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Mignini I, Piccirilli G, Termite F, Paratore M, Esposto G, Laterza L, Scaldaferri F, Ainora ME, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Potential Therapeutic Agents in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Cells 2023; 13:90. [PMID: 38201294 PMCID: PMC10778449 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) can nowadays benefit from a growing number of pharmacological options. However, in moderate-to-severe cases, the therapeutic response is still far from optimal, and treatment changes and optimizations are often required. Thus, researchers in this field are strongly engaged in studies aiming to identify new potential therapeutic targets. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny subcellular bodies with a phospholipid bilayer envelope containing bioactive molecules, which are released from different cells and are involved in intercellular communication. Recent pre-clinical data show their emerging role in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD. In our review, we summarize current evidence about the function of EVs as active therapeutic agents in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, analyzing the properties of EVs derived from different cellular sources and the mechanisms through which they may improve intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (G.P.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (G.E.); (L.L.); (F.S.); (M.E.A.); (A.G.)
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Camarca A, Rotondi Aufiero V, Mazzarella G. Role of Regulatory T Cells and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14434. [PMID: 37833882 PMCID: PMC10572745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated immune disease, in which gluten-derived peptides activate lamina propria effector CD4+ T cells. While this effector T cell subset produces proinflammatory cytokines, which cause substantial tissue injury in vivo, additional subsets of T cells exist with regulatory functions (Treg). These subsets include CD4+ type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) and CD4+ CD25+ T cells expressing the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) that may have important implications in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the effects of immunomodulating cytokines on CeD inflammatory status. Moreover, we outline the main Treg cell populations found in CeD and how their regulatory activity could be influenced by the intestinal microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the Treg therapeutic potential for the development of alternative strategies to the gluten-free diet (GFD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Camarca
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council—CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy (V.R.A.)
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council—CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy (V.R.A.)
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council—CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy (V.R.A.)
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Emerson AE, Slaby EM, Hiremath SC, Weaver JD. Biomaterial-based approaches to engineering immune tolerance. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7014-7032. [PMID: 33179649 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterial-based therapeutics to induce immune tolerance holds great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and graft rejection in transplantation. Historical approaches to treat these immunological challenges have primarily relied on systemic delivery of broadly-acting immunosuppressive agents that confer undesirable, off-target effects. The evolution and expansion of biomaterial platforms has proven to be a powerful tool in engineering immunotherapeutics and enabled a great diversity of novel and targeted approaches in engineering immune tolerance, with the potential to eliminate side effects associated with systemic, non-specific immunosuppressive approaches. In this review, we summarize the technological advances within three broad biomaterials-based strategies to engineering immune tolerance: nonspecific tolerogenic agent delivery, antigen-specific tolerogenic therapy, and the emergent area of tolerogenic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Emerson
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Ferrari D, Seveso A, Sabetta E, Ceriotti D, Carobene A, Banfi G, Locatelli M, Cabitza F. Role of time-normalized laboratory findings in predicting COVID-19 outcome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7:387-394. [PMID: 33035183 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The pandemic COVID-19 currently reached 213 countries worldwide with nearly 9 million infected people and more than 460,000 deaths. Although several Chinese studies, describing the laboratory findings characteristics of this illness have been reported, European data are still scarce. Furthermore, previous studies often analyzed the averaged laboratory findings collected during the entire hospitalization period, whereas monitoring their time-dependent variations should give more reliable prognostic information. Methods We analyzed the time-dependent variations of 14 laboratory parameters in two groups of COVID-19 patients with, respectively, a positive (40 patients) or a poor (42 patients) outcome, admitted to the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy). We focused mainly on laboratory parameters that are routinely tested, thus, prognostic information would be readily available even in low-resource settings. Results Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed for most of the laboratory findings analyzed. We showed that some parameters can be considered as early prognostic indicators whereas others exhibit statistically significant differences only at a later stage of the disease. Among them, earliest indicators were: platelets, lymphocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, white blood cells and neutrophils. Conclusions This longitudinal study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first study describing the laboratory characteristics of Italian COVID-19 patients on a normalized time-scale. The time-dependent prognostic value of the laboratory parameters analyzed in this study can be used by clinicians for the effective treatment of the patients and for the proper management of intensive care beds, which becomes a critical issue during the pandemic peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- SCVSA Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Seveso
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sabetta
- Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Ceriotti
- Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Carobene
- Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Caio G, Ciccocioppo R, Zoli G, De Giorgio R, Volta U. Therapeutic options for coeliac disease: What else beyond gluten-free diet? Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:130-137. [PMID: 31831308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a chronic and systemic autoimmune condition triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed subjects. Currently, the only effective treatment available is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. However, patients perceive gluten withdrawal as an unsustainable burden in their life and some of them can exhibit persistent symptoms despite a strict diet. Thus, gluten-free diet represents a challenge, leading scientists to look for alternative or complementary treatments. This review will focus on non-dietary therapies for coeliac disease highlighting six therapeutic strategies: (1) decreasing gluten immunogenic content before it reaches the intestine; (2) sequestering gluten in the gut lumen before absorption; (3) blocking the passage of gluten through a leaky intestinal barrier; (4) preventing the enhancement of immune response against gliadin; (5) dampening the downstream immune activation; (6) inducing immune tolerance to gluten. Most developing therapies are only in the pre-clinical phase with only a few being tested in phase 2b or 3 trials. Although new approaches raise the hope for coeliacs giving them a chance to come back to gluten, for the time being a cautionary appraisal of new therapies suggests that they may have a complementary role to gluten withdrawal, mainly to prevent inadvertent gluten contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Caio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G. B. Rossi and University of Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zoli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Volta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Scieces, University of Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The advent of cell therapies, mainly based on the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), represents a great step forward in the treatment of immune-mediated conditions. Here, we focus on those intestinal disorders wherein MSCs have been applied for immunotherapeutic purposes and whose results are available. RECENT FINDINGS By virtue of their ability to favour both tissue regeneration and immune tolerance, together with a substantial lack of immunogenicity, MSCs have gained huge attention in the last decade. Following abundant positive experimental data, a sizable number of clinical trials using MSCs as a new treatment in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases were carried out with promising results and several are still ongoing. The main indication was refractory Crohn's disease wherein both feasibility and safety clearly emerged when treating the luminal phenotype with intravenous infusion/s, albeit no definitive conclusion on efficacy may be drawn. By contrast, the availability of robust demonstration also on the efficacy when treating the fistulizing phenotype through local injection/s of MSCs has led to approval of the marketing of an industrial preparation (darvadstrocel). SUMMARY Successful clinical implementation of this attractive option is hampered by a number of obstacles arising from methodology and regulation issues, which require the institution of interdisciplinary task forces before this cell therapy becomes a bedside reality.
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Romano B, Lleo A, Sala E, D’Amico G, Marino DI, Ciccocioppo R, Vetrano S. Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Digestive System Disorders: Progress Made and Future Directions. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ciccocioppo R, Gallia A, Avanzini MA, Betti E, Picone C, Vanoli A, Paganini C, Biagi F, Maccario R, Corazza GR. A Refractory Celiac Patient Successfully Treated With Mesenchymal Stem Cell Infusions. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:812-9. [PMID: 27087453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type II refractory celiac disease (RCD), as defined according to the amount of aberrant intraepithelial lymphocytes, is a condition characterized by severe malabsorption syndrome and poor prognosis, with no effective treatment. Based on the regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), we investigated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of serial infusions of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs in a 51-year-old woman with type II RCD. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated, expanded, and characterized following standard protocols. Monitoring of the patient's malabsorption indexes, mucosal architecture, and percentage of aberrant intraepithelial lymphocytes was scheduled for the time of enrollment, at each infusion, and after 6 months. Determination of mucosal expression of interleukin (IL)-15 and its receptor was also performed. Expansion of MSCs was feasible, and the patient underwent 4 systemic infusions of 2 × 10(6) MSCs/kg body weight 4 months apart, without adverse effects. During the treatment period, she experienced gradual and durable amelioration of her general condition, with normalization of stool frequency, body mass index, laboratory test results, and mucosal architecture. Remarkably, the expression of IL-15 and its receptor almost completely disappeared. Thus, treatment of RCD with serial MSC infusions seems promising, leading to recovery from the life-threatening condition while blocking the IL-15 pathogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gallia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria A Avanzini
- Cell Factory and Research Laboratory-Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Betti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Picone
- Clinic Cytometry Laboratory-Department of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Biagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita Maccario
- Cell Factory and Research Laboratory-Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gino R Corazza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Ciccocioppo R, Cangemi GC, Kruzliak P, Corazza GR. Concise Review: Cellular Therapies: The Potential to Regenerate and Restore Tolerance in Immune-Mediated Intestinal Diseases. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1474-86. [PMID: 27016400 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies, including celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis, are lifelong disabling conditions whose cure is still an unmet need, despite the great strides made in understanding their complex pathogenesis. The advent of cellular therapies, mainly based on the use of stem cells, represents a great step forward thanks to their multitarget strategy. Both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have been employed in the treatment of refractory cases with promising results. The lack of immunogenicity makes MSC more suitable for therapeutic purposes as their infusion may be performed across histocompatibility locus antigen barriers without risk of rejection. The best outcome has been obtained when treating fistulizing Crohn's disease with local injections of MSC. In addition, both HSC and MSC proved successful in promoting regeneration of intestinal mucosa, and favoring the expansion of a T-cell regulatory subset. By virtue of the ability to favor mucosal homeostasis, this last cell population has been exploited in clinical trials, with inconsistent results. Finally, the recent identification of the epithelial stem cell marker has opened up the possibility of tissue engineering, with an array of potential applications for intestinal diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of action of these interconnected therapeutic strategies are still poorly understood. It is conceivable that over the next few years their role will become clearer as the biological interactions with injured tissues and the hierarchy by which they deliver their action are unraveled through a continuous moving from bench to bedside and vice versa. Stem Cells 2016;34:1474-1486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I, Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cristina Cangemi
- Clinica Medica I, Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Central Laboratories, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- Clinica Medica I, Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
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Gregorini M, Corradetti V, Rocca C, Pattonieri EF, Valsania T, Milanesi S, Serpieri N, Bedino G, Esposito P, Libetta C, Avanzini MA, Mantelli M, Ingo D, Peressini S, Albertini R, Dal Canton A, Rampino T. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prevent Renal Fibrosis in a Rat Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction by Suppressing the Renin-Angiotensin System via HuR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148542. [PMID: 26866372 PMCID: PMC4750962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) effects in experimental Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO), a fibrogenic renal disease. Rats were divided in 5 groups: sham, UUO, MSC treated-UUO, ACEi treated-UUO, MSC+ACEi treated- UUO. Data were collected at 1, 7, 21 days. UUO induced monocyte renal infiltration, tubular cell apoptosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and overexpression of TGFβ, Renin mRNA (RENmRNA), increase of Renin, Angiotensin II (AII) and aldosterone serum levels. Both lisinopril (ACEi) and MSC treatment prevented monocyte infiltration, reduced tubular cell apoptosis, renal fibrosis and TGFβ expression. Combined therapy provided a further suppression of monocyte infiltration and tubular injury. Lisinopril alone caused a rebound activation of Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), while MSC suppressed RENmRNA and Renin synthesis and induced a decrease of AII and aldosterone serum levels. Furthermore, in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments, MSC inhibit Human antigen R (HuR) trascription, an enhancer of RENmRNA stability by IL10 release. In conclusion, we demonstrate that in UUO MSC prevent fibrosis, by decreasing HuR-dependent RENmRNA stability. Our findings give a clue to understand the molecular mechanism through which MSC may prevent fibrosis in a wide and heterogeneous number of diseases that share RAS activation as common upstream pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Gregorini
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Corradetti
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Rocca
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Francesca Pattonieri
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Valsania
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Samantha Milanesi
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Serpieri
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Bedino
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmelo Libetta
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Mantelli
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Ingo
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Peressini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Albertini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Dal Canton
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Rampino
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Dietary protein ingested before and during short photoperiods makes an impact on affect-related behaviours and plasma composition of amino acids in mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1734-43. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn mammals, short photoperiod is associated with high depression- and anxiety-like behaviours with low levels of the brain serotonin and its precursor tryptophan (Trp). Because the brain Trp levels are regulated by its ratio to large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAA) in circulation, this study elucidated whether diets of various protein sources that contain different Trp:LNAA affect depression- and anxiety-like behaviours in C57BL/6J mice under short-day conditions (SD). In the control mice on a casein diet, time spent in the central area in the open field test (OFT) was lower in the mice under SD than in those under long-day conditions (LD), indicating that SD exposure induces anxiety-like behaviour. The SD-induced anxiety-like behaviour was countered by an α-lactalbumin diet given under SD. In the mice that were on a gluten diet before transition to SD, the time spent in the central area in the OFT under SD was higher than that in the SD control mice. Alternatively, mice that ingested soya protein before the transition to SD had lower immobility in the forced swim test, a depression-like behaviour, compared with the SD control. Analysis of Trp:LNAA revealed lower Trp:LNAA in the SD control compared with the LD control, which was counteracted by an α-lactalbumin diet under SD. Furthermore, mice on gluten or soya protein diets before transition to SD exhibited high Trp:LNAA levels in plasma under SD. In conclusion, ingestion of specific proteins at different times relative to photoperiodic transition may modulate anxiety- and/or depression-like behaviours, partially through changes in plasma Trp:LNAA.
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Mesenchymal stromal cells to control donor-specific memory T cells in solid organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 20:79-85. [PMID: 25563995 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising cell therapy to promote transplant tolerance, as they influence many cells involved in immune response. Herein, we review recent evidence on the ability of MSCs to inhibit antigen-induced memory T cell response in vitro and in preclinical studies as well as immunological studies in kidney transplant recipients highlighting the effects of MSC therapy on memory CD8 T-cell proliferation and function. RECENT FINDINGS MSCs are able to inhibit in-vitro proliferation and effector functions of memory T cells in response to auto-antigen and allo-antigen stimulation. MSC infusion in animal transplant models resulted in a skew of the balance between regulatory T cells and effector/memory T cells towards a pro-tolerogenic profile. MSC in clinical transplantation is in its infancy and limited numbers of clinical studies have performed immunomonitoring of MSC-treated patients. However, available data support the capability of MSCs to control effector/memory CD8 T-cell proliferation and donor-specific CD8 T-cell function long lasting in kidney transplant setting. SUMMARY Recent studies of MSCs in kidney transplantation highlight the anticipated add-on value of the immunomodulatory properties of bone marrow derived MSCs in persistently inhibiting donor-specific effector/memory CD8 T cells, an effect not shared by the current immunosuppressive drugs.
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Ciccocioppo R, Cangemi GC, Roselli EA, Kruzliak P. Are stem cells a potential therapeutic tool in coeliac disease? Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1317-29. [PMID: 25511197 PMCID: PMC11113911 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing understanding of its pathogenesis, the treatment of coeliac disease is still based on a lifelong gluten-free diet that, although efficacious, is troublesome for affected patients, and a definitive cure is still an unmet need. In this regard, the development of new chemical- and biological-derived agents has often resulted in unsatisfactory effects when tested in vivo, probably because of their ability to target only a single pathway, whilst the immunological cascade responsible for tissue injury is complex and redundant. The advent of cellular therapies, mainly based on the use of stem cells, is an emerging area of interest since it has the advantage of a multi-target strategy. Both haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells have been employed in the treatment of refractory patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, with promising results. However, the lack of immunogenicity makes mesenchymal stem cells more suitable than their haematopoietic counterpart, since their transplantation may be performed in the absence of a myeloablative conditioning regimen. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to harbour strong modulatory effects on almost all cells involved in immune response, together with a potent regenerative action. It is therefore conceivable that over the next few years their therapeutic use will increase as their biological interactions with injured tissues become clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Center for the Study and Cure of Coeliac Disease, Clinica Medica I, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cristina Cangemi
- Center for the Study and Cure of Coeliac Disease, Clinica Medica I, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Anna Roselli
- Center for the Study and Cure of Coeliac Disease, Clinica Medica I, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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