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Másson M. The quantitative molecular weight-antimicrobial activity relationship for chitosan polymers, oligomers, and derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122159. [PMID: 38710574 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can kill pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity is dependent on the degree of acetylation, substituent structure, and molecular weight. Over the past four decades, numerous studies have endeavored to elucidate the relationship between molecular weight and the activity against microorganisms. However, investigators have reported divergent and, at times, conflicting conclusions. Here a bilinear equation is proposed, delineating the relationship between antimicrobial activity, defined as log (1/MIC), and the molecular weight of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. Three constants AMin, AMax, and CMW govern the shape of the curve determined by the equation. The constant AMin denotes the minimal activity expected as the molecular weight tends towards zero while AMax represents the maximal activity observed for molecular weights exceeding CMW, the critical molecular weight required for max activity. This equation was applied to analyze data from seven studies conducted between 1984 and 2019, which reported MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values against bacteria and fungi for various molecular weights of chitosan and its derivatives. All the 29 datasets exhibited a good fit (R2 ≥ 0.5) and half excellent (R2 ≥ 0.95) fit to the equation. The CMW generally ranged from 4 to 10 KD for datasets with an excellent fit to the equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallgata 53, 107 Reykajvík, Iceland.
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2
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Nagy V, Snorradóttir BS, Lauzon HL, Másson M. Optimizing N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan synthesis: A design of experiments (DoE) approach. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122065. [PMID: 38616089 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with a high degree of N,N,N-trimethylation (DTM) through a one-step procedure, minimizing reagent use, reaction time, and avoiding O-methylation, using the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Initially, sequential designs were done. Following the determination of the initial conditions a Fractional Factorial Design was used, investigating methyl iodide (MeI) and NaHCO3 molar ratios, temperature, and reaction time on DTM. MeI and NaHCO3 molar ratios were found to be significant (p-values equal to 0.02 and 0.02, respectively), the reaction temperature (p = 0.04) displayed a non-linear effect, while the reaction time was found to be non-significant (p = 0.93). Finally, a Full Factorial Design was done to optimize temperature and base addition methods. Incremental addition of the base was determined to be feasible without affecting the DTM, thereby preventing any viscosity-related problems. DTM was achieved up to 72 % in a one-step procedure, with no O-methylation. These optimized conditions offer a cost-effective, one-step synthesis method for TMC production, holding significant promise for industrial applications by avoiding multistep reactions, ensuring minimal reagent use, and preventing O-methylation. The findings mark a substantial advancement in TMC synthesis, presenting a streamlined and efficient approach with substantial practical implications for process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Nagy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bergthóra S Snorradóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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3
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Vargas-Osorio Z, González Castillo EI, Mutlu N, Vidomanová E, Michálek M, Galusek D, Boccaccini AR. Tailorable mechanical and degradation properties of KCl-reticulated and BDDE-crosslinked PCL/chitosan/κ-carrageenan electrospun fibers for biomedical applications: Effect of the crosslinking-reticulation synergy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130647. [PMID: 38460627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The development of intricated and interconnected porous mats is desired for many applications in biomedicine and other relevant fields. The mats that comprise the use of natural, bioactive, and biodegradable polymers are the focus of current research activities. In the present work, crosslinked fibers with improved characteristics were produced by incorporating 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) into a polymer formulation containing polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan (CS), and κappa-carrageenan (κ-C). A slight variation of formic acid (FA)/acetic acid (AA) ratio used as a solvent system, significantly affected the characteristics of the produced fiber mats. Both polysaccharides and BDDE played a major role in tailoring mechanical properties when fibrous scaffolds were reticulated under KCl-mediated basic conditions for determined periods of time at 50 °C. In vitro biological assessment of the electrospun fiber mats revealed proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells when incubated for 1 and 7 days. After staining the cells with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/rhodamine phalloidin an autofluorescence response was observed by fluorescence microscopy in the scaffold manufactured using a solvent with higher FA/AA ratio due to the formation of microfibers. The results demonstrated the potential of the BDDE-crosslinked PCL/CS/κ-C electrospun fibers as promising materials for biomedical applications that may include soft and bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Vargas-Osorio
- Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 910 58 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Eduin I González Castillo
- Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 910 58 Erlangen, Germany; AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Nurshen Mutlu
- Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 910 58 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Vidomanová
- Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Martin Michálek
- Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Galusek
- Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; Joint Glass Centre of the IIC SAS, TnUAD, FChPT STU, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 910 58 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abd El-Hack ME, Kamal M, Alazragi RS, Alreemi RM, Qadhi A, Ghafouri K, Azhar W, Shakoori AM, Alsaffar N, Naffadi HM, Taha AE, Abdelnour SA. Impacts of chitosan and its nanoformulations on the metabolic syndromes: a review. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 83:e276530. [PMID: 38422267 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.276530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant public health issue worldwide is metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic illnesses that comprises insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. The creation of natural treatments and preventions for metabolic syndrome is crucial. Chitosan, along with its nanoformulations, is an oligomer of chitin, the second-most prevalent polymer in nature, which is created via deacetylation. Due to its plentiful biological actions in recent years, chitosan and its nanoformulations have drawn much interest. Recently, the chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in treating metabolic syndromes. The benefits of chitosan and its nanoformulations on insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension will be outlined in the present review, highlighting potential mechanisms for the avoidance and medication of the metabolic syndromes by chitosan and its nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Abd El-Hack
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M Kamal
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - R S Alazragi
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R M Alreemi
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Qadhi
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Ghafouri
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Azhar
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Shakoori
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Laboratory Medicine Department, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - N Alsaffar
- Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - H M Naffadi
- Umm Al-Qura University, College of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A E Taha
- Alexandria University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Edfina, Egypt
| | - S A Abdelnour
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, Zagazig, Egypt
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5
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Lv Y, Zhai C, Sun G, He Y. Chitosan as a promising materials for the construction of nanocarriers for diabetic retinopathy: an updated review. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:18. [PMID: 38388386 PMCID: PMC10885467 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a condition that causes swelling of the blood vessels of the retina and leaks blood and fluids. It is the most severe form of diabetic eye disease. It causes vision loss in its advanced stage. Diabetic retinopathy is responsible for causing 26% of blindness. Very insufficient therapies are accessible for the treatment of DR. As compared to the conventional therapies, there should be enhanced research on the controlled release, shorter duration, and cost-effective therapy of diabetic retinopathy. The expansion of advanced nanocarriers-based drug delivery systems has been now employed to exploit as well as regulate the transport of many therapeutic agents to target sites via the increase in penetration or the extension of the duration of contact employing production by enclosing as well as distributing tiny molecules in nanostructured formulation. Various polymers have been utilized for the manufacturing of these nanostructured formulations. Chitosan possesses incredible biological and chemical properties, that have led to its extensive use in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Chitosan has been used in many studies because of its enhanced mucoadhesiveness and non-toxicity. Multiple studies have used chitosan as the best candidate for manufacturing nanocarriers and treating diabetic retinopathy. Numerous nanocarriers have been formulated by using chitosan such as nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers for treating diabetic retinopathy. This current review elaborates on the recent advancements of chitosan as a promising approach for the manufacturing of nanocarriers that can be used for treating diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130011, China
| | - Chenglei Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130011, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130011, China.
| | - Yangfang He
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
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6
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Shafique U, Din FU, Sohail S, Batool S, Almari AH, Lahiq AA, Fatease AA, Alharbi HM. Quality by design for sumatriptan loaded nano-ethosomal mucoadhesive gel for the therapeutic management of nitroglycerin induced migraine. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123480. [PMID: 37797784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a progressive neurological condition often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Various drugs have recently been used in the treatment of migraine, including sumatriptan (SUT). However, SUT has poor pharmacological effects mainly due to its reduced permeability, blood brain barrier (BBB) effect, half-life and bioavailability. Herein, we developed SUT loaded nano-ethosomes (SUT-NEs) for intranasal (IN) delivery, after their incorporation into chitosan based mucoadhesive gel (SUT-NEsG). The observed mean particle size of SUT-NEs was 109.45 ± 4.03 nm with spherical morphology, mono dispersion (0.191 ± 0.001), negatively charged (-20.90 ± 1.98 mV) and with excellent entrapment efficiency (96.90 ± 1.85 %). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra have depicted the compatibility of the components. Moreover, SUT-NEsG was homogeneous having suitable viscosity and mucoadhesive strength. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation analysis showed sustained release and improved permeation of the SUT-NEsG, respectively. Additionally, histopathological studies of nasal membrane affirmed the safety of SUT-NEsG after IN application. In vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated improved brain bioavailability of SUT-NEsG as compared to orally administered sumatriptan solution (SUT-SL). Furthermore, significantly enhanced pharmacological effect of SUT-NEsG was observed in behavioral and biochemical analysis, immunohistochemistry for NF-κB, and enzyme linked immuno assay (ELISA) for IL-1β and TNF-α in Nitroglycerin (NTG) induced migraine model. It can be concluded that migraine may be successfully managed through IN application of SUT-NEsG owing to the direct targeted delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uswa Shafique
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Saba Sohail
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali H Almari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Lahiq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66262, Saudi Arabi
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Jiao S, Zhang X, Cai H, Wu S, Ou X, Han G, Zhao J, Li Y, Guo W, Liu T, Qu W. Recent advances in biomimetic hemostatic materials. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100592. [PMID: 36936399 PMCID: PMC10020683 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the past decade has witnessed unprecedented medical advances, achieving rapid and effective hemostasis remains challenging. Uncontrolled bleeding and wound infections continue to plague healthcare providers, increasing the risk of death. Various types of hemostatic materials are nowadays used during clinical practice but have many limitations, including poor biocompatibility, toxicity and biodegradability. Recently, there has been a burgeoning interest in organisms that stick to objects or produce sticky substances. Indeed, applying biological adhesion properties to hemostatic materials remains an interesting approach. This paper reviews the biological behavior, bionics, and mechanisms related to hemostasis. Furthermore, this paper covers the benefits, challenges and prospects of biomimetic hemostatic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Jiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Hang Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Ou
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Guangda Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Trauma and Reparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Division of Orthopedics and Biotechnology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenlai Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tianzhou Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Szabová J, Mravec F, Mokhtari M, Le Borgne R, Kalina M, Berret JF. N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan as a permeation enhancer for inhalation drug delivery: Interaction with a model pulmonary surfactant. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124235. [PMID: 37001781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC), a biocompatible and biodegradable derivative of chitosan, is currently used as a permeation enhancer to increase the translocation of drugs to the bloodstream in the lungs. This article discusses the effect of TMC on a mimetic pulmonary surfactant, Curosurf®, a low-viscosity lipid formulation administered to preterm infants with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curosurf® exhibits a strong interaction with TMC, resulting in the formation of aggregates at electrostatic charge stoichiometry. At nanoscale, Curosurf® undergoes a profound reorganization of its lipid vesicles in terms of size and lamellarity. The initial micron-sized vesicles (average size 4.8 μm) give way to a froth-like network of unilamellar vesicles about 300 nm in size. Under such conditions, neutralization of the cationic charges by pulmonary surfactant may inhibit TMC permeation enhancer capacity, especially as electrostatic charge complexation is found at low TMC content. The permeation properties of pulmonary surfactant-neutralized TMC should then be evaluated for its applicability as a permeation enhancer for inhalation in the alveolar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Szabová
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matière et Systèmes Complexes, 75013 Paris, France; Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Mravec
- Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mostafa Mokhtari
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris - Saclay, Hôpital Universitaire de Bicêtre, Espace Ethique/Île-deFrance, Hôpital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Le Borgne
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institute Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Michal Kalina
- Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-François Berret
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matière et Systèmes Complexes, 75013 Paris, France.
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Xian J, Zhong X, Huang Q, Gu H, Feng Y, Sun J, Wang D, Li J, Zhang C, Wu Y, Zhang J. N-Trimethylated chitosan coating white adipose tissue vascular-targeting oral nano-system for the enhanced anti-obesity effects of celastrol. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:124023. [PMID: 36924876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Oral nanoparticles (NPs) are more suitable for obesity control compared to NPs administered intravenously, as their convenience increases patient compliance. Herein, we developed an oral nano-system to improve the anti-obesity efficacy of celastrol (Cel). The observed enhanced efficacy was mediated by zein core NPs decorated with adipose-homing peptides that were coated with N-trimethylated chitosan. The optimized Cel/AHP-NPs@TMC exhibited spherical morphology by TEM, as well as narrow size distribution (221.76 ± 6.73 nm) and adequate stability in a gastrointestinal environment. Based on the combined delivery advantages of AHP-NPs@TMC - i.e., improved cellular internalization within Caco-2 cells and enhanced white adipose tissue (WAT) vascular targeting - Cel/AHP-NPs@TMC significantly reduced the body weight, blood lipid levels, adipose inflammation, and WAT distribution in diet-induced obese mice without side-effects. In short, this study provides clear evidence that TMC-based oral NPs can effectively improve celastrol for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Mucoadhesive carriers for oral drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 351:504-559. [PMID: 36116580 PMCID: PMC9960552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the various dosage forms, oral medicine has extensive benefits including ease of administration and patients' compliance, over injectable, suppositories, ocular and nasal. Despite of extensive demand and emerging advantages, over 50% of therapeutic molecules are not available in oral form due to their physicochemical properties. More importantly, most of the biologics, proteins, peptide, and large molecular drugs are mostly available in injectable form. Conventional oral drug delivery system has limitation such as degradation and lack of stability within stomach due to presence of highly acidic gastric fluid, hinders their therapeutic efficacy and demand more frequent and higher dosing. Hence, formulation for controlled, sustained, and targeted drug delivery, need to be designed with feasibility to target the specific region of gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as stomach, small intestine, intestine lymphatic, and colon is challenging. Among various oral delivery approaches, mucoadhesive vehicles are promising and has potential for improving oral drug retention and controlled absorption to treat local diseases within the GI tract, as well systemic diseases. This review provides the overview about the challenges and opportunities to design mucoadhesive formulation for oral delivery of therapeutics in a way to target the specific region of the GI tract. Finally, we have concluded with future perspective and potential of mucoadhesive formulations for oral local and systemic delivery.
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11
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Multifunctional role of chitosan in farm animals: a comprehensive review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan, a fibrous-like material. It may be produced in large quantities since the raw material (chitin) is plentiful in nature as a component of crustacean (shrimps and crabs) and insect hard outer skeletons, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polygluchitosanamine that contains two essential reactive functional groups, including amino and hydroxyl groups. This unique chemical structure confers chitosan with many biological functions and activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic, when used as a feed additive for farm animals. Studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chitosan on animal health and performance, aside from its safer use as an antibiotic alternative. This review aimed to highlight the effects of chitosan on animal health and performance when used as a promising feed additive.
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12
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Lima R, Fernandes C, Pinto MMM. Molecular modifications, biological activities, and applications of chitosan and derivatives: A recent update. Chirality 2022; 34:1166-1190. [PMID: 35699356 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides arouse great interest due to their structure and unique properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and absence of toxicity. Polysaccharides from marine sources are particularly useful due to the wide variety of applications and biological activities. Chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is an example of an interesting bioactive marine-derived polysaccharide. Moreover, a wide variety of chemical modifications and conjugation of chitosan with other bioactive molecules are responsible for improvements in physicochemical properties and biological activities, expanding the range of applications. An overview of the synthetic approaches for preparing chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and conjugates is described and discussed. A recent update of the biological activities and applications in different research fields, mainly focused on the last 5 years, is presented, highlighting current trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Lima
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centro interdisciplinar de Investigação marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centro interdisciplinar de Investigação marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centro interdisciplinar de Investigação marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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A review on super-wettable porous membranes and materials based on bio-polymeric chitosan for oil-water separation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102635. [PMID: 35325601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate surface wettability of membranes and materials are of an extreme importance for targeting separation of mixtures/emulsions such as oil from water or conversely water from oil. The development of super-wettable membranes and materials surfaces have shown remarkable potential for recovering water from oil-water emulsion while offering maximum resistance to fouling. The availability of clean and potable water has been regarded as an important global challenge for coming human generations. Oil and gas industry is continuously producing immense quantities of waste stream regarded as produced water which contains oil dispersed in water along with other several components. Treating such immense quantities of oily wastewater is of utmost need for recovering precious water for possible reuse or safe disposal. Various technologies have been developed for targeting the separation of oil-water emulsions or mixtures to harness useful potable water and oil as products. Membrane-based separations or use of porous materials such as mesh have been explored in literature for separation of oil-water mixtures/emulsions. Given the unique features of special hydrophilicity, ease of tunability, control of molecular weight, abundant availability, and potential for commercial scale up, chitosan has been extensively used for modifying membranes/meshes or preparing composites with other materials for oil-water separations. This review has described in detail the synthesis, methods of modification and application of chitosan-based super-wettable membranes/meshes and porous materials for oil-water separation. The special wettability features including super-hydrophobicity/superoleophilicity, super-oleophobicity/super-hydrophilicity and super-hydrophilicity/underwater super-oleophobicity of various chitosan-based membranes and materials have been discussed in detail in the review. The strategies for enhancing or developing special wettability for target specific applications have also been discussed. Finally, the challenges, their respective importance have been identified along with a discussion on possible solutions to these challenges.
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Jafar M, Khalid MS, Alghamdi H, Amir M, Al Makki SA, Alotaibi OS, Al Rmais AA, Imam SS, Alshehri S, Gilani SJ. Formulation of Apigenin-Cyclodextrin-Chitosan Ternary Complex: Physicochemical Characterization, In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:71. [PMID: 35146576 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation was performed with an aim to improve the aqueous solubility, dissolution rate, and thus the biological activity of apigenin (APG) using the solubilizers hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and chitosan (CTSN). A binary and ternary inclusion complexes of APG with HPβCD and CTSN were prepared by physical mixing, fusion, and solvent evaporation methods. The liquid state characterization of the APG, the solubilizers, and the physical and chemical interactions between them was done through phase solubility approach. The solid-state characterization was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The in vitro dissolution test and antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the ternary inclusion complex in albino rats were performed to assess the performance of the APG. Phase solubility study results revealed a remarkable increase in apparent stability constant (Kc) and complexation efficiency (CE) of HPβCD in presence of CTSN in ternary complex with above 8 folds more increment in solubility of APG than its binary complex. The in vitro dissolution rate, antioxidant activity, and the anti-inflammatory effect of the APG ternary inclusion complex were found to be significantly higher than that of pure APG. Solid state characterization confirmed the formation of a ternary inclusion complex. 1H-NMR study gave more insight at molecular level into how different groups of APG were responsible for complex formation with the HPβCD and how CTSN was significantly influencing on the APG-HPβCD complex formed. Nevertheless, pharmacokinetic and histopathological studies of our APG-HPβCD-CTSN ternary complex would yield much rewarding results.
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Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in the Treatment of Enteric Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237136. [PMID: 34885715 PMCID: PMC8659174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics played an important role in controlling the development of enteric infection. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and gut dysbiosis led to a growing interest in the use of natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives for therapy and disinfection. Chitosan is a nontoxic natural antimicrobial polymer and is approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration). Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can kill microbes by neutralizing negative charges on the microbial surface. Besides, chemical modifications give chitosan derivatives better water solubility and antimicrobial property. This review gives an overview of the preparation of chitosan, its derivatives, and the conjugates with other polymers and nanoparticles with better antimicrobial properties, explains the direct and indirect mechanisms of action of chitosan, and summarizes current treatment for enteric infections as well as the role of chitosan and chitosan derivatives in the antimicrobial agents in enteric infections. Finally, we suggested future directions for further research to improve the treatment of enteric infections and to develop more useful chitosan derivatives and conjugates.
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Moine L, Canali MM, Porporatto C, Correa SG. Reviewing the biological activity of chitosan in the mucosa: Focus on intestinal immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:324-334. [PMID: 34419549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a polymer derived from the partial deacetylation of chitin with particular characteristics, such as mucoadhesiveness, tolerability, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biomedical uses of chitosan cover a wide spectrum of applications as dietary fiber, immunoadjuvant and regulator of the intestinal microbiota or delivery agent. Chemical modification of chitosan is feasible because its reactive amino and hydroxyl groups can be modified by a diverse array of ligands, functional groups and molecules. This gives rise to numerous derivatives that allow different formulation types influencing their activity. Considering the multiple events resulting from the interaction with mucosal tissues, chitosan is a singular candidate for strategies targeting immune stimulation (i.e., tolerance induction, vaccination). Its role as a prebiotic and probiotic carrier represents an effective option to manage intestinal dysbiosis. In the intestinal scenario where the exposure of the immune system to a wide variety of antigens is permanent, chitosan increases IgA levels and favors a tolerogenic environment, thus becoming a key ally for host homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moine
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CP: 5016 Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M M Canali
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | - C Porporatto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Arturo Jauretche 1555, CP: 5900 Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S G Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CP: 5016 Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystems for Controlled Drug Delivery. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible nanosystems based on polymeric materials are promising drug delivery nanocarrier candidates for antitumor therapy. However, the efficacy is unsatisfying due to nonspecific accumulation and drug release of the nanoparticles in normal tissue. Recently, the nanosystems that can be triggered by tumor-specific stimuli have drawn great interest for drug delivery applications due to their controllable drug release properties. In this review, various polymers and external stimuli that can be employed to develop stimuli-responsive polymeric nanosystems are discussed, and finally, we delineate the challenges in designing this kind of Nanomedicine to improve the therapeutic efficacy.
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Burhan AM, Klahan B, Cummins W, Andrés-Guerrero V, Byrne ME, O’Reilly NJ, Chauhan A, Fitzhenry L, Hughes H. Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Role of Muco-Adhesion with a Special Focus on Chitosan. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34683978 PMCID: PMC8539343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) including age macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are amongst the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to the numerous barriers encountered, highly invasive intravitreal (IVT) injections represent the primary route to deliver drugs to the posterior eye tissues. Thus, the potential of a more patient friendly topical route has been widely investigated. Mucoadhesive formulations can decrease precorneal clearance while prolonging precorneal residence. Thus, they are expected to enhance the chances of adherence to corneal and conjunctival surfaces and as such, enable increased delivery to the posterior eye segment. Among the mucoadhesive polymers available, chitosan is the most widely explored due to its outstanding mucoadhesive characteristics. In this review, the major PSEDs, their treatments, barriers to topical delivery, and routes of topical drug absorption to the posterior eye are presented. To enable the successful design of mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDSs), an overview of mucoadhesion, its theory, characterization, and considerations for ocular mucoadhesion is given. Furthermore, chitosan-based DDs that have been explored to promote topical drug delivery to the posterior eye segment are reviewed. Finally, challenges of successful preclinical to clinical translation of these DDSs for posterior eye drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Mohammad Burhan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Butsabarat Klahan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Wayne Cummins
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mark E. Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
| | - Niall J. O’Reilly
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA;
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Helen Hughes
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
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Pathak K, Misra SK, Sehgal A, Singh S, Bungau S, Najda A, Gruszecki R, Behl T. Biomedical Applications of Quaternized Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152514. [PMID: 34372116 PMCID: PMC8347635 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural polymer chitosan is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after chitin and has been extensively explored for preparation of versatile drug delivery systems. The presence of two distinct reactive functional groups (an amino group at C2, and a primary and secondary hydroxyl group at C3 and C6) of chitosan are involved in the transformation of expedient derivatives such as acylated, alkylated, carboxylated, quaternized and esterified chitosan. Amongst these, quaternized chitosan is preferred in pharmaceutical industries owing to its prominent features including superior water solubility, augmented antimicrobial actions, modified wound healing, pH-sensitive targeting, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. It has been explored in a large realm of pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and the biomedical arena. Immense classy drug delivery systems containing quaternized chitosan have been intended for tissue engineering, wound healing, gene, and vaccine delivery. This review article outlines synthetic techniques, basic characteristics, inherent properties, biomedical applications, and ubiquitous challenges associated to quaternized chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah 206130, India;
| | - Shashi Kiran Misra
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati Sahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208026, India;
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (T.B.)
| | - Robert Gruszecki
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (T.B.)
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Cyclodextrin Multicomponent Complexes: Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071099. [PMID: 34371790 PMCID: PMC8309128 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are naturally available water-soluble cyclic oligosaccharides widely used as carriers in the pharmaceutical industry for their ability to modulate several properties of drugs through the formation of drug-CD complexes. The addition of an auxiliary substance when forming multicomponent complexes is an adequate strategy to enhance complexation efficiency and to facilitate the therapeutic applicability of different drugs. This review discusses multicomponent complexation using amino acids; organic acids and bases; and water-soluble polymers as auxiliary excipients. Special attention is given to improved properties by including information on the solubility, dissolution, permeation, stability and bioavailability of several relevant drugs. In addition, the use of multicomponent CD complexes to enhance therapeutic drug effects is summarized.
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21
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The antibacterial structure-activity relationship for common chitosan derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1686-1693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Zabermawi NM, Arif M, Batiha GE, Khafaga AF, Abd El-Hakim YM, Al-Sagheer AA. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2726-2744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Selective synthesis of N,N,N-trimethylated chitosan derivatives at different degree of substitution and investigation of structure-activity relationship for activity against P. aeruginosa and MRSA. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:548-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Andreica BI, Cheng X, Marin L. Quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan. A critical overview on the synthesis and properties generated by quaternization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Quaternary Ammonium Chitosans: The Importance of the Positive Fixed Charge of the Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186617. [PMID: 32927715 PMCID: PMC7555869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural polysaccharide, chitosan has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and biosecurity. The hydroxyl and amino groups present in its structure make it an extremely versatile and chemically modifiable material. In recent years, various synthetic strategies have been used to modify chitosan, mainly to solve the problem of its insolubility in neutral physiological fluids. Thus, derivatives with negative or positive fixed charge were synthesized and used to prepare innovative drug delivery systems. Positively charged conjugates showed improved properties compared to unmodified chitosan. In this review the main quaternary ammonium derivatives of chitosan will be considered, their preparation and their applications will be described to evaluate the impact of the positive fixed charge on the improvement of the properties of the drug delivery systems based on these polymers. Furthermore, the performances of the proposed systems resulting from in vitro and ex vivo experiments will be taken into consideration, with particular attention to cytotoxicity of systems, and their ability to promote drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Cappuccio de Castro
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Josiel Martins Costa
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Nogueira Campos
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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27
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Utilization of TBDMS chitosan for synthesis of photoactive chitosan derivatives and application in photografting on ophthalmic lens material. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Wu M, Xu R, Liu C, Li B, Long Z. Amelioration of Physical Properties and Printability of Paper Coated with N-methylated Chitosan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9936. [PMID: 32555287 PMCID: PMC7303160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In offset printing process, poor mechanical properties and printability of paper substrate usually result in printing problems, low quality of print and waste of paper materials. Therefore, many researches focus on the quality improvement of paper substrates using suitable additives. In this work, N-methylated chitosan, including N, N-dimethyl chitosan (DMC) and N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC), were prepared and employed as coating agents to ameliorate the mechanical properties and printability of paper sheets. Analysis results showed that the mechanical strength of coated papers with DMC and TMC were largely improved, because the fibers with negative charges were prone to form electrostatic bonding with the positively charged N-methylated chitosan, thus enhancing paper strength. Particularly, compared with chitosan and DMC, the TMC-coated paper exhibited better mechanical properties, printability and surface properties due to the high cationic charge density of TMC. Therefore, surface coating with TMC is of great benefit to decrease the printing problem of paper sheets and enhance the operation speed in offset printing. This work provides a valuable reference for the amelioration of the printability and physical properties of high-quality paper products for many promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Wu
- CAS Kay Laboratory of Biofuels, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.,Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Rui Xu
- CAS Kay Laboratory of Biofuels, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Kay Laboratory of Biofuels, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Kay Laboratory of Biofuels, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Zhu Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Bakshi PS, Selvakumar D, Kadirvelu K, Kumar N. Chitosan as an environment friendly biomaterial – a review on recent modifications and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:1072-1083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Li J, Ying S, Ren H, Dai J, Zhang L, Liang L, Wang Q, Shen Q, Shen JW. Molecular dynamics study on the encapsulation and release of anti-cancer drug doxorubicin by chitosan. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119241. [PMID: 32197982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad-spectrum anti-tumor drug, but it has certain limitations in its therapeutic effects due to poor tumor selectivity. Chitosan-based pH-sensitive polymers drug delivery systems could improve DOX's activity and selectivity against tumor cells. Understanding the atomic interaction mechanism between chitosan and DOX at different pH levels is important in the design and application of chitosan-based drug delivery systems. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the encapsulation and release of DOX by chitosan at different pH levels. Our results show that the protonation state of amine groups of chitosan and the π-π stacking interaction between the conjugated anthraquinone ring of DOX regulate the interaction behavior between chitosan and DOX. Moreover, DOX could gradually release from chitosan at acidic pH environment in tumor tissue. These results revealed the underlying atomic interaction mechanism between DOX and chitosan at various pH levels and may provide novel ideas for the design and application of chitosan-based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Ying
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ren
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Dai
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Liang
- College of Automation & College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiying Shen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Wei Shen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.
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Te Kamp V, Freuling CM, Vos A, Schuster P, Kaiser C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Nemitz S, Eggerbauer E, Ulrich R, Schinköthe J, Nolden T, Müller T, Finke S. Responsiveness of various reservoir species to oral rabies vaccination correlates with differences in vaccine uptake of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2919. [PMID: 32076025 PMCID: PMC7031338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is highly effective in foxes and raccoon dogs, whereas for unknown reasons the efficacy of ORV in other reservoir species is less pronounced. To investigate possible variations in species-specific cell tropism and local replication of vaccine virus, different reservoir species including foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, mongooses, dogs and skunks were orally immunised with a highly attenuated, high-titred GFP-expressing rabies virus (RABV). Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR screenings revealed clear differences among species suggesting host specific limitations to ORV. While for responsive species the palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina) were identified as a main site of virus replication, less virus dissemination was observed in the tonsils of rather refractory species. While our comparison of vaccine virus tropism emphasizes the important role that the tonsilla palatina plays in eliciting an immune response to ORV, our data also indicate that other lymphoid tissues may have a more important role than originally anticipated. Overall, these data support a model in which the susceptibility to oral live RABV vaccine infection of lymphatic tissue is a major determinant in vaccination efficacy. The present results may help to direct future research for improving vaccine uptake and efficacy of oral rabies vaccines under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Thescon GmbH, 48653, Coesfeld, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Peter Schuster
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Nemitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- BioNTech IMFS GmbH, 55743, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, 99947, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Nolden
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Wang W, Meng Q, Li Q, Liu J, Zhou M, Jin Z, Zhao K. Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E487. [PMID: 31940963 PMCID: PMC7014278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Qiuyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Mo Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Kai Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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Matos BN, Pereira MN, Bravo MDO, Cunha-Filho M, Saldanha-Araújo F, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM. Chitosan nanoparticles loading oxaliplatin as a mucoadhesive topical treatment of oral tumors: Iontophoresis further enhances drug delivery ex vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 154:1265-1275. [PMID: 31726173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumors located in the oral mucosa are challenging to treat since surgery can lead to aesthetic, speech, and salivation problems, radiotherapy alone is often ineffective, and systemic chemotherapy brings meaningful side effects to the patient. Here, we proposed to develop mucoadhesive chitosan nanoparticles entrapping the chemotherapeutic oxaliplatin (OXPt) and to evaluate ex vivo its penetration in porcine mucosa under both passive and iontophoretic topical treatments. OXPt-loaded chitosan nanoparticles presented a small hydrodynamic size (188 ± 20 nm), narrow distribution (PDI of 0.28 ± 0.02) and positive zeta potential (+44.8 ± 2.8 mV). These nanoparticles provided a "burst effect" on drug release followed by a longer-term controlled release. When applied to the oral mucosa, the chitosan nanoparticles increased 3-fold drug penetration, and this rate was maintained even when the mucosa was "washed" with a buffer to mimic salivation. Iontophoresis doubled the amount of OXPt transported to the mucosa. These amounts exceeded the dose required to cause cell death of an oral tumor cell line. Besides, chitosan nanoparticles increased the rate of cells that entered into apoptosis. In summary, this study points to the feasibility of topical therapy with chitosan nanoparticles, potentialized by the application of iontophoresis, to treat oral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno N Matos
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n. 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro Universitário Euroamericano, Avenida das Nações, Trecho 0, Conjunto 05 - 70790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maíra N Pereira
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n. 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Martha de O Bravo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n. 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n. 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n. 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Jin Z, Gao S, Cui X, Sun D, Zhao K. Adjuvants and delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles for mucosal vaccines. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118731. [PMID: 31669213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces. Therefore, vaccination through the mucosal route can greatly enhance the mucosal immune response. Vaccination via the mucosal surface is the most effective way to trigger a protective mucosal immune response, but the vast majority of vaccines used are administered by injection. Strategies to enhance the mucosal immunity have been developed by using vaccine adjuvants, delivery systems, bacterial or viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. Appropriate vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery systems can improve the immunogenicity of antigens, induce a stronger immune response, and reduce the vaccine dose and production cost. In recent years, many studies have focused on finding safe and effective vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery systems to formulate the mucosal vaccines for solving the above problems. Great progress has also been made in vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery systems based on biodegradable polymer nanoparticles. In this paper, the research progress of the mucosal vaccine and its related adjuvants and drug delivery systems in recent years was reviewed, and the application of polymers as adjuvants and drug delivery system in vaccine was prospected. This review provides a fundamental knowledge for the application of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as adjuvants and carriers in mucosal vaccines and shows great application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xianlan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Bluesky Biotech (Harbin) Co., Ltd., Harbin 150028, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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35
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Sahariah P, Cibor D, Zielińska D, Hjálmarsdóttir MÁ, Stawski D, Másson M. The Effect of Molecular Weight on the Antibacterial Activity of N, N, N-Trimethyl Chitosan (TMC). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1743. [PMID: 30970552 PMCID: PMC6480509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with 93% degree of trimethylation was synthesized. TMC and the chitosan starting material were subjected to acidic hydrolysis to produce 49 different samples with a reduced average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 2 to 144 kDa. This was done to allow the investigation of the relationship between antibacterial activity and Mw over a wide Mw range. NMR investigation showed that hydrolysis did not affect the degree of trimethylation (DSTRI) or the structure of the polymer backbone. The activity of TMC against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) increased sharply with Mw until a certain Mw value (critical Mw for high activity, CMW) was reached. After the CMW, the activity was not affected by a further increase in the Mw. A similar pattern of activity was observed for chitosan. The CMW was determined to be 20 kDa for TMC and 50 kDa for chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sahariah
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Dorota Cibor
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Zielińska
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
- Instiute of Security Technologies "MORATEX", Laboratory of Chemistry, 90-505 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Martha Á Hjálmarsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Iceland, Stapi, Hringbraut 31, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Dawid Stawski
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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36
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Mehta P, Al-Kinani AA, Arshad MS, Singh N, van der Merwe SM, Chang MW, Alany RG, Ahmad Z. Engineering and Development of Chitosan-Based Nanocoatings for Ocular Contact Lenses. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1540-1551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Safdar R, Omar AA, Arunagiri A, Regupathi I, Thanabalan M. Potential of Chitosan and its derivatives for controlled drug release applications – A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Most pathogens gain access to the human body and initiate systemic infections through mucosal sites. A large number of currently marketed licensed vaccines are parenterally administered; they generate strong systemic immunity but not mucosal immunity. Nasal vaccination is an appealing strategy for the induction of mucosal-specific immunity; however, its development is mostly challenged by several factors, such as inefficient antigen uptake, its rapid mucociliary clearance, size-restricted permeation across epithelial barriers and absence of safe human mucosal adjuvants. Therefore, a safer mucosal-adjuvanting strategy or efficient mucosal delivery platform is much warranted. This review summarizes challenges and the rationale for nasal vaccine development with a special focus on the use of nanoparticles based on polymers and lipids for mucosal vaccine delivery.
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Abdel-Hafez SM, Hathout RM, Sammour OA. Tracking the transdermal penetration pathways of optimized curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:753-764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Luan F, Wei L, Zhang J, Tan W, Chen Y, Dong F, Li Q, Guo Z. Preparation and Characterization of Quaternized Chitosan Derivatives and Assessment of Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E516. [PMID: 29495379 PMCID: PMC6017865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is an abundant and renewable polysaccharide that is reported to exhibit a great variety of beneficial properties. However, the poor solubility of chitosan in water limits its applications. In this paper, we successfully synthesized single N-quaternized (QCS) and double N-diquaternized (DQCS) chitosan derivatives, and the resulting quaternized materials were water-soluble. The degree of quaternization (DQ) of QCS and DQCS was 0.8 and 1.3, respectively. These derivatives were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, TGA, and SEM. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the chitosan was evaluated by free radical scavenging ability (against DPPH-radical, hydroxyl-radical, and superoxide-radical) and ferric reducing power. Our results suggested that the antioxidant abilities were in the order of DQCS > QCS > CS, which was consistent with the number of quaternized groups. These data demonstrate that the number of quaternized groups of chitosan derivatives contributes to their antioxidant activity. Therefore, DQCS, with a higher number of quaternized groups and higher positive charge density, is endowed with high antioxidant activity, and can be used as a candidate material in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Hsieh HL, Lee CH, Lin KC. Development of Yam Dioscorin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Paracellular Transport Across Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1175-1183. [PMID: 29328647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorins, the major storage proteins of yam tubers, exert immunomodulatory activities. To improve oral bioavailability of dioscorins in the intestine, recombinant dioscorin (rDioscorin) was coated with N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and tripolyphosphate (TPP), resulting in the formation of TMC-rDio-TPP nanoparticles (NPs). The loading capacity and entrapment efficiency of rDioscorin in the NPs were 26 ± 0.7% and 61 ± 1.4%, respectively. The NPs demonstrated a substantial release profile in the pH environment of the jejunum. The rDioscorin released from the NPs stimulated proliferation and phagocytosis of the macrophage RAW264.7 and activated the gene expression of IL-1β and IL-6. Incubation of the NPs in the Caco-2 cell monolayer led to a 5.2-fold increase of Papp compared with rDioscorin alone, suggesting that rDioscorin, with the assistance of TMC, can be promptly transported across the intestinal epithelia. These results demonstrate that the TMC-rDio-TPP NPs can be utilized for elucidating the immunopharmacological effects of dioscorins through oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University , Hualien County 974, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University , Hualien County 974, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University , Hualien County 974, Taiwan
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Huang X, Fang B, Xu Z, Cao Z, Zeng R, Tu M, Zhao J. Branched dicationically-charged phosphodicholine (PdC) modified chitosan with specific associated water structure and unique interactions with biocomponents. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li J, Tan G, Cheng B, Liu D, Pan W. Transport mechanism of chitosan-N-acetylcysteine, chitosan oligosaccharides or carboxymethyl chitosan decorated coumarin-6 loaded nanostructured lipid carriers across the rabbit ocular. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 120:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Javia A, Thakkar H. Intranasal delivery of tapentadol hydrochloride-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: formulation, characterisation and its in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:644-658. [PMID: 28862072 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1375038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to formulate tapentadol hydrochloride-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) for nose to brain delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using ionotropic gelation technique. Optimisation of the formulation and process parameters was done using Box-Behnken Design. The entrapment efficiency, drug loading, Z-average size and zeta potential of the optimised batch were 63.49 ± 1.61%, 17.25 ± 1.38%w/w, 201.2 ± 1.5 nm and +49.3 mV, respectively. In-vitro release study showed 84.04 ± 1.53% drug release after 28 h, while ex vivo studies indicated higher permeation of CS-NPs through nasal mucosa. The nanoparticles exhibited good mucoadhesiveness, haemocompatibility and safety as evidenced by histopathology. The results of the pharmacodynamic study revealed prolongation of the analgesic activity. The intranasal instillation of CS-NPs resulted in the higher concentrations in brain compared to the drug solution and intravenous administration of CS-NPs. In a nutshell, intranasal administration of tapentadol hydrochloride-loaded CS-NPs is a promising approach for effective pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Javia
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , India
| | - Hetal Thakkar
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , India
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45
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Dietary chitosan improves nitrogen use and feed conversion in diets for mid-lactation dairy cows. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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46
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Wu M, Long Z, Xiao H, Dong C. Preparation of N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan via a novel approach using dimethyl carbonate. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:83-91. [PMID: 28504181 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
N,N,N-trimehtyl chitosan (TMC) is a water-soluble derivate of chitosan, which has been widely used as a biomedical material due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and bacterial properties. To date, TMC can only be prepared by the quaternization of chitosan using alkyl halide or dimethyl sulfate. However, alkyl halide and dimethyl sulfate are highly toxic, cancerigenic for humans, and harmful to the environment. This paper puts forward a novel approach to preparing TMC using dimethyl carbonate as a methylation reagent in an ionic liquid. The as-synthesized O-methyl-free TMC was characterized using NMR, FTIR, XRD and TG analyses. The results showed that TMC with a degree of quaternization of 9.11% was successfully obtained and the crystallinity of chitosan decreased with the increasing degree of N-methylation, the thermal stability of TMC was lower than that of chitosan. Furthermore, the effects of the dose of ionic liquid and dimethyl carbonate were disscussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Wu
- Laboratory of Papermaking, School of Textiles & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Zhu Long
- Laboratory of Papermaking, School of Textiles & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education of China, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Cuihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education of China, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
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47
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Kulkarni AD, Patel HM, Surana SJ, Vanjari YH, Belgamwar VS, Pardeshi CV. N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan: An advanced polymer with myriad of opportunities in nanomedicine. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:875-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Carvalho LCR, Queda F, Santos CVA, Marques MMB. Selective Modification of Chitin and Chitosan: En Route to Tailored Oligosaccharides. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3468-3481. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Fausto Queda
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Cátia V. Almeida Santos
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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49
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Wu M, Long Z, Xiao H, Dong C. Recent research progress on preparation and application of N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Shi G, Liu Y, He Z, Zhou J. Chemical treatment and chitosan coating of yeast cells to improve the encapsulation and controlled release of bovine serum albumin. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1-9. [PMID: 27684360 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1216855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the encapsulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in chemical-treated and chitosan-coated yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), for the controlled release of BSA. The chemical treatment can sufficiently enlarge the small-sized cell-wall cavities and/or break the integrity for the entrance of BSA to the interior of yeast cells, and the additional chitosan coating can well prevent the rapid release of encapsulated BSA from the yeast-derived microcapsules. The sodium hydroxide pretreated S. cerevisiae gives a maximum encapsulation yield of (10.1 ± 0.2)% for BSA. An additional coating of S. cerevisiae with chitosan can reduce the initial burst release of BSA and extend the release period from 24 h in the chitosan-free case to 48 h in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. The prepared microcapsules can well keep the shapes and sizes of yeast cells and thus show uniform sizes of 3.85 ± 0.81 μm. The encapsulated BSA well retains its pristine ultraviolet spectroscopic and chromatographic behaviors. The present microencapsulation protocol has the advantages of convenient and mild operation, high encapsulation efficiency, and organic solvent-free nature, which is of reference value for establishing high-performance controllable biomacromolecule-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Shi
- a College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China.,b Tobacco Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
| | - Yating Liu
- a College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China.,b Tobacco Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
| | - Zijun He
- a College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
| | - Jihen Zhou
- b Tobacco Research Institute, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
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