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Mundhra S, Bondre VP. Higher replication potential of West Nile virus governs apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma cells. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01844-2. [PMID: 37186273 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The extent of neuronal cell damage caused by West Nile virus (WNV) infection governs the disease severity ranging from mild, febrile illness to fatal encephalitis. Availability of naturally occurring genetic variants is helpful to study viral factors governing differential pathogenesis. During WNV infection, apoptosis serves as a virulence determinant positively contributing to viral pathogenesis. We investigated the levels of apoptosis induced by a low neurovirulent WNV lineage 5 strain 804994 and a high neurovirulent lineage 1 strain 68856 in human neuroblastoma cells, IMR-32. Our investigations clearly show the correlation between higher multiplication capacities of 68856 with higher levels of cytopathology induced by apoptosis. We observed activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways during WNV infection. Infection with higher neurovirulent strain resulted in higher upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins including death receptors (DR), adaptor protein, BH3-only regulatory proteins and higher cleavage of initiator caspases of both pathways. These results suggest that the virulence of a WNV strain may correlate with its higher replication fitness and ability to cause more cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Mundhra
- Encephalitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pashan - Sus Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Vijay P Bondre
- Encephalitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pashan - Sus Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
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2
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Pinapati KK, Tandon R, Tripathi P, Srivastava N. Recent advances to overcome the burden of Japanese encephalitis: A zoonotic infection with problematic early detection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2383. [PMID: 35983697 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne neurotropic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) associated with high mortality rate distributed from Eastern and Southern Asia to Northern Queensland (Australia). The challenges in early detection and lack of point-of-care biomarkers make it the most important Flavivirus causing encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for the disease, although vaccines are licenced. In this review, we focussed on point-of-care biomarkers as early detection tools and developing the effective therapeutic agents that could halt JE. We have also provided molecular details of JEV, disease progression, and its pathogenesis with recent findings which might bring insights to overcome the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar Pinapati
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Reetika Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Pratima Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Purpose of Review West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitos of the genus Culex. Manifestations of WNV infection range from asymptomatic to devastating neuroinvasive disease leading to flaccid paralysis and death. This review examines WNV epidemiology and ecology, with an emphasis on travel-associated infection. Recent Findings WNV is widespread, including North America and Europe, where its range has expanded in the past decade. Rising temperatures in temperate regions are predicted to lead to an increased abundance of Culex mosquitoes and an increase in their ability to transmit WNV. Although the epidemiologic patterns of WNV appear variable, its geographic distribution most certainly will continue to increase. Travelers are at risk for WNV infection and its complications. Literature review identified 39 cases of documented travel-related WNV disease, the majority of which resulted in adverse outcomes, such as neuroinvasive disease, prolonged recovery period, or death. Summary The prediction of WNV risk is challenging due to the complex interactions of vector, pathogen, host, and environment. Travelers planning to visit endemic areas should be advised regarding WNV risk and mosquito bite prevention. Evaluation of ill travelers with compatible symptoms should consider the diagnosis of WNV for those visiting in endemic areas as well as for those returning from destinations with known WNV circulation.
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Tandale BV, Tomar SJ, Bondre VP, Sapkal GN, Damle RG, Narang R, Qazi MS, Padmaja GV, Jain M, Jain D, Guduru VK, Jain J, Gosavi RV, Sekhar VC, Infectious-Encephalitis-Aetiologies-Study-Group, Pavitrakar DV, Shankarraman V, Mahamuni SA, Salunkhe A, Khude P, Deshmukh PS, Deshmukh PR, Raut AV, Niswade AK, Bansod YV, Narlawar UW, Talpalliwar M, Rathod P, Kumari Jha P, Rao RK, Jyothi K, Soujanya BP, Kumar MP, Kumar KJK, Taksande A, Kumar S, Mudey G, Yelke B, Kamble M, Tankhiwale S. Infectious causes of acute encephalitis syndrome hospitalizations in Central India, 2018-20. J Clin Virol 2022; 153:105194. [PMID: 35687988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Chowdhury P, Khan SA. Global emergence of West Nile virus: Threat & preparedness in special perspective to India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:36-50. [PMID: 34782529 PMCID: PMC8715705 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_642_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne single-stranded RNA neurotropic virus within the family Flaviviridae. The virus was first reported in the West Nile province of Uganda in 1937. Since then, sporadic cases have been reported until the last two decades when it has emerged as a threat to public health. The emergence of WNV with more severity in recent times is intriguing. Considering this phenomenon, the WNV-affected areas of the world were distinguished as old versus new in a depicted world map. The present review showcases the historical and epidemiological perspectives of the virus, genetic diversity of prevailing lineages and clinical spectrum associated with its infection. Emergence of the virus has been discussed in special context to India because of co-circulation of different WNV lineages/strains along with other flaviviruses. Recent laboratory diagnostics, vaccine development and clinical management associated with WNV infection have also been discussed. Further, the research gaps, especially in context to India have been highlighted that may have a pivotal role in combating the spread of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritom Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Siraj Ahmed Khan
- Division of Medical Entomology, Arbovirology & Rickettsial Diseases, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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6
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Khan MT, Islam R, Jerin TJ, Mahmud A, Khatun S, Kobir A, Islam MN, Akter A, Mondal SI. Immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics approaches: Next generation vaccine design against West Nile virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253393. [PMID: 34138958 PMCID: PMC8211291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a life threatening flavivirus that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. No preventive therapeutics including vaccines against WNV are available for human use. In this study, immunoinformatics approach was performed to design a multi epitope-based subunit vaccine against this deadly pathogen. Human (HLA) and Mice (H-2) allele specific potential T-cell and B-cell epitopes were shortlisted through a stringent procedure. Molecular docking showed selected epitopes that have stronger binding affinity with human TLR-4. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stable nature of the docked complex. Furthermore, in silico cloning analysis ensures efficient expression of desired gene in the microbial system. Interestingly, previous studies showed that two of our selected epitopes have strong immune response against WNV. Therefore, selected epitopes could be strong vaccine candidates to prevent WNV infections in human. However, further in vitro and in vivo investigations could be strengthening the validation of the vaccine candidate against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tahsin Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Rahatul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Tarhima Jahan Jerin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Araf Mahmud
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Sahara Khatun
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Ahasanul Kobir
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Arzuba Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (SIM); (AA)
| | - Shakhinur Islam Mondal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (SIM); (AA)
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7
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Poderoso T, Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence 2021; 12:1145-1173. [PMID: 33843445 PMCID: PMC8043182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and humans that can result in serious diseases and even death. Since its first isolation in Africa in 1937, WNV had been considered a neglected pathogen until its recent spread throughout Europe and the colonization of America, regions where it continues to cause outbreaks with severe neurological consequences in humans and horses. Although our knowledge about the characteristics and consequences of the virus has increased enormously lately, many questions remain to be resolved. Here, we thoroughly update our knowledge of different aspects of the WNV life cycle: virology and molecular classification, host cell interactions, transmission dynamics, host range, epidemiology and surveillance, immune response, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis (antivirals and vaccines), and prevention, and we highlight those aspects that are still unknown and that undoubtedly require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Poderoso
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Serra A, Marzo N, Pons B, Maduell P, López M, Grancha S. Characterization of antibodies in human immunoglobulin products from different regions worldwide. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:610-616. [PMID: 33524620 PMCID: PMC7844383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The antibody levels against a broad spectrum of pathogens were assessed in commercial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) manufactured from pooled plasma obtained from different global regions. METHODS Twenty-four IVIG commercial lots from eight manufacturers corresponding to 12 brands were analyzed. The plasma was collected in 10 countries/regions. Depending on each pathogen, antibody levels were measured using specific commercial IgG-specific enzyme immunoassay kits or by cell culture neutralization test and guinea pig skin neutralization test. A principal component analysis was performed. RESULTS For polio and diphtheria (reference markers of the US authorities), all IVIGs had relevant titers in accordance with reference levels. IVIGs from Canada, Australia, and the USA were positive for titers against globally distributed pathogens or those under vaccination programs in the developed world (parainfluenza, Epstein-Barr, varicella-zoster, influenza B, parvovirus B19, and measles viruses). IVIG from Taiwan and Hong Kong showed low antibody titers for these pathogens but high titers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IVIG from India had high titers for pathogens frequently found in developing countries (West Nile, dengue, chikungunya, and hepatitis E viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae). IVIGs from Argentina, Spain, Israel, and Czechia showed intermediate antibody concentrations. CONCLUSION The antibody profile in IVIG was greatly influenced by regional characteristics including climate, vaccination programs, and the prevalence of pathogens in the different countries and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Núria Marzo
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Berta Pons
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Maduell
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite López
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain
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Fall G, Diallo D, Soumaila H, Ndiaye EH, Lagare A, Sadio BD, Ndione MHD, Wiley M, Dia M, Diop M, Ba A, Sidikou F, Ngoy BB, Faye O, Testa J, Loucoubar C, Sall AA, Diallo M, Faye O. First Detection of the West Nile Virus Koutango Lineage in Sandflies in Niger. Pathogens 2021; 10:257. [PMID: 33668365 PMCID: PMC7996184 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), belonging to the Flaviviridae family, causes a mosquito-borne disease and shows great genetic diversity, with at least eight different lineages. The Koutango lineage of WNV (WN-KOUTV), mostly associated with ticks and rodents in the wild, is exclusively present in Africa and shows evidence of infection in humans and high virulence in mice. In 2016, in a context of Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in Niger, mosquitoes, biting midges and sandflies were collected for arbovirus isolation using cell culture, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR assays. Whole genome sequencing and in vivo replication studies using mice were later conducted on positive samples. The WN-KOUTV strain was detected in a sandfly pool. The sequence analyses and replication studies confirmed that this strain belonged to the WN-KOUTV lineage and caused 100% mortality of mice. Further studies should be done to assess what genetic traits of WN-KOUTV influence this very high virulence in mice. In addition, given the risk of WN-KOUTV to infect humans, the possibility of multiple vectors as well as birds as reservoirs of WNV, to spread the virus beyond Africa, and the increasing threats of flavivirus infections in the world, it is important to understand the potential of WN-KOUTV to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamou Fall
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Pole of Zoology, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Hadiza Soumaila
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Publique du Niger, Niamey BP 623, Niger;
- PMI Vector Link Project, Niamey BP 11051, Niger
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Pole of Zoology, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey BP 10887, Niger; (A.L.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Bacary Djilocalisse Sadio
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Marie Henriette Dior Ndione
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Michael Wiley
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA;
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68198-4355, USA
| | - Moussa Dia
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Biostatistic, Biomathematics and Modelling Group, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Arame Ba
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Fati Sidikou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey BP 10887, Niger; (A.L.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
| | | | - Oumar Faye
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Jean Testa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey BP 10887, Niger; (A.L.); (F.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Biostatistic, Biomathematics and Modelling Group, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pole of Zoology, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (B.D.S.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (O.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
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Tomar PS, Kumar S, Patel S, Kumar JS. Development and Evaluation of Real-Time Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of West Nile Virus in Human Clinical Samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:619071. [PMID: 33708642 PMCID: PMC7940365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.619071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes West Nile fever and encephalitis worldwide. Currently, there are no effective drugs or vaccines available in the market to treat WNV infection in humans. Hence, it is of paramount importance to detect WNV early for the success of the disease control programs and timely clinical management in endemic areas. In the present paper, we report the development of real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay for rapid and real-time detection of WNV targeting the envelope (env) gene of the virus. The RPA reaction was performed successfully at 39°C for 15 min in a real-time thermal cycler. The sensitivity of this assay was found similar to that of the quantitative real-time RT PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, which could detect 10 copies of the gene. The efficacy of the assay was evaluated with a panel of 110 WN suspected human samples showing the signs of retinitis, febrile illness and acute posterior uveitis. In comparison with RT-qPCR, RT-RPA showed a specificity of 100% (CI, 95.07–100%) and sensitivity of 96.15% (CI, 80.36–99.90%) with a negative (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) of 98.65 and 100%, respectively. The level of agreement between RT-RPA and reference RT-qPCR assay was shown to be very high. The turnaround time of real-time RPA assay is about 10-20 times faster than the RT-qPCR, which confirms its utility in the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of WNV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report which deals with the development of real-time RT-RPA assay for simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of WNV in human clinical samples. The present RT-RPA assay proves to be a powerful tool that can be used for the rapid diagnosis of a large number of patient samples in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh Tomar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Division of BDTE, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Sapan Patel
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Jyoti S Kumar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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11
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Tomar PS, Kumar JS, Patel S, Sharma S. Polymerase Spiral Reaction Assay for Rapid and Real Time Detection of West Nile Virus From Clinical Samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:426. [PMID: 32984063 PMCID: PMC7492713 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus of public health importance. Currently, there is no FDA approved vaccine available against WNV infection in humans. Therefore, the early diagnosis of the WNV infection is important for epidemiologic control and timely clinical management in areas where multiple Flaviviruses are endemic. The present study aimed to develop reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR) assay that rapidly and accurately detects the envelope (env) gene of WNV. RT-PSR assay was optimized at 63°C for 60 min using real-time turbidimeter or visual detection by the addition of SYBR Green I dye. The standard curve for RT-PSR assay was generated using the 10-fold serial dilutions of in vitro transcribed WNV RNA. To determine the detection limit of RT-PSR assay, an amplified product of conventional RT-PCR was in vitro transcribed as per standard protocol. The detection limit of the newly developed RT-PSR assay was compared with that of conventional RT-PCR and CDC reported TaqMan real-time RT-PCR using a serial 10-fold dilution of IVT WNV RNA. The detection limit of RT-PSR was found to be 1 RNA copy, which is 100-fold higher than that of conventional RT-PCR (100 copies). This suggests that RT-PSR assay is a valuable diagnostic tool for rapid and real-time detection of WNV in acute-phase serum samples. The assay was validated with a panel of 107 WNV suspected human clinical samples with signs of acute posterior uveitis and onset of febrile illness. Out of 107 samples, 30 were found positive by RT-PSR assay. The specificities of the selected primer sets were established by the absence of cross-reactivity with other closely related members viruses of the Flaviviruses, Alphaviruses, and Morbilliviruses groups. No cross-reactivity was observed with other viruses. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the RT-PSR assay for the detection of RNA virus (WNV) in clinical samples. RT-PSR is a high throughput method and more than 30 reactions can be run at once in real-time turbidimeter. PSR assay has potential to be used for a rapid screening of large number of clinical samples in endemic areas during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh Tomar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Jyoti S Kumar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Sapan Patel
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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12
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Li N, Zhang ZR, Zhang YN, Liu J, Deng CL, Shi PY, Yuan ZM, Ye HQ, Zhang B. A replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine candidate with NS1 deletion confers dual protection against JEV and West Nile virus in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:73. [PMID: 32802412 PMCID: PMC7406499 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we have demonstrated in the context of WNV-ΔNS1 vaccine (a replication-defective West Nile virus (WNV) lacking NS1) that the NS1 trans-complementation system may offer a promising platform for the development of safe and efficient flavivirus vaccines only requiring one dose. Here, we produced high titer (107 IU/ml) replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with NS1 deletion (JEV-ΔNS1) in the BHK-21 cell line stably expressing NS1 (BHKNS1) using the same strategy. JEV-ΔNS1 appeared safe with a remarkable genetic stability and high degrees of attenuation of in vivo neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in mice after a single dose, providing similar degrees of protection to SA14-14-2 vaccine (a most widely used live attenuated JEV vaccine), with healthy condition, undetectable viremia and gradually rising body weight. Importantly, we also found JEV-ΔNS1 induced robust cross-protective immune responses against the challenge of heterologous West Nile virus (WNV), another important member in the same JEV serocomplex, accounting for up to 80% survival rate following a single dose of immunization relative to mock-vaccinated mice. These results not only support the identification of the NS1-deleted flavivirus vaccines with a satisfied balance between safety and efficacy, but also demonstrate the potential of the JEV-ΔNS1 as an alternative vaccine candidate against both JEV and WNV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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13
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Clinical Features of Four West Nile Virus Cases and Its Molecular Characterization from a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. Case Rep Infect Dis 2020; 2020:1315041. [PMID: 32724683 PMCID: PMC7381993 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1315041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is currently a significant reemerging virus of the 21st century. It belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. Although it is primarily transmitted by the Culex spp of mosquitoes, other routes of transmission are also well defined. Of eight lineages described, Lineage 1a has been reported from many parts of South India and is known to cause neuroinvasive illness. Many tests and serological techniques have been described to diagnose WNV infection such as complement fixation, neutralization, heamagglutination inhibition, ELISA, and PCR for molecular confirmation. The latter far outweighs the limitations inherent in the other tests. WNV infection is being reported from Vellore for the first time after 1968. This paper aims to describe four cases of WNV infection causing central nervous system manifestations with its molecular characterization. West Nile virus infection was diagnosed with the available molecular techniques such as PCR and sequencing, which emphasizes the need for considering West Nile virus in the differential diagnosis of acute meningoencephalitis and the wider availability of molecular diagnostic tests.
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14
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Amin M, Zaim M, Edalat H, Basseri HR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rezaei F, Azizi K, Salehi-Vaziri M, Ghane M, Yousefi S, Dabaghmanesh S, Kheirandish S, Najafi ME, Mohammadi J. Seroprevalence Study on West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection, a Hidden Viral Disease in Fars Province, Southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:173-184. [PMID: 33365345 PMCID: PMC7738928 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i2.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes a variety of symptoms in human, from asymptomatic infection to neuroinvasive disease. Several studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of WNV infection in different areas from Iran. This study was performed to find the presence of antiviral antibodies in human serum among some high risk population and awareness of health care staff about symptom of the WNV infection. Methods: Study performed in five geographical districts based on high population of immigrant and domestic birds and prevalence of the antiviral antibodies in horses which was reported previously. Totally 150 human blood samples were collected during 2018. The samples collected from patients referred to the clinics. The ELISA method used to detect IgG and IgM antibody against WNV. Logistic regression models used to analyze the effect of sex, age, keeping birds and urban/rural residence on the risk of infection. The awareness of health care staff about symptom of infection surveyed. Results: From all blood donors, 41 samples (27.33%) showed positive to IgG antibody. From which 56.10% were males and remaining females. None of the mentioned factors had a significant relationship. Health care staff had less attention to the infection. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of antibodies was relatively high, due to the similarity to other viral diseases, health care staff had less attention to the disease. The study showed that people in these areas have been exposed to the virus. Further research activities are recommended for control of this arbovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Amin
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Edalat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saideh Yousefi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorna Dabaghmanesh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Kheirandish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Najafi
- Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jalal Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Experiential learnings from the Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala towards containment of infectious public health emergencies in India. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e90. [PMID: 32321607 PMCID: PMC7253795 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak occurred in Kozhikode district, Kerala, India in 2018 with a case fatality rate of 91% (21/23). In 2019, a single case with full recovery occurred in Ernakulam district. We described the response and control measures by the Indian Council of Medical Research and Kerala State Government for the 2019 NiV outbreak. The establishment of Point of Care assays and monoclonal antibodies administration facility for early diagnosis, response and treatment, intensified contact tracing activities, bio-risk management and hospital infection control training of healthcare workers contributed to effective control and containment of NiV outbreak in Ernakulam.
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16
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Gore MM. Vaccines Against Dengue and West Nile Viruses in India: The Need of the Hour. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:423-433. [PMID: 32320353 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of flaviviruses, dengue (DEN), Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses, and others, is generating a major concern in many countries. Both JE along with DEN have been endemic in large regions of India. WN virus infection, although circulating in southern regions for many years, in recent years, WN encephalitis patients have been demonstrated. While vaccines against JE have been developed and decrease outbreaks, in case of DEN and WN, vaccines are still in developing level, especially, it has been difficult to achieve the long-term protective immune response. The first licensed DEN vaccine, which is a live attenuated vaccine, was administered in countries where the virus is endemic, and has a potential to cause serious side effects, especially when administered to younger population as observed in the Philippines vaccination drive. In the case of WN, although the purified inactivated virion-based vaccine worked effectively as a veterinary vaccine for horses, no effective vaccine has yet been licensed for humans. The induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses is essential to complete protection by these viruses, as evidenced by responses to asymptomatic infections. Many studies have shown that neutralizing antibody (NAb) response is against surface structural proteins; CD4+ and CD8+ responses are mainly directed against nonstructural proteins rather than NAb response. New data suggest that encapsulating virus vaccines in nanoparticles (NPs) will direct antigen in cytoplasmic compartment by antigen-presenting cells, which will improve presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since tissue culture-derived, purified inactivated viruses are easier to manufacture and safer than developing live virus vaccines, inclusion of NP provides an attractive alternative for generating robust flaviviral vaccines that are affordable with long-lived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Gore
- Emeritus Scientist, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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17
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A need to raise the bar - A systematic review of temporal trends in diagnostics for Japanese encephalitis virus infection, and perspectives for future research. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:444-456. [PMID: 32205287 PMCID: PMC7294235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains a leading cause of neurological infection in Asia. A systematic review identified 20,212 published human cases of laboratory-confirmed JEV infections from 205 studies. 15,167 (75%) of cases were confirmed with the lowest confidence diagnostic test, i.e., level 3 or 4, or level 4. Only 109 (53%) of the studies reported contemporaneous testing for dengue-specific antibodies. A fundamental pre-requisite for the control of JE is lacking — that of a simple and specific diagnostic procedure that can be adapted for point-of-care tests and readily used throughout JE endemic regions of the world.
Objective Japanese encephalitis virus infection (JE) remains a leading cause of neurological disease in Asia, mainly involving individuals living in remote areas with limited access to treatment centers and diagnostic facilities. Laboratory confirmation is fundamental for the justification and implementation of vaccination programs. We reviewed the literature on historical developments and current diagnostic capability worldwide, to identify knowledge gaps and instill urgency to address them. Methods Searches were performed in Web of Science and PubMed using the term 'Japanese encephalitis' up to 13th October 2019. Studies reporting laboratory-confirmed symptomatic JE cases in humans were included, and data on details of diagnostic tests were extracted. A JE case was classified according to confirmatory levels (Fischer et al., 2008; Campbell et al., 2011; Pearce et al., 2018; Heffelfinger et al., 2017), where level 1 represented the highest level of confidence. Findings 20,212 published JE cases were identified from 205 studies. 15,167 (75%) of these positive cases were confirmed with the lowest-confidence diagnostic tests (level 3 or 4, or level 4). Only 109 (53%) of the studies reported contemporaneous testing for dengue-specific antibodies. Conclusion A fundamental pre-requisite for the control of JEV is lacking — that of a simple and specific diagnostic procedure that can be adapted for point-of-care tests and readily used throughout JE-endemic regions of the world.
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18
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Broeders S, Garlant L, Fraiture MA, Vandermassen E, Suin V, Vanhomwegen J, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Rousset D, Van Gucht S, Roosens N. A new multiplex RT-qPCR method for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of Zika and chikungunya viruses. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 92:160-170. [PMID: 31884173 PMCID: PMC7129992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The re-emergence and spread of tropical viruses to new areas has raised a wave of concern worldwide. In order to treat patients at an early stage and prevent the diffusion of an outbreak, early diagnosis, and therefore fast and adequate detection, is needed. To this end, a multiplex reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction TaqMan method was designed to detect Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses simultaneously. METHODS Two methods targeting different genome segments were selected from the literature for each virus. These were adapted for high genome coverage and combined in a four-plex assay that was thoroughly validated in-house. The SCREENED tool was used to evaluate the sequence coverage of the method. RESULTS The full validation approach showed that the new four-plex method allows the specific and sensitive identification and discrimination of ZIKV and CHIKV in routine samples. The combination of two targets per virus allowing almost 100% coverage of about 500 genomes is shown for the first time. CONCLUSIONS PCR is a reliable user-friendly technique that can be applied in remote areas. Such multiplex methods enable early and efficient diagnosis, leading to rapid treatment and effective confinement in outbreak cases. They may also serve as an aid for surveillance, and the full validation permits easy method-transfer allowing worldwide harmonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Broeders
- Sciensano, Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Linda Garlant
- Sciensano, Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Alice Fraiture
- Sciensano, Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Els Vandermassen
- Sciensano, Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Suin
- Sciensano, Viral Diseases, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Institut Pasteur France, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (CIBU), 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, URE Dengue et Arboviroses, 11 ave P. Doumer, BP 61, 98845 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Dominique Rousset
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Laboratoire de Virologie, 23 avenue Pasteur - BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, Guyana.
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- Sciensano, Viral Diseases, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nancy Roosens
- Sciensano, Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Replication-Defective West Nile Virus with NS1 Deletion as a New Vaccine Platform for Flavivirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00720-19. [PMID: 31189715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00720-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously produced a replication-defective West Nile virus (WNV) lacking NS1 (WNV-ΔNS1) that could propagate at low levels (105 infectious units [IU]/ml) in a 293T cell line expressing wild-type (WT) NS1. This finding indicates the potential of developing WNV-ΔNS1 as a noninfectious vaccine. To explore this idea, we developed an NS1-expressing Vero cell line (VeroNS1) that significantly improved the yield of WNV-ΔNS1 (108 IU/ml). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of WNV-ΔNS1 in mice. WNV-ΔNS1 appeared to be safe, as no replicative virus was found in naive Vero cells after continuous culturing of WNV-ΔNS1 in VeroNS1 cells for 15 rounds. WNV-ΔNS1 was noninfectious in mice, even when IFNAR-/- mice were administered a high dose of WNV-ΔNS1. Vaccination with a single dose of WNV-ΔNS1 protected mice from a highly lethal challenge with WT WNV. The antibody response against WNV correlated well with the protection of vaccinated mice. Our study demonstrates the potential of the NS1 trans complementation system as a new platform for flavivirus vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Many flaviviruses are significant human pathogens that frequently cause outbreaks and epidemics around the world. Development of novel vaccine platforms against these pathogens is a public health priority. Using WNV as a model, we developed a new vaccine platform for flaviviruses. WNV containing a NS1 deletion (WNV-ΔNS1) could be efficiently trans complemented in Vero cells that constitutively expressed WT NS1 protein. A single-dose immunization with WNV-ΔNS1 elicited robust immune responses in mice. The immunized animals were fully protected against pathogenic WNV infection. No adverse effects related to the WNV-ΔNS1 vaccination were observed. The results have demonstrated the potential of the NS1 complementation system as an alternative platform for flavivirus vaccine development, especially for highly pathogenic flaviviruses.
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20
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Bharadwaj SD, Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Dhanawade S, Basu A, Meena VK, George S, Damle R, Sapkal GN. Acute Encephalitis with Atypical Presentation of Rubella in Family Cluster, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1923-1925. [PMID: 30226166 PMCID: PMC6154155 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 3 atypical rubella cases in a family cluster in India. The index case-patient showed only mild febrile illness, whereas the other 2 patients showed acute encephalitis and died of the disease. We confirmed rubella in the index and third cases using next-generation sequencing and IgM.
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21
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Abstract
Acute encephalitis is a common cause of death and neurodevelopmental problems in children. The causative agents are numerous including infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, mycobacteria and protozoa; para-infectious and immune mediated disorders such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and autoimmune encephalitis, especially the recently described anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Also, many viral associated encephalopathies such as acute necrotizing encephalopathy can mimic the presentation of acute encephalitis. In this article, authors describe the approach to the diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis in children.
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22
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Tandel K, Sharma S, Dash PK, Shukla J, Parida M. Emergence of human West Nile Virus infection among pediatric population in Madhya Pradesh, India. J Med Virol 2018; 91:493-497. [PMID: 30257043 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human infections caused by West Nile virus (WNV) mostly remain subclinical and self-limited. However, nearly 20% infected people suffer from febrile illness and very few of them (<1%) may get neuroinvasive illness. Mortality has been reported among children. India somehow has reported very less number of WNV cases in the past. We collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 75 pediatric age group patients clinically suffering from acute encephalitis syndrome. Three of these samples were positive by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using pan flavivirus primers. On sequencing of the 212 bp long-amplified fragment, it was found to be WNV belonging to lineage 1. This is probably the first report of WNV causing encephalitis from this central part of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Tandel
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | | | - Jyoti Shukla
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Manmohan Parida
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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23
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Balakrishnan A, Thekkekare RJ, Sapkal G, Tandale BV. Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus & West Nile virus in Alappuzha district, Kerala. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:S70-S75. [PMID: 29205199 PMCID: PMC5735574 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1638_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Several outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) have been reported in Alappuzha district, Kerala State, India, in the past. The aetiology of these outbreaks was either inconclusive or concluded as probable Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection based on clinical presentation. The role of West Nile virus (WNV) in AES outbreaks was also determined. However, the extent of WNV infection has not been studied in this region previously. A population-based cross-sectional serosurvey study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of JEV and WNV in Alappuzha district. METHODS A total of 30 clusters were identified from 12 blocks and five municipalities as per the probability proportional to size sampling method. A total of 1125 samples were collected from all age groups. A microneutralization assay was performed to estimate the prevalence of JEV and WNV neutralizing antibodies in the sample population. RESULTS Of 1125 serum samples tested, 235 [21.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 15.2-27.8%] and 179 (15.9%, 95% CI: 9.6-22.3%) were positive for neutralizing antibodies against WNV and JEV, respectively. In addition, 411 (34.5%, 95% CI: 26.7-42.2%) were positive for cross-reactive antibodies against flaviviruses. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The study showed the seroprevalence of WNV and JEV antibodies in the surveyed area and the WNV seroprevalence was greater than JEV. It is necessary to create awareness in public and adopt suitable policy to control these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukumar Balakrishnan
- National Institute of Virology Kerala Unit, Government T.D. Medical College Hospital, Alappuzha, India
| | - Romy Jose Thekkekare
- National Institute of Virology Kerala Unit, Government T.D. Medical College Hospital, Alappuzha, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Viral Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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24
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Tiwari JK, Malhotra B, Chauhan A, Malhotra H, Sharma P, Deeba F, Trivedi K, Swamy AM. Aetiological study of viruses causing acute encephalitis syndrome in North West India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 35:529-534. [PMID: 29405145 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a serious public health problem, caused mainly by viruses. However, the profile of viruses causing AES in Rajasthan is not well characterised. AIMS The present study was undertaken to identify the viruses causing AES and develop diagnostic algorithm so as to help in improved diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. SETTINGS AND DESIGN The present study is a hospital-based descriptive, observational study. Samples were processed at Grade-1 DHR/ICMR Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory at SMS, Jaipur. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were processed for IgM antibody detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for mumps virus (MPV), measles virus (MV), Rubella virus (RV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus using commercial kits. Nucleic acid was extracted from CSF using automated extraction system. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was done using specific primers and probes for Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and enterovirus (EV). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA. RESULTS Among 3088 patients, 702 (22.7%) patients were positive for one or more viruses. HSV (261;8.45%) was the most common followed by EBV (173;5.6%), VZV (97;3.1%), CMV (68;2.2%), EV (32;1.03%), MPV (27;0.9%), DV (28;0.9%), MV (19;0.6%) and RV (6;0.2%). CONCLUSIONS AES occurred sporadically in Rajasthan, samples should be tested first for herpes group of viruses followed by EV or/and for arboviruses depending on season or measles, mumps and RVs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aradhana Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hemant Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Farah Deeba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Khushbu Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anjenya M Swamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences and Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR Grade 1/ DHR State, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Kumar R, Patil RD. Cryptic etiopathological conditions of equine nervous system with special emphasis on viral diseases. Vet World 2017; 10:1427-1438. [PMID: 29391683 PMCID: PMC5771167 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1427-1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of horse (Equus caballus) to equine practitioners and researchers cannot be ignored. An unevenly distributed population of equids harbors numerous diseases, which can affect horses of any age and breed. Among these, the affections of nervous system are potent reason for death and euthanasia in equids. Many episodes associated with the emergence of equine encephalitic conditions have also pose a threat to human population as well, which signifies their pathogenic zoonotic potential. Intensification of most of the arboviruses is associated with sophisticated interaction between vectors and hosts, which supports their transmission. The alphaviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses are the major implicated groups of viruses involved with equines/humans epizootic/epidemic. In recent years, many outbreaks of deadly zoonotic diseases such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and Japanese encephalitis in many parts of the globe addresses their alarming significance. The equine encephalitic viruses differ in their global distribution, transmission and main vector species involved, as discussed in this article. The current review summarizes the status, pathogenesis, pathology, and impact of equine neuro-invasive conditions of viral origin. A greater understanding of these aspects might be able to provide development of advances in neuro-protective strategies in equine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra D Patil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Zhang HL, Ye HQ, Deng CL, Liu SQ, Shi PY, Qin CF, Yuan ZM, Zhang B. Generation and characterization of West Nile pseudo-infectious reporter virus for antiviral screening. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Paphitou NI, Tourvas A, Floridou D, Richter J, Tryfonos C, Christodoulou C. The first human case of neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection identified in Cyprus. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:891-893. [PMID: 28233724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus infection can pose a diagnostic challenge to clinicians, especially in geographic areas where human cases of this disease have never been encountered before. In August 2016, the first human case of West Nile virus infection was diagnosed in Cyprus. An elderly non immunosuppressed patient with a history of recent travel, presented with a clinical picture of rapidly progressing ascending paralysis mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neuroinvasive West Nile virus disease was diagnosed by detecting West Nile virus nucleic acid in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. Public health measures were taken raising awareness regarding this disease and its prevention. Clinical vigilance to consider West Nile virus as a possible emerging pathogen in the appropriate clinical setting is warranted and could benefit individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki I Paphitou
- Nicosia General Hospital Intensive Care Clinic, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | - Dora Floridou
- Nicosia General Hospital Intensive Care Clinic, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, 6 International Airport Ave., Agios Dometios, 2379 Nicosia Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jan Richter
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, 6 International Airport Ave., Agios Dometios, 2379 Nicosia Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Christina Tryfonos
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, 6 International Airport Ave., Agios Dometios, 2379 Nicosia Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, 6 International Airport Ave., Agios Dometios, 2379 Nicosia Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Fall G, Faye M, Weidmann M, Kaiser M, Dupressoir A, Ndiaye EH, Ba Y, Diallo M, Faye O, Sall AA. Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Genotyping of West Nile Virus Lineages Circulating in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:781-789. [PMID: 27710313 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging arbovirus, circulating worldwide between birds and mosquitoes, which impacts human and animal health. Since the mid-1990s, WNV outbreaks have emerged in Europe and America and represent currently the primary cause of encephalitis in the United States. WNV exhibits a great genetic diversity with at least eight different lineages circulating in the world, and four (1, 2, Koutango, and putative new) are present in Africa. These different WNV lineages are not readily differentiated by serology, and thus, rapid molecular tools are required for diagnostic. We developed here real-time RT-PCR assays for detection and genotyping of African WNV lineages. The specificity of the assays was tested using other flaviviruses circulating in Africa. The sensitivity was determined by testing serial 10-fold dilutions of viruses and RNA standards. The assays provided good specificity and sensitivity and the analytical detection limit was 10 copies/reaction. The RT-PCR assays allowed the detection and genotyping of all WNV isolates in culture medium, human serum, and vertebrate tissues, as well as in field and experimental mosquito samples. Comparing the ratios of genome copy number/infectious virion (plaque-forming units), our study finally revealed new insight on the replication of these different WNV lineages in mosquito cells. Our RT-PCR assays are the first ones allowing the genotyping of all WNV African variants, and this may have important applications in surveillance and epidemiology in Africa and also for monitoring of their emergence in Europe and other continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamou Fall
- 1 Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - Martin Faye
- 1 Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- 2 Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling , Stirling, Scotland
| | | | - Anne Dupressoir
- 1 Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - El Hadj Ndiaye
- 4 Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - Yamar Ba
- 4 Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- 4 Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- 1 Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- 1 Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar , Dakar, Senegal
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Kalaiyarasu S, Mishra N, Khetan RK, Singh VP. Serological evidence of widespread West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus infection in native domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var domesticus) in Kuttanad region, Kerala, India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 48:61-8. [PMID: 27638121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Birds can act as reservoirs of West Nile virus (WNV) with a key role in its epidemiology. WNV lineage 1 associated fatal cases of human encephalitis in 2011 and acute flaccid paralysis in 2013 were reported in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. But no information is available on WNV circulation in domestic ducks, which are abundant, cohabit with humans and occupy wetlands and water bodies in the region. To determine the extent of WNV infection, we investigated 209 sera, 250 oral and 350 cloacal swab samples from local Chara and Chemballi domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var domesticus) in the districts of Alappuzha, Kottayam, Kollam and Pathanamthitta collected during January and March 2015. The serum samples were tested for WNV antibodies first by a competition ELISA and then by a micro virus neutralization test (micro-VNT), while oral and cloacal swabs were subjected to WNV real-time RT-PCR. Ninety five ducks showed evidence of flavivirus antibodies by ELISA. End point neutralizing antibody titre against WNV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) revealed WNV specific antibodies in 24 (11.5%) ducks in 3 districts, JEV specific antibodies in 21 (10%) ducks in 2 districts and flavivirus specific antibodies in 19 (9%) ducks. However, no WNV genomic RNA could be detected. The results of this study demonstrate evidence of widespread WNV and JEV infection in domestic ducks in Kuttanad region, Kerala with a higher seroprevalence to WNV than JEV. Additionally, it highlights the utility of domestic ducks as a surveillance tool to detect WNV/JEV circulation in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India.
| | - Rohit Kumar Khetan
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
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David S, Abraham AM. Epidemiological and clinical aspects on West Nile virus, a globally emerging pathogen. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:571-86. [PMID: 27207312 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1164890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the isolation of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1937, in Uganda, it has spread globally, causing significant morbidity and mortality. While birds serve as amplifier hosts, mosquitoes of the Culex genus function as vectors. Humans and horses are dead end hosts. The clinical manifestations of West Nile infection in humans range from asymptomatic illness to West Nile encephalitis. METHODS The laboratory offers an array of tests, the preferred method being detection of RNA and serum IgM for WNV, which, if detected, confirms the clinical diagnosis. Although no definitive antiviral therapy and vaccine are available for humans, many approaches are being studied. STUDY This article will review the current literature of the natural cycle, geographical distribution, virology, replication cycle, molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, clinical manifestations, blood donor screening for WNV, treatment, prevention and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba David
- a Department of Clinical Virology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Asha Mary Abraham
- a Department of Clinical Virology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
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Balakrishnan A, Thekkekara RJ, Tandale BV. Outcomes of West Nile encephalitis patients after 1 year of West Nile encephalitis outbreak in Kerala, India: A follow-up study. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1856-61. [PMID: 27061922 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We reported an acute encephalitis syndrome outbreak in Alappuzha district in Kerala, India during the year 2011. The etiology was confirmed to be West Nile virus lineage 1. Many encephalitis patients from this outbreak exhibited neurological sequelae post recovery. This study was aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of West Nile encephalitis confirmed case-patients after 1 year of acute illness. Forty West Nile virus confirmed encephalitis patients were selected from the 2011 outbreak was included in this study. Out of 40 cases, only 30 survived after 12 months. Among these 30 recovered case-patients, 27 (90%) consented for clinical follow-up and 23 (73.67%) of them consented for assessment of cognitive impairment and deposition of blood sample for antibody testing. The most common symptom observed in these patients was fatigue (25.93%). Other symptoms included dizziness (7.4%), decreased sense of hearing (7.4%) and decreased sense of smell (7.4%). Reduced power in limbs was found in 33.33% of the cases. Most of the patients (23.1%) were dependent on others for normal daily living activities. The patients also had probable risk of poor cognition (29.41%) and dementia (57.14%). None of the patients were positive for WNV specific IgM at 12 months post onset of disease. The study concluded that the long-term sequelae were noticed in WNV positive patients. Prevention effort should be focused on the elderly (≥60 years old) people who have a higher risk of severe sequelae. The state health authorities should create awareness among people in order to prevent the transmission of disease. J. Med. Virol. 88:1856-1861, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukumar Balakrishnan
- National Institute of Virology-Kerala Unit, Government T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Romy Jose Thekkekara
- National Institute of Virology-Kerala Unit, Government T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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Pavitrakar DV, Ayachit VM, Mundhra S, Bondre VP. Development and characterization of reverse genetics system for the Indian West Nile virus lineage 1 strain 68856. J Virol Methods 2015; 226:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Barzon L, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Berto A, Trevisan M, Palù G. West Nile virus infection in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1373-86. [PMID: 26325613 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1083859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease in North America, Europe, and neighboring countries. Almost all WNV infections in humans are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Transmission during pregnancy and through breastfeeding has been reported, but the risk seems to be very low. West Nile disease in children is less common (1-5% of all WNV cases) and associated with milder symptoms and better outcome than in elderly individuals, even though severe neuroinvasive disease and death have been reported also among children. However, the incidence of WNV infection and disease in children is probably underestimated and the disease spectrum is not fully understood because of lack of reporting and underdiagnosis in children. Infection is diagnosed by detection of WNV-specific antibodies in serum and WNV RNA in plasma and urine. Since no effective WNV-specific drugs are available, therapy is mainly supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- b 2 Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Berto
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Lohitharajah J, Malavige GN, Chua AJS, Ng ML, Arambepola C, Chang T. Emergence of human West Nile Virus infection in Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:305. [PMID: 26227390 PMCID: PMC4521480 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) has emerged as one of the most common causes of epidemic meningoencephalitis worldwide. Most human infections are asymptomatic. However, neuroinvasive disease characterized by meningitis, encephalitis and/or acute flaccid paralysis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although outbreaks have been reported in Asia, human WNV infection has not been previously reported in Sri Lanka. METHODS Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 108 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of encephalitis admitted to two tertiary care hospitals in Colombo, Sri Lanka were screened for WNV IgM antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive results were confirmed using plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Patient data were obtained from medical records and by interviewing patients and care-givers. RESULTS Three of the 108 patients had WNV IgM antibody in serum and one had antibody in the CSF. The presence of WNV neutralizing antibodies was confirmed in two of the three patients using PRNT. Two patients had presented with the clinical syndrome of meningoencephalitis while one had presented with encephalitis. One patient had CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis, one had neutrophilic pleocytosis while CSF cell counts were normal in one. CSF protein showed marginal increase in two patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of human WNV infection identified in patients presenting with encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in Sri Lanka. There were no clinical, routine laboratory or radiological features that were distinguishable from other infectious causes of meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka.
| | - Anthony Jin Shun Chua
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Mah Lee Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Carukshi Arambepola
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Thashi Chang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.
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