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Saadh MJ, Mustafa MA, Kumar A, Alamir HTA, Kumar A, Khudair SA, Faisal A, Alubiady MHS, Jalal SS, Shafik SS, Ahmad I, Khry FAF, Abosaoda MK. Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:140. [PMID: 38890191 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India
| | | | - Ahmed Faisal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Sarah Salah Jalal
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Shafik Shaker Shafik
- Experimental Nuclear Radiation Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faeza A F Khry
- Faculty of pharmacy, department of pharmaceutics, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Munther Kadhim Abosaoda
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Qadisiyyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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Wehn AC, Krestel E, Harapan BN, Klymchenko A, Plesnila N, Khalin I. To see or not to see: In vivo nanocarrier detection methods in the brain and their challenges. J Control Release 2024; 371:216-236. [PMID: 38810705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have a great potential to significantly improve the delivery of therapeutics to the brain and may also be equipped with properties to investigate brain function. The brain, being a highly complex organ shielded by selective barriers, requires its own specialized detection system. However, a significant hurdle to achieve these goals is still the identification of individual nanoparticles within the brain with sufficient cellular, subcellular, and temporal resolution. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on detection systems for tracking nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and within the brain. We discuss commonly employed in vivo and ex vivo nanoparticle identification and quantification methods, as well as various imaging modalities able to detect nanoparticles in the brain. Advantages and weaknesses of these modalities as well as the biological factors that must be considered when interpreting results obtained through nanotechnologies are summarized. Finally, we critically evaluate the prevailing limitations of existing technologies and explore potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Clarissa Wehn
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva Krestel
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany.
| | - Biyan Nathanael Harapan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, CNRS UMR 7213, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin - CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), 14 074 Bd Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France.
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3
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Chen Y, He Q, Lu H, Yang J, Han J, Zhu Y, Hu P. Visualization and correlation of drug release of risperidone/clozapine microspheres in vitro and in vivo based on FRET mechanism. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123885. [PMID: 38325621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the challenging task of quantitatively investigating drug release from PLGA microspheres after in vivo administration. The objective is to employ Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to visualize drug-encapsulated microspheres in both in vitro and in vivo settings. The primary goal is to establish a quantitative correlation between FRET fluorescence changes and microsphere drug release. The study selects drugs with diverse structures and lipid solubility to explore release mechanisms, using PLGA as the matrix material. Clozapine and risperidone serve as model drugs. FRET molecules, Cy5 and Cy5.5, along with Cy7 derivatives, create FRET donor-acceptor pairs. In vitro results show that FRET fluorescence changes align closely with microsphere drug release, particularly for the Cy5.5-Cy7 pair. In vivo experiments involve subcutaneous administration of microspheres to rats, tracking FRET fluorescence changes while collecting blood samples. Pharmacokinetic studies on clozapine and risperidone reveal in vivo absorption fractions using the Loo-Riegelman method. Correlating FRET and in vivo absorption data establishes an in vitro-in vivo relationship (IVIVR). The study demonstrates that FRET-based fluorescence changes quantitatively link to microsphere drug release, offering an innovative method for visualizing and monitoring release in both in vitro and in vivo settings, potentially advancing clinical applications of such formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huangjie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Togami K, Hazama Y, Nakamura Y, Ishizawa K, Chono S. Development of a Compensated Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Imaging for Improved Assessment of the Intrapulmonary Distribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2696-2702. [PMID: 37478971 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation-based drug delivery systems have gained attention as potential therapeutic options for various respiratory diseases. Among these systems, nanoparticles are being explored as drug carriers because of their ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly to the lungs. It is essential to accurately evaluate the intrapulmonary behavior of nanoparticles to optimize drug delivery and achieve selective targeting of lung lesions. Prior research used the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) phenomenon to study the in vivo behavior of nanoparticles as drug carriers. In this study, image reconstruction involving bleed-through compensation was used to quantitatively assess the behavior of FRET nanoparticles in the lungs. When the nanoparticles for FRET fluorescence imaging, which employed 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (DiD) as the donor and as 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide (DiR) the acceptor, were administered to mouse lungs, whole-body in vivo imaging could not compensate for the influence of respiration and heartbeat. However, ex vivo imaging of excised lungs enabled the quantitative evaluation of the time-concentration profiles and distribution of nanoparticles within the lungs. This imaging technique is particularly useful for the development of inhalable nanoparticles that specifically target the lesions and exhibit controlled-release capabilities within the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Togami
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Hazama
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Ishizawa
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Sumio Chono
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
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Lu J, Zhu X, Zhang M, Jiang X, Guo W, Jiang F, Cao F. In vitro and in vivo assessment of structural integrity for HPCD complex@Liposome nanocomposites from ocular surface to the posterior segment of the eye. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120960. [PMID: 37230631 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the structural integrity of carriers in transit from ocular surface to ocular posterior segment is essential for an efficient topical drug delivery system. In this study, dual-carrier hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex@Liposome (HPCD@Lip) nanocomposites were developed for the efficient delivery of dexamethasone. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer with near-infrared I fluorescent dyes and in vivo imaging system were used to investigate the structural integrity of HPCD@Lip nanocomposites after crossing Human conjunctival epithelial cells (HConEpiC) monolayer and in ocular tissues. The structural integrity of inner HPCD complexes was monitored for the first time. The results suggested that 23.1 ± 6.4 % of nanocomposites and 41.2 ± 4.3 % of HPCD complexes could cross HConEpiC monolayer with an intact structure at 1 h. 15.3 ± 8.4 % of intact nanocomposites could reach at least sclera and 22.9 ± 1.2 % of intact HPCD complexes could reach choroid-retina after 60 min in vivo, which showed that the dual-carrier drug delivery system could successfully deliver intact cyclodextrin complexes to ocular posterior segment. In conclusion, in vivo assessment of structural integrity of nanocarriers is greatly significant for guiding the rational design, higher drug delivery efficiency and clinical transformation for topical drug delivery system to the posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Dizal Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 199 Liangjing Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xunchan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Verma AK, Noumani A, Yadav AK, Solanki PR. FRET Based Biosensor: Principle Applications Recent Advances and Challenges. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081375. [PMID: 37189476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors are being fabricated for specific detection of biomolecules or changes in the microenvironment. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from an excited donor fluorophore molecule to a nearby acceptor fluorophore molecule. In a FRET-based biosensor, the donor and acceptor molecules are typically fluorescent proteins or fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs) or small molecules that are engineered to be in close proximity to each other. When the biomolecule of interest is present, it can cause a change in the distance between the donor and acceptor, leading to a change in the efficiency of FRET and a corresponding change in the fluorescence intensity of the acceptor. This change in fluorescence can be used to detect and quantify the biomolecule of interest. FRET-based biosensors have a wide range of applications, including in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, and drug discovery. This review article provides a substantial approach on the FRET-based biosensor, principle, applications such as point-of-need diagnosis, wearable, single molecular FRET (smFRET), hard water, ions, pH, tissue-based sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensor. Recent advances such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) are used for this type of sensor and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Verma
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashab Noumani
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Liu F, Anton N, Niko Y, Klymchenko AS. Controlled Release and Capture of Aldehydes by Dynamic Imine Chemistry in Nanoemulsions: From Delivery to Detoxification. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:246-256. [PMID: 36516427 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current biomedical applications of nanocarriers are focused on drug delivery, where encapsulated cargo is released in the target tissues under the control of external stimuli. Here, we propose a very different approach, where the active toxic molecules are removed from biological tissues by the nanocarrier. It is based on the drug-sponge concept, where specific molecules are captured by the lipid nanoemulsion (NE) droplets due to dynamic covalent chemistry inside their oil core. To this end, we designed a highly lipophilic amine (LipoAmine) capable of reacting with a free cargo-aldehyde (fluorescent dye and 4-hydroxynonenal toxin) directly inside lipid NEs, yielding a lipophilic imine conjugate well encapsulated in the oil core. The formation of imine bonds was first validated using a push-pull pyrene aldehyde dye, which changes its emission color during the reaction. The conjugate formation was independently confirmed by mass spectrometry. As a result, LipoAmine-loaded NEs spontaneously loaded cargo-aldehydes, yielding formulations stable against leakage at pH 7.4, which can further release the cargo in a low pH range (4-6) in solutions and living cells. Using fluorescence microscopy, we showed that LipoAmine NEs can extract pyrene aldehyde dye from cells as well as from an epithelial tissue (chicken skin). Moreover, successful extraction from cells was also achieved for a highly toxic aliphatic aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal, which allowed obtaining the proof of concept for detoxification of living cells. Taken together, these results show that the dynamic imine chemistry inside NEs can be used to develop detoxification platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, Illkirch 67401, France.,INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), CRBS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), CRBS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, Illkirch 67401, France
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Demonstrating Biological Fate of Nanoparticle-Loaded Dissolving Microneedles with Aggregation-Caused Quenching Probes: Influence of Application Sites. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010169. [PMID: 36678798 PMCID: PMC9867466 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating dissolving microneedles (DMNs) and nanocarriers (NC) holds great potential in transdermal drug delivery because it can simultaneously overcome the stratum corneum barrier and achieve efficient and controlled drug delivery. However, different skin sites with different thicknesses and compositions can affect the transdermal diffusion of NC-loaded DMNs. There are few reports on the biological fate (especially transdermal diffusion) of NC-loaded DMNs, and inaccurate bioimaging information of intact NC limits the accurate understanding of the in vivo fate of NC-loaded DMNs. The aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) probes P4 emitted intense fluorescence signals in intact NC while quenched after the degradation of NC, had been demonstrated the feasibility of label intact NC. In this study, P4 was loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and further encapsulated into DMNs, to track the transdermal diffusion of SLNs delivered at different skin sites. The results showed that SLNs had excellent stability after being loaded into DMNs with no significant changes in morphology and fluorescence properties. The in vivo live and ex vivo imaging showed that the transdermal diffusion rate of NC-loaded DMNs was positively correlated with skin thickness, with the order ear > abdomen > back. In conclusion, this study confirmed the site-dependency of transdermal diffusion in NC-loaded DMNs.
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Development of visualization and analysis methods for evaluating intratumoral nanoparticle kinetics for tumor-targeted drug delivery using Förster resonance energy transfer in vivo live imaging and tissue clearing techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang X, Anton H, Vandamme T, Anton N. Updated insight into the characterization of nano-emulsions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:93-114. [PMID: 36453201 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2154075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In most of the studies, nano-emulsion characterization is limited to their size distribution and zeta potential. In this review, we present an updated insight of the characterization methods of nano-emulsions, including new or unconventional experimental approaches to explore in depth the nano-emulsion properties. AREA COVERED We propose an overview of all the main techniques used to characterize nano-emulsions, including the most classical ones, up to in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Innovative approaches are then presented in the second part of the review that presents innovative, experimental techniques less known in the field of nano-emulsion such as the nanoparticle tracking analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, in the last part we discuss the use of lipophilic fluorescent probes and imaging techniques as an emerging tool to understand the nano-emulsion droplet stability, surface decoration, release mechanisms, and in vivo fate. EXPERT OPINION This review is mostly intended for a broad readership and provides key tools regarding the choice of the approach to characterize nano-emulsions. Innovative and uncommon methods will be precious to disclose the information potentially reachable behind a formulation of nano-emulsions, not always known in first intention and with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Halina Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Regenerative nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Regenerative nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Fluorescent Multifunctional Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Bioimaging: A Tutorial Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112498. [PMID: 36432688 PMCID: PMC9698844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) are a large family of nanostructures constituted by organic components that emit light in different spectral regions upon excitation, due to the presence of organic fluorophores. FONs are of great interest for numerous biological and medical applications, due to their high tunability in terms of composition, morphology, surface functionalization, and optical properties. Multifunctional FONs combine several functionalities in a single nanostructure (emission of light, carriers for drug-delivery, functionalization with targeting ligands, etc.), opening the possibility of using the same nanoparticle for diagnosis and therapy. The preparation, characterization, and application of these multifunctional FONs require a multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we present FONs following a tutorial approach, with the aim of providing a general overview of the different aspects of the design, preparation, and characterization of FONs. The review encompasses the most common FONs developed to date, the description of the most important features of fluorophores that determine the optical properties of FONs, an overview of the preparation methods and of the optical characterization techniques, and the description of the theoretical approaches that are currently adopted for modeling FONs. The last part of the review is devoted to a non-exhaustive selection of some recent biomedical applications of FONs.
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Lebreton V, Kaeokhamloed N, Vasylaki A, Hilairet G, Mellinger A, Béjaud J, Saulnier P, Lagarce F, Gattacceca F, Legeay S, Roger E. Pharmacokinetics of intact lipid nanocapsules using new quantitative FRET technique. J Control Release 2022; 351:681-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gamage RS, Smith BD. Spontaneous Transfer of Indocyanine Green from Liposomes to Albumin Is Inhibited by the Antioxidant α-Tocopherol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11950-11961. [PMID: 36126324 PMCID: PMC9897306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine Green (ICG) is a clinically approved organic dye with near-infrared absorption and fluorescence. Over the years, many efforts to improve the photophysical and pharmacokinetic properties of ICG have investigated numerous nanoparticle formulations, especially liposomes with membrane-embedded ICG. A series of systematic absorption and fluorescence experiments, including FRET experiments using ICG as a fluorescence energy acceptor, found that ICG transfers spontaneously from liposomes to albumin protein residing in the external solution with a half-life of ∼10 min at 37 °C. Moreover, transfer of ICG from liposome membranes to external albumin reduces light-activated leakage from thermosensitive liposomes with membrane-embedded ICG. A survey of lipophilic liposome additives discovered that the presence of clinically approved antioxidant, α-tocopherol, greatly increases ICG retention in the liposomes (presumably by forming favorable aromatic stacking interactions), inhibits ICG photobleaching and prevents albumin-induced reduction of light-triggered liposome leakage. This new insight will help researchers with the specific task of optimizing ICG-containing liposomes for fluorescence imaging or phototherapeutics. More broadly, the results suggest a broader design concept concerning light triggered liposome leakage, that is, proximity of the light absorbing dye to the bilayer membrane is a critical design feature that impacts the extent of liposome leakage.
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14
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Matsuura H, Kawakami R, Isoe M, Hoshihara M, Minami Y, Yatsuzuka K, Tsuda T, Murakami M, Suzuki Y, Kawamata J, Imamura T, Hadano S, Watanabe S, Niko Y. NIR-II-Excitable Dye-Loaded Nanoemulsions for Two-Photon Microscopy Imaging of Capillary Blood Vessels in the Entire Hippocampal CA1 Region of Living Mice. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40481-40490. [PMID: 36063083 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For in vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM) imaging, the development of techniques that can improve the observable depth and temporal resolution is an important challenge to address biological and biomedical concerns such as vascular dynamics in the deep brain (typically the hippocampal region) of living animals. Improvements have been achieved through two approaches: an optical approach using a highly tissue-penetrating excitation laser oscillating in the second near-infrared wavelength region (NIR-II, 1100-1350 nm) and a chemical approach employing fluorescent probes with high two-photon brightness (characterized by the product of the two-photon absorption cross section, σ2, and the fluorescence quantum yield, Φ). To integrate these two approaches, we developed a fluorescent dye exhibiting a sufficiently high σ2Φ value of 68 Goeppert-Mayer units at 1100 nm. When a nanoemulsion encapsulating >1000 dye molecules per particle and a 1100 nm laser were employed for 2PM imaging, capillary blood vessels in almost the entire hippocampal CA1 region of the mouse brain (approximately 1.1-1.5 mm below the surface) were clearly visualized at a frame rate of 30 frames s-1 (averaged over eight frames, practically 3.75 frames s-1). This observable depth and frame rate are much higher than those in previous reports on 2PM imaging. Furthermore, this nanoemulsion allowed for the visualization of blood vessels at a depth of 1.8 mm, corresponding to the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These results highlight the advantage of combining bright probes with NIR-II lasers. Our probe is a promising tool for studying the vascular dynamics of living animals and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsuura
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- TOSA Innovative Human Development Programs, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Maki Isoe
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hoshihara
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yuya Minami
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yatsuzuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Teruko Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masamoto Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamata
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shingo Hadano
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Shigeru Watanabe
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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15
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Kumar R, Dkhar DS, Kumari R, Supratim Mahapatra D, Srivastava A, Dubey VK, Chandra P. Ligand conjugated lipid-based nanocarriers for cancer theranostics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3022-3043. [PMID: 35950676 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major health-related issues affecting the population worldwide and subsequently accounts for the second-largest death. Genetic and epigenetic modifications in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes affect the regulatory systems that lead to the initiation and progression of cancer. Conventional methods, including chemotherapy/radiotherapy/appropriate combinational therapy and surgery, are being widely used for theranostics of cancer patients. Surgery is useful in treating localized tumors, but it is ineffective in treating metastatic tumors, which spread to other organs and result in a high recurrence rate and death. Also, the therapeutic application of free drugs is related to substantial issues such as poor absorption, solubility, bioavailability, high degradation rate, short shelf-life, and low therapeutic index. Therefore, these issues can be sorted out using nano lipid-based carriers (NLBCs) as promising drug delivery carriers. Still, at most, they fail to achieve site targeted drug delivery and detection. This can be achieved by selecting a specific ligand/antibody for its cognate receptor molecule expressed on the surface of cancer cell. In this review, we have mainly discussed the various types of ligands used to decorate NLBCs. A list of the ligands used to design nanocarriers to target malignant cells has been extensively undertaken. The approved ligand decorated lipid-based nanomedicines with their clinical status has been explained in tabulated form to provide a wider scope to the readers regarding ligand coupled NLBCs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Daphika S Dkhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Rohini Kumari
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Divya Supratim Mahapatra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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16
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The in vivo fate of polymeric micelles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114463. [PMID: 35905947 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a systemic analysis of the in vivo, as well as subcellular, fate of polymeric micelles (PMs), starting from the entry of PMs into the body. Few PMs are able to cross the biological barriers intact and reach the circulation. In the blood, PMs demonstrate fairly good stability mainly owing to formation of protein corona despite controversial results reported by different groups. Although the exterior hydrophilic shells render PMs "long-circulating", the biodistribution of PMs into the mononuclear phagocyte systems (MPS) is dominant as compared with non-MPS organs and tissues. Evidence emerges to support that the copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) is first broken down into pieces of PEG and PLA and then remnants to be eliminated from the body finally. At the cellular level, PMs tend to be internalized via endocytosis due to their particulate nature and disassembled and degraded within the cell. Recent findings on the effect of particle size, surface characteristics and shape are also reviewed. It is envisaged that unraveling the in vivo and subcellular fate sheds light on the performing mechanisms and gears up the clinical translation of PMs.
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17
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Kaeokhamloed N, Legeay S, Roger E. FRET as the tool for in vivo nanomedicine tracking. J Control Release 2022; 349:156-173. [PMID: 35779657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advanced drug delivery system utilizing a nanocarrier is the major application of nanotechnology on pharmacotherapeutics. However, despite the promising benefits and a leading trend in pharmaceutical research, nanomedicine development suffers from a poor clinical translation problem as only a handful of nanomedicine products reach the market yearly. The conventional pharmacokinetic study generally focuses only on monitoring the level of a free drug but ignores the nanocarrier's role in pharmacokinetics. One hurdle is that it is difficult to directly track intact nanocarriers in vivo to explore their pharmacokinetics. Although several imaging techniques such as radiolabeling, nuclear imaging, fluorescence imaging, etc., have been developed over the past few years, currently, one method that can successfully track the intact nanocarriers in vivo directly is by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). This review summarizes the application of FRET as the in vivo nanoparticle tracker for studying the in vivo pharmacokinetics of the organic nanocarriers and gives elaborative details on the techniques utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Legeay
- MINT, INSERM U1066, CNRS 6021, SFR-ICAT, University of Angers, 49333 Angers, France
| | - Emilie Roger
- MINT, INSERM U1066, CNRS 6021, SFR-ICAT, University of Angers, 49333 Angers, France.
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18
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Study of the spontaneous nano-emulsification process with different octadecyl succinic anhydride derivatives. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Khalin I, Adarsh N, Schifferer M, Wehn A, Groschup B, Misgeld T, Klymchenko A, Plesnila N. Size-Selective Transfer of Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Drug Carriers Across the Blood Brain Barrier Via Vascular Occlusions Following Traumatic Brain Injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200302. [PMID: 35384294 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current lack of understanding about how nanocarriers cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the healthy and injured brain is hindering the clinical translation of nanoscale brain-targeted drug-delivery systems. Here, the bio-distribution of lipid nano-emulsion droplets (LNDs) of two sizes (30 and 80 nm) in the mouse brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is investigated. The highly fluorescent LNDs are prepared by loading them with octadecyl rhodamine B and a bulky hydrophobic counter-ion, tetraphenylborate. Using in vivo two-photon and confocal imaging, the circulation kinetics and bio-distribution of LNDs in the healthy and injured mouse brain are studied. It is found that after TBI, LNDs of both sizes accumulate at vascular occlusions, where specifically 30 nm LNDs extravasate into the brain parenchyma and reach neurons. The vascular occlusions are not associated with bleedings, but instead are surrounded by processes of activated microglia, suggesting a specific opening of the BBB. Finally, correlative light-electron microscopy reveals 30 nm LNDs in endothelial vesicles, while 80 nm particles remain in the vessel lumen, indicating size-selective vesicular transport across the BBB via vascular occlusions. The data suggest that microvascular occlusions serve as "gates" for the transport of nanocarriers across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Nagappanpillai Adarsh
- Laboratory de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67401, France
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Government College Attingal, Kerala, 695101, India
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Wehn
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Groschup
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratory de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67401, France
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
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20
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Novel Green Approaches for the Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Promising Potential in Oncology. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty of achieving targeted drug delivery following administration of currently marketed anticancer therapeutics is a still a concern. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) developed through nanotechnology breakthroughs appear to be promising in this regard. Research studies pertaining to gold NPs have indicated their promising applicability in cancer diagnosis, drug delivery and therapy. These NPs have also recently paved the path for precise drug delivery and site-specific targeting. Our review paper thus highlights the scope and impact of biogenetically generated gold nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer therapy. In a critical, constructive, and methodical manner, we compare the advantages offered by gold NPs over other metal NPs. Moreover, we also focus on novel ‘greener’ strategies that have been recently explored for the preparation of gold NPs and shed light on the disadvantages of conventional NP synthesis routes. Future prospects pertaining to the use of gold NPs in oncotherapy and domains that require further investigation are also addressed.
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21
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Yang G, Liu Y, Teng J, Zhao CX. FRET Ratiometric Nanoprobes for Nanoparticle Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:505. [PMID: 34940262 PMCID: PMC8699184 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence labelling is often used for tracking nanoparticles, providing a convenient assay for monitoring nanoparticle drug delivery. However, it is difficult to be quantitative, as many factors affect the fluorescence intensity. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), taking advantage of the energy transfer from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor fluorophore, provides a distance ruler to probe NP drug delivery. This article provides a review of different FRET approaches for the ratiometric monitoring of the self-assembly and formation of nanoparticles, their in vivo fate, integrity and drug release. We anticipate that the fundamental understanding gained from these ratiometric studies will offer new insights into the design of new nanoparticles with improved and better-controlled properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Jisi Teng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (G.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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22
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Tan YN, Li YP, Huang JD, Luo M, Li SS, Lee AWM, Hu FQ, Guan XY. Thermal-sensitive lipid nanoparticles potentiate anti-PD therapy through enhancing drug penetration and T lymphocytes infiltration in metastatic tumor. Cancer Lett 2021; 522:238-254. [PMID: 34571084 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The response rate of anti-PD therapy in most cancer patients remains low. Therapeutic drug and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are usually obstructed by the stromal region within tumor microenvironment (TME) rather than distributed around tumor cells, thus unable to induce the immune response of cytotoxic T cells. Here, we constructed the cationic thermosensitive lipid nanoparticles IR780/DPPC/BMS by introducing cationic NIR photosensitizer IR-780 iodide (IR780) modified lipid components, thermosensitive lipid DPPC and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor BMS202 (BMS). Upon laser irradiation, IR780/DPPC/BMS penetrated into deep tumor, and reduced cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) around tumor cells to remodel the spatial distribution of TILs in TME. Interestingly, the cationic IR780/DPPC/BMS could capture released tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), thereby enhancing the antigen-presenting ability of DCs to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, IR780/DPPC/BMS initiated gel-liquid crystal phase transition under laser irradiation, accelerating the disintegration of lipid bilayer structure and leading to the responsive release of BMS, which would reverse the tumor immunosuppression state by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 pathway for a long term. This combination treatment can synergistically exert the antitumor immune response and inhibit the tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Tan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong-Peng Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Anne Wing-Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 00852, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 00852, China.
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23
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Bonnet S, Elfatairi R, Franconi F, Roger E, Legeay S. Organic nanoparticle tracking during pharmacokinetic studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2539-2536. [PMID: 34814704 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how nanoparticles (NPs) interact with biological barriers and to ensure they maintain their integrity over time, it is crucial to study their in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Many methods of tracking have been used to describe the in vivo fate of NPs and to evaluate their PKs and structural integrity. However, they do not deliver the same level of information and this may cause misinterpretations. Here, the authors review and discuss the different methods for in vivo tracking of organic NPs. Among them, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) presents great potential to track NPs' integrity. However, FRET still requires validated methods to extract and quantify NPs in biological fluids and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bonnet
- Université d'Angers, PRISM, SFR ICAT, Plate-forme de recherche en imagerie et spectroscopie multi-modales, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Rana Elfatairi
- Université d'Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Florence Franconi
- Université d'Angers, PRISM, SFR ICAT, Plate-forme de recherche en imagerie et spectroscopie multi-modales, Angers F-49000, France.,Université d'Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Emilie Roger
- Université d'Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Samuel Legeay
- Université d'Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
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24
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Poplinger D, Bokan M, Hesin A, Thankarajan E, Tuchinsky H, Gellerman G, Patsenker L. Ratiometric Fluorescence Monitoring of Antibody-Guided Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1641-1651. [PMID: 34115936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ratiometric measurements utilizing two independent fluorescence signals from a dual-dye molecular system help to improve the detection sensitivity and quantification of many analytical, bioanalytical, and pharmaceutical assays, including drug delivery monitoring. Nevertheless, these dual-dye conjugates have never been utilized for ratiometric monitoring of antibody (Ab)-guided targeted drug delivery (TDD). Here, we report for the first time on the new, dual-dye TDD system, Cy5s-Ab-Flu-Aza, comprising the switchable fluorescein-based dye (Flu) linked to the anticancer drug azatoxin (Aza), reference pentamethine cyanine dye (Cy5s), and Her2-specific humanized monoclonal Trastuzumab (Herceptin) antibody. The ability of ratiometric fluorescence monitoring of drug release was demonstrated with this model system in vitro in the example of the human breast cancer SKBR3 cell line overexpressing Her2 receptors. The proposed approach for designing ratiometric, antibody-guided TDD systems, where a "drug-switchable dye" conjugate and a reference dye are independently linked to an antibody, can be expanded to other drugs, dyes, and antibodies. Replacement of the green-emitting dye Flu, which was found not detectable in vivo, with a longer-wavelength (red or near-IR) switchable fluorophore should enable quantification of drug release in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Poplinger
- Department of Chemical Sciences, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Maksym Bokan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Arkadi Hesin
- Department of Molecular Biology, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Ebaston Thankarajan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Helena Tuchinsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Leonid Patsenker
- Department of Chemical Sciences, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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25
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Bou S, Klymchenko AS, Collot M. Fluorescent labeling of biocompatible block copolymers: synthetic strategies and applications in bioimaging. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2021; 2:3213-3233. [PMID: 34124681 PMCID: PMC8142673 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00110h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among biocompatible materials, block copolymers (BCPs) possess several advantages due to the control of their chemistry and the possibility of combining various blocks with defined properties. Consequently, BCPs drew considerable attention as biocompatible materials in the fields of drug delivery, medicine and bioimaging. Fluorescent labeling of BCPs quickly appeared to be a method of choice to image and track these materials in order to better understand the nature of their interactions with biological media. However, incorporating fluorescent markers (FM) into BCPs can appear tricky; we thus intend to help chemists in this endeavor by reviewing recent advances made in the last 10 years. With the choice of the FM being of prior importance, we first reviewed their photophysical properties and functionalities for optimal labeling and imaging. In the second part the different chemical approaches that have been used in the literature to fluorescently label BCPs have been reviewed. We also report and discuss relevant applications of fluorescent BCPs in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bou
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France
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26
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Wang X, Bou S, Klymchenko AS, Anton N, Collot M. Ultrabright Green-Emitting Nanoemulsions Based on Natural Lipids-BODIPY Conjugates. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030826. [PMID: 33807096 PMCID: PMC8005018 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) are water-dispersed oil droplets that constitute stealth biocompatible nanomaterials. NEs can reach an impressive degree of fluorescent brightness owing to their oily core that can encapsulate a large number of fluorophores on the condition the latter are sufficiently hydrophobic and oil-soluble. BODIPYs are among the brightest green emitting fluorophores and as neutral molecules possess high lipophilicity. Herein, we synthesized three different natural lipid-BODIPY conjugates by esterification of an acidic BODIPY by natural lipids, namely: α-tocopherol (vitamin E), cholesterol, and stearyl alcohol. The new BODIPY conjugates were characterized in solvents and oils before being encapsulated in NEs at various concentrations. The physical (size, stability over time, leakage) and photophysical properties (absorption and emission wavelength, brightness, photostability) are reported and showed that the nature of the lipid anchor and the nature of the oil used for emulsification greatly influence the properties of the bright NEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Université de Strasbourg, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, UMR 1260, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Bou
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Université de Strasbourg, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, UMR 1260, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.B.); (A.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (M.C.)
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27
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Liu F, Niko Y, Bouchaala R, Mercier L, Lefebvre O, Andreiuk B, Vandamme T, Goetz JG, Anton N, Klymchenko A. Drug‐Sponge Lipid Nanocarrier for in Situ Cargo Loading and Release Using Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, CNRS 7199, CAMB Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster Interdisciplinary Science Unit Kochi University 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi Kochi 780-8520 Japan
| | - Redouane Bouchaala
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
| | - Luc Mercier
- Inserm U1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) University of Strasbourg 67200 Strasbourg France
- Current address: Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297 33077 Bordeaux France
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- Inserm U1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) University of Strasbourg 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Bohdan Andreiuk
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, CNRS 7199, CAMB Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jacky G. Goetz
- Inserm U1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) University of Strasbourg 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, CNRS 7199, CAMB Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
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28
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Belcastro E, Rehman AU, Remila L, Park SH, Gong DS, Anton N, Auger C, Lefebvre O, Goetz JG, Collot M, Klymchenko AS, Vandamme TF, Schini-Kerth VB. Fluorescent nanocarriers targeting VCAM-1 for early detection of senescent endothelial cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102379. [PMID: 33713860 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial senescence has been identified as an early event in the development of endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of cardiovascular disease. This study developed theranostic nanocarriers (NC) decorated with VCAM-1 antibodies (NC-VCAM-1) in order to target cell surface VCAM-1, which is overexpressed in senescent endothelial cells (ECs) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Incubation of Ang II-induced premature senescent ECs or replicative senescent ECs with NC-VCAM-1 loaded with lipophilic fluorescent dyes showed higher fluorescence signals than healthy EC, which was dependent on the NC size and VCAM-1 antibodies concentration, and not observed following masking of VCAM-1. NC loaded with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (NC-EPA:DHA6:1) were more effective than native EPA:DHA 6:1 to prevent Ang II-induced VCAM-1 and p53 upregulation, and SA-β-galactosidase activity in coronary artery segments. These theranostic NC might be of interest to evaluate the extent and localization of endothelial senescence and to prevent pro-senescent endothelial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Belcastro
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lamia Remila
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Sin-Hee Park
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Dal Seong Gong
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Nicolas Anton
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Auger
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | | | | | - Mayeul Collot
- CNRS UMR 7213, Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- CNRS UMR 7213, Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie B Schini-Kerth
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy.
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29
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Rehman AU, Anton N, Bou S, Schild J, Messaddeq N, Vandamme T, Akram S, Klymchenko A, Collot M. Tunable functionalization of nano-emulsions using amphiphilic polymers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1788-1795. [PMID: 33398307 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nano-emulsions are defined as stable oil droplets sizing below 300 nm. Their singular particularity lies in the loading capabilities of their oily core, much higher than other kinds of carrier. On the other hand, functionalizing the dynamic oil/water interface, to date, has remained a challenge. To ensure the best anchoring of the reactive functions onto the surface of the droplets, we have designed specific amphiphilic polymers (APs) based on poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene), stabilizing the nano-emulsions instead of surfactants. Aliphatic C18 chains of the APs are anchored in the droplet core, while the hydrophilic parts of the APs are poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. In addition, PEG chains are terminated with reactive (i) azide functions in order to prove the concept of the droplet decoration with clickable rhodamine (Rh-DBCO, specifically synthesized for this study), or (ii) biotin functions to verify the potential droplet functionalization with fluorescent streptavidin (streptavidin-AF-488). This study describes AP synthesis, physico-chemical characterization of the functional droplets (electron microscopy), and finally fluorescence labeling and droplet decoration. To conclude, these APs constitute an interesting solution for the stable functionalization of nano-emulsion droplets, paving a new way for the applications of nano-emulsions in targeting drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ur Rehman
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. and INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Bou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérémy Schild
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC, Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. and INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Salman Akram
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Liu F, Niko Y, Bouchaala R, Mercier L, Lefebvre O, Andreiuk B, Vandamme T, Goetz JG, Anton N, Klymchenko A. Drug‐Sponge Lipid Nanocarrier for in Situ Cargo Loading and Release Using Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, CNRS 7199, CAMB Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster Interdisciplinary Science Unit Kochi University 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi Kochi 780-8520 Japan
| | - Redouane Bouchaala
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
| | - Luc Mercier
- Inserm U1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) University of Strasbourg 67200 Strasbourg France
- Current address: Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5297 33077 Bordeaux France
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- Inserm U1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) University of Strasbourg 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Bohdan Andreiuk
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, CNRS 7199, CAMB Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jacky G. Goetz
- Inserm U1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) University of Strasbourg 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, CNRS 7199, CAMB Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021 CNRS 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
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31
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Klymchenko AS, Liu F, Collot M, Anton N. Dye-Loaded Nanoemulsions: Biomimetic Fluorescent Nanocarriers for Bioimaging and Nanomedicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001289. [PMID: 33052037 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoemulsions (NEs), owing to their controllable size (20 to 500 nm), stability and biocompatibility, are now frequently used in various fields, such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and even as nanoreactors for chemical synthesis. Moreover, being composed of components generally recognized as safe (GRAS), they can be considered as "green" nanoparticles that mimic closely lipoproteins and intracellular lipid droplets. Therefore, they attracted attention as carriers of drugs and fluorescent dyes for both bioimaging and studying the fate of nanoemulsions in cells and small animals. In this review, the composition of dye-loaded NEs, methods for their preparation, and emerging biological applications are described. The design of bright fluorescent NEs with high dye loading and minimal aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) is focused on. Common issues including dye leakage and NEs stability are discussed, highlighting advanced techniques for their characterization, such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Attempts to functionalize NEs surface are also discussed. Thereafter, biological applications for bioimaging and single-particle tracking in cells and small animals as well as biomedical applications for photodynamic therapy are described. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of fluorescent NEs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pathologies CNRS UMR 7021 Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin Illkirch 67401 France
| | - Fei Liu
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pathologies CNRS UMR 7021 Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin Illkirch 67401 France
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS CAMB UMR 7199 Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pathologies CNRS UMR 7021 Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin Illkirch 67401 France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS CAMB UMR 7199 Strasbourg F‐67000 France
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32
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Zhang X, Gao X, Zhou J, Gao Z, Tang Y, Tian Z, Ning P, Xia Y. Albumin-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer nanoprobes for multileveled tumor tissue imaging and dye release imaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 199:111537. [PMID: 33385821 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor tissue imaging and drug release imaging are both crucial for tumor imaging and image-guided drug delivery. It is urgent to develop a multileveled tumor imaging platform to realize the multiple imaging applications. In this work, we synthesized an albumin-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe Cy5/7@HSA NPs containing two near-infrared cyanine dyes (CyBI5 and CyBI7) with high FRET efficiency (97 %). Excellent brightness and efficient FRET inside Cy5/7@HSA NPs enabled high-sensitive cell imaging and tumor imaging. This unique nanoprobe imaged 4T1 tumor-bearing mice with high sensitivity (TBR = 5.2) at 24 h post-injection and the dyes penetrated the tumor interior around 4 h post-injection. The release of dyes from nanoprobes was also tracked. This result shows the strong potential of this albumin-based FRET nanoprobe as multileveled tumor imaging platform for in vivo tumor imaging, drug delivery and image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Xiaohan Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Jialin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Zhiqing Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Yingdi Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Zuhong Tian
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Yuqiong Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China.
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33
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Ashoka AH, Kong SH, Seeliger B, Andreiuk B, Soares RV, Barberio M, Diana M, Klymchenko AS. Near-infrared fluorescent coatings of medical devices for image-guided surgery. Biomaterials 2020; 261:120306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Wang X, Collot M, Omran Z, Vandamme TF, Klymchenko A, Anton N. Further insights into release mechanisms from nano-emulsions, assessed by a simple fluorescence-based method. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:768-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Liu W, Li D, Dong Z, Liu K, He H, Lu Y, Wu W, Li Q, Gan L, Qi J. Insight into the in vivo translocation of oral liposomes by fluorescence resonance energy transfer effect. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119682. [PMID: 32717284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have been broadly used in pharmaceutical field to overcome oral absorption barriers, such as gastric acid, tenacious mucus or intestinal epithelia. However, the concrete in vivo absorption mechanisms of liposomes are still indistinct. This study aims to visually elucidate the effect of particle size and surface characteristics on in vivo translocation of oral liposomes by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. We fabricated liposomes of various sizes (100 nm, 200 nm and 500 nm) and surface characteristics (anionic, cationic and PEGylated) which are also labeled with FRET probes for discriminating the intact liposomes. We then investigated the in vivo fate of those different liposomes upon oral administration. Results showed that smaller conventional liposomes, cationic and PEGylated liposomes had longer retention time in digestive tract. Few intact liposomes were taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and none were found in circulation. In vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that the smaller, cationic or PEGylated liposomes had higher relative bioavailability. Similar retention time of various liposomes in blood circulation to control solution indicated that liposomes improved oral drug absorption by either prolonging contact time with gastrointestinal tract or increasing penetration ability through mucus barrier, instead of being absorbed integrally into circulation. This study offered new insight into developing highly effective liposomes for oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zirong Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaiheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haisheng He
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Li Gan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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36
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Liu Y, Yang G, Jin S, Zhang R, Chen P, Tengjisi, Wang L, Chen D, Weitz DA, Zhao C. J‐Aggregate‐Based FRET Monitoring of Drug Release from Polymer Nanoparticles with High Drug Loading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20065-20074. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Song Jin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Peng Chen
- Nanomaterials Centre School of Chemical Engineering Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Tengjisi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre School of Chemical Engineering Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Process Equipment College of Energy Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - David A. Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Chun‐Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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37
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Liu Y, Yang G, Jin S, Zhang R, Chen P, Tengjisi, Wang L, Chen D, Weitz DA, Zhao C. J‐Aggregate‐Based FRET Monitoring of Drug Release from Polymer Nanoparticles with High Drug Loading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Song Jin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Peng Chen
- Nanomaterials Centre School of Chemical Engineering Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Tengjisi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre School of Chemical Engineering Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Process Equipment College of Energy Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - David A. Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Chun‐Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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Ishizawa K, Togami K, Tada H, Chono S. Multiscale Live Imaging Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) for Evaluating the Biological Behavior of Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3608-3616. [PMID: 32926888 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop targeted drug delivery systems using nanoparticles for treating various diseases, the evaluation of nanoparticle behavior in biological environments is necessary. In the present study, the biological behavior of polymeric nanoparticles was directly traced in living mice and cells. The dissociation of nanoparticles was detected by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. DiR and DiD were encapsulated in the nanoparticles for near-infrared FRET imaging, and they were traced using in vivo FRET imaging and intravital FRET imaging at the whole-body and tissue scales, respectively. In vivo FRET imaging revealed that the nanoparticles dissociated over time following intravenous administration. Intravital FRET imaging revealed that the nanoparticles dissociated in the liver and blood vessels following intravenous administration. DiI and DiO were encapsulated in nanoparticles for FRET imaging using confocal microscopy, and they were traced using in vitro FRET imaging in HepG2 cells. In vitro FRET imaging revealed that the nanoparticles dissociated and released fluorescent dyes that distributed in the cell membrane. Finally, live imaging was performed using FRET at the whole-body, tissue, and cellular scales. This method is suitable for obtaining information regarding the biological kinetic properties of nanoparticles and their use in targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Ishizawa
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Togami
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Sumio Chono
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan.
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39
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Francia V, Schiffelers RM, Cullis PR, Witzigmann D. The Biomolecular Corona of Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2046-2059. [PMID: 32786370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy holds great potential for treating almost any disease by gene silencing, protein expression, or gene correction. To efficiently deliver the nucleic acid payload to its target tissue, the genetic material needs to be combined with a delivery platform. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have proven to be excellent delivery vectors for gene therapy and are increasingly entering into routine clinical practice. Over the past two decades, the optimization of LNP formulations for nucleic acid delivery has led to a well-established body of knowledge culminating in the first-ever RNA interference therapeutic using LNP technology, i.e., Onpattro, and many more in clinical development to deliver various nucleic acid payloads. Screening a lipid library in vivo for optimal gene silencing potency in hepatocytes resulted in the identification of the Onpattro formulation. Subsequent studies discovered that the key to Onpattro's liver tropism is its ability to form a specific "biomolecular corona". In fact, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), among other proteins, adsorbed to the LNP surface enables specific hepatocyte targeting. This proof-of-principle example demonstrates the use of the biomolecular corona for targeting specific receptors and cells, thereby opening up the road to rationally designing LNPs. To date, however, only a few studies have explored in detail the corona of LNPs, and how to efficiently modulate the corona remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries about the biomolecular corona, expanding the knowledge gained with other nanoparticles to LNPs for nucleic acid delivery. In particular, we address how particle stability, biodistribution, and targeting of LNPs can be influenced by the biological environment. Onpattro is used as a case study to describe both the successful development of an LNP formulation for gene therapy and the key influence of the biological environment. Moreover, we outline the techniques available to isolate and analyze the corona of LNPs, and we highlight their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we discuss possible implications of the biomolecular corona for LNP delivery and we examine the potential of exploiting the corona as a targeting strategy beyond the liver to develop next-generation gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Francia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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40
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Wang T, Zhang D, Sun D, Gu J. Current status of in vivo bioanalysis of nano drug delivery systems. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:221-232. [PMID: 32612868 PMCID: PMC7322761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nano drug delivery systems (NDDSs) provides new approaches to fighting against diseases. The NDDSs are specially designed to serve as carriers for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to their target sites, which would certainly extend the benefit of their unique physicochemical characteristics, such as prolonged circulation time, improved targeting and avoiding of drug-resistance. Despite the remarkable progress achieved over the last three decades, the understanding of the relationships between the in vivo pharmacokinetics of NDDSs and their safety profiles is insufficient. Analysis of NDDSs is far more complicated than the monitoring of small molecular drugs in terms of structure, composition and aggregation state, whereby almost all of the conventional techniques are inadequate for accurate profiling their pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo. Herein, the advanced bioanalysis for tracing the in vivo fate of NDDSs is summarized, including liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) fluorophore, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiolabeling, fluorescence spectroscopy, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma MS (LA-ICP-MS), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Based on these technologies, a comprehensive survey of monitoring the dynamic changes of NDDSs in structure, composition and existing form in system (i.e. carrier polymers, released and encapsulated drug) with recent progress is provided. We hope that this review will be helpful in appropriate application methodology for investigating the pharmacokinetics and evaluating the efficacy and safety profiles of NDDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
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41
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Bou S, Wang X, Anton N, Bouchaala R, Klymchenko AS, Collot M. Lipid-core/polymer-shell hybrid nanoparticles: synthesis and characterization by fluorescence labeling and electrophoresis. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4173-4181. [PMID: 32286601 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the lipid nanoparticles, lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) composed of an oily core and a polymeric shell display interesting features as efficient drug carriers due to the high loading capability of the oil phase and the stability and surface functionalization of the polymer shell. Herein, we formulated lipid-core/polymer-shell hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) using a simple nanoprecipitation method involving Vitamin E Acetate (VEA) as the oily core and a tailor-made amphiphilic polymer as a wrapping shell. The fluorescence labeling of the oil, using a newly developed green fluorogenic BODIPY tracker, and of the polymer using a covalent attachment of a red emitting rhodamine was done to assess the formation, the composition and the stability of these new hybrid nanoparticles using dual color electrophoresis gel analysis. This technique, combined to conventional DLS and electronic microscopy analysis, allowed us to quickly determine that 20 wt% of the polymer was an optimal ratio for obtaining stable HNPs by nanoprecipiation. Finally, we showed that using different polymeric shells, various HNPs can be obtained and finely discriminated using a combined approach of electrophoresis and two-color labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bou
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France.
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42
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Zhang H, Li H, Cao Z, Du J, Yan L, Wang J. Investigation of the in vivo integrity of polymeric micelles via large Stokes shift fluorophore-based FRET. J Control Release 2020; 324:47-54. [PMID: 32360889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles hold great potential for anticancer drug delivery. Sufficient integrity of polymeric micelles after intravenous injection is critical for successful drug delivery to solid tumors, but accurate measurement of the in vivo micellar integrity remains challenging. Methods based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to monitor the in vivo micellar integrity are frequently used. However, the self-quenching effect of these FRET fluorophores used has been improperly ignored and has caused inaccurate measurements. Herein, we report a FRET-based approach using the large Stokes shift (LSS) fluorophores NBD-X and MS735 as the donor and acceptor, respectively, to investigate the integrity of polyethylene glycol-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) micelles. We established a mathematical formula for the integrity calculation, and an in vitro verification experiment showed that the formula results exactly matched the simulated results. Our results demonstrated that PEG-PCL micelles gradually dissociated in blood circulation, but approximately 60% of the micelles in plasma remained intact 72 h after intravenous (i.v.) injection. This LSS fluorophore-based FRET approach can be used to accurately monitor the integrity of nanoparticles, and this study demonstrates that most of PEG-PCL micelles maintain their aggregation state during blood circulation for anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbing Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale (HFNL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiting Cao
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Du
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale (HFNL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, PR China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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43
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Saito A, Yamamoto S, Ochi R, Inoue K, Hadano S, Watanabe S, Nakayama T, Niko Y. An Azide-Tethered Cremophor® ELP Surfactant Allowing Facile Post-Surface Functionalization of Nanoemulsions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Airi Saito
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Shinkuro Yamamoto
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Rika Ochi
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shingo Hadano
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Shigeru Watanabe
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Taku Nakayama
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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44
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Dong S, Chen X, Yang H, Tang X, Chen J, Lin X, Peng Y. Visualization photofragmentation-induced rhodamine B release from gold nanorod delivery system by combination two-photon luminescence imaging with correlation spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960103. [PMID: 31919964 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-enhanced gold nanorod (AuNR) with high photothermal conversion efficiency is a promising light-controllable nanodrug delivery system for cancer therapy. Understanding the mechanism for the light-controllable drug release of AuNR delivery systems is important for the development of nanomedicine. In this study, the rhodamine B (RB) released from AuNR-RB nanodelivery system was quantitated and visualized by using two-photon luminescence (TPL) imaging combined with correlation spectroscopy. The photofragmentation of AuNR induced by femtosecond pulsed laser was revealed by TPL correlation spectroscopy when the laser energy was above the thermal damage threshold of AuNR, and the RB released from this nanodrug delivery system was visualized by TPL imaging. Furthermore, the photofragmentation-induced release of RB from AuNR-RB nanodelivery system was visualized in living MCF-7 breast cancer cells by TPL imaging combined with correlation spectroscopy. These results provided a novel optical approach to quantify the release of drugs from gold nanocarriers in complex biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiu Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiru Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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45
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Wen L, Wang K, Zhang F, Tan Y, Shang X, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Yuan H, Hu F. AKT activation by SC79 to transiently re-open pathological blood brain barrier for improved functionalized nanoparticles therapy of glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2020; 237:119793. [PMID: 32044521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the malignant tumors with high mortality, and the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) severely limits the penetration and tissue accumulation of therapeutic agents in the lesion of GBM. Active targeting nanotechnologies can achieve efficient drug delivery in the brain, while still have a very low success rate. Here we revealed a previously unexplored phenomenon that chemotherapy with active targeting nanotechnologies causes pathological BBB functional recovery through VEGF-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway inhibition, accompanied with up-regulated expression of Claudin-5 and Occludin. Seriously, pathological BBB functional recovery induces a significant decrease of intracerebral active targeting nanotechnologies transport during GBM multiple administration, leading to chemotherapy failure in GBM therapeutics. To address this issue, we chose AKT agonist SC79 to transiently re-open functional recovering pathological BBB for continuously intracerebral delivery of brain targeted nanotherapeutics, finally producing an observable anti-GBM effect in vivo, which may offer new sight for other CNS disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Tranditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Fengtian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, PR China
| | - Yanan Tan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xuwei Shang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yun Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Xueqing Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Xia Y, Xu C, Zhang X, Gao J, Wu Y, Li C, Wang Z. An activatable liposomal fluorescence probe based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and aggregation induced emission effect for sensitive tumor imaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 188:110789. [PMID: 31955018 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are of great interest and importance in tumor imaging, since they can greatly improve the imaging sensitivity and specificity by increasing the accumulation of contrast agents. Still, most liposome-based probes have high background signals during blood circulation, which limits enhancement of S/B ratio and tumor imaging sensitivity. To enhance the S/B ratio of tumor imaging, we construct a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and aggregation induced emission (AIE) based liposomal fluorescence probe TPE/BHQ-lipo with excellent FRET effect (99 %) and great fluorescence enhancement upon liposome rupture (120-fold) as well as efficient fluorescence recovery in tumor cell imaging. Finally, we used the TPE/BHQ-lipo to image 4T1 tumor upon intravenous injection of liposomes and the group showed enhanced signal to background ratio of 4.1, compared to 1.8 from control AIE-based liposomal group (TPE-lipo). Our work offers an excellent FRET and AIE-based liposomal probe for high-sensitive tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
| | - Chunzhong Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Xianghan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Jingkai Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Yankun Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Cairu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular- and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
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47
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Bou S, Wang X, Anton N, Klymchenko AS, Collot M. Near infrared fluorogenic probe as a prodrug model for evaluating cargo release by nanoemulsions. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5938-5944. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00783h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We developed Pro-HD, a NIR fluorogenic prodrug model. We evaluated its efficient cell delivery using biocompatible nanoemulsions and its hydrolysis into the fluorescent HD drug model once delivered in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bou
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pathologies
- CNRS UMR 7021
- Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 67401 Illkirch
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- CAMB UMR 7199
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- CAMB UMR 7199
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pathologies
- CNRS UMR 7021
- Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 67401 Illkirch
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pathologies
- CNRS UMR 7021
- Université de Strasbourg
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 67401 Illkirch
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48
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Wolf MP, Liu K, Horn TFW, Hunziker P. FRET in a Polymeric Nanocarrier: IR-780 and IR-780-PDMS. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4065-4074. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Wolf
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Kegang Liu
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. W. Horn
- Single Cell Facility, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
- CLINAM Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, Basel CH-4016, Switzerland
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49
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Adarsh N, Klymchenko AS. Ionic aggregation-induced emission dye with bulky counterions for preparation of bright near-infrared polymeric nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13977-13987. [PMID: 31309959 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dyes exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) are attractive building blocks for the preparation of bright fluorescent nanomaterials. AIEgens are especially efficient in pure dye aggregates, whereas they are much less explored as dopants in NPs built of hydrophobic polymers. Here, we describe an approach that combines cationic AIEgens with bulky hydrophobic counterions (fluorinated tetraphenylborates) that enables preparation of small and bright AIEgen-loaded polymeric NPs. To this end, we synthesised a cationic tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative and studied its salts with counterions of different sizes and hydrophobicities. In organic solvent/water mixtures, all these salts exhibited typical AIE behaviour, whereas only salts with bulky hydrophobic counterions exhibited strongly red-shifted emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Encapsulation of these salts into poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-MA) NPs revealed that bulky counterions ensure (i) formation of small (∼50 nm) AIEgen-loaded polymeric NPs; (ii) good fluorescence quantum yield (up to 30%); and (iii) NIR emission reaching 700 nm. By contrast, AIEgens with small inorganic anions (perchlorate and hexafluorophosphate) blended with PMMA-MA produced large aggregates with emission in the far-red region. Single-particle microscopy revealed that our 50 nm AIEgen-loaded PMMA-MA NPs were 6-fold brighter than the NIR emitting quantum dots (QD705). These NPs feature low cytotoxicity and compatibility with live cell imaging, in contrast to large aggregates of AIEgens with small inorganic counterions that failed to internalize into the cells. The present work shows that combination of cationic AIEgens with bulky counterions opens new routes for the preparation of bright polymer-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagappanpillai Adarsh
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg CS 60024, France.
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg CS 60024, France.
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FÖrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors for biological applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 138:111314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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