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Walker JT, Saunders DC, Brissova M, Powers AC. The Human Islet: Mini-Organ With Mega-Impact. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:605-657. [PMID: 33844836 PMCID: PMC8476939 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Grant D, Wanner N, Frimel M, Erzurum S, Asosingh K. Comprehensive phenotyping of endothelial cells using flow cytometry 2: Human. Cytometry A 2020; 99:257-264. [PMID: 33369145 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vascular research, clinical samples and samples from animal models are often used together to foster translation of preclinical findings to humans. General concepts of endothelia and murine-specific endothelial phenotypes were discussed in part 1 of this two part series. Here, in part 2, we present a comprehensive overview of human-specific endothelial phenotypes. Pan-endothelial cell markers, organ specific endothelial antigens, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping of blood-borne endothelial cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Grant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Lehmann V, Andersen PL, Damodaran RG, Vermette P. Method for isolation of pancreatic blood vessels, their culture and coculture with islets of langerhans. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2745. [PMID: 30421867 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only cure available for Type 1 diabetes involves the transplantation of islets of Langerhans isolated from donor organs. However, success rates are relatively low. Disconnection from vasculature upon isolation and insufficient rate of revascularization upon transplantation are thought to be a major cause, as islet survival and function depend on extensive vascularization. Research has thus turned toward the development of pretransplantation culture techniques to enhance revascularization of islets, so far with limited success. With the aim to develop a technique to enhance islet revascularization, this work proposes a method to isolate and culture pancreas-derived blood vessels. Using a mild multistep digestion method, pancreatic blood vessels were retrieved from whole murine pancreata and cultured in collagen Type 1. After 8 days, 50% of tissue explants had formed anastomosed microvessels which extended up to 300 μm from the explant tissue and expressed endothelial cell marker CD31 but not ductal marker CK19. Cocultures with islets of Langerhans revealed survival of both tissues and insulin expression by islets up to 8 days post-embedding. Microvessels were frequently found to encapsulate islets, however no islet penetration could be detected. This study reports for the first time the isolation and culture of pancreatic blood vessels. The methods and results presented in this work provide a novel explant culture model for angiogenesis and tissue engineering research with relevance to islet biology. It opens the door for in vivo validation of the potential of these pancreatic blood vessel explants to improve islet transplantation therapies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2745, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lehmann
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Parker L Andersen
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Rajesh G Damodaran
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSES OF REVIEW Scattered throughout the pancreas, the endocrine islets rely on neurovascular support for signal relay to regulate hormone secretion and for maintaining tissue homeostasis. The islet accessory cells (or components) of neurovascular tissues include the endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, neurons (nerve fibers), and glia. Research results derived from experimental diabetes and islet transplantation indicate that the accessory cells are reactive in islet injury and can affect islet function and homeostasis in situ or in an ectopic environment. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in cell labeling and tissue imaging have enabled investigation of islet accessory cells to gain insights into their network structures, functions, and remodeling in disease. It has become clear that in diabetes, the islet neurovascular tissues are not just bystanders damaged in neuropathy and vascular complications; rather, they participate in islet remodeling in response to changes in the microenvironment. Because of the fundamental differences between humans and animal models in neuroinsular cytoarchitecture and cell proliferation, examination of islet accessory cells in clinical specimens and donor pancreases warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Claire F Jessup
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, 1395 Center Drive, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Boyuk G, Arzu Yigit A, Aydogan I. Co-culture of rat luteal cells with islet cells enhances islet viability and revascularization. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:640-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hogan MF, Hull RL. The islet endothelial cell: a novel contributor to beta cell secretory dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:952-959. [PMID: 28396983 PMCID: PMC5505567 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is highly vascularised, with an extensive capillary network. In addition to providing nutrients and oxygen to islet endocrine cells and transporting hormones to the peripheral circulation, islet capillaries (comprised primarily of islet endothelial cells) are an important source of signals that enhance survival and function of the islet beta cell. In type 2 diabetes, and animal models thereof, evidence exists of morphological and functional abnormalities in these islet endothelial cells. In diabetes, islet capillaries are thickened, dilated and fragmented, and islet endothelial cells express markers of inflammation and activation. In vitro data suggest that this dysfunctional islet endothelial phenotype may contribute to impaired insulin release from the beta cell. This review examines potential candidate molecules that may mediate the positive effects of islet endothelial cells on beta cell survival and function under normal conditions. Further, it explores possible mechanisms underlying the development of islet endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and reviews therapeutic options for ameliorating this aspect of the islet lesion in type 2 diabetes. Finally, considerations regarding differences between human and rodent islet vasculature and the potentially unforeseen negative consequences of strategies to expand the islet vasculature, particularly under diabetic conditions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (151), 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (151), 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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