities of phase I (EROD) and phase II (glutathione-S-transferase) biotransformation enzymes, pollutant metabolites and histopathological alterations were studied in situ in P. vachellii. EROD induction was tested in vitro and in situ to evaluate possible relationships. Two sites, near Chongqing and Kaixian city, were identified as regional hot-spots and further investigated in 2013. The sediments induced in the in vitro/in vivo bioassays AhR-mediated activities and embryotoxic/teratogenic effects - particularly on the cardiovascular system. These endpoints could be significantly correlated to each other and respective chemical data. However, particle-bound pollutants showed only low bioavailability. The in situ investigations suggested a rather poor condition of P. vachellii, with histopathological alterations in liver and excretory kidney. Fish from Chongqing city exhibited significant hepatic EROD induction and obvious parasitic infestations. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene was detected in bile of fish from all sites. All endpoints in combination with the chemical data suggest a pivotal role of PAHs in the observed ecotoxicological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Floehr
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Hercht
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Junli Hou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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44
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Floehr T, Scholz-Starke B, Xiao H, Koch J, Wu L, Hou J, Wolf A, Bergmann A, Bluhm K, Yuan X, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:63-82. [PMID: 26702969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Besides obvious benefits, the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) ecosystem. In order to record organic contamination, to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring, several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method. Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels, mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts. Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013. Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011 (165-1653ng/g), emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area. Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing (150-433ng/g) and Kaixian (127-590ng/g) in 2013. Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers. However, the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216-636kgPAH/day (0.2-0.6mgPAH/(m(2)·day)), indicating an ecotoxicological risk. PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section, whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section. Furthermore, sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay. Additionally, significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P. vachellii were detected (Chongqing/Kaixian), demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as an important mode of action in the TGR's fish. PAHs, their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Floehr
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Koch
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junli Hou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Anja Wolf
- IWW Rhenish-Westfalian Institute for Water Research, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Axel Bergmann
- IWW Rhenish-Westfalian Institute for Water Research, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Chibwe L, Geier MC, Nakamura J, Tanguay RL, Aitken MD, Simonich SLM. Aerobic Bioremediation of PAH Contaminated Soil Results in Increased Genotoxicity and Developmental Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26200254 PMCID: PMC4666737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of more polar and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) transformation products is one of the concerns associated with the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. Soil contaminated with coal tar (prebioremediation) from a former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site was treated in a laboratory scale bioreactor (postbioremediation) and extracted using pressurized liquid extraction. The soil extracts were fractionated, based on polarity, and analyzed for 88 PAHs (unsubstituted, oxygenated, nitrated, and heterocyclic PAHs). The PAH concentrations in the soil tested, postbioremediation, were lower than their regulatory maximum allowable concentrations (MACs), with the exception of the higher molecular weight PAHs (BaA, BkF, BbF, BaP, and IcdP), most of which did not undergo significant biodegradation. The soil extract fractions were tested for genotoxicity using the DT40 chicken lymphocyte bioassay and developmental toxicity using the embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) bioassay. A statistically significant increase in genotoxicity was measured in the unfractionated soil extract, as well as in four polar soil extract fractions, postbioremediation (p < 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant increase in developmental toxicity was measured in one polar soil extract fraction, postbioremediation (p < 0.05). A series of morphological abnormalities, including peculiar caudal fin malformations and hyperpigmentation in the tail, were measured in several soil extract fractions in embryonic zebrafish, both pre- and postbioremediation. The increased toxicity measured postbioremediation is not likely due to the 88 PAHs measured in this study (including quinones), because most were not present in the toxic polar fractions and/or because their concentrations did not increase postbioremediation. However, the increased toxicity measured postbioremediation is likely due to hydroxylated and carboxylated transformation products of the 3- and 4-ring PAHs (PHE, 1MPHE, 2MPHE, PRY, BaA, and FLA) that were most degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mitra C. Geier
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Corresponding Author Address: 1141 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; telephone: (541) 737-9194; fax: (541) 737-0497;
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Zawadzka K, Bernat P, Felczak A, Lisowska K. Carbazole hydroxylation by the filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19658-66. [PMID: 26276273 PMCID: PMC4679103 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, especially carbazole, quinolone, and pyridine are common types of environmental pollutants. Carbazole has a toxic influence on living organisms, and the knowledge of its persistence and bioconversion in ecosystems is still not complete. There is an increasing interest in detoxification of hazardous xenobiotics by microorganisms. In this study, the ability of three filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species to eliminate carbazole was evaluated. The Cunninghamella elegans IM 1785/21Gp and Cunninghamella echinulata IM 2611 strains efficiently removed carbazole. The IM 1785/21Gp and IM 2611 strains converted 93 and 82 % of the initial concentration of the xenobiotic (200 mg L(-1)) after 120 h incubation. 2-Hydroxycarbazole was for the first time identified as a carbazole metabolite formed by the filamentous fungi of the Cunninghamella species. There was no increase in the toxicity of the postculture extracts toward Artemia franciscana. Moreover, we showed an influence of carbazole on the phospholipid composition of the cells of the tested filamentous fungi, which indicated its harmful effect on the fungal cell membrane. The most significant modification of phospholipid levels after the cultivation of filamentous fungi with the addition of carbazole was showed for IM 1785/21Gp strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zawadzka
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - P Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Felczak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - K Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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47
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Salam LB, Ilori MO, Amund OO. Carbazole degradation in the soil microcosm by tropical bacterial strains. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1037-44. [PMID: 26691461 PMCID: PMC4704645 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, three bacterial strains isolated from tropical
hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and phylogenetically identified as
Achromobacter sp. strain SL1, Pseudomonas sp.
strain SL4 and Microbacterium esteraromaticum strain SL6 displayed
angular dioxygenation and mineralization of carbazole in batch cultures. In this
study, the ability of these isolates to survive and enhance carbazole degradation in
soil were tested in field-moist microcosms. Strain SL4 had the highest survival rate
(1.8 x 107 cfu/g) after 30 days of incubation in sterilized soil, while
there was a decrease in population density in native (unsterilized) soil when
compared with the initial population. Gas chromatographic analysis after 30 days of
incubation showed that in sterilized soil amended with carbazole (100 mg/kg), 66.96,
82.15 and 68.54% were degraded by strains SL1, SL4 and SL6, respectively, with rates
of degradation of 0.093, 0.114 and 0.095 mg kg−1 h−1. The
combination of the three isolates as inoculum in sterilized soil degraded 87.13%
carbazole at a rate of 0.121 mg kg−1 h−1. In native soil
amended with carbazole (100 mg/kg), 91.64, 87.29 and 89.13% were degraded by strains
SL1, SL4 and SL6 after 30 days of incubation, with rates of degradation of 0.127,
0.121 and 0.124 mg kg−1 h−1, respectively. This study
successfully established the survivability (> 106 cfu/g detected after
30 days) and carbazole-degrading ability of these bacterial strains in soil, and
highlights the potential of these isolates as seed for the bioremediation of
carbazole-impacted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lateef B Salam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Matthew O Ilori
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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48
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Usman M, Li D, Razzaq R, Yaseen M, Li C, Zhang S. Novel MoP/HY catalyst for the selective conversion of naphthalene to tetralin. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Usman M, Li D, Li C, Zhang S. Highly selective and stable hydrogenation of heavy aromatic-naphthalene over transition metal phosphides. Sci China Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-014-5199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pankiewicz-Sperka M, Stańczyk K, Płaza GA, Kwaśniewska J, Nałęcz-Jawecki G. Assessment of the chemical, microbiological and toxicological aspects of post-processing water from underground coal gasification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:294-301. [PMID: 25108176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive characterisation (including chemical, microbiological and toxicological parameters) of water after the underground coal gasification (UCG) process. This is the first report in which these parameters were analysed together to assess the environmental risk of the water generated during the simulation of the underground coal gasification (UCG) process performed by the Central Mining Institute (Poland). Chemical analysis of the water indicated many hazardous chemical compounds, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, large quantities of inorganic compounds from the coal and ashes produced during the volatilisation process were noted. Due to the presence of refractory and inhibitory compounds in the post-processing water samples, the microbiological and toxicological analyses revealed the high toxicity of the UCG post-processing water. Among the tested microorganisms, mesophilic, thermophilic, psychrophilic, spore-forming, anaerobic and S-oxidizing bacteria were identified. However, the number of detected microorganisms was very low. The psychrophilic bacteria dominated among tested bacteria. There were no fungi or Actinomycetes in any of the water samples. Preliminary study revealed that hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria were metabolically active in the water samples. The samples were very toxic to the biotests, with the TU50 reaching 262. None of biotests was the most sensitive to all samples. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity testing of the water samples in Vicia uncovered strong cytotoxic and clastogenic effects. Furthermore, TUNEL indicated that all of the water samples caused sporadic DNA fragmentation in the nuclei of the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pankiewicz-Sperka
- Department of Energy Saving and Air Protection, Główny Instytut Górnictwa (Central Mining Institute), Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Stańczyk
- Department of Energy Saving and Air Protection, Główny Instytut Górnictwa (Central Mining Institute), Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
| | - Grażyna A Płaza
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kwaśniewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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