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Li D, Li DN, Liu XY, Song YH, Liu XT, Sehrish S, Jia YX, Zong Y, Li JM, Shi K, Leng X, Liu F, Diao NC, Zeng FL, Gong QL, Du R. Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in deer in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1333975. [PMID: 38440384 PMCID: PMC10909987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1333975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deer tuberculosis is a chronic zoonotic infectious disease, despite the existence of socio-economic and zoonotic risk factors, but at present, there has been no systematic review of deer tuberculosis prevalence in mainland China. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the overall prevalence of deer TB in mainland China and to assess possible associations between potential risk factors and the prevalence of deer tuberculosis. Methodology This study was searched in six databases in Chinese and English, respectively (1981 to December 2023). Four authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles to establish the inclusion exclusion criteria. Using the meta-analysis package estimated the combined effects. Cochran's Q-statistic was used to analyze heterogeneity. Funnel plots (symmetry) and used the Egger's test identifying publication bias. Trim-and-fill analysis methods were used for validation and sensitivity analysis. we also performed subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Results In this study, we obtained 4,400 studies, 20 cross-sectional studies were screened and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Results show: The overall prevalence of tuberculosis in deer in mainland China was 16.1% (95% confidence interval (CI):10.5 24.6; (Deer tuberculosis infected 5,367 out of 22,215 deer in mainland China) 5,367/22215; 1981 to 2023). The prevalence in Central China was the highest 17.5% (95% CI:14.0-21.9; 63/362), and among provinces, the prevalence in Heilongjiang was the highest at 26.5% (95% CI:13.2-53.0; 1557/4291). Elaphurus davidianus was the most commonly infected species, with a prevalence of 35.3% (95% CI:18.5-67.2; 6/17). We also assessed the association between geographic risk factors and the incidence of deer tuberculosis. Conclusion Deer tuberculosis is still present in some areas of China. Assessing the association between risk factors and the prevalence of deer tuberculosis showed that reasonable and scientific-based breeding methods, a suitable breeding environment, and rapid and accurate detection methods could effectively reduce the prevalence of deer tuberculosis. In addition, in the management and operation of the breeding base, improving the scientific feed nutrition standards and establishing comprehensive standards for disease prevention, immunization, quarantine, treatment, and disinfection according to the breeding varieties and scale, are suggested as ways to reduce the prevalence of deer tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan-Ni Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Hao Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue-Tong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Siddique Sehrish
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Xin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Santos N, Colino EF, Arnal MC, de Luco DF, Sevilla I, Garrido JM, Fonseca E, Valente AM, Balseiro A, Queirós J, Almeida V, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Alves PC. Complementary roles of wild boar and red deer to animal tuberculosis maintenance in multi-host communities. Epidemics 2022; 41:100633. [PMID: 36174428 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of wildlife species to pathogen maintenance in multi-host communities has seldom been quantified. To assess the relative contribution of the main wildlife hosts of animal tuberculosis (TB) to its maintenance, we estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wild boar and red deer at 29 sites in the Iberian Peninsula. Host abundance and true TB prevalence were estimated for each species at each site by sampling from distributions incorporating the uncertainty in the proportion of the population harvested each year, sensitivity, and specificity of the diagnostic methods, while excretion of mycobacteria was estimated using site-occupancy models. The distributions of these parameters were then used to estimate, at each site, the R0,wild boar (range 0.1 - 55.9, average 8.7, standard deviation 11.8), and the R0,red deer (0.1 - 18.9, 2.2, 3.9). Animal TB is maintained in epidemiological scenarios ranging from any single species acting as a maintenance host (the wild boar in 18 sites and the red deer in 5), to facultative multi-host disease (6 sites). The prevalence of TB in the red deer is likely an important driver of the epidemiology in multi-host communities. The wild boar was the main maintenance host of TB in most of the study sites and could have an epidemiological role linking the wildlife multi-host community and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Santos
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Ferreras Colino
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Cruz Arnal
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández de Luco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iker Sevilla
- Animal Health Department. NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development. Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department. NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development. Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Eliana Fonseca
- Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, I.P., Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana M Valente
- CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Animal Health Department, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM, CSIC-ULE), León, Spain; Animal Health Department, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM, CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - João Queirós
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Virgílio Almeida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Campus da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal; CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Campus da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Estação Biológica de Mértola (EBM), CIBIO, Mértola, Portugal
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Refaya AK, Ramanujam H, Ramalingam M, Rao GVS, Ravikumar D, Sangamithrai D, Shanmugam S, Palaniyandi K. Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium orygis in wild ungulates in Chennai, South India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3327-e3333. [PMID: 35678472 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation of Mycobacterium orygis, a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), from two black bucks (Antelope cervicapra) and one spotted deer (Axis axis) from the Guindy National Park forest range in Chennai, India. Lung tissue and lymph node samples collected during post-mortem examination were processed using NaOH method and cultured in solid and liquid media. DNA extracted from the cultured isolates was used to amplify the mpt64 gene by specific primers and the band visualized at 240 bps confirmed the isolates as a member of MTBC. Further examination of these isolates by spoligotyping and whole-genome sequencing confirmed the isolates as M. orygis and the phylogenetic tree revealed their well-clustered position with other M. orygis isolates around the globe. The deletion of RD7-RD10, RDOryx_1, RDOryx_4, RD12Oryx, RD301 and RD315 further substantiated these isolates as M. orygis. The exact source of infection in animals was untraceable and the pairwise comparison of the genomes based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms difference did not detect any events of transmission within the affected animals. Nevertheless, it would be wise to take into account the environment where there exists a high chance of transmission due to the increased human-animal interaction. Since it is well known that the pathogen is capable of causing infection in both human and animal hosts, systematic surveillance and screening of spotted deer, black buck as well as humans in the vicinity is essential for successful implementation of the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kabir Refaya
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Harini Ramanujam
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Dhandapani Ravikumar
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Devi Sangamithrai
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Sivakumar Shanmugam
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Palaniyandi
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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Is serology a realistic approach for monitoring red deer tuberculosis in the field? Prev Vet Med 2022; 202:105612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Pigoli C, Tranquillo V, Gibelli LR, Gaffuri A, Alborali GL, Pacciarini M, Zanoni M, Boniotti MB, Sironi G, Caniatti M, Grieco V. Mycobacterium microti Infection in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa): Histopathology Analysis Suggests Containment of the Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:734919. [PMID: 34589536 PMCID: PMC8473807 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.734919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European wild boar (WB) (Sus scrofa) population has rapidly expanded over the years, raising public health concerns over the species reservoir of several pathogens, including Mycobacterium microti (Mm), a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex member. In this study, we aimed to investigate the Mm natural infection in WB in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Italian regions by statistically evaluating the granulomatous lesions' histological features and Mm microbiological isolation. We analyzed 103 WB retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes (LNs) for Mm identified by gyrB PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and were retrospectively selected and histologically assessed. For each sample, Hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen stained slides were evaluated. Considered histological variables were: the number of granulomas, size and maturational stage of granulomas, granulomas completeness within the section, number of multinucleated giant macrophages (MGMs), and acid-fast (AF) bacilli per granuloma. Furthermore, Mm microbiological results were also considered. Mm microbiological isolation was negatively influenced by granulomas maturation and positively affected by AF bacilli's presence within the section. Granuloma maturation was positively influenced by granuloma size and granuloma incompleteness and negatively affected by the number of granulomas in the section and the number of MGMs within the granuloma. The results indicate that granuloma maturation should ensures an efficient containment of Mm infection in the WB, suggesting that the intra-species transmission of the disease might be an unlikely event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pigoli
- Laboratorio di Istologia, Sede Territoriale di Milano, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Milan, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Vito Tranquillo
- Sede Territoriale di Bergamo, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Lucia Rita Gibelli
- Laboratorio di Istologia, Sede Territoriale di Milano, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaffuri
- Sede Territoriale di Bergamo, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Sede Territoriale di Brescia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Pacciarini
- Dipartimento Tutela e Salute Animale, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Tubercolosi da Mycobacterium bovis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zanoni
- Sede Territoriale di Brescia, Dipartimento Area Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Dipartimento Tutela e Salute Animale, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Tubercolosi da Mycobacterium bovis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sironi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Orłowska B, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Kozińska M, Brzezińska S, Zabost A, Didkowska A, Welz M, Kaczor S, Żmuda P, Anusz K. Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:362. [PMID: 32993648 PMCID: PMC7526380 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of animal tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in wildlife in Poland over the past 20 years have concerned the European bison inhabiting the Bieszczady Mountains in Southeast Poland: an area running along the border of Southeast Poland. As no TB cases have been reported in domestic animals in this region since 2005, any occurrence of TB in the free-living animals inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and result in the loss of disease-free status. The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of tuberculosis in the wildlife of the Bieszczady Mountains and determine the microbiological and molecular characteristics of any cultured strains. Lymph node samples were collected for analysis from 274 free-living animals, including European bison, red foxes, badgers, red deer, wild boar and roe deer between 2011 and 2017. Löwenstein–Jensen and Stonebrink media were used for culture. Molecular identification of strains was performed based on hsp65 sequence analysis, the GenoType®MTBC (Hain Lifescience, Germany) test, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR analysis. Results Mycobacterium caprae was isolated from the lymph nodes of 21 out of 55 wild boar (38.2%; CI 95%: 26.5%, 51.4%) and one roe deer. Since 2014, no new TB cases have been reported in the Bieszczady European bison population. Conclusions The identification of TB in wild boar in the Bieszczady is an alarming phenomenon, which requires further investigation. The Bieszczady mountains are a precious, unique area, home to many protected species. However, it is also the only area in Poland where TB cases have been reported in free-living animals. The occurrence of TB in wild boar inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and many of the protected species (for example European bison that can share feeding places with wild boar). Given this situation, ongoing monitoring of the prevalence of TB should be conducted, and protective measures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Krajewska-Wędzina
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kozińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Brzezińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- General Veterinary Inspectorate, Wspólna 30, 00-930, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kaczor
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Młynarska 45, 38-500, Sanok, Poland
| | - Piotr Żmuda
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
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Lekko YM, Ooi PT, Omar S, Mazlan M, Ramanoon SZ, Jasni S, Jesse FFA, Che-Amat A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis. Vet World 2020; 13:1822-1836. [PMID: 33132593 PMCID: PMC7566238 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1822-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB. In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other methods. Serology for antibody detection allows the testing of many samples simply, rapidly, and inexpensively, and the protocol can be standardized in different laboratories. Molecular biological analyses are also applicable to trace the epidemiology of the disease. In conclusion, reviewing the various techniques used in MTBC diagnosis can help establish guidelines for researchers when choosing a particular diagnostic method depending on the situation at hand, be it disease outbreaks in wildlife or for epidemiological studies. This is because a good understanding of various diagnostic techniques will aid in monitoring and managing emerging pandemic threats of infectious diseases from wildlife and also preventing the potential spread of zoonotic TB to livestock and humans. This review aimed to provide up-to-date information on different techniques used for diagnosing TB at the interfaces between wildlife, livestock, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Madaki Lekko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 1069 PMB, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabri Jasni
- Department of Paraclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Transmission Network of Deer-Borne Mycobacterium bovis Infection Revealed by a WGS Approach. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120687. [PMID: 31842292 PMCID: PMC6955793 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. France was declared officially TB free in 2001, however, the disease persists in livestock and wildlife. Among wild animals, deer are particularly susceptible to bovine TB. Here, a whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis was performed on strains with the same genetic profile—spoligotype SB0121, Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis (MLVA) 6 4 5 3 11 2 5 7—isolated from different types of outbreaks, including from deer or cattle herds, or zoological or hunting parks where the presence of infected deer was a common trait in most of them. The results of the phylogeny based on the SNP calling shows that two sub-clusters co-exist in France, one related to deer bred to be raised as livestock, and the other to hunting parks and zoos. The persistence over almost 30 years of sporadic cases due to strains belonging to these clusters highlights the deficiency in the surveillance of captive wildlife and the need for better monitoring of animals, especially before movement between parks or herds.
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Animal tuberculosis in a free-ranging fallow deer in northwest Italy: a case of “lucky strain survival” or multi-host epidemiological system complexity? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Dorn-In S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Differentiation of live and dead Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in meat samples using PMA qPCR. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103275. [PMID: 31421753 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The causative agents of zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (bTB), Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae, are members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC). Wildlife such as red deer infected with bTB are often without pathological findings, thus meat thereof may be classified as safe for human consumption. The culturing of MTC is time consuming and inappropriate to be applied with fresh meat and food. Therefore, a rapid method "PMA qPCR" to differentiate living and dead cells of MTC was developed in this study. By treating with 50 μM PMA™ dye, dead M. bovis BCG (≤104 cells/ml meat suspension) could be completely discriminated and was not detected by specific MTC PCR. The limit of detection of MTC without treatment with PMA™ dye was 10 cells/ml. All 50 venison samples obtained for field study purposes were negative for MTC. However, 40% were slightly PCR positive for non-TBC mycobacteria. By culturing using selective enrichment, one single colony of M. avium was isolated. This is the first report on the isolation of M. avium from venison. Considering the difficulties of diagnosing mycobacteria in various matrices, the developed PMA qPCR is applicable for the differentiation of dead and living cells of MTC in meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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11
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A systematic review on the distribution of Mycobacterium bovis infection among wildlife in the Americas. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1801-1805. [PMID: 31197725 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife places at risk livestock, public health, and ecosystems that house endangered species. However, data on wild species that may act as possible reservoirs in the Americas are scarce. This systematic review analyses the available data on wildlife in the Americas regarding the infection by M. bovis. We searched articles published in indexed journals using the keywords: "Mycobacterium bovis," "wild," and "animals". After applying the keywords using online databases, during March and August of 2018, we found 12 articles which encompassed 15 species of wild animals, of which three consisted of wild ruminants. The evidence showed that M. bovis is present among the wild animals in the Americas. The methodological limitations for diagnosing M. bovis in wild animals are many, demanding the development of new and more precise tools. Furthermore, new researches are needed to elucidate the role of the wild animals in the epidemiology of M. bovis and its possible impact on production animals and public health.
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12
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Vicente J, Martinez-Guijosa J, Tvarijonaviciute A, Fernandez-de Mera IG, Gortazar C, Ceron JJ, Martinez-Subiela S. Serum haptoglobin response in red deer naturally infected with tuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:25-30. [PMID: 31174696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of haptoglobin (Hp) serum concentration is a very sensitive, but non-specific, indicator of inflammation or infection. Methods to accurately diagnose infection in vivo in wildlife are usually constrained by low sensitivity due to the effects of stress on individual immune response and the challenging logistics of performing tests in the wild. Firstly, we sought to determine serum Hp concentration in red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infected with bovine tuberculosis (TB). Secondly, we assessed the complementary diagnostic value of serum Hp levels in conjunction with the cervical comparative skin test (CCT) performed in a subsample (n = 33). Serum Hp concentrations were significantly higher in TB-infected individuals (based on the presence of macroscopic lesions confirmed by culture) compared to those uninfected. In addition, serum Hp significantly changed with the type of animal handling, with captured and handled animals showing higher levels of Hp than hunted animals. Four out of 6 TB positive individuals that tested negative to the CCT (false negatives) showed Hp levels higher than the 95th percentile of healthy animals. These findings indicate that an acute phase response develops in animals with TB. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that an acute phase protein can provide a complementary assessment for specific diagnosis tests in wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Guijosa
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I G Fernandez-de Mera
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Gortazar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J J Ceron
- Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martinez-Subiela
- Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Nigsch A, Glawischnig W, Bagó Z, Greber N. Mycobacterium caprae Infection of Red Deer in Western Austria-Optimized Use of Pathology Data to Infer Infection Dynamics. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:350. [PMID: 30719435 PMCID: PMC6348259 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Austria is officially bovine tuberculosis (TB) free, but during the last decade the west of the country experienced sporadic TB cases in cattle. Free-ranging red deer are known to be the maintenance host of Mycobacterium (M.) caprae in certain areas in Austria, where cattle can become infected on alpine pastures shared with deer. The epidemiology of TB in deer in alpine regions is still poorly understood. To inform decisions on efficient interventions against TB in deer, a method is needed to better capture the infection dynamics on population level. A total of 4,521 free-ranging red deer from Austria's most western Federal state Vorarlberg were TB-tested between 2009 and 2018. M. caprae was confirmed in samples from 257 animals. Based on descriptions of TB-like lesions, TB positive animals were categorized with a newly developed lesion score called “Patho Score.” Analyses using this Patho Score allowed us to distinguish between endemic, epidemic and sporadic TB situations and revealed different roles of subgroups of infected deer in infection dynamics. Overall, deer in poor condition, deer of older age and stags were the subgroups that were significantly more often TB positive (p = 0.02 or smaller for all subgroups). Deer in poor condition (p < 0.001) and stags (p = 0.04) also showed more often advanced lesions, indicating their role in mycobacterial spread. TB was never detected in fawns, while hinds were the subgroup that showed the fewest advanced lesions. Analysis of outbreaks of TB and lesion development in yearlings provided some evidence for the role of winter feeding as a source for increased infection transmission. Sporadic cases in TB-free areas appear to precede outbreaks in these areas. These currently TB-free areas should receive particular attention in sampling schemes to be able to detect early spreading of the infection. The Patho Score is a quick, easy-to-apply and reproducible tool that provides new insights on the epidemiology of TB in deer at population level and is flexible enough to relate heterogeneous wildlife monitoring data collected following different sampling plans. This lesion score was used for systematic assessment of infection dynamics of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Nigsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Innsbruck and Mödling, Mödling, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Innsbruck and Mödling, Mödling, Austria
| | - Norbert Greber
- Department for Veterinary Affairs, Office of the State Government of Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Austria
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14
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Buddle BM, Vordermeier HM, Chambers MA, de Klerk-Lorist LM. Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:259. [PMID: 30417002 PMCID: PMC6214331 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an intractable problem in many countries, particularly where "test and slaughter" policies cannot be implemented or where wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis infection serve as a recurrent source of infection for domestic livestock. Alternative control measures are urgently required and vaccination is a promising option. Although the M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used in humans for nearly a century, its use in animals has been limited, principally as protection against TB has been incomplete and vaccination may result in animals reacting in the tuberculin skin test. Valuable insights have been gained over the past 25 years to optimise protection induced by BCG vaccine in animals and in the development of tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). This review examines factors affecting the efficacy of BCG vaccine in cattle, recent field trials, use of DIVA tests and the effectiveness of BCG vaccine in other domestic livestock as well as in wildlife. Oral delivery of BCG vaccine to wildlife reservoirs of infection such as European badgers, brushtail possums, wild boar, and deer has been shown to induce protection against TB and could prove to be a practical means to vaccinate these species at scale. Testing of BCG vaccine in a wide range of animal species has indicated that it is safe and vaccination has the potential to be a valuable tool to assist in the control of TB in both domestic livestock and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Payne A, Philipon S, Hars J, Dufour B, Gilot-Fromont E. Wildlife Interactions on Baited Places and Waterholes in a French Area Infected by Bovine Tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2017; 3:122. [PMID: 28138439 PMCID: PMC5237639 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among wildlife species are major drivers for the transmission of multi-host pathogens, such as Mycobacterium bovis, which also affect livestock. Although France is officially free from bovine tuberculosis (bTB), some areas are still harboring infection in cattle and wildlife. We aimed at characterizing the visits of susceptible wild species (badger, red deer, and wild boar) at baited places and waterholes, considered as possible hotspots for contacts. We described the visits in terms of frequency, duration, and number of individuals and studied the influence of the season. Then, we estimated the frequency of intraspecies and interspecies interactions occurring at baited places and waterholes which may lead to bTB transmission, including direct and indirect contacts through the soil or water. We used camera traps placed on baited places and waterholes on 13 locations monitored during 21 months. The number of visits, their duration, and the number of individuals per visit were analyzed by generalized linear mixed models for each targeted species. The frequency of the interspecies and intraspecies interactions was also analyzed separately. The season, the type of site (baited place or waterhole), and the location were the explanatory variables. Badgers' visits and interactions were more frequent than for other species (mean: 0.60 visit/day and 5.42 interactions/day) especially on baited places. Red deer only visited waterholes. Wild boars visited most often baited places in spring-summer and waterholes in autumn-winter. They came in higher number than other species, especially on baited places. Direct interactions were uncommon. The most frequent interspecies interactions occurred between red deer and wild boar (mean: 4.02 interactions/day). Baited places and waterholes are important interfaces between the different wild species involved in the bTB multi-host system in this area. They can thus promote intraspecies and interspecies bTB transmission. Baiting ban should be carried on and management of waterholes should be considered as tool to limit the spread of bTB in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Payne
- INRA, Agroecology UMR 1347, Dijon, France; French Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Studies and Research Department, Wildlife Disease Unit, Gières, France
| | - Sixtine Philipon
- Alfort National Veterinary School (ENVA), Epidemiology Unit EPIMAI , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Jean Hars
- French Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Studies and Research Department, Wildlife Disease Unit , Gières , France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Alfort National Veterinary School (ENVA), Epidemiology Unit EPIMAI , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Lyon 1 University, CNRS, UMR 5558 LBBE, Villeurbanne, France; VetAgro-Sup, MIPIE, Veterinary Public Health Unit, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
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16
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120 Years of Tuberculosis Research: An Historical Perspective from the Archive of the Journal of Comparative Pathology. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:143-146. [PMID: 28087057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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LaHue NP, Baños JV, Acevedo P, Gortázar C, Martínez-López B. Spatially explicit modeling of animal tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock interface in Ciudad Real province, Spain. Prev Vet Med 2016; 128:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Amato B, Mignacca SA, Pacciarini ML, Vitale M, Antoci S, Cucinotta S, Puleio R, Biasibetti E, Fiasconaro M, Capucchio MT, Di Marco Lo Presti V. An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a fallow deer herd (Dama dama) in Sicily. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:116-20. [PMID: 27234548 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wild ruminants have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). This study describes an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis occurring in a fallow deer herd in Sicily. In 2012 a Sicilian herd of 47 animals was referred for cachexia. Pathological examination of 2 dead animals revealed disseminated granulomas predominantly involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Tissue samples were submitted for histological analysis, bacteriological culture, and biomolecular assay. PCR analysis identified Mycobacterium strains. Genotyping by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR profiles identified Mycobacterium bovis spoligotype SB0120 in both animals. In 2014, bTB skin testing of 28 fallow deer from the same group was positive in 4 and inconclusive in another 4. All 8 positive/inconclusive reactors were euthanized. Disseminated granulomatous lesions were noted in 6 of these animals, 3 of which (2 positive and 1 negative to skin tests) also presented cutaneous lesions. M. bovis spoligotype SB0120 was identified from all animals in which tuberculous-like lesions were observed, including 2 negative reactors. Many of the animals involved in this outbreak presented diffuse skin lesions, a potential route of transmission of M. bovis infection. Given the epidemiological role wildlife play in the maintenance of bTB infection and its potential risk for humans, a comprehensive monitoring plan for this zoonosis in wildlife species in Sicily is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Amato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucinotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Braccini 2 Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Braccini 2 Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
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19
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Barasona JA, Vicente J, Díez-Delgado I, Aznar J, Gortázar C, Torres MJ. Environmental Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Aggregation Points at the Wildlife/Livestock Interface. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1148-1158. [PMID: 26865411 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) cause tuberculosis (TB). Infection is transmitted within and between livestock and wildlife populations, thus hampering TB control. Indirect transmission might be facilitated if MTC bacteria persist in the environment long enough to represent a risk of exposure to different species sharing the same habitat. We have, for the first time, addressed the relationship between environmental MTC persistence and the use of water resources in two TB endemic areas in southern Spain with the objective of identifying the presence of environmental MTC and its driving factors at ungulates' water aggregation points. Camera-trap monitoring and MTC diagnosis (using a new MTC complex-specific PCR technique) were carried out at watering sites. Overall, 55.8% of the water points tested positive for MTC in mud samples on the shore, while 8.9% of them were positive in the case of water samples. A higher percentage of MTC-positive samples was found at those waterholes where cachectic animals were identified using camera-trap monitoring, and at the smallest waterholes. Our results help to understand the role of indirect routes of cross-species TB transmission and highlight the importance of certain environmental features in maintaining infection in multihost systems. This will help to better target actions and implement control strategies for TB at the wildlife/livestock interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barasona
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Vicente
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - I Díez-Delgado
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Aznar
- Departament of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Torres
- Departament of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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20
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Barasona JA, Torres MJ, Aznar J, Gortázar C, Vicente J. DNA Detection Reveals Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Shedding Routes in Its Wildlife Reservoir the Eurasian Wild Boar. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:906-915. [PMID: 26663251 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the intensity and frequency of pathogen shedding by hosts determine the probability of infection through direct and indirect contact, the shedding characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in the key host reservoir in Iberia, the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), is crucial. We aimed (i) to describe the natural shedding routes of MTC in free-ranging wild boar by a new semi-automated PCR method and (ii) to determine the association of MTC shedding pattern with tuberculosis (TB) progression and individual factors. MTC shedding (by any of the possible routes) was detected in a total of 30.8% (±7.5) out of the sampled individuals with valid or interpretable test results (n = 39). The proportion of TB-positive shedders according to the route was 13.6% (±7.5) for oral swabs, 4.5% (±4.5) for nasal swabs, 4.5% (±4.4) for faecal swabs and 13.6% (±7.5) for individuals being positive to all swabs concomitantly. The probability of shedding mycobacteria (by any route) statistically associated with TB generalization, and the TB score was significantly higher in individuals testing positive to at least one route compared to negatives. Overall, a diversity of shedding routes in wild boar is possible, and it is remarkable that for the first time, the faecal shedding is confirmed for naturally infected wild boar. Our results are consistent with the role wild boar plays for TB maintenance in host communities and environments in Iberia and confirm that it is an important source of mycobacteria infection by different routes. Finally, we evidenced the use of a new PCR technique to detect MTC DNA in excretions can be practical and defined the target routes for sampling wild boar shedding in future studies, such as interventions to control TB in wild boar that can be measured in terms of impact on mycobacteria excretion and transmission (i.e. vaccination).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barasona
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - J Aznar
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Vicente
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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21
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Madeira S, Manteigas A, Ribeiro R, Otte J, Fonseca AP, Caetano P, Abernethy D, Boinas F. Factors that Influence Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Deer and Wild Boar in an Epidemiological Risk Area for Tuberculosis of Game Species in Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:793-804. [PMID: 26519121 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a worldwide zoonotic disease of domestic and wild animals. Eradication has proved elusive in those countries with intensive national programmes but with ongoing transmission between wildlife and cattle. In Portugal, a high-risk area for bTB was defined and specific measures implemented to assess and minimize the risk from wildlife. Data from the 2011 to 2014 hunting seasons for red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were analysed with bovine demographic and bTB information to assess factors that determined the occurrence and distribution of bTB in both species. The likelihood of bTB-like lesions in wild boar was positively associated with density of red deer, wild boar and cattle, while for red deer, only their density and age were significant factors. The likelihood of Mycobacterium bovis isolation in wild boar was associated with density of cattle and red deer and also with the anatomical location of lesions, while for red deer, none of the variables tested were statistically significant. Our results suggest that, in the study area, the role of red deer and wild boar may be different from the one previously suggested by other authors for the Iberian Peninsula, as red deer may be the driving force behind M. bovis transmission to wild boar. These findings may assist the official services and game managing bodies for the management of hunting zones, what could also impact the success of the bTB eradication programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madeira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Manteigas
- Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, DSAVRC-DAVCB, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - R Ribeiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Otte
- Berkeley Economic Advising and Research, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pina Fonseca
- Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, DSAVRC-DAVG, Guarda, Portugal
| | - P Caetano
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Abernethy
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F Boinas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Santos N, Almeida V, Gortázar C, Correia-Neves M. Patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex excretion and characterization of super-shedders in naturally-infected wild boar and red deer. Vet Res 2015; 46:129. [PMID: 26518244 PMCID: PMC4628328 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) are the main maintenance hosts for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in continental Europe. Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) excretion routes is crucial to define strategies to control bTB in free-ranging populations, nevertheless available information is scarce. Aiming at filling this gap, four different MTC excretion routes (oronasal, bronchial-alveolar, fecal and urinary) were investigated by molecular methods in naturally infected hunter-harvested wild boar and red deer. In addition MTC concentrations were estimated by the Most Probable Number method. MTC DNA was amplified in all types of excretion routes. MTC DNA was amplified in at least one excretion route from 83.0% (CI95 70.8–90.8) of wild ungulates with bTB-like lesions. Oronasal or bronchial-alveolar shedding were detected with higher frequency than fecal shedding (p < 0.001). The majority of shedders yielded MTC concentrations <103 CFU/g or mL. However, from those ungulates from which oronasal, bronchial-alveolar and fecal samples were available, 28.2% of wild boar (CI95 16.6–43.8) and 35.7% of red deer (CI95 16.3–61.2) yielded MTC concentrations >103 CFU/g or mL (referred here as super-shedders). Red deer have a significantly higher risk of being super-shedders compared to wild boar (OR = 11.8, CI95 2.3–60.2). The existence of super-shedders among the naturally infected population of wild boar and red deer is thus reported here for the first time and MTC DNA concentrations greater than the minimum infective doses were estimated in excretion samples from both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Virgílio Almeida
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa (FMV-ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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Rivière J, Le Strat Y, Dufour B, Hendrikx P. Sensitivity of Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance in Wildlife in France: A Scenario Tree Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141884. [PMID: 26517372 PMCID: PMC4627846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with an impact on animal and human health, and economic implications. Infected wild animals have been detected in some European countries, and bTB reservoirs in wildlife have been identified, potentially hindering the eradication of bTB from cattle populations. However, the surveillance of bTB in wildlife involves several practical difficulties and is not currently covered by EU legislation. We report here the first assessment of the sensitivity of the bTB surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife launched in France in 2011 (the Sylvatub system), based on scenario tree modelling. Three surveillance system components were identified: (i) passive scanning surveillance for hunted wild boar, red deer and roe deer, based on carcass examination, (ii) passive surveillance on animals found dead, moribund or with abnormal behaviour, for wild boar, red deer, roe deer and badger and (iii) active surveillance for wild boar and badger. The application of these three surveillance system components depends on the geographic risk of bTB infection in wildlife, which in turn depends on the prevalence of bTB in cattle. We estimated the effectiveness of the three components of the Sylvatub surveillance system quantitatively, for each species separately. Active surveillance and passive scanning surveillance by carcass examination were the approaches most likely to detect at least one infected animal in a population with a given design prevalence, regardless of the local risk level and species considered. The awareness of hunters, which depends on their training and the geographic risk, was found to affect surveillance sensitivity. The results obtained are relevant for hunters and veterinary authorities wishing to determine the actual efficacy of wildlife bTB surveillance as a function of geographic area and species, and could provide support for decision-making processes concerning the enhancement of surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rivière
- Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Unit UCAS, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
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24
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Gortázar C, Che Amat A, O'Brien DJ. Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi-host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis. Mamm Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Animal Health; SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n Ciudad Real 13071 Spain
| | - Azlan Che Amat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Daniel J. O'Brien
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory; Michigan Department of Natural Resources; 4125 Beaumont Rd., Room 250 Lansing Michigan 48910-8106 USA
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25
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Nugent G, Gortazar C, Knowles G. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in wild deer and feral pigs and their roles in the establishment and spread of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife. N Z Vet J 2015; 63 Suppl 1:54-67. [PMID: 25295713 PMCID: PMC4566879 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.963792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In New Zealand, wild deer and feral pigs are assumed to be spillover hosts for Mycobacterium bovis, and so are not targeted in efforts aimed at locally eradicating bovine tuberculosis (TB) from possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), the main wildlife host. Here we review the epidemiology of TB in deer and pigs, and assess whether New Zealand's TB management programme could be undermined if these species sometimes achieve maintenance host status. In New Zealand, TB prevalences of up to 47% have been recorded in wild deer sympatric with tuberculous possums. Patterns of lesion distribution, age-specific prevalences and behavioural observations suggest that deer become infected mainly through exposure to dead or moribund possums. TB can progress rapidly in some deer (<10%), but generalised disease is uncommon in wild deer; conversely some infected animals can survive for many years. Deer-to-deer transmission of M. bovis is rare, but transmission from tuberculous deer carcasses to scavengers, including possums, is likely. That creates a small spillback risk that could persist for a decade after transmission of new infection to wild deer has been halted. Tuberculosis prevalence in New Zealand feral pigs can reach 100%. Infections in lymph nodes of the head and alimentary tract predominate, indicating that TB is mostly acquired through scavenging tuberculous carrion, particularly possums. Infection is usually well contained, and transmission between pigs is rare. Large reductions in local possum density result in gradual declines (over 10 years) in TB prevalence among sympatric wild deer, and faster declines in feral pigs. Elimination of TB from possums (and livestock) therefore results in eventual disappearance of TB from feral pigs and wild deer. However, the risk of spillback infection from deer to possums substantially extends the time needed to locally eradicate TB from all wildlife (compared to that which would be required to eradicate disease from possums alone), while dispersal or translocation of pigs (e.g. by hunters) creates a risk of long-distance spread of disease. The high rate at which pigs acquire M. bovis infection from dead possums makes them useful as sentinels for detecting TB in wildlife. It is unlikely that wild deer and feral pigs act as maintenance hosts anywhere in New Zealand, because unrestricted year-round hunting keeps densities low, with far less aggregation than on New Zealand farms. We conclude that active management of wild deer or feral pigs is not required for local TB eradication in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nugent
- a Landcare Research , Lincoln 7640 , New Zealand
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26
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Matos AC, Figueira L, Martins MH, Pinto ML, Matos M, Coelho AC. New Insights into Mycobacterium bovis Prevalence in Wild Mammals in Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e313-22. [PMID: 25484245 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A survey to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in wild mammals in Portugal was conducted by testing samples from hunted animals and those found dead between 2009 and 2013. In this study, we investigated 2116 wild mammals. Post-mortem examinations were performed, and tissues were collected from wild mammals representing 8 families and 11 different species, with a total of 393 animals analysed. Cultures were performed, and acid-fast isolates were identified by PCR. Tissues were also screened for Mycobacterium bovis by directly extracting DNA and testing for the Mycobacterium bovis-specific sequences. Mycobacterium bovis prevalence was 26.9% (95% CI: 22.8-31.5%). Mycobacterium bovis was recorded in 106 of the 393 studied species: prevalence by species were 26.9% (95% CI: 16.8-40.2%) in red foxes, 20.0% (95% CI: 7.0-45.2%) in Egyptian mongooses, 21.4% (95% CI: 16.2-27.7%) in wild boar and 38.3% (95% CI: 29.9-47.4%) in red deer. Mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in six of eight taxonomic families. For some species, the small sample sizes obtained were a reflection of their restricted range and low abundance, making estimates of infection prevalence very difficult (1 beech marten of 4; 1 Eurasian otter of 3; 2 common genet of 3). Infection was not detected in European badgers, hedgehog, wild rabbits and hare. The results of this study confirm the presence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild carnivores in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Matos
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - L Figueira
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M H Martins
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M L Pinto
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M Matos
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Centro de Genómica e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A C Coelho
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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27
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Rivière J, Carabin K, Le Strat Y, Hendrikx P, Dufour B. Bovine tuberculosis surveillance in cattle and free-ranging wildlife in EU Member States in 2013: a survey-based review. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:323-31. [PMID: 25205200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with animal health, zoonotic and economic impacts. Most of the TB data for the European Union (EU) concern the epidemiological situation, but comprehensive descriptions of the way in which surveillance is conducted in each country are rare, despite being essential for cross-Europe comparisons. A European survey was conducted in the 28 Member States and in three other neighboring countries (Norway, Macedonia and Switzerland), to review TB surveillance in cattle and wildlife. EU legislation currently requires TB surveillance solely in cattle. Considerable differences between the surveillance systems of the 26 responding countries were observed, according to the official TB-freedom status of the country and the local prevalence of TB. These differences related principally to the combination of surveillance components (routine screening test in herd and/or movement testing and/or slaughterhouse surveillance), the tests used and their interpretation, and the definition of an infected herd or animal. For wildlife TB surveillance, only 8 on 21 respondent countries have declared to have implemented passive and/or active surveillance, with marked differences concerning the species and the geographical scale of the surveillance. The choice of the combination of surveillance components depends on the national or regional epidemiological situation, the species involved in TB epidemiology and epidemiological risk factors, although various surveillance systems have been recorded for countries with similar epidemiological status. Assessments of the cost-effectiveness of each surveillance system would be useful, to confirm the advantages of implementing one or more components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivière
- Alfort National Veterinary School, Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - K Carabin
- University Paris 11, Masters in Public Health, France
| | - Y Le Strat
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Infectious Diseases, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94 415 Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - P Hendrikx
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Unit Survepi, 27-31 avenue du Général Leclerc, 94 701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - B Dufour
- Alfort National Veterinary School, Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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28
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García-Jiménez W, Salguero F, Fernández-Llario P, Martínez R, Risco D, Gough J, Ortiz-Peláez A, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J, Gómez L. Immunopathology of granulomas produced by Mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected wild boar. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Vicente J, Barasona JA, Acevedo P, Ruiz-Fons JF, Boadella M, Diez-Delgado I, Beltran-Beck B, González-Barrio D, Queirós J, Montoro V, de la Fuente J, Gortazar C. Temporal Trend of Tuberculosis in Wild Ungulates from Mediterranean Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 1:92-103. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Vicente
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | | | - P. Acevedo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés) Spain
| | | | - M. Boadella
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | | | | | | | - J. Queirós
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | - V. Montoro
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | | | - C. Gortazar
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
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30
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An Unusual Presentation of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis Infection in a Captive Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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32
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García-Jiménez WL, Fernández-Llario P, Benítez-Medina JM, Cerrato R, Cuesta J, García-Sánchez A, Gonçalves P, Martínez R, Risco D, Salguero FJ, Serrano E, Gómez L, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J. Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in Central Spain. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:435-46. [PMID: 23490145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on management of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in wildlife reservoir hosts is crucial for the implementation of effective disease control measures and the generation of practical bTB management recommendations. Among the management methods carried out on wild species to reduce bTB prevalence, the control of population density has been frequently used, with hunting pressure a practical strategy to reduce bTB prevalence. However, despite the number of articles about population density control in different bTB wildlife reservoirs, there is little information regarding the application of such measures on the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), which is considered the main bTB wildlife reservoir within Mediterranean ecosystems. This study shows the effects of a management measure leading to a radical decrease in wild boar population density at a large hunting estate in Central Spain, in order to assess the evolution of bTB prevalence in both the wild boar population and the sympatric fallow deer population. The evolution of bTB prevalence was monitored in populations of the two wild ungulate species over a 5-year study period (2007-2012). The results showed that bTB prevalence decreased in fallow deer, corresponding to an important reduction in the wild boar population. However, this decrease was not homogeneous: in the last season of study there was an increase in bTB-infected male animals. Moreover, bTB prevalence remained high in the remnant wild boar population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, E-10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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33
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Cisneros LF, Valdivia AG, Waldrup K, Díaz-Aparicio E, Martínez-de-Anda A, Cruz-Vázquez CR, Ortiz R. Surveillance for Mycobacterium bovis transmission from domestic cattle to wild ruminants in a Mexican wildlife-livestock interface area. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1617-25. [PMID: 23013189 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (WRs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (WLIA) of the Mexican highland plateau. ANIMALS 24,400 cattle from 793 herds (including 17,351 commercially slaughtered cattle) and 142 WRs (110 white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus], 20 red deer [Cervus elaphus], and 12 North American elk [Cervus canadensis]) harvested via controlled hunting. PROCEDURES Cattle were serially tested for M bovis infection via caudal fold tuberculin and comparative cervical tuberculin tests during field surveillance. Carcasses of cattle and WRs were inspected for gross lesions; samples suggestive of tuberculosis were analyzed via histologic evaluation and mycobacterial culture (HMC). A PCR assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms was performed to confirm positive results of HMC. RESULTS WRs had inflammatory lesions in lungs and lymph nodes, although HMC results did not indicate M bovis infection. Eight cattle had positive results for both tuberculin tests, and 31 had positive results for HMC of grossly detected lesions; all were from 7 herds, and ≥ 1 cow in each herd had positive PCR assay results. These 7 herds were depopulated; adjacent herds and herds related via commerce were quarantined. Calculated true prevalence of M bovis infection was 0.86% (95% confidence interval, 0.24% to 1.49%) in cattle; M bovis was not detected in any WRs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE M bovis infection was present in cattle. Although transmission to WRs in this WLIA was not detected, diagnosis and prevention activities should be implemented and consolidated to prevent potential M bovis transmission between cattle and WRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Cisneros
- Committee for Promoting and Protecting Livestock, km 21.5 carretera Aguascalientes-Zacatecas, San Francisco de los Romo, Aguascalientes 20300, México
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34
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Histological and immunohistochemical characterisation of Mycobacterium bovis induced granulomas in naturally infected Fallow deer (Dama dama). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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35
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Carta T, Martin-Hernando M, Boadella M, Fernández-de-Mera I, Balseiro A, Sevilla I, Vicente J, Maio E, Vieira-Pinto M, Alvarez J, Pérez-de-la-Lastra J, Garrido J, Gortazar C. No evidence that wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) on the Iberian Peninsula are a reservoir of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vet J 2012; 192:544-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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García-Jiménez WL, Benítez-Medina JM, Fernández-Llario P, Abecia JA, García-Sánchez A, Martínez R, Risco D, Ortiz-Peláez A, Salguero FJ, Smith NH, Gómez L, Hermoso de Mendoza J. Comparative pathology of the natural infections by Mycobacterium bovis and by Mycobacterium caprae in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:102-9. [PMID: 22469036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of wild animals in the maintenance and spread of tuberculosis (TB) infection in domestic livestock is of particular importance in countries where eradication programs have substantially reduced the incidence of bovine tuberculosis but sporadic outbreaks still occur. Mycobacterium bovis is the agent mainly isolated in wildlife in Spain, but recently, infections by Mycobacterium caprae have increased substantially. In this study, we have analysed 43 mandibular lymph nodes samples containing TB-like lesions from 43 hunted wild boar from Madrid and Extremadura (central and south-western regions of Spain). After isolation, identification and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates, we found that 23 mandibular lymph nodes involved M. caprae infections and 20 M. bovis. The lesions were compared for histopathology (different granuloma stage and number of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs)), and acid-fast bacilli (AFBs) were quantified in the Ziehl-Neelsen-stained slides. Granulomas produced by M. caprae showed more stage IV granulomas, more MNGCs and higher AFBs counts than those induced by M. bovis. In conclusion, lesions caused by M. caprae would be more prone to the excretion of bacilli, and infected animals result as a high-risk source of infection for other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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37
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Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JAM. Diseases of red deer introduced to Patagonia and implications for native ungulates. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) invasion in Patagonia has been continuing for nearly a century, with occurrence in all habitats between 34°S and 55°S. Their distribution, movement patterns and locally high densities raise concerns over their potential epidemiological role in maintaining disease reservoirs or transmitting diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease or tuberculosis, with potential severe health and economical impacts at the interface of humans, livestock or native wildlife. Among adult females collected by rifle and radio-collared deer that died naturally, no ectoparasites were found (n = 73). Fasciola hepatica was encountered in three surveys at prevalences ranging from 9% to 50% (n = 108). Taenia ovis krabbei was identified, and Cysticerus tenuicollis was found at a prevalence of 8% (n = 12). Ostertagia sp., Bunostomum sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. had a prevalence of 75%, 25% and 13% (n = 9), respectively. Several gastrointestinal parasites reported at low prevalence in endangered Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) are common in livestock and considered commensals in domestic ruminants. Sympatry of huemul with livestock is commonplace, whereas with red deer it occurs in <2% of known populations, in which case there were 1.2 red deer, but 25.2 livestock per huemul, making livestock the determining epidemiological factor regarding disease transmission or reservoir. As red deer have been coexisting with livestock for >100 years in Argentina, both red deer and livestock play epidemiological roles for shared diseases. Research, conservation and management efforts should be directed towards livestock herd health programs or restriction of free livestock movements, particularly if diseases are shown to have an impact on recruitment of endangered natives. Livestock are routinely researched and inspected at slaughter and thus provide a proxy for diseases afflicting co-existing ungulates. Testing for antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease viral antigen was negative (n = 41). A tentative diagnosis of mycobacterial infection was based on typical visceral lesions. Antler damage occurred on 73% of shed antlers, with 36% having major breaks of tines and main beams, possibly indicating mineral imbalances. One male had both antlers, including pedicles with portions of frontal, parietal and occipital bones, broken off the skull, causing his death. The prevalence of 0.9% of campylognathia (n = 776) indicates that the disease is unlikely to be inheritable, because the founding stock of 20 animals would have had a prevalence of at least 5%. Among deer, handedness of scoliosis related significantly to the hemisphere where specimens originated (P < 0.001, n = 131). Coriolis forces are known to affect early stages of development, such as the innervation pattern of the mammalian vestibular system, or the plane of bilateral symmetry. It is, therefore, conceivable that the networks processing these environmental cues, or the mechanisms responsible for compensation, are malfunctioning and thus result in a preponderance of facial scoliosis in accordance to the earth’s rotation.
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Alvarez J, Bezos J, de Juan L, Vordermeier M, Rodriguez S, Fernandez-de-Mera IG, Mateos A, Domínguez L. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Camelids: Old Problems, Current Solutions and Future Challenges. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Boadella M, Gortazar C, Acevedo P, Carta T, Martín-Hernando MP, de la Fuente J, Vicente J. Six recommendations for improving monitoring of diseases shared with wildlife: examples regarding mycobacterial infections in Spain. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jaroso R, Vicente J, Martín-Hernando MP, Aranaz A, Lyashchenko K, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Gortázar C. Ante-mortem testing wild fallow deer for bovine tuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:285-9. [PMID: 20605378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to maximize the sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis detection in living wild fallow deer (Dama dama) under field conditions. We evaluated the rapid test (RT; CervidTB STAT-PAK Assay, Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., USA) in comparison with the comparative cervical skin test (CCT). A total of 134 fallow deer were captured between January and March 2008. At time 0, 0.1 ml of avian purified protein derivative (avian PPD; Cooper-Zeltia, Spain), 0.1 ml bovine PPD (Cooper-Zeltia, Spain), 0.1 ml negative control PBS and 0.1 ml of a positive control (the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin, PHA; containing 250 mg PHA, diluted in PBS) were injected intradermally at four shaved sites in the neck. The skin fold thickness at each injection site was measured at time 0 and 72 h (3 repeats each time). Animals with a skin test response of 2mm or more at the bovine PPD injection site and animals with any visible reactivity in the RT were necropsied and tissues submitted for culture and for histopathology. A total of 36 fallow deer were considered reactors to bovine PPD or to the RT (apparent prevalence 27%). Regarding both bovine PPD reactivity and the skin fold increase at the PHA injection site, we found significant effects of age and sex by age interaction. Adult males had the largest responses. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from lymphoid tissues of 21 fallow deer. Skin test sensitivity, as compared to M. bovis culture confirmed deer, was 80.1% (17/21). But, the CCT alone would have missed 4 of 21 culture confirmed animals. RT sensitivity, based on culture confirmed deer, was also 80.1% (17/21). Similarly, the RT alone would have missed another 4 of 21 culture confirmed deer. However, combining the CCT and the RT allowed for detecting all 21 culture positive fallow deer. We conclude that the combined application of the RT and the skin testing can maximize the sensitivity of bTB detection in living fallow deer, thus facilitating control programs for wildlife disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jaroso
- IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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