1
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Prasher P, Sharma M, Agarwal V, Singh SK, Gupta G, Dureja H, Dua K. Cationic cycloamylose based nucleic acid nanocarriers. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111000. [PMID: 38614318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid delivery by viral and non-viral methods has been a cornerstone for the contemporary gene therapy aimed at correcting the defective genes, replacing of the missing genes, or downregulating the expression of anomalous genes is highly desirable for the management of various diseases. Ostensibly, it becomes paramount for the delivery vectors to intersect the biological barriers for accessing their destined site within the cellular environment. However, the lipophilic nature of biological membranes and their potential to limit the entry of large sized, charged, hydrophilic molecules thus presenting a sizeable challenge for the cellular integration of negatively charged nucleic acids. Furthermore, the susceptibility of nucleic acids towards the degrading enzymes (nucleases) in the lysosomes present in cytoplasm is another matter of concern for their cellular and nuclear delivery. Hence, there is a pressing need for the identification and development of cationic delivery systems which encapsulate the cargo nucleic acids where the charge facilitates their cellular entry by evading the membrane barriers, and the encapsulation shields them from the enzymatic attack in cytoplasm. Cycloamylose bearing a closed loop conformation presents a robust candidature in this regard owing to its remarkable encapsulating tendency towards nucleic acids including siRNA, CpG DNA, and siRNA. The presence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the cycloamylose periphery provides sites for its chemical modification for the introduction of cationic groups, including spermine, (3-Chloro-2 hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Q188), and diethyl aminoethane (DEAE). The resulting cationic cycloamylose possesses a remarkable transfection efficiency and provides stability to cargo oligonucleotides against endonucleases, in addition to modulating the undesirable side effects such as unwanted immune stimulation. Cycloamylose is known to interact with the cell membranes where they release certain membrane components such as phospholipids and cholesterol thereby resulting in membrane destabilization and permeabilization. Furthermore, cycloamylose derivatives also serve as formulation excipients for improving the efficiency of other gene delivery systems. This review delves into the various vector and non-vector-based gene delivery systems, their advantages, and limitations, eventually leading to the identification of cycloamylose as an ideal candidate for nucleic acid delivery. The synthesis of cationic cycloamylose is briefly discussed in each section followed by its application for specific delivery/transfection of a particular nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248007, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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2
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Cai X, Dou R, Guo C, Tang J, Li X, Chen J, Zhang J. Cationic Polymers as Transfection Reagents for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051502. [PMID: 37242744 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapy can achieve lasting and even curative effects through gene augmentation, gene suppression, and genome editing. However, it is difficult for naked nucleic acid molecules to enter cells. As a result, the key to nucleic acid therapy is the introduction of nucleic acid molecules into cells. Cationic polymers are non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems with positively charged groups on their molecules that concentrate nucleic acid molecules to form nanoparticles, which help nucleic acids cross barriers to express proteins in cells or inhibit target gene expression. Cationic polymers are easy to synthesize, modify, and structurally control, making them a promising class of nucleic acid delivery systems. In this manuscript, we describe several representative cationic polymers, especially biodegradable cationic polymers, and provide an outlook on cationic polymers as nucleic acid delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaruo Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiajuan Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
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Fukushima K, Matsuzaki K, Oji M, Higuchi Y, Watanabe G, Suzuki Y, Kikuchi M, Fujimura N, Shimokawa N, Ito H, Kato T, Kawaguchi S, Tanaka M. Anisotropic, Degradable Polymer Assemblies Driven by a Rigid Hydrogen-Bonding Motif That Induce Shape-Specific Cell Responses. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kodai Matsuzaki
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Oji
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Higuchi
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Moriya Kikuchi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomi Fujimura
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shimokawa
- School of Materials and Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Seigou Kawaguchi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Tay J, Zhao Y, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Elucidating the anticancer activities of guanidinium-functionalized amphiphilic random copolymers by varying the structure and composition in the hydrophobic monomer. Theranostics 2021; 11:8977-8992. [PMID: 34522222 PMCID: PMC8419055 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Use of traditional anticancer chemotherapeutics has been hindered by the multifactorial nature of multi-drug resistance (MDR) development and metastasis. Recently, cationic polycarbonates were reported as novel unconventional anticancer agents that mitigated MDR and inhibited metastasis. The aim of this study is to explore structure-anticancer activity relationship. Specifically, a series of cationic guanidinium-based random copolymers of varying hydrophobicity was synthesized with a narrow polydispersity (Ð = 1.12-1.27) via organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization (OROP) of functional cyclic carbonate monomers, and evaluated for anticancer activity, killing kinetics, degradability and functional mechanism. Methods: Linear, branched and aromatic hydrophobic side chain units, such as ethyl, benzyl, butyl, isobutyl and hexyl moieties were explored as comonomer units for modulating anticancer activity. As hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance of the polymers determines their anticancer efficacy, the feed ratio between the two monomers was varied to tune their hydrophobicity. Results: Notably, incorporating the hexyl moiety greatly enhanced anticancer efficiency and killing kinetics on cancer cells. Degradation studies showed that the polymers degraded completely within 4-6 days. Flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release analyses demonstrated that anticancer mechanism of the copolymers containing a hydrophobic co-monomer was concentration dependent, apoptosis at IC50, and both apoptosis and necrosis at 2 × IC50. In contrast, the homopolymer without a hydrophobic comonomer killed cancer cells predominantly via apoptotic mechanism. Conclusion: The hydrophobicity of the polymers played an important role in anticancer efficacy, killing kinetics and anticancer mechanism. This study provides valuable insights into designing novel anticancer agents utilizing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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5
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Ansari I, Singh P, Mittal A, Mahato RI, Chitkara D. 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid based cyclic carbonate monomers and their (co)polymers as advanced materials for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120953. [PMID: 34218051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Designing grafted biodegradable polymers with tailored multi-functional properties is one of the most researched fields with extensive biomedical applications. Among many biodegradable polymers, polycarbonates have gained much attention due to their ease of synthesis, high drug loading, and excellent biocompatibility profiles. Among various monomers, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (bis-MPA) derived cyclic carbonate monomers have been extensively explored in terms of their synthesis as well as their polymerization. Since the late 90s, significant advancements have been made in the design of bis-MPA derived cyclic carbonate monomers as well as in their reaction schemes. Currently, bis-MPA derived polycarbonates have taken a form of an entire platform with a multitude of applications, the latest being in the field of nanotechnology, targeted drug, and nucleic acid delivery. The present review outlines an up to date developments that have taken place in the last two decades in the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of bis-MPA derived cyclic carbonates and their (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
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6
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Yu W, Maynard E, Chiaradia V, Arno MC, Dove AP. Aliphatic Polycarbonates from Cyclic Carbonate Monomers and Their Application as Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10865-10907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Edward Maynard
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Maria C. Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT U.K
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7
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Diaz Ariza IL, Jérôme V, Pérez Pérez LD, Freitag R. Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers Capable of Mixed-Mode Interaction as Alternative Nonviral Transfection Agents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1268-1282. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne L. Diaz Ariza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C. 11001, Colombia
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - León D. Pérez Pérez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C. 11001, Colombia
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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8
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Lee ALZ, Yang C, Gao S, Wang Y, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Biodegradable Cationic Polycarbonates as Vaccine Adjuvants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52285-52297. [PMID: 33179910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, biodegradable cationic polycarbonate and polylactide block copolymers were synthesized and successfully used as novel vaccine adjuvants to provide enhanced anticancer immunity. The polymers formed nanoparticles with the model vaccine, ovalbumin (OVA), and the immunostimulant toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly(I:C) (a synthetic analog of the double-stranded RNA). Higher uptake of poly(I:C) by the bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages and OVA by dendritic cells was observed when delivered using the polymer adjuvant. In vivo experiments showed that these nanoparticles remained longer in the subcutaneous injection site as compared to OVA alone and led to higher production of anti-OVA specific antibodies with prolonged immunostimulation. When OVA was combined with poly(I:C) that was either co-entrapped in the same particles or as separate particles, a comparable level of anti-OVA IgG1 antibodies and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced in mouse blood plasma, and a similar level of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in mice was stimulated as compared to OVA/Alum particles. Furthermore, tumor rejection in the mice that were vaccinated for 9 months with the formulations containing the polymer adjuvant was stronger than the other treatment groups without the polymer. Notably, the cationic polycarbonates were not associated with any adverse in vivo effects. Thus, these biodegradable polymers may be promising substitutes for aluminum-based adjuvants in vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn L Z Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Shujun Gao
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, 31 Biopolis Way, #09-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yanming Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - James L Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120 United States
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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9
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Muhammad K, Zhou J, Ullah I, Zhao J, Muhammad A, Xia S, Zhang W, Feng Y. Bioreducible cationic random copolymer for gene delivery. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khan Muhammad
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Jiaying Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Ayaz Muhammad
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Shihai Xia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine Affiliated Hospital LogisticsUniversity of People's Armed Police Force Tianjin China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyLogistics University of People's Armed Police Force Tianjin China
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin China
- Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Tianjin University Tianjin China
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10
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Dong Y, Zhou J, Wang C, Wang Y, Deng L, Zhang J, Dong A. Comb‐Like Amphiphilic Polycarbonates with Different Lengths of Cationic Branches for Enhanced siRNA Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000143. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- Liming Research & Design Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. No 69, Wangcheng Road Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Liandong Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 China
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11
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Chen CK, Huang PK, Law WC, Chu CH, Chen NT, Lo LW. Biodegradable Polymers for Gene-Delivery Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2131-2150. [PMID: 32280211 PMCID: PMC7125329 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s222419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-based therapies have emerged as a new modality for combating a myriad of currently incurable diseases. However, the fragile nature of gene therapeutics has significantly hampered their biomedical applications. Correspondingly, the development of gene-delivery vectors is of critical importance for gene-based therapies. To date, a variety of gene-delivery vectors have been created and utilized for gene delivery. In general, they can be categorized into viral- and non-viral vectors. Due to safety issues associated with viral vectors, non-viral vectors have recently attracted much more research focus. Of these non-viral vectors, polymeric vectors, which have been preferred due to their low immunogenicity, ease of production, controlled chemical composition and high chemical versatility, have constituted an ideal alternative to viral vectors. In particular, biodegradable polymers, which possess advantageous biocompatibility and biosafety, have been considered to have great potential in clinical applications. In this context, the aim of this review is to introduce the recent development and progress of biodegradable polymers for gene delivery applications, especially for their chemical structure design, gene delivery capacity and additional biological functions. Accordingly, we first define and categorize biodegradable polymers, followed by describing their corresponding degradation mechanisms. Various types of biodegradable polymers resulting from natural and synthetic polymers will be introduced and their applications in gene delivery will be examined. Finally, a future perspective regarding the development of biodegradable polymer vectors will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chen
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung80424, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Kuan Huang
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung40724, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hui Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan35053, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung40402, Taiwan
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan35053, Taiwan
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12
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Baroni A, Neaga I, Delbosc N, Wells M, Verdy L, Ansseau E, Vanden Eynde JJ, Belayew A, Bodoki E, Oprean R, Hambye S, Blankert B. Bioactive Aliphatic Polycarbonates Carrying Guanidinium Functions: An Innovative Approach for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18126-18135. [PMID: 31720515 PMCID: PMC6843715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophia myotonica type 1 (DM1) results from nuclear sequestration of splicing factors by a messenger RNA (mRNA) harboring a large (CUG) n repeat array transcribed from the causal (CTG) n DNA amplification. Several compounds were previously shown to bind the (CUG) n RNA and release the splicing factors. We now investigated for the first time the interaction of an aliphatic polycarbonate carrying guanidinium functions to DM1 DNA/RNA model probes by affinity capillary electrophoresis. The apparent association constants (K a) were in the range described for reference compounds such as pentamidine. Further macromolecular engineering could improve association specificity. The polymer presented no toxicity in cell culture at concentrations of 1.6-100.0 μg/mL as evaluated both by MTT and real-time monitoring xCELLigence method. These promising results may lay the foundation for a new branch of potential therapeutic agents for DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Baroni
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University
of Mons. 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ioan Neaga
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu”
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolas Delbosc
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University
of Mons. 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Wells
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Verdy
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eugénie Ansseau
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Belayew
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu”
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Oprean
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu”
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stéphanie Hambye
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Blankert
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for
Health Sciences and Technology, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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13
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Wu S, Yan Y, Ni D, Pan X, Chen X, Guan J, Xiong X, Liu L. Development of a safe and efficient gene delivery system based on a biodegradable tannic acid backbone. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110408. [PMID: 31382051 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Finding a safe and efficient gene delivery vector is a major international challenge facing the development of gene therapy. Tannic acid (TA) is a natural cross-linker owing to its hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that can interact with biopolymers for different biomaterial design. In this work, three polyethyleneimine-modified TA polymers were prepared, and the polymers were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, elemental analysis and 1H NMR. The potential of PTAs as gene vector was studied in vitro, including DNA loading capacity, DNA protection ability and biocompatibility. In addition, the particle size, zeta potential, DNA encapsulation efficiency, cell uptake and transfection efficiency of the PTA-pDNA polyplexes were also studied. The results showed that PTA2k and PTA30k could completely condense DNA at N/P of 2, and PTA600 could only completely condense DNA at N/P of 50. The PTA/pDNA polyplexes could protect DNA from degrading by DNA enzymes and could be efficiently uptaked by cells. Biocompatibility assay showed that PTA had no significant cytotoxicity and effect on cell proliferation compared to PEI. At low N/P ratios of 1-4, PTA showed higher transfection efficiency than PEI, and the transfection efficiency increased with the increase of PEI molecular weight in PTA. At N/P of 3, PTA30k showed the highest transfection efficiency of 23.8%, while PEI30k showed only 6.7%. These results indicate that PTA is a promising candidate vector for safe and efficient gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuheng Wu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yujian Yan
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Dani Ni
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xianhu Pan
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jintao Guan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xuemin Xiong
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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14
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Zirconium (IV) Acetylacetonate: Ring-Opening Initiator Mediating One-Step Synthesis of Biodegradable Polyacids. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3761430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polyacid is obtained in one-step ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of carboxylic-acid-functionalized six-membered cyclic carbonate mediated with zirconium (IV) acetylacetonate. Exemplary copolymers with L,L-lactide are described as well. Moreover, zirconium (IV) acetylacetonate is found to be active catalyst of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) ROP in presence of carboxylic acid yielding PTMC end-capped with the acid derivative. Polymerization mechanism is hypothesized demonstrating possibilities of the method in work-saving polycation synthesis and one-step method of conjugate synthesis of well-known biocompatible polyesters and polycarbonates.
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15
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Fukushima K, Kishi K, Saito K, Takakuwa K, Hakozaki S, Yano S. Modulating bioactivities of primary ammonium-tagged antimicrobial aliphatic polycarbonates by varying length, sequence and hydrophobic side chain structure. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2288-2296. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly antimicrobial, biocompatible, and fast biodegradable polycarbonate has been developed by incorporating primary ammonium and monoether side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukushima
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Kohei Kishi
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Keita Saito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Kazuki Takakuwa
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Shunta Hakozaki
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Yamagata University
- Japan
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16
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Dai Y, Zhang X. Cationic polycarbonates via ring-opening polymerization: design, synthesis, and applications. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic methods and applications of cationic polycarbonates via ring-opening polymerization are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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17
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Hua X, Liu X, Cui D. Sequence controlled copolymerization of lactide and a functional cyclic carbonate using stereoselective aluminum catalysts. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective aluminum complexes were applied for the ROP of LA and MAC producing functional copolyesters with quasi-diblock, tapered, gradient and random sequence distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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18
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Englert C, Brendel JC, Majdanski TC, Yildirim T, Schubert S, Gottschaldt M, Windhab N, Schubert US. Pharmapolymers in the 21st century: Synthetic polymers in drug delivery applications. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Becker G, Wurm FR. Functional biodegradable polymers via ring-opening polymerization of monomers without protective groups. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7739-7782. [PMID: 30221267 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are of current interest and chemical functionality in such materials is often demanded in advanced biomedical applications. Functional groups often are not tolerated in the polymerization process of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and therefore protective groups need to be applied. Advantageously, several orthogonally reactive functions are available, which do not demand protection during ROP. We give an insight into available, orthogonally reactive cyclic monomers and the corresponding functional synthetic and biodegradable polymers, obtained from ROP. Functionalities in the monomer are reviewed, which are tolerated by ROP without further protection and allow further post-modification of the corresponding chemically functional polymers after polymerization. Synthetic concepts to these monomers are summarized in detail, preferably using precursor molecules. Post-modification strategies for the reported functionalities are presented and selected applications highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Bus T, Traeger A, Schubert US. The great escape: how cationic polyplexes overcome the endosomal barrier. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6904-6918. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endo-lysosomal escape strategies of cationic polymer-mediated gene delivery at a glance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bus
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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21
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Delivery of NF-κB shRNA using carbamate-mannose modified PEI for eliminating cancer stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:405-414. [PMID: 29175597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the main reasons that cause cancer relapse and metastasis. In this study, NF-κB shRNA was delivered to target CSCs using carbamate-mannose modified PEI (CMP) as a non-viral gene vector. The polymer was synthesized by blocking primary amine groups of branched PEI (10kDa) through nucleophilic addition between PEI and protected mannose-functionalized cyclic carbonate, followed by mannose deprotection. CMP/control shRNA nanocomplexes showed lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection efficiency in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells than unmodified PEI/control shRNA nanocomplexes. Importantly, CMP/NF-κB shRNA nanocomplexes (CMPN) were capable of inhibiting migration and invasion, decreasing mammosphere and colony formation and lowering ALDH+ CSC population. Furthermore, CMPN not only induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation, but also sensitized the cells to the treatment with doxorubicin-loaded micellar nanoparticles. Therefore, CMPN may provide a promising approach for eliminating CSCs to prevent cancer relapse and metastasis.
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22
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23
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Fukushima K, Honda K, Inoue Y, Tanaka M. Synthesis of antithrombotic poly(carbonate-urethane)s through a sequential process of ring-opening polymerization and polyaddition facilitated by organocatalysts. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Ong ZY, Yang C, Cheng W, Voo ZX, Chin W, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Biodegradable cationic poly(carbonates): Effect of varying side chain hydrophobicity on key aspects of gene transfection. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:201-211. [PMID: 28323177 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The degree of hydrophobicity in cationic polymers plays an important but often underappreciated role in the safety and efficacy of gene delivery processes. In order to further elucidate structure-activity relationships of biodegradable cationic poly(carbonate) gene carriers, we synthesized a series of narrowly dispersed homo-polymers via metal-free organocatalytic living ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic carbonate monomers bearing either alkyl (propyl, hexyl or nonyl) or 4-methyl benzyl halide side chains. The polymers were then quaternized using bis-tertiary amines to install both quaternary ammoniums and tertiary amines for DNA binding and endosomal escape, respectively. Among the polymers with similar molecular lengths and charge densities, it was found that an increase in side chain alkyl spacer length from 3 to 6 carbons significantly enhanced cellular uptake and luciferase gene expression in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines without causing overt hemolysis and cytotoxicity. A further increase of side chain alkyl length to 9 carbons, however, led to a drastic decline in gene expression due to increased cellular toxicity, which was correlated with an increased disruption and lysis of red blood cell membranes. Interestingly, the incorporation of an aromatic 4-methyl benzyl spacer increased DNA binding strength, reduced particle sizes of resultant DNA complexes, and enhanced cellular uptake, leading to improved luciferase gene expression, albeit with higher levels of hemolysis and cytotoxicity. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrate that a delicate balance between cationic charge density and hydrophobicity could be achieved by utilizing a hexyl spacer in the side chains of cationic poly(carbonates), hence providing insights on the future development of non-viral cationic polymeric gene delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Owing to their ease of synthesis and well-controlled polymerization, biodegradable cationic poly(carbonates) have emerged as a highly promising class of biomaterials for gene delivery. The hydrophobicity of side chains in cationic polymers plays an important but often underappreciated role in influencing key aspects of gene transfection. In our efforts to improve gene transfection and understand structure-activity relationships, we synthesized a series of cationic polymers bearing a common poly(carbonate) backbone, and with side chains containing various hydrophobic spacers (propyl, hexyl, 4-methyl benzyl or nonyl) before the cationic moiety. A moderate degree of hydrophobicity was optimal as the cationic poly(carbonate) with hexyl side chains mediated high gene transfection efficiencies while causing low cytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yuin Ong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zhi Xiang Voo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Willy Chin
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - James L Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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25
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Frère A, Baroni A, Hendrick E, Delvigne AS, Orange F, Peulen O, Dakwar GR, Diricq J, Dubois P, Evrard B, Remaut K, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Laloy J, Dogné JM, Feller G, Mespouille L, Mottet D, Piel G. PEGylated and Functionalized Aliphatic Polycarbonate Polyplex Nanoparticles for Intravenous Administration of HDAC5 siRNA in Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2181-2195. [PMID: 28029254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine and morpholine functionalized aliphatic polycarbonate polymers are able to deliver efficiently histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) siRNA into the cytoplasm of cancer cells in vitro leading to a decrease of cell proliferation were previously developed. To allow these biodegradable and biocompatible polyplex nanoparticles to overcome the extracellular barriers and be effective in vivo after an intravenous injection, polyethylene glycol chains (PEG750 or PEG2000) were grafted on the polymer structure. These nanoparticles showed an average size of about 150 nm and a slightly positive ζ-potential with complete siRNA complexation. Behavior of PEGylated and non-PEGylated polyplexes were investigated in the presence of serum, in terms of siRNA complexation (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy), size (dynamic light scattering and single-particle tracking), interaction with proteins (isothermal titration calorimetry) and cellular uptake. Surprisingly, both PEGylated and non-PEGylated formulations presented relatively good behavior in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Hemocompatibility tests showed no effect of these polyplexes on hemolysis and coagulation. In vivo biodistribution in mice was performed and showed a better siRNA accumulation at the tumor site for PEGylated polyplexes. However, cellular uptake in protein-rich conditions showed that PEGylated polyplex lost their ability to interact with biological membranes and enter into cells, showing the importance to perform in vitro investigations in physiological conditions closed to in vivo situation. In vitro, the efficiency of PEGylated nanoparticles decreases compared to non-PEGylated particles, leading to the loss of the antiproliferative effect on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Frère
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy (LTPB) - Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege , Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Protein Signalisation and Interaction (PSI) - GIGA, University of Liege , Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baroni
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Elodie Hendrick
- Protein Signalisation and Interaction (PSI) - GIGA, University of Liege , Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Delvigne
- Namur Nanosafety Center (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - François Orange
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory (MRL) - GIGA, University of Liege , Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - George R Dakwar
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Diricq
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy (LTPB) - Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege , Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Laloy
- Namur Nanosafety Center (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Namur Nanosafety Center (NNC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Georges Feller
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Centre for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège , Allée du 6 Août 13, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Mespouille
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Denis Mottet
- Protein Signalisation and Interaction (PSI) - GIGA, University of Liege , Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Piel
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy (LTPB) - Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege , Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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26
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Song L, Ding AX, Zhang KX, Gong B, Lu ZL, He L. Degradable polyesters via ring-opening polymerization of functional valerolactones for efficient gene delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6567-6574. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00822h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Degradable polymers as gene and drug carriers are emerging as one of the most promising types of materials in the biomedical and pharmaceutical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Song
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Ai-Xiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Ke-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Bing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Lan He
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control
- Institute of Chemical Drug Control
- Beijing
- China
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27
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Park NH, Fevre M, Voo ZX, Ono RJ, Yang YY, Hedrick JL. Expanding the Cationic Polycarbonate Platform: Attachment of Sulfonium Moieties by Postpolymerization Ring Opening of Epoxides. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1247-1252. [PMID: 35614734 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Postpolymerization modification is a critical strategy for the development of functional polycarbonate scaffolds for medicinal applications. To expand the scope of available postpolymerization functionalization methods, polycarbonates containing pendant thioether groups were synthesized by organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization. The thioether group allowed for the postpolymerization ring-opening of functional epoxides, affording a wide variety of sulfonium-functionalized A-B diblock and A-B-A triblock polycarbonate copolymers. The pendant thioether groups were found to be compatible with previously developed postsynthesis functionalization methods allowing for selective and orthogonal modifications of the polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H. Park
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Mareva Fevre
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Zhi Xiang Voo
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Robert J. Ono
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
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28
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Fukushima K. Biodegradable functional biomaterials exploiting substituted trimethylene carbonates and organocatalytic transesterification. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Sun J, Luo T, Sheng R, Li H, Wang Z, Cao A. Intracellular plasmid DNA delivery by self-assembled nanoparticles of amphiphilic PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML copolymers and the endocytosis pathway analysis. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:606-621. [PMID: 27059498 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216642665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new series of polycationic nanoparticles of (l-)-lysine conjugated amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(hydroxyletheyl methacrylate-L-lysine)-b-poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(hydroxyletheyl methacrylate-L-lysine)s (PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML) as potent low cytotoxic vectors for intracellular plasmid DNA delivery. First, the triblock PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML copolymers were prepared via a combination of metal-free controlled ring opening polymerization and successive atom transfer radical polymerization. Then the cationic PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles were further prepared by solution self-assembly. The particle size, zeta potential and morphology of as-prepared PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The plasmid DNA binding affinities and polyplex stabilities were separately explored by agarose gel retardation and DNase I degradation assays. Then in vitro cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency of the PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles vectors as well as relevant polyplex endocytosis pathway were investigated with H1299 cells. It was revealed that the PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity, strong plasmid DNA binding affinity, high polyplex stability and efficient plasmid DNA transfection even under serum conditions (10% FBS). Moreover, the endocytosis analysis results disclosed that the PHML30-b-PLLA-b-PHML30 nanoparticle/plasmid DNA polyplexes were predominantly involved in lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis pathway, similar to that of SV40 virus-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebéc, Canada
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Amin Cao
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Teo PY, Cheng W, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Co-delivery of drugs and plasmid DNA for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 98:41-63. [PMID: 26529199 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an extremely complex disease involving multiple signaling pathways that enable tumor cells to evade programmed cell death, thus making cancer treatment extremely challenging. The use of combination therapy involving both gene therapy and chemotherapy has resulted in enhanced anti-cancer effects and has become an increasingly important strategy in medicine. This review will cover important design parameters that are incorporated into delivery systems for the co-administration of drug and plasmid-based nucleic acids (pDNA and shRNA), with particular emphasis on polymers as delivery materials. The unique challenges faced by co-delivery systems and the strategies to overcome such barriers will be discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy using separate carrier systems versus the use of a single carrier will be evaluated. Finally, future perspectives in the design of novel platforms for the combined delivery of drugs and genes will be presented.
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31
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Englert C, Fevre M, Wojtecki RJ, Cheng W, Xu Q, Yang C, Ke X, Hartlieb M, Kempe K, García JM, Ono RJ, Schubert US, Yang YY, Hedrick JL. Facile carbohydrate-mimetic modifications of poly(ethylene imine) carriers for gene delivery applications. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PEI was chemically-modified with carbohydrates and carbohydrate-mimetics to improve biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Englert
- IBM Almaden Research Center
- San Jose
- USA
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | | | | | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- Singapore 138669
- Singapore
| | - Qingxing Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- Singapore 138669
- Singapore
| | - Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- Singapore 138669
- Singapore
| | - Xiyu Ke
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- Singapore 138669
- Singapore
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | | | | | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- Singapore 138669
- Singapore
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32
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Fukushima K. Poly(trimethylene carbonate)-based polymers engineered for biodegradable functional biomaterials. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:9-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recent examples of applications and functionalization strategies of poly(trimethylene carbonate), its copolymers, and its derivatives to exploit the unique physicochemical properties of the aliphatic polycarbonate backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Fukushima
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Yamagata University
- Yamagata 992-8510
- Japan
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33
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de la Rosa VR, Tempelaar S, Dubois P, Hoogenboom R, Mespouille L. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-block-polycarbonate block copolymers: from improved end-group control in poly(2-oxazoline)s to chain extension with aliphatic polycarbonate through a fully metal-free ring-opening polymerisation process. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on defining optimal conditions to achieve tailored P(EtOx-co-PC) copolymers in an efficient and metal-free ring-opening polymerisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Sarah Tempelaar
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials
- HEALTH and MATERIALS Research Institutes University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials
- HEALTH and MATERIALS Research Institutes University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Laetitia Mespouille
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP)
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials
- HEALTH and MATERIALS Research Institutes University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
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34
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Li C, Liu X, He S, Huang Y, Cui D. Synthesis and AIE properties of PEG–PLA–PMPC based triblock amphiphilic biodegradable polymers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel AIE-active micelle based on living immortal polymerization of cyclic esters and a “click” reaction of azide functionalized TPE is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- People's Republic of China
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35
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Li J, Li S, Xia S, Feng J, Zhang X, Hao Y, Chen L, Zhang X. Enhanced transfection efficiency and targeted delivery of self-assembling h-R3-dendriplexes in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:26177-91. [PMID: 26309162 PMCID: PMC4694894 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient gene transfection, cellular uptake and targeted delivery in vivo are key issues for non-viral gene delivery vectors in cancer therapy. To solve these issues, we designed a new targeted gene delivery system based on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting strategy. An anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody h-R3 was introduced to dendriplexes of PAMAM and DNA via electrostatic interactions to form self-assembled h-R3-PAMAM-DNA complexes (h-R3-dendriplexes). Dendriplexes h-R3-dendriplexes represented excellent DNA encapsulation ability and formed unique nanostructures. Compared to dendriplexes, h-R3-dendriplexes presented lower cytotoxicity, higher gene transfection efficiency, excellent endosome escape ability and high nuclear accumulation in the EGFR-overexpressing HepG2 cells. Both ex vivo fluorescence imaging and confocal results of frozen section revealed that h-R3-dendriplexes showed higher targeted delivery and much better gene expression in the tumors than dendriplexes at the same N/P ratio, and h-R3-dendriplexes had accumulation primarily in the tumor and kidney. Moreover, h-R3-dendriplexes for p53 delivery indicated efficient cell growth inhibition and potentiated paclitaxel-induced cell death. These results indicate that the h-R3-dendriplexes represent a great potential to be used as efficient targeted gene delivery carriers in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Dendrimers/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- HEK293 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- The third Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Songyun Xia
- Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jinfeng Feng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuedi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanli Hao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The third Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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36
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Yan Y, Xue L, Miller JB, Zhou K, Kos P, Elkassih S, Liu L, Nagai A, Xiong H, Siegwart DJ. One-pot Synthesis of Functional Poly(amino ester sulfide)s and Utility in Delivering pDNA and siRNA. POLYMER 2015; 72:271-280. [PMID: 26726270 PMCID: PMC4695292 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficacious carriers is an important long-standing challenge in gene therapy. In the past few decades, tremendous progress has been made toward non-viral vectors for gene delivery including cationic lipids and polymers. However, there continues to be a need for clinically translatable polymer-based delivery carriers because they offer tunable degradation profiles and functional groups, diverse structures/morphologies, and scalability in preparation. Herein, we developed a library of 144 degradable polymers with varying amine and hydrophobic content via a facile method that involves thiobutyrolactone aminolysis and consequent thiol-(meth)acrylate or acrylamide addition in one-pot. The polymer platform was evaluated for pDNA and siRNA delivery to HeLa cells in vitro. Hydrophobically modified 5S, 2E1, 6CY1, 5CY2, and 2M1 grafted HEMATL polymers are capable of delivering pDNA depending on the chemical composition and the size of the polyplexes. Hydrophobically modified 5S and 2B grafted HEMATL and 5S grafted ATL polymers exhibit capability for siRNA delivery that approaches the efficacy of commercially available transfection reagents. Due to tunable functionality and scalable preparation, this synthetic approach may have broad applicability in the design of delivery materials for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Yan
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Lian Xue
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jason B. Miller
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Kejin Zhou
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Petra Kos
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Sussana Elkassih
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Li Liu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hu Xiong
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Daniel J. Siegwart
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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37
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Jin Y, Wang S, Tong L, Du L. Rational design of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide-based nanoassemblies for gene delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 126:257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Frère A, Kawalec M, Tempelaar S, Peixoto P, Hendrick E, Peulen O, Evrard B, Dubois P, Mespouille L, Mottet D, Piel G. Impact of the Structure of Biocompatible Aliphatic Polycarbonates on siRNA Transfection Ability. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:769-79. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501676p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Kawalec
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sarah Tempelaar
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Mespouille
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
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39
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Synthesis of Mannosylated Polyethylenimine and Its Potential Application as Cell-Targeting Non-Viral Vector for Gene Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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40
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Chen W, Meng F, Cheng R, Deng C, Feijen J, Zhong Z. Advanced drug and gene delivery systems based on functional biodegradable polycarbonates and copolymers. J Control Release 2014; 190:398-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Whitehead KA, Dorkin JR, Vegas AJ, Chang PH, Veiseh O, Matthews J, Fenton OS, Zhang Y, Olejnik KT, Yesilyurt V, Chen D, Barros S, Klebanov B, Novobrantseva T, Langer R, Anderson DG. Degradable lipid nanoparticles with predictable in vivo siRNA delivery activity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4277. [PMID: 24969323 PMCID: PMC4111939 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges in the development of clinically viable delivery systems for RNA interference therapeutics is to understand how molecular structures influence delivery efficacy. Here, we have synthesized 1,400 degradable lipidoids and evaluate their transfection ability and structure-function activity. We show that lipidoid nanoparticles mediate potent gene knockdown in hepatocytes and immune cell populations on IV administration to mice (siRNA EC50 values as low as 0.01 mg kg(-1)). We identify four necessary and sufficient structural and pKa criteria that robustly predict the ability of nanoparticles to mediate greater than 95% protein silencing in vivo. Because these efficacy criteria can be dictated through chemical design, this discovery could eliminate our dependence on time-consuming and expensive cell culture assays and animal testing. Herein, we identify promising degradable lipidoids and describe new design criteria that reliably predict in vivo siRNA delivery efficacy without any prior biological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Robert Dorkin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Arturo J. Vegas
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Philip H. Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Omid Veiseh
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jonathan Matthews
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Owen S. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77
Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Karsten T. Olejnik
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Volkan Yesilyurt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Delai Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Scott Barros
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third St., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Boris Klebanov
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 300 Third St., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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42
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Low molecular weight PEI-appended polyesters as non-viral gene delivery vectors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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43
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Sheng R, Luo T, Li H, Sun J, Wang Z, Cao A. Cholesterol-based cationic lipids for gene delivery: Contribution of molecular structure factors to physico-chemical and biological properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Xu J, Feng E, Song J. Renaissance of Aliphatic Polycarbonates: New Techniques and Biomedical Applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2014; 131:10.1002/app.39822. [PMID: 24994939 PMCID: PMC4076343 DOI: 10.1002/app.39822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic polycarbonates were discovered a long time ago, with their conventional applications mostly limited to low molecular weight oligomeric intermediates for copolymerization with other polymers. Recent developments in polymerization techniques have overcome the difficulty in preparing high molecular weight aliphatic polycarbonates. These in turn, along with new functional monomers, have enabled the preparation of a wide range of aliphatic polycarbonates with diverse chemical compositions and structures. This review summarizes the latest polymerization techniques for preparing well-defined functional aliphatic polycarbonates, as well as the new applications of those aliphatic polycarbonates, esecially in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Xu
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ellva Feng
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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45
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Ke X, Coady DJ, Yang C, Engler AC, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. pH-sensitive polycarbonate micelles for enhanced intracellular release of anticancer drugs: a strategy to circumvent multidrug resistance. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01784b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Ong ZY, Yang C, Gao SJ, Ke XY, Hedrick JL, Yan Yang Y. Galactose-Functionalized Cationic Polycarbonate Diblock Copolymer for Targeted Gene Delivery to Hepatocytes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1714-20. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yuin Ong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Shu Jun Gao
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Xi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center; 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
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47
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Yang C, Cheng W, Teo PY, Engler AC, Coady DJ, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Mitigated cytotoxicity and tremendously enhanced gene transfection efficiency of PEI through facile one-step carbamate modification. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1304-8. [PMID: 23505024 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extremely efficacious gene transfection vector: The rapid and facile modification of PEI with commercially available TMC produces an extremely efficacious gene delivery vector with minimal cytotoxicity. Functionalization of PEI is easily controlled by PEI:cyclic carbonate feed ratios and allows for the addition of functionality. Modified PEIs hold great potential as gene delivery systems due to easy synthesis, scalability, low cost, low toxicity, and outstanding transfection capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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48
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Hydrophobic modification of low molecular weight polyethylenimine for improved gene transfection. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7971-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Aguirre-Chagala YE, Santos JL, Herrera-Nájera R, Herrera-Alonso M. Organocatalytic Copolymerization of a Cyclic Carbonate Bearing Protected 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) Groups and d,l-lactide. Effect of Hydrophobic Block Chemistry on Nanoparticle Properties. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400894t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Elised Aguirre-Chagala
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,
United States
- Departamento
de Ingeniería
Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito
Federal 04510, México
| | - José Luis Santos
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,
United States
| | - Rafael Herrera-Nájera
- Departamento
de Ingeniería
Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito
Federal 04510, México
| | - Margarita Herrera-Alonso
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,
United States
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50
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Samarajeewa S, Ibricevic A, Gunsten SP, Shrestha R, Elsabahy M, Brody SL, Wooley KL. Degradable cationic shell cross-linked knedel-like nanoparticles: synthesis, degradation, nucleic acid binding, and in vitro evaluation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1018-27. [PMID: 23510389 PMCID: PMC3640429 DOI: 10.1021/bm3018774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, degradable cationic shell cross-linked knedel-like (deg-cSCK) nanoparticles were developed as an alternative platform to replace similar nondegradable cSCK nanoparticles that have been utilized for nucleic acids delivery. An amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(acrylamidoethylamine)(90)-block-poly(DL-lactide)(40) (PAEA(90)-b-PDLLA(40)) was synthesized, self-assembled in aqueous solution, and shell cross-linked using a hydrolyzable cross-linker to afford deg-cSCKs with an average core diameter of 45 ± 7 nm. These nanoparticles were fluorescently labeled for in vitro tracking. The enzymatic- and hydrolytic-degradability, siRNA binding affinity, cell uptake and cytotoxicity of the deg-cSCKs were evaluated. Esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nanoparticles resulted in the degradation of ca. 24% of the PDLLA core into lactic acid within 5 d, as opposed to only ca. 9% degradation from aqueous solutions of the deg-cSCK nanoparticles in the absence of enzyme. Cellular uptake of deg-cSCKs was efficient, while exhibiting low cytotoxicity with LD50 values of ca. 90 and 30 μg/mL in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and MLE 12 cell lines, respectively, ca. 5- to 6-fold lower than the cytotoxicity observed for nondegradable cSCK analogs. Additionally, deg-cSCKs were able to complex siRNA at an N/P ratio as low as 2, and were efficiently able to facilitate cellular uptake of the complexed nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandani Samarajeewa
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P. O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842, United States
| | - Aida Ibricevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Sean P. Gunsten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P. O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842, United States
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P. O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, P. O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842, United States
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