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Espuche B, Moya SE, Calderón M. Nanogels: Smart tools to enlarge the therapeutic window of gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123864. [PMID: 38309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy can potentially treat a great number of diseases, from cancer to rare genetic disorders. Very recently, the development and emergency approval of nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines confirmed its strength and versatility. However, gene therapy encounters limitations due to the lack of suitable carriers to vectorize therapeutic genetic material inside target cells. Nanogels are highly hydrated nano-size crosslinked polymeric networks that have been used in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and diagnostics. Due to their easy production, tunability, and swelling properties they have called the attention as promising vectors for gene delivery. In this review, nanogels are discussed as vectors for nucleic acid delivery aiming to enlarge gene therapy's therapeutic window. Recent works highlighting the optimization of inherent transfection efficiency and biocompatibility are reviewed here. The importance of the monomer choice, along with the internal structure, surface decoration, and responsive features are outlined for the different transfection modalities. The possible sources of toxicological endpoints in nanogels are analyzed, and the strategies to limit them are compared. Finally, perspectives are discussed to identify the remining challenges for the nanogels before their translation to the market as transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Espuche
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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2
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Mathews HF, Pieper MI, Jung SH, Pich A. Compartmentalized Polyampholyte Microgels by Depletion Flocculation and Coacervation of Nanogels in Emulsion Droplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304908. [PMID: 37387670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In pH-responsive drug carriers, the distribution of charges has been proven to affect delivery efficiency but is difficult to control and verify. Herein, we fabricate polyampholyte nanogel-in-microgel colloids (NiM-C) and show that the arrangement of the nanogels (NG) can easily be manipulated by adapting synthesis conditions. Positively and negatively charged pH-responsive NG are synthesized by precipitation polymerization and labelled with different fluorescent dyes. The obtained NG are integrated into microgel (MG) networks by subsequent inverse emulsion polymerization in droplet-based microfluidics. By confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we verify that depending on NG concentration, pH value and ionic strength, NiM-C with different NG arrangements are obtained, including Janus-like phase-separation of NG, statistical distribution of NG, and core-shell arrangements. Our approach is a major step towards uptake and release of oppositely charged (drug) molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Mathews
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria I Pieper
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Se-Hyeong Jung
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Maastricht University, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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3
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Chai A, Schmidt K, Brewster G, Xiong LSP, Church B, Wahl T, Sadabadi H, Kumpaty S, Zhang W. Design of Pectin-Based Hydrogel Microspheres for Targeted Pulmonary Delivery. Gels 2023; 9:707. [PMID: 37754388 PMCID: PMC10529711 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery via microspheres has gained growing interest as a noninvasive method for therapy. However, drug delivery through the lungs via inhalation faces great challenges due to the natural defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract, such as the removal or deactivation of drugs. This study aims to develop a natural polymer-based microsphere system with a diameter of around 3 μm for encapsulating pulmonary drugs and facilitating their delivery to the deep lungs. Pectin was chosen as the foundational material due to its biocompatibility and degradability in physiological environments. Electrospray was used to produce the pectin-based hydrogel microspheres, and Design-Expert software was used to optimize the production process for microsphere size and uniformity. The optimized conditions were determined to be as follows: pectin/PEO ratio of 3:1, voltage of 14.4 kV, distance of 18.2 cm, and flow rate of 0.95 mL/h. The stability and responsiveness of the pectin-based hydrogel microspheres can be altered through coatings such as gelatin. Furthermore, the potential of the microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery (i.e., their responsiveness to the deep lung environment) was investigated. Successfully coated microspheres with 0.75% gelatin in 0.3 M mannitol exhibited improved stability while retaining high responsiveness in the simulated lung fluid (Gamble's solution). A gelatin-coated pectin-based microsphere system was developed, which could potentially be used for targeted drug delivery to reach the deep lungs and rapid release of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chai
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA;
| | - Keagan Schmidt
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
| | - Gregory Brewster
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
| | - Lu Shi Peng Xiong
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
| | - Benjamin Church
- Advanced Analysis Facility, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (B.C.); (H.S.)
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Timothy Wahl
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA;
| | - Hamed Sadabadi
- Advanced Analysis Facility, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (B.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Subha Kumpaty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;
| | - Wujie Zhang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
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4
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Liu Y, Sukumar UK, Jugniot N, Seetharam SM, Rengaramachandran A, Sadeghipour N, Mukherjee P, Krishnan A, Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. Inhaled Gold Nano-star Carriers for Targeted Delivery of Triple Suicide Gene Therapy and Therapeutic MicroRNAs to Lung Metastases: Development and Validation in a Small Animal Model. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2200018. [PMID: 36212523 PMCID: PMC9543365 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary metastases pose significant treatment challenges for many cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We developed and tested a novel suicide gene and therapeutic microRNAs (miRs) combination therapy against lung metastases in vivo in mouse models after intranasal delivery using nontoxic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) formulated to carry these molecular therapeutics. We used AuNPs coated with chitosan-β-cyclodextrin (CS-CD) and functionalized with a urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) peptide to carry triple cancer suicide genes (thymidine kinase-p53-nitroreductase: TK-p53-NTR) plus therapeutic miRNAs (antimiR-21, antimiR-10b and miR-100). We synthesized three AuNPs: 20nm nanodots (AuND), and 20nm or 50nm nanostars (AuNS), then surface coated these with CS-CD using a microfluidic-optimized method. We sequentially coated the resulting positively charged AuNP-CS-CD core with synthetic miRNAs followed by TK-p53-NTR via electrostatic interactions, and added uPA peptide through CD-adamantane host-guest chemistry. A comparison of transfection efficiencies for different AuNPs showed that the 50nm AuNS allowed ∼4.16-fold higher gene transfection than other NPs. The intranasal delivery of uPA-AuNS-TK-p53-NTR-microRNAs NPs (pAuNS@TK-p53-NTR-miRs) in mice predominantly accumulated in lungs and facilitated ganciclovir and CB1954 prodrug-mediated gene therapy against TNBC lung metastases. This new nanosystem may serve as an adaptable-across-cancer-type, facile, and clinically scalable platform to allow future inhalational suicide gene-miR combination therapy for patients harboring pulmonary metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Uday Kumar Sukumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Natacha Jugniot
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | | | - Adith Rengaramachandran
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Negar Sadeghipour
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | | | - Anandi Krishnan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Tarik F. Massoud
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
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5
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Protein and peptide delivery to lungs by using advanced targeted drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109706. [PMID: 34662570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The challenges and difficulties associated with conventional drug delivery systems have led to the emergence of novel, advanced targeted drug delivery systems. Therapeutic drug delivery of proteins and peptides to the lungs is complicated owing to the large size and polar characteristics of the latter. Nevertheless, the pulmonary route has attracted great interest today among formulation scientists, as it has evolved into one of the important targeted drug delivery platforms for the delivery of peptides, and related compounds effectively to the lungs, primarily for the management and treatment of chronic lung diseases. In this review, we have discussed and summarized the current scenario and recent developments in targeted delivery of proteins and peptide-based drugs to the lungs. Moreover, we have also highlighted the advantages of pulmonary drug delivery over conventional drug delivery approaches for peptide-based drugs, in terms of efficacy, retention time and other important pharmacokinetic parameters. The review also highlights the future perspectives and the impact of targeted drug delivery on peptide-based drugs in the coming decade.
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6
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Time-dependent growth of CaO nano flowers from egg shells exhibit improved adsorption and catalytic activity. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Song G, Chen D, Zhang X, Wang T, Zhang L, Fan F, Chen J, Li Y, Fu Y. Direct and ultrafast preparation of Cu3(PO4)2 nanoflower by ultrasonic spray method without protein assistant and its applications: Large-scale simulation and catalytic reduction. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Mejías JC, Forrest OA, Margaroli C, Frey Rubio DA, Viera L, Li J, Xu X, Gaggar A, Tirouvanziam R, Roy K. Neutrophil-targeted, protease-activated pulmonary drug delivery blocks airway and systemic inflammation. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131468. [PMID: 31661469 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery presents a unique opportunity to target lower airway inflammation, which is often characterized by the massive recruitment of neutrophils from blood. However, specific therapies are lacking modulation of airway neutrophil function, and difficult challenges must be overcome to achieve therapeutic efficacy against pulmonary inflammation, notably drug hydrophobicity, mucociliary and macrophage-dependent clearance, and high extracellular protease burden. Here, we present a multistage, aerodynamically favorable delivery platform that uses extracellular proteolysis to its advantage to deliver nanoparticle-embedded hydrophobic drugs to neutrophils within the lower airways. Our design consists of a self-regulated nanoparticle-in-microgel system, in which microgel activation is triggered by extracellular elastase (degranulated by inflammatory neutrophils), and nanoparticles are loaded with Nexinhib20, a potent neutrophil degranulation inhibitor. Successful in vivo delivery of Nexinhib20 to the airways and into neutrophils promoted resolution of the inflammatory response by dampening neutrophil recruitment and degranulation, proinflammatory cytokine production in both airway and systemic compartments, as well as the presence of neutrophil-derived pathological extracellular vesicles in the lung fluid. Our findings showcase a new platform that overcomes challenges in pulmonary drug delivery and allows customization to match the proteolytic footprint of given diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscelyn C Mejías
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Immunoengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center for Cell Manufacturing Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Osric A Forrest
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David A Frey Rubio
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Immunoengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center for Cell Manufacturing Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Liliana Viera
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jindong Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Immunoengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center for Cell Manufacturing Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Mejías JC, Roy K. In-vitro and in-vivo characterization of a multi-stage enzyme-responsive nanoparticle-in-microgel pulmonary drug delivery system. J Control Release 2019; 316:393-403. [PMID: 31715279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the lung is an obvious target for site-specific delivery of many therapeutics for respiratory airway diseases such as asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis, novel strategies are needed to avoid key physiologic barriers for efficient delivery and controlled release of therapeutics to the lungs. Specifically, deposition into the deep lung requires particles with a 1-5μm aerodynamic diameter; however, particles with a geometric diameter less than 6μm are rapidly cleared by alveolar macrophages. Additionally, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells prefer smaller (< 300nm) nanoparticles for efficient endocytosis. Here we address these contradictory design requirements by using a nanoparticle-inside-microgel system (Nano-in-Microgel). Using an improved maleimide-thiol based Michael Addition during (water-in-oil) Emulsion (MADE) method, we fabricated both trypsin-responsive and neutrophil elastase-responsive polymeric Nano-in-Microgel to show the versatility of the system in easily exchanging enzyme-responsive crosslinkers for disease-specific proteases. By varying the initial macromer concentration, from 20 to 50% w/v, the size distribution means ranged from 4-8μm, enzymatic degradation of the microgels is within 30min, and in vitro macrophage phagocytosis is lower for the higher % w/v. We further demonstrated that in vivo lung delivery of the multi-stage carriers through the pulmonary route yields particle retention up to several hours and followed by clearance within in naïve mice. Our results provide a further understanding of how enzymatically-degradable multi-stage polymeric carriers can be used for pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscelyn C Mejías
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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10
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He Y, Liang Y, Han R, Lu WL, Mak JCW, Zheng Y. Rational particle design to overcome pulmonary barriers for obstructive lung diseases therapy. J Control Release 2019; 314:48-61. [PMID: 31644935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of active drugs has been applied for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, for several decades and has achieved progress in symptom management by bronchodilator inhalation. However, substantial progress in anti-inflammation, prevention of airway remodeling and disease progression is limited, since the majority of the formulation strategies focus only on particle deposition, which is insufficient for pulmonary delivery of the drugs. The lack of knowledge on lung absorption barriers in obstructive lung diseases and on pathogenesis impedes the development of functional formulations by rational design. In this review, we describe the physiological structure and biological functions of the barriers in various regions of the lung, review the pathogenesis and functional changes of barriers in obstructive lung diseases, and examine the interaction of these barriers with particles to influence drug delivery efficiency. Subsequently, we review rational particle design for overcoming lung barriers based on excipients selection, particle size and surface properties, release properties and targeting ability. Additionally, useful particle fabrication strategies and commonly used drug carriers for pulmonary delivery in obstructive lung diseases are proposed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Yingmin Liang
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Judith Choi Wo Mak
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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11
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Rukmani SJ, Lin P, Andrew JS, Colina CM. Molecular Modeling of Complex Cross-Linked Networks of PEGDA Nanogels. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4129-4138. [PMID: 31038311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based nanogels are attractive for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, versatile end group chemistry, and ability to sterically shield encapsulated drug molecules. The characteristics of a hydrogel network govern the encapsulation and efficient delivery of drug molecules for a target application. A molecular-level description of network topology can complement experimental investigations to understand its effects on the structural properties of these nanogels. In this work, atomistic molecular simulations of heterogeneous, nonideal PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA) nanogels are presented. The effects of cross-linking density and topological features on the structural properties of PEGDA nanogels were studied. The average functionality was controlled to systematically study the effect of cross-linking density on the radius of gyration, shape, and mesh size of the nanogels. For a given average functionality, the impact of distinct network topologies on the structural properties was also studied. The aspect ratios, based on the gyration tensor, were calculated to characterize the shapes of these nanogels for different topologies. Nanogel structures with higher cross-linking densities showed a globular shape, while structures with lower cross-linking density showed shape anisotropy. The distribution and connectivity of the cross-linked junctions played a key role in determining the size and shape anisotropy of PEGDA nanogels; the number of unreacted chain ends and their connectivity directly affected the anisotropy. The mesh size, denoted by the limiting "free volume element" present in the nanogel samples, does not show a significant change with increasing average functionality. This work provides insight into the structural properties of heterogeneous hydrogels that aid the design of nonideal nanogel networks for a targeted drug delivery application.
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Abstract
Over the last century, there has been a dramatic change in the nature of therapeutic, biologically active molecules available to treat disease. Therapies have evolved from extracted natural products towards rationally designed biomolecules, including small molecules, engineered proteins and nucleic acids. The use of potent drugs which target specific organs, cells or biochemical pathways, necessitates new tools which can enable controlled delivery and dosing of these therapeutics to their biological targets. Here, we review the miniaturisation of drug delivery systems from the macro to nano-scale, focussing on controlled dosing and controlled targeting as two key parameters in drug delivery device design. We describe how the miniaturisation of these devices enables the move from repeated, systemic dosing, to on-demand, targeted delivery of therapeutic drugs and highlight areas of focus for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,b Department of Anaesthesiology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Asha K Patel
- a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,d Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, and Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Abel B Cortinas
- a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,e Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Robert Langer
- a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,e Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,f Institute for Medical Engineering and Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,g Media Lab , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Nishimura S, Takami T, Murakami Y. Porous PLGA microparticles formed by “one-step” emulsification for pulmonary drug delivery: The surface morphology and the aerodynamic properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:318-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Tavares M, Cabral RP, Costa C, Martins P, Fernandes AR, Casimiro T, Aguiar-Ricardo A. Development of PLGA dry powder microparticles by supercritical CO 2 -assisted spray-drying for potential vaccine delivery to the lungs. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Jyoti K, Pandey RS, Kush P, Kaushik D, Jain UK, Madan J. Inhalable bioresponsive chitosan microspheres of doxorubicin and soluble curcumin augmented drug delivery in lung cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Lim YH, Tiemann KM, Hunstad DA, Elsabahy M, Wooley KL. Polymeric nanoparticles in development for treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:842-871. [PMID: 27016134 PMCID: PMC5035710 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serious lung infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive cystic fibrosis-related bacterial diseases, are increasingly difficult to treat and can be life-threatening. Over the last decades, an array of therapeutics and/or diagnostics have been exploited for management of pulmonary infections, but the advent of drug-resistant bacteria and the adverse conditions experienced upon reaching the lung environment urge the development of more effective delivery vehicles. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the approach to circumventing these barriers, enabling better management of pulmonary infectious diseases. In particular, polymeric nanoparticle-based therapeutics have emerged as promising candidates, allowing for programmed design of multi-functional nanodevices and, subsequently, improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficiency, as compared to conventional routes of delivery. Direct delivery to the lungs of such nanoparticles, loaded with appropriate antimicrobials and equipped with 'smart' features to overcome various mucosal and cellular barriers, is a promising approach to localize and concentrate therapeutics at the site of infection while minimizing systemic exposure to the therapeutic agents. The present review focuses on recent progress (2005-2015) important for the rational design of nanostructures, particularly polymeric nanoparticles, for the treatment of pulmonary infections with highlights on the influences of size, shape, composition, and surface characteristics of antimicrobial-bearing polymeric nanoparticles on their biodistribution, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:842-871. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1401 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kristin M Tiemann
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University of School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University of School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University of School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt.
| | - Karen L Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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17
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Methods for Generating Hydrogel Particles for Protein Delivery. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:1946-58. [PMID: 27160672 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins represent a major class of therapeutic molecules with vast potential for the treatment of acute and chronic diseases and regenerative medicine applications. Hydrogels have long been investigated for their potential in carrying and delivering proteins. As compared to bulk hydrogels, hydrogel microparticles (microgels) hold promise in improving aspects of delivery owing to their less traumatic route of entry into the body and improved versatility. This review discusses common methods of fabricating microgels, including emulsion polymerization, microfluidic techniques, and lithographic techniques. Microgels synthesized from both natural and synthetic polymers are discussed, as are a series of microgels fashioned from environment-responsive materials.
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Raju KRS, Ambhore NS, Mulukutla S, Gupta S, Murthy V, Kumar MNK, Madhunapantula SRV, Kuppuswamy G, Elango K. Salicylic acid derivatives as potential anti asthmatic agents using disease responsive drug delivery system for prophylactic therapy of allergic asthma. Med Hypotheses 2015; 87:75-9. [PMID: 26643666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a multi-factorial and complicated lung disorder of the immune system which has expanded to a wider ambit unveiling its etiology to be omnipresent at both ends of the spectrum involving basic pharmacology and in-depth immunology. As asthma occurs through triggered activation of various immune cells due to different stimuli, it poses a great challenge to uncover specific targets for therapeutic interventions. Recent pharmacotherapeutic approaches for asthma have been focused on molecular targeting of transcription factors and their signaling pathways; mainly nucleus factor kappa B (NFκB) and its associated pathways which orchestrate the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, GM-CSF), chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1a, eotaxin), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS). 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sodium salicylate are known to suppress NFκB activation by inhibiting inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKκB). In order to target the transcription factor, a suitable carrier system for delivering the drug to the intracellular space is essential. 5-ASA and sodium salicylate loaded liposomes incorporated into PEG-4-acrylate and CCRGGC microgels (a polymer formed by crosslinking of trypsin sensitive peptide and PEG-4-acrylate) could probably suit the needs for developing a disease responsive drug delivery system which will serve as a prophylactic therapy for asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilesh S Ambhore
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University, Mysore, Tamilnadu 643001, India
| | - Shashank Mulukutla
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University, Mysore, Tamilnadu 643001, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vishakantha Murthy
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M N Kiran Kumar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Allergy-Centrum-Charité, CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gowthamarajan Kuppuswamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University, Mysore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kannan Elango
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS University, Mysore, Tamilnadu 643001, India
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Elsayed I, AbouGhaly MHH. Inhalable nanocomposite microparticles: preparation, characterization and factors affecting formulation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:207-22. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Lee SW, Cheon SA, Kim MI, Park TJ. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: types, characteristics, and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:54. [PMID: 26337651 PMCID: PMC4559159 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, a newly developed class of flower-like hybrid nanoparticles, have received much attention due to their simple synthesis, high efficiency, and enzyme stabilizing ability. This article covers, in detail, the types, structural features, mechanism of formation, and bio-related applications of hybrid nanoflowers. The five major types of hybrid nanoflowers are discussed, i.e., copper-protein, calcium-protein, and manganese-protein hybrid nanoflowers, copper-DNA hybrid nanoflowers, and capsular hybrid nanoflowers. The structural features of these nanoflowers, such as size, shape, and protein ratio generally determine their applications. Thus, the specific characteristics of hybrid nanoflowers are summarized in this review. The interfacial mechanism of nanoflower formation is examined in three steps: first, combination of metal ion and organic matter; second, formation of petals; third, growth of nanoflowers. The explanations provided herein can be utilized in the development of innovative approaches for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers for prospective development of a plethora of hybrid nanoflowers. The future prospects of hybrid nanoflowers in the biotechnology industry, medicine, sensing, and catalysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon Ah Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Il Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Secret E, Crannell KE, Kelly SJ, Villancio-Wolter M, Andrew JS. Matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogel microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery of small molecule drugs or proteins. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5629-5634. [PMID: 32262533 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel microparticles are particularly attractive for pulmonary drug delivery. Their size can be engineered for efficient delivery into the bronchi, where they subsequently swell, avoiding macrophage uptake. In this study, enzyme-responsive peptide functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogel microparticles were synthesized by an emulsion polymerization. Here, we demonstrate that these microparticles are nontoxic and demonstrated their viability as a drug carrier by studying the encapsulation and release of three types of drugs: a hydrophobic (dexamethasone), a hydrophilic (methylene blue) and a protein (horseradish peroxidase)-based drug. The release of each of these three drugs was studied in the presence of varying concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Each of the three types of drugs were able to be encapsulated in the microparticles, and we further showed that the protein is still functional after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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22
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Murugan K, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Bijukumar D, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Parameters and characteristics governing cellular internalization and trans-barrier trafficking of nanostructures. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2191-206. [PMID: 25834433 PMCID: PMC4370919 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular internalization and trans-barrier transport of nanoparticles can be manipulated on the basis of the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of nanoparticles. Research has shown that these factors significantly influence the uptake of nanoparticles. Dictating these characteristics allows for the control of the rate and extent of cellular uptake, as well as delivering the drug-loaded nanosystem intra-cellularly, which is imperative for drugs that require a specific cellular level to exert their effects. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles should be optimal for the nanosystem to bypass the natural restricting phenomena of the body and act therapeutically at the targeted site. The factors at the focal point of emerging smart nanomedicines include nanoparticle size, surface charge, shape, hydrophobicity, surface chemistry, and even protein and ligand conjugates. Hence, this review discusses the mechanism of internalization of nanoparticles and ideal nanoparticle characteristics that allow them to evade the biological barriers in order to achieve optimal cellular uptake in different organ systems. Identifying these parameters assists with the progression of nanomedicine as an outstanding vector of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmani Murugan
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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23
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Knipe JM, Chen F, Peppas NA. Enzymatic biodegradation of hydrogels for protein delivery targeted to the small intestine. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:962-72. [PMID: 25674922 DOI: 10.1021/bm501871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiresponsive poly(methacrylic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogels were synthesized with biodegradable oligopeptide crosslinks. The oligopeptide crosslinks were incorporated using EDC-NHS zero-length links between the carboxylic acid groups of the polymer and free primary amines on the peptide. The reaction of the peptide was confirmed by primary amine assay and IR spectroscopy. The microgels exhibited pH-responsive swelling as well as enzyme-catalyzed degradation targeted by trypsin present in the small intestine, as demonstrated upon incubation with gastrointestinal fluids from rats. Relative turbidity was used to evaluate enzyme-catalyzed degradation as a function of time, and initial trypsin concentration controlled both the degradation mechanism as well as the extent of degradation. Trypsin activity was effectively extinguished by incubation at 70 °C, and both the microgels and degradation products posed no cytotoxic effect toward two different cell lines. The microgels demonstrated pH-dependent loading of the protein insulin for oral delivery to the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Knipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, C0400, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, C0800, §College of Pharmacy, A1900, and #Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, C0800, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Qiu L, Hu B, Chen H, Li S, Hu Y, Zheng Y, Wu X. Antifungal efficacy of itraconazole-loaded TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1415-23. [PMID: 25733833 PMCID: PMC4337504 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to formulate biodegradable itraconazole (ITZ)-loaded d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-b-poly(e-caprolactone-ran-glycolide) (TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA); TPP) nanoparticles (NPs) (designed as ITZ-loaded TPP NPs) to improve antifungal efficacy. ITZ-loaded TPP NPs were prepared by a modified double-emulsion method, and their size distribution, morphology, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency, drug-release profile, and antifungal effects were characterized. The cytotoxicity of ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs on HeLa cells and fibroblasts was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The in vivo antifungal activity of ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs was examined in mice by administrating 5×10(5) colony forming units of Candida albicans through the tail vein. The survival rate and survival time of the mice was observed. The fungal count and pathology of lung tissue was analyzed. The data showed that ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs have size of 265±5.8 nm, zeta potential of -31±0.5 mV, high encapsulation efficiency (95%), and extended drug-release profile. ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs at a high concentration of 25 mg/mL had no cytotoxicity on HeLa cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs achieved a higher level of antifungal activity both in vitro and in vivo. The survival rate and duration was higher in mice treated by ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs than in the other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, ITZ-loaded-TPP NPs significantly improved ITZ bioavailability by increasing its aqueous dispersibility and extending the duration of drug release, thereby improving the antifungal efficacy of the ITZ agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Qiu
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China ; The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotech and Biomedicine, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China ; The Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan No 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotech and Biomedicine, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China ; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yuqian Hu
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotech and Biomedicine, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China ; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotech and Biomedicine, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China ; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Wu
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Otto DP, Otto A, de Villiers MM. Differences in physicochemical properties to consider in the design, evaluation and choice between microparticles and nanoparticles for drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:763-77. [PMID: 25516397 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.988135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increase in the development of novel nanoparticle drug delivery systems makes the choice between micro- and nanoscale drug delivery systems ubiquitous. Changes in physical and chemical properties between micro- to nanosized particles give them different properties that influence their physiological, anatomical and clinical behavior and therefore potential application. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the effect changes in the surface-to-volume ratio have on the thermal properties, solubility, dissolution and crystallization of micro- versus nanosized drug delivery systems. With these changes in the physicochemical properties in mind, the review covers computational and biophysical approaches to the design and evaluation of micro- and nanodelivery systems. The emphasis of the review is on the effect these properties have on clinical performance in terms of drug release, tissue retention, biodistribution, efficacy, toxicity and therefore choice of delivery system. EXPERT OPINION Ultimately, the choice between micro- and nanometer-sized delivery systems is not straightforward. However, if the fundamental differences in physical and chemical properties are considered, it can be much easier to make a rational choice of the appropriate drug delivery system size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Otto
- North-West University, Research Focus Area for Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Catalysis and Synthesis Research Group , Potchefstroom 2531 , South Africa
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26
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Du J, El-Sherbiny IM, Smyth HD. Swellable ciprofloxacin-loaded nano-in-micro hydrogel particles for local lung drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1535-44. [PMID: 25079240 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of drug-loaded nanoparticles into swellable and respirable microparticles is a promising strategy to avoid rapid clearance from the lung and achieve sustained drug release. In this investigation, a copolymer of polyethylene glycol grafted onto phthaloyl chitosan (PEG-g-PHCs) was synthesized and then self-assembled with ciprofloxacin to form drug-loaded nanoparticles. The nanoparticles and free drug were encapsulated into respirable and swellable alginate micro hydrogel particles and assessed as a novel system for sustained pulmonary drug delivery. Particle size, morphology, dynamic swelling profile, and in vitro drug release were investigated. Results showed that drug-loaded nanoparticles with size of 218 nm were entrapped into 3.9-μm micro hydrogel particles. The dry nano-in-micro hydrogel particles exhibited a rapid initial swelling within 2 min and showed sustained drug release. Preliminary in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed with formulations delivered to rats by intratracheal insufflation. Ciprofloxacin concentrations in plasma and in lung tissue and lavage were measured up to 7 h. The swellable particles showed lower ciprofloxacin levels in plasma than the controlled group (a mixture of lactose with micronized ciprofloxacin), while swellable particles achieved higher concentrations in lung tissue and lavage, indicating the swellable particles could be used for controlling drug release and prolonging lung drug concentrations.
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Falzarano MS, Passarelli C, Ferlini A. Nanoparticle delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and their application in the exon skipping strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:87-100. [PMID: 24506782 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense therapy is a powerful tool for inducing post-transcriptional modifications and thereby regulating target genes associated with disease. There are several classes of antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) with therapeutic use, such as double-stranded RNAs (interfering RNAs, utilized for gene silencing, and single-stranded AONs with various chemistries, which are useful for antisense targeting of micro-RNAs and mRNAs. In particular, the use of AONs for exon skipping, by targeting pre-mRNA, is proving to be a highly promising therapy for some genetic disorders like Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. However, AONs are unable to cross the plasma membrane unaided, and several other obstacles still remain to be overcome, in particular their instability due to their nuclease sensitivity and their lack of tissue specificity. Various drug delivery systems have been explored to improve the bioavailability of nucleic acids, and nanoparticles (NPs) have been suggested as potential vectors for DNA/RNA. This review describes the recent progress in AON conjugation with natural and synthetic delivery systems, and provides an overview of the efficacy of NP-AON complexes as an exon-skipping treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Falzarano
- 1 Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
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28
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Secret E, Kelly SJ, Crannell KE, Andrew JS. Enzyme-responsive hydrogel microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10313-21. [PMID: 24926532 DOI: 10.1021/am501754s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) based hydrogel microparticles were developed for pulmonary drug delivery. Hydrogels are particularly attractive for pulmonary delivery because they can be size engineered for delivery into the bronchi, yet also swell upon reaching their destination to avoid uptake and clearance by alveolar macrophages. To develop enzyme-responsive hydrogel microparticles for pulmonary delivery a new synthesis method based on a solution polymerization was developed. This method produces spherical poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microparticles from high molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based precursors that incorporate peptides in the polymer chain. Specifically, we have synthesized hydrogel microparticles that degrade in response to matrix metalloproteinases that are overexpressed in pulmonary diseases. Small hydrogel microparticles with sizes suitable for lung delivery by inhalation were obtained from solid precursors when PEGDA was dissolved in water at a high concentration. The average diameter of the particles was between 2.8 and 4 μm, depending on the molecular weight of the precursor polymer used and its concentration in water. The relation between the physical properties of the particles and their enzymatic degradation is also reported, where an increased mesh size corresponds to increased degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Hayes AJ, Bakand S. Toxicological perspectives of inhaled therapeutics and nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:933-47. [PMID: 24810077 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.916276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human respiratory system is an important route for the entry of inhaled therapeutics into the body to treat diseases. Inhaled materials may consist of gases, vapours, aerosols and particulates. In all cases, assessing the toxicological effect of inhaled therapeutics has many challenges. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of in vivo and in vitro models for testing the toxicity of inhaled therapeutics and nanoparticles implemented in drug delivery. Traditionally, inhalation toxicity has been performed on test animals to identify the median lethal concentration of airborne materials. Later maximum tolerable concentration denoted by LC0 has been introduced as a more ethically acceptable end point. More recently, in vitro methods have been developed, allowing the direct exposure of airborne material to cultured human target cells on permeable porous membranes at the air-liquid interface. EXPERT OPINION Modifications of current inhalation therapies, new pulmonary medications for respiratory diseases and implementation of the respiratory tract for systemic drug delivery are providing new challenges when conducting well-designed inhalation toxicology studies. In particular, the area of nanoparticles and nanocarriers is of critical toxicological concern. There is a need to develop toxicological test models, which characterise the toxic response and cellular interaction between inhaled particles and the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hayes
- The University of New South Wales, School of Chemistry , UNSW Sydney, 2052 , Australia +61 403 028747 ; +61 2 9385 6141 ;
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Khan TA, Reddy ST. Immunological principles regulating immunomodulation with biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1720-7. [PMID: 24342045 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to recognize and eliminate pathogens; this recognition relies on the identification of structural molecular patterns within unique tissue microenvironments. Therefore, bioengineers can harness these immunological cues to design materials that modulate innate and adaptive immunity in a controlled manner. This review acts as an immunology primer by focusing on the basic molecular and cellular immunology principles governing immunomodulation with biomaterials.
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Lin X, Bai T, Zuo YY, Gu N. Promote potential applications of nanoparticles as respiratory drug carrier: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2759-2767. [PMID: 24464138 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) show great promises in biomedical applications as the respiratory drug carrier system. Once reaching the alveolar region, NPs first interact with the pulmonary surfactant (PS) film, which serves as the first biological barrier and plays an important role in maintaining the normal respiratory mechanics. Therefore, understanding the interactions between NPs and PS can help promote the NP-based respiratory drug carrier systems. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the effect of rigid spherical NPs with different hydrophobicity and sizes on a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer at the air-water interface. Four different NPs were considered, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic NPs, each with two diameters of 3 nm and 5 nm (the sizes are comparable to that of generation 3 and 5 PAMAM dendrimers, which have been widely used for nanoscale drug carrier systems). Our simulations showed that hydrophilic NPs can readily penetrate into the aqueous phase with little or no disturbance on the DPPC monolayer. However, hydrophobic NPs tend to induce large structural disruptions, thus inhibiting the normal phase transition of the DPPC monolayer upon film compression. Our simulations also showed that this inhibitory effect of hydrophobic NPs can be mitigated through PEGylation. Our results provide useful guidelines for molecular design of NPs as carrier systems for pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics and Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
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Wang W, Zhang MJ, Chu LY. Functional polymeric microparticles engineered from controllable microfluidic emulsions. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:373-84. [PMID: 24199893 DOI: 10.1021/ar4001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional polymeric microparticles with typical sizes of 1-1000 μm have received considerable attention for many applications. Especially in biomedical fields, polymeric microparticles with advanced functions such as targeted delivery, controlled encapsulation, or "capture and release" show great importance as delivery systems for active molecules and drugs, as imaging agents for analytics and diagnostics, as microreactors for confined bioreactions, and more. Generally, the functions of these microparticles rely on both their structures and the properties of their component materials. Thus, creating unique structures from functional materials provides an important strategy for developing advanced functional polymeric microparticles. Several methods, such as dispersion polymerization, precipitation polymerization, copolymer self-assembly, and phase-separated polymer precipitation can be used to make functional microparticles, but each has limitations, for example, their limited control over the particle size and structure. Using emulsions as templates, however, allows precise control over the size, shape, composition, and structure of the resulting microparticles by tuning those of the emulsions via specific emulsification techniques. Microfluidic methods offer excellent control of emulsion droplets, thereby providing a powerful platform for continuous, reproducible, scalable production of polymeric microparticles with unprecedented control over their monodispersity, structures, and compositions. This approach provides broad opportunities for producing polymeric microparticles with novel structure-property combinations and elaborately designed functions. In this Account, we highlight recent efforts in microfluidic fabrication of advanced polymeric microparticles with well-designed functions for potential biomedical applications, and we describe the development of microfluidic techniques for producing monodisperse and versatile emulsion templates. We begin by describing microparticles made from single emulsions and then describe those from complex multiple emulsions, showing how the resulting microparticles combine novel structures and material properties to achieve their advanced functions. Monodisperse emulsions enable production of highly uniform microparticles of desired sizes to achieve programmed release rates and passive targeting for drug delivery and diagnostic imaging. Phase-separated multiple emulsions allow combination of a variety of functional materials to generate compartmental microparticles including hollow, core-shell, multicore-shell, and hole-shell structures for controlled encapsulation and release, selective capture, and confined bioreaction. We envision that the versatility of microfluidics for microparticle synthesis could open new frontiers and provide promising and exciting opportunities for fabricating new functional microparticles with broad implications for myriad fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mao-Jie Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomaterials Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Abstract
A significant number of research articles have focused on pulmonary delivery as an alternative administration route owing to no first-pass metabolism, low protease activity, thin epithelium barrier and large surface area in the lung system. Controlled release in the pulmonary delivery system further reduces loading dose, frequency of dosing and systemic side effects, and also increases duration of action and patient compliance. Compared with other microparticles used in controlled-release pulmonary administration, hydrogels (3D polymeric matrix networks) have recently been investigated due to their swelling and mucoadhesive properties that could help bypass pulmonary delivery barriers. This review introduces controlled-release drug delivery to the lung, followed by a summary of currently available approaches for controlled-release pulmonary drug delivery. Lastly, the origin, advantages, detailed applications and concerns of hydrogels in pulmonary delivery are discussed.
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Kang YQ, Zhao C, Chen AZ, Wang SB, Liu YG, Wu WG, Su XQ. Study of Lysozyme-Loaded Poly-L-Lactide (PLLA) Porous Microparticles in a Compressed CO₂ Antisolvent Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 6:3571-3583. [PMID: 28811453 PMCID: PMC5521323 DOI: 10.3390/ma6083571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme (LSZ)-loaded poly-L-lactide (PLLA) porous microparticles (PMs) were successfully prepared by a compressed CO₂ antisolvent process in combination with a water-in-oil emulsion process using LSZ as a drug model and ammonium bicarbonate as a porogen. The effects of different drug loads (5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0%) on the surface morphology, particle size, porosity, tapped density and drug release profile of the harvested PMs were investigated. The results show that an increase in the amount of LSZ added led to an increase in drug load (DL) but a decrease in encapsulation efficiency. The resulting LSZ-loaded PLLA PMs (LSZ-PLLA PMs) exhibited a porous and uneven morphology, with a density less than 0.1 g·cm-3, a geometric mean diameter of 16.9-18.8 μm, an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.8 μm, a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 59.2%-66.8%, and a porosity of 78.2%-86.3%. According to the results of differential scanning calorimetry, the addition of LSZ improved the thermal stability of PLLA. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and circular dichroism spectroscopy measurement reveal that no significant changes occurred in the molecular structures of LSZ during the fabrication process, which was further confirmed by the evaluation of enzyme activity of LSZ. It is demonstrated that the emulsion-combined precipitation with compressed antisolvent (PCA) process could be a promising technology to develop biomacromolecular drug-loaded inhalable carrier for pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yuan-Gang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Wen-Guo Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xiao-Qian Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Månsson R, Frenning G, Malmsten M. Factors Affecting Enzymatic Degradation of Microgel-Bound Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2317-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Månsson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box
580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Frenning
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box
580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box
580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang R, Zhang Y, Lu D, Ge J, Liu Z, Zare RN. Functional protein-organic/inorganic hybrid nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:320-8. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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