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López-Fernández A, Codinach M, Coca MI, Prat-Vidal C, Castaño J, Torrents S, Aran G, Rodríguez L, Querol S, Vives J. Comparability exercise of critical quality attributes of clinical-grade human mesenchymal stromal cells from the Wharton's jelly: single-use stirred tank bioreactors versus planar culture systems. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:418-426. [PMID: 37715777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The increasing demand of clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for use in advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) require a re-evaluation of manufacturing strategies, ensuring scalability from two-dimensional (2D) surfaces to volumetric (3D) productivities. Herein we describe the design and validation of a Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant 3D culture methodology using microcarriers and 3-L single-use stirred tank bioreactors (STRs) for the expansion of Wharton's jelly (WJ)-derived MSCs in accordance to current regulatory and quality requirements. METHODS MSC,WJ were successfully expanded in 3D and final product characterization was in conformity with Critical Quality Attributes and product specifications previously established for 2D expansion conditions. RESULTS After 6 days of culture, cell yields in the final product from the 3D cultures (mean 9.48 × 108 ± 1.07 × 107 cells) were slightly lower but comparable with those obtained from 2D surfaces (mean 9.73 × 108 ± 2.36 × 108 cells) after 8 days. In all analyzed batches, viability was >90%. Immunophenotype of MSC,WJ was highly positive for CD90 and CD73 markers and lacked of expression of CD31, CD45 and HLA-DR. Compared with 2D expansions, CD105 was detected at lower levels in 3D cultures due to the harvesting procedure from microcarriers involving trypsin at high concentration, and this had no impact on multipotency. Cells presented normal karyotype and strong immunomodulatory potential in vitro. Sterility, Mycoplasma, endotoxin and adventitious virus were negative in both batches produced. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we demonstrated the establishment of a feasible and reproducible 3D bioprocess using single-use STR for clinical-grade MSC,WJ production and provide evidence supporting comparability of 3D versus 2D production strategies. This comparability exercise evaluates the direct implementation of using single-use STR for the scale-up production of MSC,WJ and, by extension, other cell types intended for allogeneic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba López-Fernández
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain; Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarita Codinach
- Laboratori Cel·lular, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Coca
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat-Vidal
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Castaño
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Torrents
- Laboratori Cel·lular, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aran
- Laboratori Cel·lular, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Rodríguez
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Querol
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain; Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Sun C, Serra C, Kalicharan BH, Harding J, Rao M. Challenges and Considerations of Preclinical Development for iPSC-Based Myogenic Cell Therapy. Cells 2024; 13:596. [PMID: 38607035 PMCID: PMC11011706 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising avenue in the field of regenerative medicine due to iPSCs' expandability, immune compatibility, and pluripotent potential. An increasing number of preclinical and clinical trials have been carried out, exploring the application of iPSC-based therapies for challenging diseases, such as muscular dystrophies. The unique syncytial nature of skeletal muscle allows stem/progenitor cells to integrate, forming new myonuclei and restoring the expression of genes affected by myopathies. This characteristic makes genome-editing techniques especially attractive in these therapies. With genetic modification and iPSC lineage specification methodologies, immune-compatible healthy iPSC-derived muscle cells can be manufactured to reverse the progression of muscle diseases or facilitate tissue regeneration. Despite this exciting advancement, much of the development of iPSC-based therapies for muscle diseases and tissue regeneration is limited to academic settings, with no successful clinical translation reported. The unknown differentiation process in vivo, potential tumorigenicity, and epigenetic abnormality of transplanted cells are preventing their clinical application. In this review, we give an overview on preclinical development of iPSC-derived myogenic cell transplantation therapies including processes related to iPSC-derived myogenic cells such as differentiation, scaling-up, delivery, and cGMP compliance. And we discuss the potential challenges of each step of clinical translation. Additionally, preclinical model systems for testing myogenic cells intended for clinical applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Sun
- Vita Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD 21043, USA (M.R.)
| | - Carlo Serra
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Mahendra Rao
- Vita Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD 21043, USA (M.R.)
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3
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Madrigal M, Fernández PL, Lleonart R, Carreño L, Villalobos Gorday KA, Rodríguez E, de Cupeiro K, Restrepo CM, Rao KSJ, Riordan NH. Comparison of Cost and Potency of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Conditioned Medium Derived from 2- and 3-Dimensional Cultures. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:930. [PMID: 37627815 PMCID: PMC10451979 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived products, such as trophic factors (MTFs), have anti-inflammatory properties that make them attractive for cell-free treatment. Three-dimensional (3D) culture can enhance these properties, and large-scale expansion using a bioreactor can reduce manufacturing costs. Three lots of MTFs were obtained from umbilical cord MSCs produced by either monolayer culture (Monol MTF) or using a 3D microcarrier in a spinner flask dynamic system (Bioreactor MTF). The resulting MTFs were tested and compared using anti-inflammatory potency assays in two different systems: (1) a phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) system and (2) a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage system. Cytokine expression by macrophages was measured via RT-PCR. The production costs of hypothetical units of anti-inflammatory effects were calculated using the percentage of TNF-α inhibition by MTF exposure. Bioreactor MTFs had a higher inhibitory effect on TNF (p < 0.01) than monolayer MTFs (p < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory effect of Bioreactor MTFs on IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, and MIP-1 was significantly higher than that of monolayer MTFs. The production cost of 1% inhibition of TNF-α was 11-40% higher using monolayer culture compared to bioreactor-derived MTFs. A 3D dynamic culture was, therefore, able to produce high-quality MTFs, with robust anti-inflammatory properties, more efficiently than monolayer static systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Madrigal
- MediStem Panama Inc., Panama City 7144, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 7144, Panama
| | - Patricia L. Fernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 7144, Panama
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 7144, Panama
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos M. Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 7144, Panama
| | - K. S. Jagannatha Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Konenru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF) deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram 522302, India
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4
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Simão VA, Brand H, da Silveira-Antunes RN, Fukasawa JT, Leme J, Tonso A, Ribeiro-Paes JT. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) culture in spinner flask: improving the parameters of culture in a microcarrier-based system. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03367-x. [PMID: 37171697 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Prior to clinical use, extensive in vitro proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is required. Among the current options, spinner-type stirred flasks, which use microcarriers to increase the yield of adherent cells, are recommended. Here, we propose a methodology for ASCs proliferation through cell suspension culture using Cultispher-S® microcarriers (MC) under agitation in a spinner flask, with the aim of establishing a system that reconciles the efficiency of cell yield with high viability of the culture during two distinct phases: seeding and proliferation. The results showed that cell adhesion was potentiated under intermittent stirring at 70 rpm in the presence of 10% FBS for an initial cell concentration of 2.4 × 104 cells/mL in the initial 24 h of cultivation. In the proliferation phase, kinetic analysis showed that cell growth was higher under continuous agitation at 50 rpm with a culture medium renewal regime of 50% every 72 h, which was sufficient to maintain the culture at optimal levels of nutrients and metabolites for up to nine days of cultivation, representing an 11.1-fold increase and a maximum cell productivity of 422 cells/mL/h (1.0 × 105 viable cells/mL). ASCs maintained the immunophenotypic characteristics and mesodermal differentiation potential of both cell lines from different donors. The established protocol represents a more efficient and cost-effective method to obtain a high proliferation rate of ASCs in a microcarrier-based system, which is necessary for large-scale use in cell therapy, highlighting that the manipulation of critical parameters optimizes the ASCs production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Heloisa Brand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Letters, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jaci Leme
- Center for Development and Innovation, Laboratory of Viral Biotechnology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldo Tonso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Tadeu Ribeiro-Paes
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Letters, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Man K, Eisenstein NM, Hoey DA, Cox SC. Bioengineering extracellular vesicles: smart nanomaterials for bone regeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:137. [PMID: 37106449 PMCID: PMC10134574 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key regulators of bone development, homeostasis and repair. EV-based therapies have the potential to circumnavigate key issues hindering the translation of cell-based therapies including functional tissue engraftment, uncontrolled differentiation and immunogenicity issues. Due to EVs' innate biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high physiochemical stability, these naturally-derived nanoparticles have garnered growing interest as potential acellular nanoscale therapeutics for a variety of diseases. Our increasing knowledge of the roles these cell-derived nanoparticles play, has made them an exciting focus in the development of novel pro-regenerative therapies for bone repair. Although these nano-sized vesicles have shown promise, their clinical translation is hindered due to several challenges in the EV supply chain, ultimately impacting therapeutic efficacy and yield. From the biochemical and biophysical stimulation of parental cells to the transition to scalable manufacture or maximising vesicles therapeutic response in vivo, a multitude of techniques have been employed to improve the clinical efficacy of EVs. This review explores state of the art bioengineering strategies to promote the therapeutic utility of vesicles beyond their native capacity, thus maximising the clinical potential of these pro-regenerative nanoscale therapeutics for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil M Eisenstein
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Centre, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
- Dept. of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02 DK07, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, D02 VN51, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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6
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Melo-Fonseca F, Carvalho O, Gasik M, Miranda G, Silva FS. Mechanical stimulation devices for mechanobiology studies: a market, literature, and patents review. Biodes Manuf 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-023-00232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSignificant advancements in various research and technological fields have contributed to remarkable findings on the physiological dynamics of the human body. To more closely mimic the complex physiological environment, research has moved from two-dimensional (2D) culture systems to more sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) dynamic cultures. Unlike bioreactors or microfluidic-based culture models, cells are typically seeded on polymeric substrates or incorporated into 3D constructs which are mechanically stimulated to investigate cell response to mechanical stresses, such as tensile or compressive. This review focuses on the working principles of mechanical stimulation devices currently available on the market or custom-built by research groups or protected by patents and highlights the main features still open to improvement. These are the features which could be focused on to perform, in the future, more reliable and accurate mechanobiology studies.
Graphic abstract
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7
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Commercially Available Textiles as a Scaffolding Platform for Large-Scale Cell Culture. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:2227509. [PMID: 36909982 PMCID: PMC9995198 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2227509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study outlines the evaluation of textile materials that are currently in the market for cell culture applications. By using normal LaserJet printing techniques, we created the substrates, which were then characterized physicochemically and biologically. In particular, (i) we found that the weave pattern and (ii) the chemical nature of the textiles significantly influenced the behaviour of the cells. Textiles with closely knitted fibers and cell adhesion motifs, exhibited better cell adhesion and proliferation over a period of 7 days. All the substrates supported good viability of cells (>80%). We believe that these aspects make commercially available textiles as a potential candidate for large-scale culture of adherent cells.
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8
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Gao W, Xiao L, Wang J, Mu Y, Mendhi J, Gao W, Li Z, Yarlagadda P, Wu R, Xiao Y. The hollow porous sphere cell carrier for the dynamic 3D cell culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:610-622. [PMID: 36127859 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale mammalian cell culture is essential in stem cell-based therapy, the production of the vaccine, and the manufacturing of therapeutic protein drugs. Due to the adherent growth characteristic of most mammalian cell types, the combination of cell carrier and bioreactor is a common choice in large-scale mammalian cell culture. Cell carriers are usually developed by polymer crosslinking, lithography, and emulsion drops; however, all these methods are difficult to control the uniformed porous structure and porous interior design. Therefore, unable to optimize the dynamic culture condition for cell proliferation, matrix production, and cell differentiation. Here we use fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology to fabricate hollow porous spheres (HPS), based on which a novel dynamic 3D culture system has been established. In the meantime, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to study liquid flow behaviour in HPS. A dynamic cell seeding was developed and refined using the 3D culture system, which increased 32% (roughly) seeding efficiency compared to the traditional static cell seeding method. The cell proliferation analysis demonstrated that HPSs could speed up cell growth in dynamic cell culture. The HPS with a honeycomb-like structure showed the highest inner pore velocity (CFD analysis) and achieved the fastest cell proliferation and the highest cell viability. Overall, our study, for the first time, developed a 3D printed HPS cell culture device with a uniformed porous structure, which can effectively facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation in the dynamic cultural environment, thereby could be considered an ideal carrier candidate for the manufacturing of cells and cell-based products. Furthermore, this study provides a novel 3D dynamic culture system that can be further applied in cell culture and research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Gao
- Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059;
| | - Lan Xiao
- nstitute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Queensland, Australia, 526-05, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Queensland, Australia, 4059;
| | - Jiaqiu Wang
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Yuqing Mu
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | | | - Wendong Gao
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Prasad Yarlagadda
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Robert Wu
- Chinese academy of Science, shanghai, China;
| | - Yin Xiao
- Queensland University of Technology, Institrute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia, 4059.,Australia;
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Zhang J, Peng Y, Guo M, Li C. Large-Scale Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Stirred Suspension Bioreactor Enabled by Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070274. [PMID: 35877325 PMCID: PMC9312327 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) hold great potential to generate novel and curative cell therapy products. However, the current large-scale cultivation of hUCMSCs is based on empirical geometry-dependent methods, limiting the generation of high-quantity and high-quality hUCMSCs for clinical therapy. Herein, we develop a novel scale-up strategy based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to effectively expand the hUCMSCs in a 3D tank bioreactor. Using a standardized hUCMSCs line on microcarriers, we successfully translated and expanded the hUCMSCs from a 200 mL spinner flask to a 1.5 L computer-controlled bioreactor by matching the shear environment and suspending the microcarrier. Experimental results revealed that the batch-cultured hUCMSCs in bioreactors with an agitation speed of 40 rpm shared a more favorable growth and physiological state, similar to that run at 45 rpm in a 200 mL spinner flask, showing comparability in both culture systems. Notably, the maximum cell density reached up to 27.3 × 105 cells/mL in fed-batch culture, 2.9 folds of that of batch culture and 20.2 times of seeding cells. As such, efficient process optimization and scale-up expansion of hUCMSCs were achieved in the microcarrier-based bioreactor system by the developed CFD simulation strategy, which provided an alternative toolbox to generate massive and standardized curative cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chao Li
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (C.L.)
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10
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Rivera-Ordaz A, Peli V, Manzini P, Barilani M, Lazzari L. Critical Analysis of cGMP Large-Scale Expansion Process in Bioreactors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Framework of Quality by Design. BioDrugs 2021; 35:693-714. [PMID: 34727354 PMCID: PMC8561684 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are manufactured as advanced therapy medicinal products for tissue replacement applications. With this aim, the feasibility of hiPSC large-scale expansion in existing bioreactor systems under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has been tested. Yet, these attempts have lacked a paradigm shift in culture settings and technologies tailored to hiPSCs, which jeopardizes their clinical translation. The best approach for industrial scale-up of high-quality hiPSCs is to design their manufacturing process by following quality-by-design (QbD) principles: a scientific, risk-based framework for process design based on relating product and process attributes to product quality. In this review, we analyzed the hiPSC expansion manufacturing process implementing the QbD approach in the use of bioreactors, stressing the decisive role played by the cell quantity, quality and costs, drawing key QbD concepts directly from the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Ordaz
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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11
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Abou-El-Enein M, Elsallab M, Feldman SA, Fesnak AD, Heslop HE, Marks P, Till BG, Bauer G, Savoldo B. Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:408-422. [PMID: 34568831 PMCID: PMC8462122 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As of April 2021, there are five commercially available chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for hematological malignancies. With the current transition of CAR T cell manufacturing from academia to industry, there is a shift toward Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant closed and automated systems to ensure reproducibility and to meet the increased demand for cancer patients. In this review we describe current CAR T cells clinical manufacturing models and discuss emerging technological advances that embrace scaling and production optimization. We summarize measures being used to shorten CAR T-cell manufacturing times and highlight regulatory challenges to scaling production for clinical use. Statement of Significance ∣ As the demand for CAR T cell cancer therapy increases, several closed and automated production platforms are being deployed, and others are in development.This review provides a critical appraisal of these technologies that can be leveraged to scale and optimize the production of next generation CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-El-Enein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Joint USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Magdi Elsallab
- Joint USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Andrew D Fesnak
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Marks
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Brian G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Institute for Regenerative Cures (IRC), University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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12
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Zhu L, Wang Z, Xia H, Yu H. Design and Fabrication of the Vertical-Flow Bioreactor for Compaction Hepatocyte Culture in Drug Testing Application. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11050160. [PMID: 34069382 PMCID: PMC8158682 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The perfusion culture of primary hepatocytes has been widely adopted to build bioreactors for various applications. As a drug testing platform, a unique vertical-flow bioreactor (VfB) array was found to create the compaction culture of hepatocytes which mimicked the mechanic microenvironment in vivo while maintaining the 3D cell morphology in a 2D culture setup and enhancing the hepatic functions for a sustained culture. Here, we report the methodology in designing and fabricating the VfB to reach ideal bioreactor requirements, optimizing the VfB as a prototype for drug testing, and to demonstrate the enhanced hepatic function so as to demonstrate the performance of the bioreactor. This device enables the modular, scalable, and manufacturable construction of a functional drug testing platform through the sustained maintenance of model cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-04 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore; (L.Z.); (H.X.)
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
| | - Huanming Xia
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-04 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore; (L.Z.); (H.X.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei St., Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #10-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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13
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Garcia-Aponte OF, Herwig C, Kozma B. Lymphocyte expansion in bioreactors: upgrading adoptive cell therapy. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:13. [PMID: 33849630 PMCID: PMC8042697 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are essential tools for the development of efficient and high-quality cell therapy products. However, their application is far from full potential, holding several challenges when reconciling the complex biology of the cells to be expanded with the need for a manufacturing process that is able to control cell growth and functionality towards therapy affordability and opportunity. In this review, we discuss and compare current bioreactor technologies by performing a systematic analysis of the published data on automated lymphocyte expansion for adoptive cell therapy. We propose a set of requirements for bioreactor design and identify trends on the applicability of these technologies, highlighting the specific challenges and major advancements for each one of the current approaches of expansion along with the opportunities that lie in process intensification. We conclude on the necessity to develop targeted solutions specially tailored for the specific stimulation, supplementation and micro-environmental needs of lymphocytes’ cultures, and the benefit of applying knowledge-based tools for process control and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fabian Garcia-Aponte
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bence Kozma
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Baudequin T, Nyland R, Ye H. Objectives, benefits and challenges of bioreactor systems for the clinical-scale expansion of T lymphocyte cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107735. [PMID: 33781889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies based on T cell have gathered interest over the last decades for treatment of cancers, becoming recently the most investigated lineage for clinical trials. Although results of adoptive cell therapies are very promising, obtaining large batches of T cell at clinical scale is still challenging nowadays. We propose here a review study focusing on how bioreactor systems could increase expansion rates of T cell culture specifically towards efficient, reliable and reproducible cell therapies. After describing the specificities of T cell culture, in particular activation, phenotypical characterization and cell density considerations, we detail the main objectives of bioreactors in this context, namely scale-up, GMP-compliance and reduced time and costs. Then, we report recent advances on the different classes of bioreactor systems commonly investigated for non-adherent cell expansion, in comparison with the current "gold standard" of T cell culture (flasks and culture bag). Results obtained with hollow fibres, G-Rex® flasks, Wave bioreactor, multiple-step bioreactors, spinner flasks as well as original homemade designs are discussed to highlight advantages and drawbacks in regards to T cells' specificities. Although there is currently no consensus on an optimal bioreactor, overall, most systems reviewed here can improve T cell culture towards faster, easier and/or cheaper protocols. They also offer strong outlooks towards automation, process control and complete closed systems, which could be mandatory developments for a massive clinical breakthrough. However, proper controls are sometimes lacking to conclude clearly on the features leading to the progresses regarding cell expansion, and the field could benefit from process engineering methods, such as quality by design, to perform multi parameters studies and face these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Baudequin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Robin Nyland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
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15
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Han SY, Lee EM, Lee J, Lee H, Kwon AM, Ryu KY, Choi WS, Baek EJ. Red cell manufacturing using parallel stirred-tank bioreactors at the final stages of differentiation enhances reticulocyte maturation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1763-1778. [PMID: 33491764 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a robust, quality controlled, and reproducible erythroid culture system to obtain high numbers of mature erythroblasts and red blood cells (RBCs). This was achieved using a fully controlled stirred-tank bioreactor by the design of experiments (DOE) methods in the serum-free medium by defining the appropriate culture parameters. Human cord blood CD34+ cells were first cultured in static flasks and then inoculated to stirred-tank bioreactors. Cell diameter was gradually decreased and final RBC yields were significantly higher when cells were inoculated at sizes smaller than 12 μm. The larger immature cells in the basophilic stage did not survive, while smaller mature erythroid cells were successfully expanded at high agitation speeds, demonstrating that appropriate seeding timing is critical. A high inoculation cell density of 5 × 106 cells/ml was achieved reaching 1.5 × 107 cells/ml. By using DOE analysis fitted to precise stages of erythropoiesis, we were able to acquire the optimal culture parameters for pH (7.5), temperature (37°C), dissolved oxygen, agitation speed (500 rpm), inoculation timing (cell diameter 12-13 μm), media feeding regimen, and cell seeding density (5 × 106 cells/ml). The final pure RBCs showed appropriate functions compared with fresh donor RBCs, confirming that manufacturing mature RBCs with reproducibility is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Han
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghan Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Amy M Kwon
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Laboratory, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biostatistics Core, Medicine-Engineering-Bio (MEB) Center, Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Ryu
- Departmemt of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Baek
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zhong Z, Deng X, Wang P, Yu C, Kiratitanaporn W, Wu X, Schimelman J, Tang M, Balayan A, Yao E, Tian J, Chen L, Zhang K, Chen S. Rapid bioprinting of conjunctival stem cell micro-constructs for subconjunctival ocular injection. Biomaterials 2021; 267:120462. [PMID: 33129190 PMCID: PMC7719077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases including conjunctival disorders are multifactorial progressive conditions that can severely affect vision and quality of life. In recent years, stem cell therapies based on conjunctival stem cells (CjSCs) have become a potential solution for treating ocular surface diseases. However, neither an efficient culture of CjSCs nor the development of a minimally invasive ocular surface CjSC transplantation therapy has been reported. Here, we developed a robust in vitro expansion method for primary rabbit-derived CjSCs and applied digital light processing (DLP)-based bioprinting to produce CjSC-loaded hydrogel micro-constructs for injectable delivery. Expansion medium containing small molecule cocktail generated fast dividing and highly homogenous CjSCs for more than 10 passages in feeder-free culture. Bioprinted hydrogel micro-constructs with tunable mechanical properties enabled the 3D culture of CjSCs while supporting viability, stem cell phenotype, and differentiation potency into conjunctival goblet cells. These hydrogel micro-constructs were well-suited for scalable dynamic suspension culture of CjSCs and were successfully delivered to the bulbar conjunctival epithelium via minimally invasive subconjunctival injection. This work integrates novel cell culture strategies with bioprinting to develop a clinically relevant injectable-delivery approach for CjSCs towards the stem cell therapies for the treatment of ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wisarut Kiratitanaporn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Min Tang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alis Balayan
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Emmie Yao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Luwen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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17
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Jiang G, Ameer K, Kim H, Lee EJ, Ramachandraiah K, Hong GP. Strategies for Sustainable Substitution of Livestock Meat. Foods 2020; 9:E1227. [PMID: 32899106 PMCID: PMC7555167 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly discernible everywhere, and initiatives have been taken worldwide to mitigate climate change. In agriculture, particularly meat production from the livestock sector is known to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that drive climate change. Thus, to mitigate climate impact, strategies that include a shift in consumption patterns, technological advancements and reduction in food wastes/losses have been discussed. In this review, strategies that focus on meat consumption patterns are evaluated from the technological feasibility, environmental impact and consumer acceptance viewpoints. While plant-based substitutes have efficient nutrient conversion and lower GHG emissions, consumer perception, cost, and other trade-offs exist. Although cultured meat precludes the need of any animals and large land areas, its environmental impact is not clear and is contingent upon production systems and the achievement of decarbonization. Reducing wastes and the re-use of meat processing by-products have the potential to lower the environmental impact. Valuable proteins, heat, electricity and biofuels extracted from wastes and by-products not only reduce the disposal of wastes but also offset some GHG emissions. Perception related challenges that exist for all substitution strategies require specific consumer target marketing strategies. Policy measures such as taxation of meat products and subsidies for alternatives are also met with challenges, thereby requiring reforms or new policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihun Jiang
- School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China;
| | - Kashif Ameer
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan;
| | - Honggyun Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (H.K.); (E.-J.L.)
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (H.K.); (E.-J.L.)
| | - Karna Ramachandraiah
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (H.K.); (E.-J.L.)
| | - Geun-Pyo Hong
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (H.K.); (E.-J.L.)
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18
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Smith D, Heathman TRJ, Klarer A, LeBlon C, Tada Y, Hampson B. Towards Automated Manufacturing for Cell Therapies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2020; 14:278-285. [PMID: 31254154 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-019-00522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many cell therapy products are beginning to reach the commercial finish line and a rapidly escalating pipeline of products are in clinical development. The need to develop manufacturing capability that will support a successful commercial business model has become a top priority as many cell therapy developers look to secure long-term visions to enable both funding and treatment success. RECENT FINDINGS Manufacturing automation is both highly compelling and very challenging at the same time as a key tactic to address quality, cost of goods, scale, and sustainability that are fundamental drivers for commercially viable manufacturing. This paper presents an overview and strategic drivers for application of automation to cell therapy manufacturing. It also explores unique automation considerations for patient-specific cell therapy (PSCT) where each full-scale lot is for one patient vs off-the-shelf cell therapy (OTSCT) where a full-scale lot will treat many patients, and finally some practical considerations for implementing automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions LLC, Allendale, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Alex Klarer
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions LLC, Allendale, NJ, USA
| | - Courtney LeBlon
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions LLC, Allendale, NJ, USA
| | | | - Brian Hampson
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions LLC, Allendale, NJ, USA
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19
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Hunsberger J, Simon C, Zylberberg C, Ramamoorthy P, Tubon T, Bedi R, Gielen K, Hansen C, Fischer L, Johnson J, Baraniak P, Mahdavi B, Pereira T, Hadjisavas M, Eaker S, Miller C. Improving patient outcomes with regenerative medicine: How the Regenerative Medicine Manufacturing Society plans to move the needle forward in cell manufacturing, standards, 3D bioprinting, artificial intelligence-enabled automation, education, and training. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:728-733. [PMID: 32222115 PMCID: PMC7308637 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Regenerative Medicine Manufacturing Society (RMMS) is the first and only professional society dedicated toward advancing manufacturing solutions for the field of regenerative medicine. RMMS's vision is to provide greater patient access to regenerative medicine therapies through innovative manufacturing solutions. Our mission is to identify unmet needs and gaps in regenerative medicine manufacturing and catalyze the generation of new ideas and solutions by working with private and public stakeholders. We aim to accomplish our mission through outreach and education programs and securing grants for public-private collaborations in regenerative medicine manufacturing. This perspective will cover four impact areas that the society's leadership team has identified as critical: (a) cell manufacturing and scale-up/out, respectively, for allogeneic and autologous cell therapies, (b) standards for regenerative medicine, (c) 3D bioprinting, and (d) artificial intelligence-enabled automation. In addition to covering these areas and ways in which the society intends to advance the field in a collaborative nature, we will also discuss education and training. Education and training is an area that is critical for communicating the current challenges, developing solutions to accelerate the commercialization of the latest technological advances, and growing the workforce in the rapidly expanding sector of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hunsberger
- Regenerative Medicine Manufacturing SocietyWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Carl Simon
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | | | | | | | - Ram Bedi
- University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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20
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Borys BS, So T, Roberts EL, Ferrie L, Larijani L, Abraham B, Krawetz R, Rancourt DE, Kallos MS. Large-scale expansion of feeder-free mouse embryonic stem cells serially passaged in stirred suspension bioreactors at low inoculation densities directly from cryopreservation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1316-1328. [PMID: 31960947 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have almost unlimited proliferation capacity in vitro and can retain the ability to contribute to all cell lineages, making them an ideal platform material for cell-based therapies. ESCs are traditionally cultured in static flasks on a feeder layer of murine embryonic fibroblast cells. Although sufficient to generate cells for research purposes, this approach is impractical to achieve large quantities for clinical applications. In this study, we have developed protocols that address a variety of challenges that currently bottleneck clinical translation of ESCs expanded in stirred suspension bioreactors. We demonstrated that mouse ESCs (mESCs) cryopreserved in the absence of feeder cells could be thawed directly into stirred suspension bioreactors at extremely low inoculation densities (100 cells/ml). These cells sustained proliferative capacity through multiple passages and various reactor sizes and geometries, producing clinically relevant numbers (109 cells) and maintaining pluripotency phenotypic and functional properties. Passages were completed in stirred suspension bioreactors of increasing scale, under defined batch conditions which greatly improved resource efficiency. Output mESCs were analyzed for pluripotency marker expression (SSEA-1, SOX-2, and Nanog) through flow cytometry, and spontaneous differentiation and teratoma analysis was used to demonstrate functional maintenance of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin L Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leah Ferrie
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leila Larijani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brett Abraham
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Expansion processes for cell-based therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107455. [PMID: 31629791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Living cells are emerging as therapeutic entities for the treatment of patients affected with severe and chronic diseases where no conventional drug can provide a definitive cure. At the same time, the promise of cell-based therapies comes with several biological, regulatory, economic, logistical, safety and engineering challenges that need to be addressed before translating into clinical practice. Among the complex operations required for their manufacturing, cell expansion occupies a significant part of the entire process and largely determines the number, the phenotype and several other critical quality attributes of the final cell therapy products (CTPs). This review aims at characterizing the main culture systems and expansion processes used for CTP production, highlighting the need to implement scalable, cost-efficient technologies together with process optimization strategies to bridge the gap between basic scientific research and commercially available therapies.
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22
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Metabolic and proliferation evaluation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC) in different culture medium volumes: standardization of static culture. Biologicals 2019; 62:93-101. [PMID: 31495708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASC) have acquired a prominent role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the standardization of basic culture procedures in this cellular type is still not well established according to the main qualitative cellular attributes. We evaluate the cell growth profile of human ASC in a different culture medium volumes and their nutritional composition utilizing static cultivation. Culture medium volumes (5, 10 and 15 mL/25 cm2) in T-flasks were evaluated by kinetic parameters and the metabolic composition was determined by biochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy. 50% renewal of culture medium volume every 48 h was adopted. Immunophenotypic characterization and cell differentiation were performed. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the kinetic parameters of cell proliferation between the culture medium volumes or in FT-IR composition. However, the concentrations of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and glutamate varied significantly during the cultivation process as a function of the medium volume. ASC presented specific antigens and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. It was concluded that the minimal culture medium volume (5 mL/25 cm2 in static culture) was sufficient to maintain the stability, potency, and growth of ASC, representing an economic and safe standardization for this cell culture process.
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23
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Torres-Acosta MA, Harrison RP, Csaszar E, Rito-Palomares M, Brunck MEG. Ex vivo Manufactured Neutrophils for Treatment of Neutropenia-A Process Economic Evaluation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:21. [PMID: 30881955 PMCID: PMC6405517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutropenia is a common side-effect of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy characterized by a critical drop in neutrophil blood concentration. Neutropenic patients are prone to infections, experience poorer clinical outcomes, and require expensive medical care. Although transfusions of donor neutrophils are a logical solution to neutropenia, this approach has not gained clinical traction, primarily due to challenges associated with obtaining sufficiently large numbers of neutrophils from donors whilst logistically managing their extremely short shelf-life. A protocol has been developed that produces clinical-scale quantities of neutrophils from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) in 10 L single-use bioreactors (1). This strategy could be used to mass produce neutrophils and generate sufficient cell numbers to allow decisive clinical trials of neutrophil transfusion. We present a bioprocess model for neutrophil production at relevant clinical-scale. We evaluated two production scenarios, and the impact on cost of goods (COG) of multiple model parameters including cell yield, materials costs, and process duration. The most significant contributors to cost were consumables and raw materials, including the cost of procuring HSPC-containing umbilical cord blood. The model indicates that the most cost-efficient culture volume (batch size) is ~100 L in a single bioreactor. This study serves as a framework for decision-making and optimization strategies when contemplating the production of clinical quantities of cells for allogeneic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P Harrison
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Csaszar
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marion E G Brunck
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Moloudi R, Oh S, Yang C, Teo KL, Lam ATL, Warkiani ME, Naing MW. Inertial-Based Filtration Method for Removal of Microcarriers from Mesenchymal Stem Cell Suspensions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12481. [PMID: 30127526 PMCID: PMC6102204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly evolving cell-based therapies towards clinical trials demand alternative approaches for efficient expansion of adherent cell types such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Using microcarriers (100-300 µm) in a stirred tank bioreactor offers considerably enhanced surface to volume ratio of culture environment. However, downstream purification of the harvested cell product needs to be addressed carefully due to distinctive features and fragility of these cell products. This work demonstrates a novel alternative approach which utilizes inertial focusing to separate microcarriers (MCs) from the final cell suspension. First, we systematically investigated MC focusing dynamics inside scaled-up curved channels with trapezoidal and rectangular cross-sections. A trapezoidal spiral channel with ultra-low-slope (Tan(α) = 0.0375) was found to contribute to strong MC focusing (~300 < Re < ~400) while managing high MC volume fractions up to ~1.68%. Accordingly, the high-throughput trapezoidal spiral channel successfully separated MCs from hMSC suspension with total cell yield~94% (after two passes) at a high volumetric flow rate of ~30 mL/min (Re~326.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moloudi
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kim Leng Teo
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - May Win Naing
- Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
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25
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Bunpetch V, Wu H, Zhang S, Ouyang H. From "Bench to Bedside": Current Advancement on Large-Scale Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 26:1662-1673. [PMID: 28934885 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the primary cell source in cell therapy and regenerative medicine due to its extraordinary self-renewing capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Clinical trials involving MSCs are being conducted in a range of human diseases and the number of registered cases is continuously increasing. However, a wide gap exists between the number of MSCs obtainable from the donor site and the number required for implantation to damage tissues, and also between MSC scalability and MSC phenotype stability. The clinical translation of MSCs necessitates a scalable expansion bioprocess for the biomanufacturing of therapeutically qualified cells. This review presents current achievements for expansion of MSCs. Issues involving culture condition modification, bioreactor systems, as well as microcarrier and scaffold platforms for optimal MSC systems are discussed. Most importantly, the gap between current MSC expansion and clinical application, as well as outbreak directions for the future are discussed. The present systemic review will bring new insights into future large-scale MSC expansion and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varitsara Bunpetch
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,5 Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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26
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Harrison RP, Rafiq QA, Medcalf N. Centralised versus decentralised manufacturing and the delivery of healthcare products: A United Kingdom exemplar. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:873-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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27
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Hourd P, Williams DJ. Scanning the horizon for high value-add manufacturing science: Accelerating manufacturing readiness for the next generation of disruptive, high-value curative cell therapeutics. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:759-767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Specht EA, Welch DR, Rees Clayton EM, Lagally CD. Opportunities for applying biomedical production and manufacturing methods to the development of the clean meat industry. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Galligan C, Nguyen C, Nelson J, Spooner P, Miller T, Davis BM, Lenigk R, Puleo CM. High-Capacity Redox Polymer Electrodes: Applications in Molecular and Cellular Processing. SLAS Technol 2017; 23:374-386. [PMID: 29186669 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317743947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present methods to fabricate high-capacity redox electrodes using thick membrane or fiber casting of conjugated polymer solutions. Unlike common solution casting or printing methods used in current organic electronics, the presented techniques enable production of PEDOT:PSS electrodes with high charge capacity and the capability to operate under applied voltages greater than 100 V without electrochemical overoxidation. The electrodes are shown integrated into several electrokinetic components commonly used in automated bioprocess or bioassay workflows, including electrophoretic DNA separation and extraction, cellular electroporation/lysis, and electroosmotic pumping. Unlike current metal electrodes used in these applications, the high-capacity polymer electrodes are shown to function without electrolysis of solvent (i.e., without production of excess H+, OH-, and H2O2 by-products). In addition, each component fabricated using the electrodes is shown to have superior capabilities compared with those fabricated with common metal electrodes. These innovations in electrokinetics include a low-voltage/high-pressure electroosmotic pump, and a "flow battery" (in which electrochemical discharge is used to generate electroosmotic flow in the absence of an applied potential). The novel electrodes (and electrokinetic demonstrations) enable new applications of organic electronics within the biology, health care, and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Galligan
- 1 Electronics Organization, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- 2 Work performed during a summer internship at GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - John Nelson
- 3 Diagnostics and Biomedical Technologies, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Spooner
- 3 Diagnostics and Biomedical Technologies, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Todd Miller
- 1 Electronics Organization, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Brian M Davis
- 3 Diagnostics and Biomedical Technologies, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Lenigk
- 1 Electronics Organization, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
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30
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Integrating a 19F MRI Tracer Agent into the Clinical Scale Manufacturing of a T-Cell Immunotherapy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:9548478. [PMID: 29230151 PMCID: PMC5688349 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9548478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunotherapies have made great progress in the treatment of cancer. Recent reports on the treatment of B-cell malignancies using Chimeric Antigen Receptor and affinity enhanced T-Cell Receptor therapies have demonstrated encouraging clinical results. As investigators begin to explore the treatment of solid tumors with these cells, the hurdle of evaluating T-cell homing to and persistence at the site of disease remain. Significant challenges regarding the GMP manufacture and administration of a therapeutic dose of millions to billions of transduced T-cells remain. Here we report on the application of a clinically authorized 19F MRI tracer agent to human T-cells, employing state-of-the-art methods and equipment in the manufacture of a cellular therapy. Using a general T-cell expansion protocol and clinical scale industrial bioreactors, we show 19F labeling without detriment to the product +/− cryopreservation. While the incorporation of the 19F tracer is not trivial, it is just one of the many steps that can aid in progression of a therapeutic to and though the clinic. Combining the MRI tracking capabilities, safety profiles, and clinical sensitivity of this method, this application demonstrates the ability of 19F MRI to be used in industrial scale applications to visualize the spatial fate of cellular therapeutics.
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31
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Farzaneh M, Attari F, Mozdziak PE, Khoshnam SE. The evolution of chicken stem cell culture methods. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:681-686. [PMID: 28840744 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1365354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The avian embryo is an excellent model for studying embryology and the production of pharmaceutical proteins in transgenic chickens. Furthermore, chicken stem cells have the potential for proliferation and differentiation and emerged as an attractive tool for various cell-based technologies. 2. The objective of these studies is the derivation and culture of these stem cells is the production of transgenic birds for recombinant biomaterials and vaccine manufacture, drug and cytotoxicity testing, as well as to gain insight into basic science, including cell tracking. 3. Despite similarities among the established chicken stem cell lines, fundamental differences have been reported between their culture conditions and applications. Recent conventional protocols used for expansion and culture of chicken stem cells mostly depend on feeder cells, serum-containing media and static culture. 4. Utilising chicken stem cells for generation of cell-based transgenic birds and a variety of vaccines requires large-scale cell production. However, scaling up the conventional adherent chicken stem cells is challenging and labour intensive. Development of a suspension cell culture process for chicken embryonic stem cells (cESCs), chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) and chicken induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) will be an important advance for increasing the growth kinetics of these cells. 6. This review describes various approaches and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for defined chicken stem cells cultures and use in future manufacturing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farzaneh
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology , ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - F Attari
- b Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - P E Mozdziak
- c Physiology Graduate Program , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - S E Khoshnam
- d Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran.,e Student Research Committee , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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32
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Abbasalizadeh S, Pakzad M, Cabral JMS, Baharvand H. Allogeneic cell therapy manufacturing: process development technologies and facility design options. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1201-1219. [PMID: 28699788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1354982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, promising outcomes from clinical trials of allogeneic cells, especially allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and human cardiac stem cells, have encouraged research institutions, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and big pharmaceutical companies to invest and focus on developing allogeneic cell therapy products. Commercial and large-scale production of allogeneic cell therapy products requires unique capabilities to develop technologies that generate safe and effective allogeneic cells/cell lines and their fully characterized master/working banks. In addition, it is necessary to design robust upstream and downstream manufacturing processes, and establish integrated, well-designed manufacturing facilities to produce high quality affordable products in accordance with current GMP regulations for the production of cell therapy products. Areas covered: The authors highlight: the recent advances in the development of allogeneic products, the available options to develop robust manufacturing processes, and facility design considerations. Expert opinion: Currently, there are multiple challenges in development of allogeneic cell therapy products. Indeed, the field is still in its infancy; with technologies and regulations still under development, as is our understanding of the mechanisms of action in the body and their interaction with the host immune system. Their characterization and testing is also an emerging and very complex area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Abbasalizadeh
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Mohammad Pakzad
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- b Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- a Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture , Tehran , Iran
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33
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Five Critical Areas that Combat High Costs and Prolonged Development Times for Regenerative Medicine Manufacturing. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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