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Pegoraro C, Domingo-Ortí I, Conejos-Sánchez I, Vicent MJ. Unlocking the Mitochondria for Nanomedicine-based Treatments: Overcoming Biological Barriers, Improving Designs, and Selecting Verification Techniques. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115195. [PMID: 38325562 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced targeting approaches will support the treatment of diseases associated with dysfunctional mitochondria, which play critical roles in energy generation and cell survival. Obstacles to mitochondria-specific targeting include the presence of distinct biological barriers and the need to pass through (or avoid) various cell internalization mechanisms. A range of studies have reported the design of mitochondrially-targeted nanomedicines that navigate the complex routes required to influence mitochondrial function; nonetheless, a significant journey lies ahead before mitochondrially-targeted nanomedicines become suitable for clinical use. Moving swiftly forward will require safety studies, in vivo assays confirming effectiveness, and methodologies to validate mitochondria-targeted nanomedicines' subcellular location/activity. From a nanomedicine standpoint, we describe the biological routes involved (from administration to arrival within the mitochondria), the features influencing rational design, and the techniques used to identify/validate successful targeting. Overall, rationally-designed mitochondria-targeted-based nanomedicines hold great promise for precise subcellular therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pegoraro
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inés Domingo-Ortí
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory and CIBERONC, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Khan T, Waseem R, Zehra Z, Aiman A, Bhardwaj P, Ansari J, Hassan MI, Islam A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122657. [PMID: 36559149 PMCID: PMC9785072 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are implicated in a wide range of functions apart from ATP generation, and, therefore, constitute one of the most important organelles of cell. Since healthy mitochondria are essential for proper cellular functioning and survival, mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to various pathologies. Mitochondria are considered a novel and promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various human diseases including metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. For mitochondria-targeted therapy, there is a need to develop an effective drug delivery approach, owing to the mitochondrial special bilayer structure through which therapeutic molecules undergo multiple difficulties in reaching the core. In recent years, various nanoformulations have been designed such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles conjugate with mitochondriotropic moieties such as mitochondria-penetrating peptides (MPPs), triphenylphosphonium (TPP), dequalinium (DQA), and mitochondrial protein import machinery for overcoming barriers involved in targeting mitochondria. The current approaches used for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery have provided promising ways to overcome the challenges associated with targeted-drug delivery. Herein, we review the research from past years to the current scenario that has identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advancements in mitochondria-targeted drug delivery strategies for the pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rashid Waseem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Zainy Zehra
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ayesha Aiman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Priyanka Bhardwaj
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Correspondence:
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3
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Mandal AK. Mitochondrial targeting of potent nanoparticulated drugs in combating diseases. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:614-633. [PMID: 35790487 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by the electron transport chain (ETC) leakage and reduced adenosine tri-phosphate synthesis, occurs primarily due to free radicals -induced mutations in either the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) or nuclear (n) DNA caused by pathogenic infections, toxicant exposures, adverse drug-effects, or other environmental exposures, leading to secondary dysfunction affecting ischemic, diabetic, cancerous, and degenerative diseases. In these concerns, mitochondria-targeted remedies may include a significant role in the protection and treatment of mitochondrial function to enhance its activity. Coenzyme Q10 pyridinol and pyrimidinol antioxidant analogues and other potent drug-compounds for their multifunctional radical quencher and other anti-toxic activities may take a significant therapeutic effectivity for ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the encapsulation of these bioactive ligands-attached potent compounds in vesicular system may enable them a superb biological effective for the treatment of mitochondria-targeted dysfunction-related diseases with least side effects. This review depicts mainly on mitochondrial enzymatic dysfunction and their amelioration by potent drugs with the usages of nanoparticulated delivery system against mitochondria-affected diseases.
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Szabó I, Yousef M, Soltész D, Bató C, Mező G, Bánóczi Z. Redesigning of Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Improve Their Efficacy as a Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050907. [PMID: 35631493 PMCID: PMC9146218 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are promising tools for the transport of a broad range of compounds into cells. Since the discovery of the first members of this peptide family, many other peptides have been identified; nowadays, dozens of these peptides are known. These peptides sometimes have very different chemical–physical properties, but they have similar drawbacks; e.g., non-specific internalization, fast elimination from the body, intracellular/vesicular entrapment. Although our knowledge regarding the mechanism and structure–activity relationship of internalization is growing, the prediction and design of the cell-penetrating properties are challenging. In this review, we focus on the different modifications of well-known CPPs to avoid their drawbacks, as well as how these modifications may increase their internalization and/or change the mechanism of penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Dóra Soltész
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Csaba Bató
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (Z.B.)
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5
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Wang H, Ning X, Wang X, Ding F, Wang Y. A versatile modular preparation strategy for targeted drug delivery systems against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:055101. [PMID: 34670212 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is widely used in targeted drug delivery, but different drug delivery systems need to 're-determine' different synthesis schemes, which greatly limits the further expansion of targeted nanomedicine applications. In this study, we propose a facile and versatile modular stacking strategy to fabricate targeted drug delivery systems to enable tailored designs for patient-specific therapeutic responses. The systems were constructed by a pH-sensitive prodrug module and a mitochondrial targeting module via self-assembly. Using this modular strategy, we successfully prepared two targeting nano-drug delivery systems, TPP-DOX and PK-DOX, where the mitochondrial targeting molecules were triphenylphosphonium (TPP) and 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), respectively. Confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry tests revealed that TPP-DOX and PK-DOX exhibited high mitochondria targeting capability and greatly improved the drug retention in drug-resistant cells. The antitumor activity tests showed that the IC50 values of TPP-DOX and PK-DOX in MCF-7/ADR cells were 2.5- and 8.2-fold lower than that of free DOX, respectively. These results indicated that PK was more effective than TPP. The studies on their therapeutic effects on human breast cancer resistant cells verified the feasibility of the modular approach, indicated that the two modular targeted drug delivery systems: (1) retain the drug toxicity and cell-killing effect of the prodrug module, (2) have precise targeting capabilities due to mitochondrial targeting module, (3) enhance drug uptake, reduce drug efflux and reverse the multidrug resistance effect to a certain extent. The results show that modular stacking is a practical, effective and versatile method for preparing targeting drugs with broad application prospects. This study provides an easy approach on preparing customizable targeted drug delivery systems to improve precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Ning
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ding
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ma C, Wei T, Hua Y, Wang Z, Zhang L. Effective Antitumor of Orally Intestinal Targeting Penetrating Peptide-Loaded Tyroserleutide/PLGA Nanoparticles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4495-4513. [PMID: 34239301 PMCID: PMC8259945 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor that seriously threatens human life and health. Currently, the majority of antitumor drugs are administered in an injectable manner, which can cause pain and side effects to patients. Objective of this study is to establish an effective oral drug delivery system for anti hepatoma drugs. Methods In this study, intestinal targeting cell penetrating peptide (R6LRVG) was obtained by binding cell penetrating peptide (R6) with the polypeptide of LRVG (targeting intestinal epithelial cells). Next, R6LRVG-modified tyroserleutide-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs) were prepared. After that, the nanoparticles were characterized and their stability was evaluated. The cellular uptake, in vitro bioactivity and in vivo antitumor activity of the nanoparticles were investigated. In addition, the mechanism, including the endocytic pathway and respiratory rate detection of mitochondria, was further investigated. Results YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs were successfully prepared. Characterization revealed YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs to be globular particles with smooth surfaces and an average diameter of 222.6 nm. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading of tyroserleutide were 70.27% and 19.69%, respectively. Furthermore, the YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs group exhibited the largest amount of YSL uptake. We also found that cell uptake of YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs could be related to the endocytosis pathways mediated by reticulin and caveolae/lipid rafts. Additionally, the YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs could interfere with mitochondrial function. In vivo experiments revealed that orally administered YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs exerted excellent anticancer effects in tumor-bearing mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining did not show any histological changes in the major organs. Conclusion To summarize, YSL-PLGA/R6LRVG NPs could be a useful oral delivery system of YSL and may provide a new platform for the oral delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Ma
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Wei
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Hua
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
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7
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S Allemailem K, Almatroudi A, Alsahli MA, Aljaghwani A, M El-Kady A, Rahmani AH, Khan AA. Novel Strategies for Disrupting Cancer-Cell Functions with Mitochondria-Targeted Antitumor Drug-Loaded Nanoformulations. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3907-3936. [PMID: 34135584 PMCID: PMC8200140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Any variation in normal cellular function results in mitochondrial dysregulation that occurs in several diseases, including cancer. Such processes as oxidative stress, metabolism, signaling, and biogenesis play significant roles in cancer initiation and progression. Due to their central role in cellular metabolism, mitochondria are favorable therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of conditions like neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Subcellular mitochondria-specific theranostic nanoformulations for simultaneous targeting, drug delivery, and imaging of these organelles are of immense interest in cancer therapy. It is a challenging task to cross multiple barriers to target mitochondria in diseased cells. To overcome these multiple barriers, several mitochondriotropic nanoformulations have been engineered for the transportation of mitochondria-specific drugs. These nanoformulations include liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and inorganic NPs. These nanoformulations are made mitochondriotropic by conjugating them with moieties like dequalinium, Mito-Porter, triphenylphosphonium, and Mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Most of these nanoformulations are meticulously tailored to control their size, charge, shape, mitochondriotropic drug loading, and specific cell-membrane interactions. Recently, some novel mitochondria-selective antitumor compounds known as mitocans have shown high toxicity against cancer cells. These selective compounds form vicious oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species cycles within cancer cells and ultimately push them to cell death. Nanoformulations approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical applications in cancer patients include Doxil, NK105, and Abraxane. The novel use of these NPs still faces tremendous challenges and an immense amount of research is needed to understand the proper mechanisms of cancer progression and control by these NPs. Here in this review, we summarize current advancements and novel strategies of delivering different anticancer therapeutic agents to mitochondria with the help of various nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel Aljaghwani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Lee YH, Park HI, Chang WS, Choi JS. Triphenylphosphonium-conjugated glycol chitosan microspheres for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:35-45. [PMID: 33227331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To develop an efficient vector for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery, we synthesized triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-modified glycol chitosan polymeric microspheres that had a unique chemical structure with both lipophilic phenyl groups and cationic phosphonium. Notably, TPP can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer of mitochondria, thereby resulting in specific accumulation of a combined drug molecule in the mitochondria due to the membrane potential between TPP and its membrane. Therefore, TPP has been widely used as a mitochondria-targeting moiety. Triphenylphosphonium-glycol chitosan derivatives (GC-TPP and GME-TPP) with two different degrees of substitution (11% and 36%) were prepared by amidation and Michael addition. The chemical structures of GC-TPP and GME-TPP were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and their sizes were measured via field emission scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Cellular uptake through flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy confirmed that both GC-TPP and GME-TPP were well introduced into cells, targeting the mitochondria. In addition, cytotoxicity testing of the most common cell lines, such as HEK293, HeLa, NIH3T3, and HepG2, indicated the absence of polymer toxicity. To evaluate the carrier effectiveness of TPP for drug delivery, doxorubicin (Dox) was used as an anticancer drug. Confocal microscopy images showed that Dox-loaded GME-TPP accumulated inside cells more than Dox-loaded GC-TPP. The anticancer effects of Dox were also determined by MTT assay, apoptosis/necrosis assay, and three-dimensional spheroids. In summary, the results indicate that GC-TPP and GME-TPP microspheres possess great potential as effective drug delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Joon Sig Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Kundu J, Banerjee P, Bose C, Das U, Ghosh U, Sinha S. Internal Oligoguanidinium Transporter: Mercury-Free Scalable Synthesis, Improvement of Cellular Localization, Endosomal Escape, Mitochondrial Localization, and Conjugation with Antisense Morpholino for NANOG Inhibition to Induce Chemosensitization of Taxol in MCF-7 Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2367-2382. [PMID: 32986398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A nontoxic delivery vehicle is essential for the therapeutic applications of antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs). Though guanidinium-rich or arginine-rich cellular transporter conjugated Vivo-PMO or PPMO has been developed for in vivo application, however, either their toxicity or stability has become an issue. Previously, we reported nonpeptidic internal guanidinium transporter (IGT) mediated delivery of PMO for gene silencing and got encouraging results. In this paper, we report the synthesis of IGT using a Hg-free method for scale up and N-terminal modification of IGT with a suitable hydrophobic or lipophilic group to improve the cell permeability, endosomal escape, and mitochondrial localization and to reduce toxicity in the MTT assay. For the delivery of PMO, IGT-PMO conjugate was synthesized to target NANOG in cells, a transcription factor required for cancer stem cell proliferation and embryonic development and is involved in many cancers. Our data shows IGT-PMO-facilitated NANOG inhibition, and thereby the prevention of EpCAM-N-Cadherin-Vimentin axis mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, unlike taxol, NANOG inhibition influences the expression of stemness factor c-Myc, Hh-Gli signaling proteins, other cancer related factors, and their respective phenotypes in cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to illustrate that the IGT-PMO-mediated NANOG inhibition increases the therapeutic potential of taxol and induces G0-G1 arrest in cancer cells to prevent cancer progression. However, it warrants further investigation in other cancer cells and preclinical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Kundu
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanjalee Banerjee
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandra Bose
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ujjal Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ujjwal Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Sinha
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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10
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Dietsche TA, Eldesouky HE, Zeiders SM, Seleem MN, Chmielewski J. Targeting Intracellular Pathogenic Bacteria Through N-Terminal Modification of Cationic Amphiphilic Polyproline Helices. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7468-7475. [PMID: 32425046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens can thrive within mammalian cells and are inaccessible to many antimicrobial agents. Herein, we present a facile method of enhancing the cell penetrating and antibacterial properties of cationic amphiphilic polyproline helices (CAPHs) with modifications to the hydrophobic moiety at the N-terminus. These altered CAPHs display superior cell penetration within macrophage cells, and in some cases, minimal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, one CAPH, Pentyl-P14 exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against multiple strains of pathogenic bacteria and promoted the clearance of intracellular Shigella within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Dietsche
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Samantha M Zeiders
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, United States
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11
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Kim S, Nam HY, Lee J, Seo J. Mitochondrion-Targeting Peptides and Peptidomimetics: Recent Progress and Design Principles. Biochemistry 2019; 59:270-284. [PMID: 31696703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional subcellular organelles whose operations encompass energy production, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Given their wide range of roles, they have been studied extensively as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion-mediated pathways have been identified as promising targets in the context of these diseases. However, the delivery of specific probes and drugs to the mitochondria is one of the major problems that remains to be solved. Over the past decade, much effort has been devoted to developing mitochondrion-targeted delivery methods based on the membrane characteristics and the protein import machinery of mitochondria. While various methods utilizing small molecules to polymeric particles have been introduced, it is notable that many of these compounds share common structural elements and physicochemical properties for optimal selectivity and efficiency. In this Perspective, we will review the most recently developed mitochondrion-targeting peptides and peptidomimetics to outline the key aspects of structural requirements and design principles. We will also discuss successful and potential applications of mitochondrial delivery to assess opportunities and challenges in the targeting of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science , Sungshin University , Seoul 01133 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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12
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Yang QQ, Zhu LJ, Xi TK, Zhu HY, Chen XX, Wu M, Sun C, Xu C, Fang GM, Meng X. Delivery of cell membrane impermeable peptides into living cells by using head-to-tail cyclized mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9693-9697. [PMID: 31691700 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclic Arg-rich mitochondria-penetrating peptides were prepared with variation in the macrocycle size and the chirality of Arg residues. A cyclic heptapeptide was demonstrated to be an efficient mitochondria-specific delivery vector for delivering membrane impermeable peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Liang-Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Tong-Kuai Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Han-Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Chuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Changzhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Ge-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Xiangming Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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13
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Song YF, Liu DZ, Cheng Y, Teng ZH, Cui H, Liu M, Zhang BL, Mei QB, Zhou SY. Charge Reversible and Mitochondria/Nucleus Dual Target Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles To Enhance Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1296-1308. [PMID: 29432025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The experiment aims to increase antitumor activity while decreasing the systemic toxicity of doxorubicin (DOX). Charge reversible and mitochondria/nucleus dual target lipid hybrid nanoparticles (LNPs) was prepared. The in vitro experimental results indicated that LNPs released more amount of DOX in acidic environment and delivered more amount of DOX to the mitochondria and nucleus of tumor cells than did free DOX, which resulted in the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and the enhancement of cytotoxicity of LNPs on tumor cells. Furthermore, the in vivo experimental results indicated that LNPs delivered more DOX to tumor tissue and significantly prolonged the retention time of DOX in tumor tissue as compared with free DOX, which consequently resulted in the high antitumor activity and low systemic toxicity of LNPs on tumor-bearing nude mice. The above results indicated that charge reversible mitochondria/nucleus dual targeted lipid hybrid nanoparticles greatly enhanced therapeutic efficacy of DOX for treating lung cancer.
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14
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Kerschgens IP, Gademann K. Antibiotic Algae by Chemical Surface Engineering. Chembiochem 2018; 19:439-443. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel P. Kerschgens
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
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15
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Wang Z, Guo W, Kuang X, Hou S, Liu H. Nanopreparations for mitochondria targeting drug delivery system: Current strategies and future prospective. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:498-508. [PMID: 32104363 PMCID: PMC7032167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are a novel and promising therapeutic target for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of a lot of human diseases such as cancer, metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disease. Owing to the mitochondrial special bilayer structure and highly negative potential nature, therapeutic molecules have multiple difficulties in reaching mitochondria. To overcome multiple barriers for targeting mitochondria, the researchers developed various pharmaceutical preparations such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles modified by mitochondriotropic moieties like dequalinium (DQA), triphenylphosphonium (TPP), mitochondrial penetrating peptides (MPPs) and mitochondrial protein import machinery that allow specific targeting. The targeted formulations exhibited enhanced pharmacological effect and better therapeutic effect than their untargeted counterpart both in vitro and in vivo. Nanocarriers may be used for bio-therapeutic delivery into specific mitochondria that possess a great potential treatment of mitochondria related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongzhuo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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16
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Nandi B, Khatra H, Khan PP, Bhadra J, Pattanayak S, Sinha S. Cationic Cytosine Morpholino-Based Transporters: Synthesis and Regulation of Intracellular Localization. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Nandi
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Harleen Khatra
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Pragya Paramita Khan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Jhuma Bhadra
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sankha Pattanayak
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology; Stanford University; Stanford, California, CA 94305-5174
| | - Surajit Sinha
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
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17
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Wang Y, Ying X, Xu H, Yan H, Li X, Tang H. The functional curcumin liposomes induce apoptosis in C6 glioblastoma cells and C6 glioblastoma stem cells in vitro and in animals. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1369-1384. [PMID: 28260885 PMCID: PMC5325138 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s124276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a kind of malignant gliomas that is almost impossible to cure due to the poor drug transportation across the blood–brain barrier and the existence of glioma stem cells. We prepared a new kind of targeted liposomes in order to improve the drug delivery system onto the glioma cells and induce the apoptosis of glioma stem cells afterward. In this experiment, curcumin was chosen to kill gliomas, while quinacrine was used to induce apoptosis of the glioma stem cells. Also, p-aminophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside could facilitate the transport of liposomes across the blood–brain barrier and finally target the brain glioma cells. The cell experiments in vitro indicated that the targeted liposomes could significantly improve the anti-tumor effects of the drugs, while enhancing the uptake effects, apoptosis effects, and endocytic effects of C6 glioma cells and C6 glioma stem cells. Given the animal experiments in vivo, we discovered that the targeted liposomes could obviously increase the survival period of brain glioma-bearing mice and inhibit the growth of gliomas. In summary, curcumin and quinacrine liposomes modified with p-aminophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside is a potential preparation to treat brain glioma cells and brain glioma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Ying
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Helu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Modernization of TCM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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18
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19
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Hatanaka W, Kawaguchi M, Sun X, Nagao Y, Ohshima H, Hashida M, Higuchi Y, Kishimura A, Katayama Y, Mori T. Use of Membrane Potential to Achieve Transmembrane Modification with an Artificial Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:296-301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Ohshima
- Faculty
of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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20
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Zagorodko O, Arroyo-Crespo JJ, Nebot VJ, Vicent MJ. Polypeptide-Based Conjugates as Therapeutics: Opportunities and Challenges. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zagorodko
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia 46012 Spain
| | - Juan José Arroyo-Crespo
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia 46012 Spain
| | - Vicent J. Nebot
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia 46012 Spain
- Polypeptide Therapeutic Solutions SL; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia 46012 Spain
| | - María J. Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia 46012 Spain
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21
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Li J, Wang F, Sun D, Wang R. A review of the ligands and related targeting strategies for active targeting of paclitaxel to tumours. J Drug Target 2016; 24:590-602. [PMID: 26878228 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2016.1154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been 30 years since the discovery of the anti-tumour property of paclitaxel (PTX), which has been successfully applied in clinic for the treatment of carcinomas of the lungs, breast and ovarian. However, PTX is poorly soluble in water and has no targeting and selectivity to tumour tissue. Recent advances in active tumour targeting of PTX delivery vehicles have addressed some of the issues related to lack of solubility in water and non-specific toxicities associated with PTX. These PTX delivery vehicles are designed for active targeting to specific cancer cells by the addition of ligands for recognition by specific receptors/antigens on cancer cells. This article will focus on various ligands and related targeting strategies serving as potential tools for active targeting of PTX to tumour tissues, illustrating their use in different tumour models. This review also highlights the need of further studies on the discovery of receptors in different cells of specific organ and ligands with binding efficiency to these specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education) , Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , China ;,c National Glycoengineering Research Center , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Deqing Sun
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Rongmei Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
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22
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Li XT, Ju RJ, Li XY, Zeng F, Shi JF, Liu L, Zhang CX, Sun MG, Lou JN, Lu WL. Multifunctional targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes, modified by wheat germ agglutinin and tamoxifen, for treating brain glioma and glioma stem cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6497-511. [PMID: 25153726 PMCID: PMC4171646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most anticancer drugs are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively while surgery and radiation therapy cannot eradicate brain glioma cells and glioma stem cells (GSCs), hence resulting in poor prognosis with high recurrence rates. In the present study, a kind of multifunctional targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes was developed for treating brain glioma and GSCs. Evaluations were performed on in-vitro BBB model, murine glioma cells, GSCs, and GSCs bearing mice. Results showed that the multifunctional targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes exhibited evident capabilities in crossing the BBB, in killing glioma cells and GSCs and in diminishing brain glioma in mice. Action mechanism studies indicated that the enhanced efficacy of the multifunctional targeting drugs-loaded liposomes could be due to the following aspects: evading the rapid elimination from blood circulation; crossing the BBB effectively; improving drug uptake by glioma cells and GSCs; down-regulating the overexpressed ABC transporters; inducing apoptosis of GSCs via up-regulating apoptotic receptor/ligand (Fas/Fasl), activating apoptotic enzymes (caspases 8, 9 and 3), activating pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bok), activating tumor suppressor protein (P53) and suppressing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Mcl-1). In conclusion, the multifunctional targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes could be used as a potential therapy for treating brain glioma and GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Rui-Jun Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ning Lou
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chia-Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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23
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Jean SR, Tulumello DV, Riganti C, Liyanage SU, Schimmer AD, Kelley SO. Mitochondrial Targeting of Doxorubicin Eliminates Nuclear Effects Associated with Cardiotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2007-15. [PMID: 26038829 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly effective anticancer agent doxorubicin (Dox) is a frontline drug used to treat a number of cancers. While Dox has a high level of activity against cancer cells, its clinical use is often complicated by dose-limiting cardiotoxicity. While this side effect has been linked to the drug's direct activity in the mitochondria of cardiac cells, recent studies have shown that these result primarily from downstream effects of nuclear DNA damage. Our lab has developed a mitochondrially targeted derivative of Dox that enables the selective study of toxicity generated by the presence of Dox in the mitochondria of human cells. We demonstrate that mitochondria-targeted doxorubicin (mtDox) lacks any direct nuclear effects in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes, and that these cells are able to undergo mitochondrial biogenesis. This recovery response compensates for the mitotoxic effects of Dox and prevents cell death in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, cardiac toxicity was only observed in Dox but not mtDox treated mice. This study supports the hypothesis that mitochondrial damage is not the main source of the cardiotoxic effects of Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Riganti
- Department
of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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24
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Jiang L, Li L, He X, Yi Q, He B, Cao J, Pan W, Gu Z. Overcoming drug-resistant lung cancer by paclitaxel loaded dual-functional liposomes with mitochondria targeting and pH-response. Biomaterials 2015; 52:126-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Zubareva AA, Shcherbinina TS, Varlamov VP, Svirshchevskaya EV. Intracellular sorting of differently charged chitosan derivatives and chitosan-based nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7942-7952. [PMID: 25866253 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00327j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (Chi) is a biodegradable nontoxic polycation with multiple reactive groups that is easily used to obtain derivatives with a desired charge and hydrophobic properties. The aim of this work was to study the intracellular traffic of positively charged hexanoyl-chitosan (HC) or HC-based nanoparticles (HCNPs) and negatively charged succinoyl-chitosan (SC) and SCNPs in epithelial and macrophage cell lines. By using flow cytometry we demonstrated that positively charged HC adhered to cell membranes quicker and more efficiently than negatively charged SC or NPs. However confocal studies showed that SC and SCNPs penetrated cells much more efficiently than HC while HCNPs did not enter the epithelial cells. Macrophages also phagocyted better negatively charged material but were able to engulf both HC and HCNPs. Upon entering the cells, SC and SCNPs were co-localized with endosomes and lysosomes while HC was found in mitochondria and, to a lesser extent, in lysosomes of epithelial cells. Macrophages, RAW264.7, more efficiently transported all Chi samples to the lysosomal compartment while some positively charged material was still found in mitochondria. Incubation of Chi derivatives and ChiNPs at pH specific to mitochondria (8.0) and lysosomes (4.5) demonstrated the neutralization of Chi charge. We concluded that epithelial cells and, to a lesser extent, macrophages sort charged material to the organelles neutralizing Chi charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zubareva
- Centre "Bioengineering" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312, Moscow, Russia
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26
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Li XT, He ML, Zhou ZY, Jiang Y, Cheng L. The antitumor activity of PNA modified vinblastine cationic liposomes on Lewis lung tumor cells: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015; 487:223-33. [PMID: 25895716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the frequently-occurring disease in the world, and the treatment effects are usually unsatisfactory. Vinblastine is an anti-microtubule drug in clinic. In this study, a nanostructured liposome was designed and prepared for treating NSCLC. In the liposomes, peanut agglutinin (PNA) was modified on the liposomal surface, 3-(N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl) cholesterol was used as cationic materials, and vinblastine was encapsulated in the aqueous core of liposomes, respectively. The PNA modified vinblastine cationic liposomes were approximately 100 nm in size with a positive potential. In vitro results showed that the targeting liposomes could significantly enhance cellular uptake, selectively accumulate in LLT cells, and dramatically initiate apoptosis via activating pro-apoptotic proteins and apoptotic enzymes, thus leading to the strongest antitumor efficacy to LLT cells. In vivo results demonstrated that the targeting liposomes could display a prolonged circulation time in the blood, accumulate more drug in tumor location, and induce most of tumor cells apoptosis. As a result, a robust overall antitumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mice was observed subsequently. In conclusion, the chemotherapy using the PNA modified vinblastine cationic liposomes could provide a potential strategy for treating non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Mei-Li He
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China.
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27
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Li XT, Zhou ZY, Jiang Y, He ML, Jia LQ, Zhao L, Cheng L, Jia TZ. PEGylated VRB plus quinacrine cationic liposomes for treating non-small cell lung cancer. J Drug Target 2014; 23:232-43. [PMID: 25417934 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.979829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, and the treatment effects are usually unsatisfactory. Vinorelbine (VRB) is extensively used in cancer treatment, but it has some disadvantages when used alone. PEGylated liposomes have been extensively used as a delivery carrier for antitumor drugs via prolonging the circulation time in the blood. PURPOSE The nanostructured liposomes were designed and prepared for treating NSCLC. METHODS In the liposomes, PEG was modified on the liposomal surface, DC-Chol was used as cationic materials, and VRB plus quinacrine were encapsulated in an aqueous core of the liposomes as an antitumor drug and an apoptosis-inducing agent, respectively. Evaluations were performed on A549 cells, tubular network formations and xenografts of the A549 cells. RESULTS The PEGylated drugs-loaded cationic liposomes could significantly enhance cellular uptake and selectively accumulate in A549 cells, thus leading to show strongest antitumor efficacy to tumor cells and to tumor-bearing mice. Action mechanisms showed that the enhanced efficacy in treating NSCLC was related to activate caspase 9 and caspase 3, to activate Bax and P53, and to suppress Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. CONCLUSION The PEGylated VRB plus quinacrine cationic liposomes showed a potential strategy for treating NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China and
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28
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Rin Jean S, Tulumello DV, Wisnovsky SP, Lei EK, Pereira MP, Kelley SO. Molecular vehicles for mitochondrial chemical biology and drug delivery. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:323-33. [PMID: 24410267 DOI: 10.1021/cb400821p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria within human cells play a major role in a variety of critical processes involved in cell survival and death. An understanding of mitochondrial involvement in various human diseases has generated an appreciable amount of interest in exploring this organelle as a potential drug target. As a result, a number of strategies to probe and combat mitochondria-associated diseases have emerged. Access to mitochondria-specific delivery vectors has allowed the study of biological processes within this intracellular compartment with a heightened level of specificity. In this review, we summarize the features of existing delivery vectors developed for targeting probes and therapeutics to this highly impermeable organelle. We also discuss the major applications of mitochondrial targeting of bioactive molecules, which include the detection and treatment of oxidative damage, combating bacterial infections, and the development of new therapeutic approaches for cancer. Future directions include the assessment of the therapeutic benefit achieved by mitochondrial targeting for treatment of disease in vivo. In addition, the availability of mitochondria-specific chemical probes will allow the elucidation of the details of biological processes that occur within this cellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Rin Jean
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David V. Tulumello
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon P. Wisnovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric K. Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark P. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Zhang E, Luo S, Tan X, Shi C. Mechanistic study of IR-780 dye as a potential tumor targeting and drug delivery agent. Biomaterials 2014; 35:771-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Cationic oligopeptide-conjugated mitochondria targeting sequence as a novel carrier system for mitochondria. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Kuriakose J, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Nepal M, Brezden A, Pozzi V, Seleem MN, Chmielewski J. Targeting Intracellular Pathogenic Bacteria with Unnatural Proline-Rich Peptides: Coupling Antibacterial Activity with Macrophage Penetration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kuriakose J, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Nepal M, Brezden A, Pozzi V, Seleem MN, Chmielewski J. Targeting Intracellular Pathogenic Bacteria with Unnatural Proline-Rich Peptides: Coupling Antibacterial Activity with Macrophage Penetration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9664-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Furukawa R, Yamada Y, Harashima H. [MITO-Porter; a cutting-edge technology for mitochondrial gene therapy]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012. [PMID: 23208046 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is an attractive strategy, for not only targeting nuclear genome, but the mitochondrial genome as well. Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 13 subunits of the electron transport chain, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs and their mutations cause a wide range of mitochondrial diseases. Each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mtDNAs, and in the case of a diseased cell, the mitochondrion possesses both mutant mtDNA and wild-type mtDNA. It is generally accepted that the disease phenotype appears when the proportion of the pathogenic mutant mtDNA exceeds a certain threshold. Therefore, the suppression of mutant mtDNA or supplementing wild-type mtDNA will control the onset of mitochondrial disease. To achieve the transfection of an exogenous therapeutic gene to the mitochondrial matrix where mtDNA is transcribed and translated, it is necessary to transfer cargos through mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. Several methods have been examined for mitochondrial transfection, but a universal, wide-ranging transfection technique has yet not been established. We recently developed a mitochondrial targeting delivery system, namely the MITO-Porter. The MITO-Porter is liposomal nanocarrier with a mitochondrial fusogenic lipid composition. We reported that the MITO-Porter could deliver chemical compounds and proteins to the mitochondrial matrix via membrane fusion. In this review, we report (1) on the pharmacological enhancement of lecithinized superoxide dismutase (PC-SOD) using MITO-Porter, (2) the transcription activation of exogenous DNA by mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and (3) perspectives on a mitochondrial targeting device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Biswas S, Dodwadkar NS, Deshpande PP, Torchilin VP. Liposomes loaded with paclitaxel and modified with novel triphenylphosphonium-PEG-PE conjugate possess low toxicity, target mitochondria and demonstrate enhanced antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2012; 159:393-402. [PMID: 22286008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, stearyl triphenylphosphonium (STPP)-modified liposomes (STPP-L) were reported to target mitochondria. To overcome a non-specific cytotoxicity of STPP-L, we synthesized a novel polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) conjugate with the TPP group attached to the distal end of the PEG block (TPP-PEG-PE). This conjugate was incorporated into the liposomal lipid bilayer, and the modified liposomes were studied for their toxicity, mitochondrial targeting, and efficacy in delivering paclitaxel (PTX) to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These TPP-PEG-PE-modified liposomes (TPP-PEG-L), surface grafted with as high as 8 mol% of the conjugate, were less cytotoxic compared to STPP-L or PEGylated STPP-L. At the same time, TPP-PEG-L demonstrated efficient mitochondrial targeting in cancer cells as shown by confocal microscopy in co-localization experiments with stained mitochondria. PTX-loaded TPP-PEG-L demonstrated enhanced PTX-induced cytotoxicity and anti-tumor efficacy in cell culture and mouse experiments compared to PTX-loaded unmodified plain liposomes (PL). Thus, TPP-PEG-PE can serve as a targeting ligand to prepare non-toxic liposomes as mitochondria-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Biswas
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, 360 Huntington Avenue, 312 Mugar Hall, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Mitochondrial targeting of a cationic amphiphilic polyproline helix. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:561-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang L, Yao HJ, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Li RJ, Ju RJ, Wang XX, Sun MG, Shi JF, Lu WL. Mitochondrial targeting liposomes incorporating daunorubicin and quinacrine for treatment of relapsed breast cancer arising from cancer stem cells. Biomaterials 2011; 33:565-82. [PMID: 21983136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells play a crucial role in the relapse of breast cancers because they are resistant to a standard chemotherapy and the residual cancer stem cells are able to proliferate indefinitely. The objectives of present study were to construct a kind of mitochondrial targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes for treating and for preventing the recurrence of breast cancer arising from the cancer stem cells. MCF-7 cancer stem cells were identified as CD44(+)/CD24(-) cells and cultured in free-serum medium. Evaluations were performed on MCF-7 cancer stem cells, MCF-7 cancer stem cell mammospheres, and the relapsed tumor by xenografting MCF-7 cancer stem cells into female NOD/SCID mice. The particle size of mitochondrial targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes was approximately 98 nm. The mitochondrial targeting liposomes evidently increased the mitochondrial uptake of drugs, were selectively accumulated into mitochondria, activated the pro-apoptotic Bax protein, dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential, opened the mitochondrial permeability transition pores, released cytochrome C by translocation, and initiated a cascade of caspase 9 and 3 reactions, thereby inducing apoptosis of MCF-7 cancer stem cells. The mitochondrial targeting liposomes showed the strongest efficacy in treating MCF-7 cancer cells in vitro, in treating MCF-7 cancer stem cells in vitro, and in treating the relapsed tumor in mice. Mitochondrial targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes would provide a new strategy for treating and preventing the relapse of breast cancers arising from cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Dimeric Cationic Amphiphilic Polyproline Helices for Mitochondrial Targeting. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2797-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhou Y, Kim YS, Shi J, Jacobson O, Chen X, Liu S. Evaluation of 64Cu-labeled acridinium cation: a PET radiotracer targeting tumor mitochondria. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:700-8. [PMID: 21413736 DOI: 10.1021/bc100458p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the synthesis and evaluation of (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) (DO3A-xy-ACR = 2,6-bis(dimethylamino)-10-(4-((4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl)methyl)benzyl)acridin-10-ium) as a radiotracer for imaging tumors in athymic nude mice bearing U87MG glioma xenografts by PET (positron emission tomography). The biodistribution data suggested that (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) was excreted mainly through the renal system with >65% of injected radioactivity being recovered from urine samples at 1 h postinjection (p.i.). The tumor uptake of (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) was 1.07 ± 0.23, 1.58 ± 0.55, 2.71 ± 0.66, 3.47 ± 1.19, and 3.52 ± 1.72%ID/g at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h p.i., respectively. (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) had very high liver uptake (31.90 ± 3.98, 24.95 ± 5.64, 15.20 ± 4.29, 14.09 ± 6.82, and 8.18 ± 1.27%ID/g at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h p.i., respectively) with low tumor/liver ratios. MicroPET studies showed that the tumors were clearly visualized as early as 30 min p.i. in the glioma-bearing mouse administered with (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR). The high liver radioactivity accumulation was also seen. (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) had a relatively high metabolic stability during excretion via both renal and hepatobiliary routes, but it was completely decomposed in the liver homogenate. We explored the localization mechanism of Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) using both U87MG human glioma and the cultured primary U87MG glioma cells. The results from the cellular staining assays showed that (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) is able to localize in the mitochondria of living U87MG glioma cells due to the enhanced negative mitochondrial potential as compared to normal cells. Although (64)Cu(DO3A-xy-ACR) is not an ideal PET radiotracer for tumor imaging due to its high liver uptake, the results from this study strongly suggest that (64)Cu-labeled acridinium cations are indeed able to localize in the energized mitochondria of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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Martín I, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Design, synthesis and characterization of a new anionic cell-penetrating peptide: SAP(E). Chembiochem 2011; 12:896-903. [PMID: 21365733 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are powerful tools to transport cell-impermeable cargoes into the cytoplasm without damaging the cell membrane. The vast majority of these peptides described to date share several features, among others, they are positively charged at physiological pH. In several cases a clear correlation between an increasing number of positive charges and internalization properties has been reported. Here, we describe what, to the best of our knowledge, is the first anionic CPP. This new compound SAP(E) internalizes into a range of cell lines with good efficiency and it shows low toxicity. We also report on the internalization mechanism. The discovery of this new class of CPP opens the way to the intracellular delivery of new molecular cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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