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Branch MC, Weber M, Li MY, Flora P, Ezhkova E. Overview of chromatin regulatory processes during surface ectodermal development and homeostasis. Dev Biol 2024; 515:30-45. [PMID: 38971398 PMCID: PMC11317222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The ectoderm is the outermost of the three germ layers of the early embryo that arise during gastrulation. Once the germ layers are established, the complex interplay of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration results in organogenesis. The ectoderm is the progenitor of both the surface ectoderm and the neural ectoderm. Notably, the surface ectoderm develops into the epidermis and its associated appendages, nails, external exocrine glands, olfactory epithelium, and the anterior pituitary. Specification, development, and homeostasis of these organs demand a tightly orchestrated gene expression program that is often dictated by epigenetic regulation. In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries that have highlighted the importance of chromatin regulatory mechanisms mediated by transcription factors, histone and DNA modifications that aid in the development of surface ectodermal organs and maintain their homeostasis post-development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan C Branch
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madison Weber
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meng-Yen Li
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Renz PF, Ghoshdastider U, Baghai Sain S, Valdivia-Francia F, Khandekar A, Ormiston M, Bernasconi M, Duré C, Kretz JA, Lee M, Hyams K, Forny M, Pohly M, Ficht X, Ellis SJ, Moor AE, Sendoel A. In vivo single-cell CRISPR uncovers distinct TNF programmes in tumour evolution. Nature 2024; 632:419-428. [PMID: 39020166 PMCID: PMC11306103 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The tumour evolution model posits that malignant transformation is preceded by randomly distributed driver mutations in cancer genes, which cause clonal expansions in phenotypically normal tissues. Although clonal expansions can remodel entire tissues1-3, the mechanisms that result in only a small number of clones transforming into malignant tumours remain unknown. Here we develop an in vivo single-cell CRISPR strategy to systematically investigate tissue-wide clonal dynamics of the 150 most frequently mutated squamous cell carcinoma genes. We couple ultrasound-guided in utero lentiviral microinjections, single-cell RNA sequencing and guide capture to longitudinally monitor clonal expansions and document their underlying gene programmes at single-cell transcriptomic resolution. We uncover a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling module, which is dependent on TNF receptor 1 and involving macrophages, that acts as a generalizable driver of clonal expansions in epithelial tissues. Conversely, during tumorigenesis, the TNF signalling module is downregulated. Instead, we identify a subpopulation of invasive cancer cells that switch to an autocrine TNF gene programme associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Finally, we provide in vivo evidence that the autocrine TNF gene programme is sufficient to mediate invasive properties and show that the TNF signature correlates with shorter overall survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Collectively, our study demonstrates the power of applying in vivo single-cell CRISPR screening to mammalian tissues, unveils distinct TNF programmes in tumour evolution and highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between clonal expansions in epithelia and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Renz
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Umesh Ghoshdastider
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Baghai Sain
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Valdivia-Francia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Science Program, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ameya Khandekar
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Ormiston
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Bernasconi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Duré
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Science Program, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas A Kretz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Minkyoung Lee
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katie Hyams
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merima Forny
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Pohly
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie J Ellis
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ataman Sendoel
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Dermitzakis I, Kampitsi DD, Manthou ME, Evangelidis P, Vakirlis E, Meditskou S, Theotokis P. Ontogeny of Skin Stem Cells and Molecular Underpinnings. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8118-8147. [PMID: 39194698 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin stem cells (SCs) play a pivotal role in supporting tissue homeostasis. Several types of SCs are responsible for maintaining and regenerating skin tissue. These include bulge SCs and others residing in the interfollicular epidermis, infundibulum, isthmus, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The emergence of skin SCs commences during embryogenesis, where multipotent SCs arise from various precursor populations. These early events set the foundation for the diverse pool of SCs that will reside in the adult skin, ready to respond to tissue repair and regeneration demands. A network of molecular cues regulates skin SC behavior, balancing quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation. The disruption of this delicate equilibrium can lead to SC exhaustion, impaired wound healing, and pathological conditions such as skin cancer. The present review explores the intricate mechanisms governing the development, activation, and differentiation of skin SCs, shedding light on the molecular signaling pathways that drive their fate decisions and skin homeostasis. Unraveling the complexities of these molecular drivers not only enhances our fundamental knowledge of skin biology but also holds promise for developing novel strategies to modulate skin SC fate for regenerative medicine applications, ultimately benefiting patients with skin disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Dimitria Kampitsi
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Evangelidis
- Hematology Unit-Hemophilia Centre, 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vakirlis
- First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chouhan G, Lewis NS, Ghanekar V, Koti Ainavarapu SR, Inamdar MM, Sonawane M. Cell-size-dependent regulation of Ezrin dictates epithelial resilience to stretch by countering myosin-II-mediated contractility. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114271. [PMID: 38823013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial adaptations to mechanical stress are facilitated by molecular and tissue-scale changes that include the strengthening of junctions, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell-proliferation-mediated changes in tissue rheology. However, the role of cell size in controlling these properties remains underexplored. Our experiments in the zebrafish embryonic epidermis, guided by theoretical estimations, reveal a link between epithelial mechanics and cell size, demonstrating that an increase in cell size compromises the tissue fracture strength and compliance. We show that an increase in E-cadherin levels in the proliferation-deficient epidermis restores epidermal compliance but not the fracture strength, which is largely regulated by Ezrin-an apical membrane-cytoskeleton crosslinker. We show that Ezrin fortifies the epithelium in a cell-size-dependent manner by countering non-muscle myosin-II-mediated contractility. This work uncovers the importance of cell size maintenance in regulating the mechanical properties of the epithelium and fostering protection against future mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Chouhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Natasha Steffi Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Vallari Ghanekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
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5
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Liu Z, Jin S, Cheng D, Chen H, Wang Y, Ji C, Yan Z, Fang X, Xiao S, Bi X. Modified human skin cell isolation protocol and its influence on keratinocyte and melanocyte culture. Regen Ther 2024; 26:203-212. [PMID: 38948130 PMCID: PMC11214264 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the increasing emphasis on the use of nonanimal ingredients in clinical care, studies have proposed the use of TrypLE™ as an alternative to trypsin. However, previous research has reported insufficient cell yield and viability when using TrypLE to isolate skin cells compared to the dispase/trypsin-EDTA method. This study aimed to propose an improved method for increasing the yield and viability of cells isolated by TrypLE and to evaluate isolated keratinocytes and melanocytes. Methods Foreskin tissues were isolated to keratinocytes and melanocytes using the trypsin-EDTA protocol and our modified TrypLE protocol. The yield and viability of freshly isolated cells were compared, the epidermal residue after cell suspension filtration was analyzed histologically, and the expression of cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and Melan-A was detected by flow cytometry. After cultivation, keratinocytes and melanocytes were further examined for marker expression and proliferation. A coculture model of melanocytes and HaCaT cells was used to evaluate melanin transfer. Results The yield, viability of total cells and expression of the keratinocyte marker CK14 were similar for freshly isolated cells from both protocols. No differences were observed in the histologic analysis of epidermal residues. Moreover, no differences in keratinocyte marker expression or melanocyte melanin transfer function were observed after culture. However, melanocytes generated using the TrypLE protocol exhibited increased Melan-A expression and proliferation in culture. Conclusion Our TrypLE protocol not only solved the problems of insufficient cell yield and viability in previous studies but also preserved normal cell morphology and function, which enables the clinical treatment of depigmentation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunxin Jin
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The 971st Hospital of the CPLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichu Xiao
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinling Bi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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SUMI A, CHAMBERS JK, ITO S, KOJIMA K, OMACHI T, DOI M, UCHIDA K. Different expression patterns of p63 and p73 in Felis catus papillomavirus type 2-associated feline Merkel cell carcinomas and other epidermal carcinomas. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:39-48. [PMID: 38030281 PMCID: PMC10849848 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor, and more than 90% of feline MCC cases test positive for Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV2). In the present study, basal cell markers p40, p63, and p73 and the stem cell marker SOX2 and cytokeratin 14 (CK14) were immunohistochemically examined in normal fetal, infant, and adult feline skin tissues. The expression of these proteins was examined in tumors positive for FcaPV2, including MCC, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Infant and adult feline skin tissues had mature Merkel cells, which were CK14-, CK18+, CK20+, SOX2+, synaptophysin+ and CD56+, while fetal skin tissue had no mature Merkel cells. MCC was immunopositive for p73, CK18, and SOX2 in 32/32 cases, and immunonegative for CK14 in 31/32 cases and for p40 and p63 in 32/32 cases. These results indicate that MCC exhibits different immunophenotypes from Merkel cells (p73-) and basal cells (p40+, p63+, and SOX2-). In contrast, all 3 BCCs, 1 BISC, and 2 SCCs were immunopositive for the basal cell markers p40, p63, and p73. The life cycle of papillomavirus is closely associated with the differentiation of infected basal cells, which requires the transcription factor p63. Changes in p63 expression in FcaPV2-positive MCC may be associated with unique cytokeratin expression patterns (CK14-, CK18+, and CK20+). Furthermore, SOX2 appears to be involved in Merkel cell differentiation in cats, similar to humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi SUMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma ITO
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro KOJIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaki DOI
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Patho-Labo, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Li Y, Giovannini S, Wang T, Fang J, Li P, Shao C, Wang Y, Shi Y, Candi E, Melino G, Bernassola F. p63: a crucial player in epithelial stemness regulation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3371-3384. [PMID: 37848625 PMCID: PMC10638092 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue homeostasis is closely associated with the self-renewal and differentiation behaviors of epithelial stem cells (ESCs). p63, a well-known marker of ESCs, is an indispensable factor for their biological activities during epithelial development. The diversity of p63 isoforms expressed in distinct tissues allows this transcription factor to have a wide array of effects. p63 coordinates the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, stem cell self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Through the regulation of these biological processes, p63 contributes to, not only normal epithelial development, but also epithelium-derived cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p63 in epithelial stemness regulation, including self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. We describe the differential expression of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and their distinct functional activities in normal epithelial tissues and in epithelium-derived tumors. Furthermore, we summarize the signaling cascades modulating the TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms as well as their downstream pathways in stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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miRNome and Proteome Profiling of Human Keratinocytes and Adipose Derived Stem Cells Proposed miRNA-Mediated Regulations of Epidermal Growth Factor and Interleukin 1-Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054956. [PMID: 36902387 PMCID: PMC10002856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is regulated by complex crosstalk between keratinocytes and other cell types, including stem cells. In this study, a 7-day direct co-culture model of human keratinocytes and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was proposed to study the interaction between the two cell types, in order to identify regulators of ADSCs differentiation toward the epidermal lineage. As major mediators of cell communication, miRNome and proteome profiles in cell lysates of cultured human keratinocytes and ADSCs were explored through experimental and computational analyses. GeneChip® miRNA microarray, identified 378 differentially expressed miRNAs; of these, 114 miRNAs were upregulated and 264 miRNAs were downregulated in keratinocytes. According to miRNA target prediction databases and the Expression Atlas database, 109 skin-related genes were obtained. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed 14 pathways including vesicle-mediated transport, signaling by interleukin, and others. Proteome profiling showed a significant upregulation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α) compared to ADSCs. Integrated analysis through cross-matching the differentially expressed miRNA and proteins suggested two potential pathways for regulations of epidermal differentiation; the first is EGF-based through the downregulation of miR-485-5p and miR-6765-5p and/or the upregulation of miR-4459. The second is mediated by IL-1α overexpression through four isomers of miR-30-5p and miR-181a-5p.
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Kang MS, Jang J, Jo HJ, Kim WH, Kim B, Chun HJ, Lim D, Han DW. Advances and Innovations of 3D Bioprinting Skin. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010055. [PMID: 36671440 PMCID: PMC9856167 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents are highlighted as the new gold standard for alternative models to animal testing, as well as full-thickness wound healing. In this review, we focus on the advances and innovations of 3D bioprinting skin for skin regeneration, within the last five years. After a brief introduction to skin anatomy, 3D bioprinting methods and the remarkable features of recent studies are classified as advances in materials, structures, and functions. We will discuss several ways to improve the clinical potential of 3D bioprinted skin, with state-of-the-art printing technology and novel biomaterials. After the breakthrough in the bottleneck of the current studies, highly developed skin can be fabricated, comprising stratified epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and skin appendages. We hope that this review will be priming water for future research and clinical applications, that will guide us to break new ground for the next generation of skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinju Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Jo
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hyeon Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Heoung-Jae Chun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- BIO-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (D.-W.H.)
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10
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Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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Hsiao PF, Huang YT, Lu PH, Chiu LY, Weng TH, Hung CF, Wu NL. Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates keratinocyte differentiation: Implication of its role in psoriasis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22313. [PMID: 35471587 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101772r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), also known as Vitamin-D upregulated protein-1 (VDUP-1), interacts with thioredoxin to regulate redox responses and participates in diverse disorders including metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory and malignant diseases. Psoriasis is characterized by chronic skin inflammation and an aberrant pattern of keratinocyte differentiation. Clinically, psoriasis is associated with various cardiometabolic comorbidities but studies on TXNIP's biological role in skin disorders are limited. In this study, we investigated TXNIP expression in psoriasis and its regulation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), and then explored how TXNIP regulated skin keratinocyte differentiation to determine its role in psoriasis pathogenesis. Our immunohistochemical study demonstrated extensive TXNIP expression in the upper and lower epidermis of psoriasis compared to predominant TXNIP expression in the basal layer of normal skin. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppressed but TGF-α and EGF enhanced TXNIP expression in NHEKs. An inducer of keratinocyte differentiation, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also diminished TXNIP expression, which was reversed by PKC-δ knockdown. TXNIP knockdown reduced PMA-induced involucrin and transglutaminse-1 expression, and increased p63 expression in NHEKs but did not significantly affect cell proliferation. H2 O2 -induced ROS production and EGFR phosphorylation decreased in NHEKs with TXNIP knockdown. Furthermore, PMA-induced PKC-δ phosphorylation, TGF-α, and EGF-triggered EGFR phosphorylation were attenuated by TXNIP knockdown. Our results unraveled the regulation and function of TXNIP expression in skin keratinocytes and the cross-regulation between TXNIP and EGFR signaling. These findings imply a role of TXNIP in psoriasis and provide insight into the possible impact of TXNIP regulators on the skin or psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pa-Fan Hsiao
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ya Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Weng
- Department of Medical Education, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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12
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Das A, Madeshiya AK, Biswas N, Ghosh N, Gorain M, Rawat A, Mahajan SP, Khanna S, Sen CK, Roy S. Oncostatin M Improves Cutaneous Wound Re-Epithelialization and Is Deficient under Diabetic Conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:679-691.e3. [PMID: 34534575 PMCID: PMC8860865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Impaired re-epithelialization characterized by hyperkeratotic nonmigratory wound epithelium is a hallmark of nonhealing diabetic wounds. In chronic wounds, the copious release of oncostatin M (OSM) from wound macrophages is evident. OSM is a potent keratinocyte (KC) activator. This work sought to understand the signal transduction pathway responsible for wound re-epithelialization, the primary mechanism underlying wound closure. Daily topical treatment of full-thickness excisional wounds of C57BL/6 mice with recombinant murine OSM improved wound re-epithelialization and accelerated wound closure by bolstering KC proliferation and migration. OSM activated the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway as manifested by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation. Such signal transduction in the human KC induced TP63, the master regulator of KC function. Elevated TP63 induced ITGB1, a known effector of KC migration. In diabetic wounds, OSM was more abundant than the level in nondiabetic wounds. However, in diabetic wounds, OSM activity was compromised by glycation. Aminoguanidine, a deglycation agent, rescued the compromised KC migration caused by glycated OSM. Finally, topical application of recombinant OSM improved KC migration and accelerated wound closure in db/db mice. This work recognizes that despite its abundance at the wound site, OSM is inactivated by glycation, and topical delivery of exogenous OSM is likely to be productive in accelerating diabetic wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Amit K. Madeshiya
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Nirupam Biswas
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Nandini Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Atul Rawat
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Sanskruti P. Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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13
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ΔNp63 regulates a common landscape of enhancer associated genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:614. [PMID: 35105868 PMCID: PMC8807845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct lung stem cells give rise to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). ΔNp63, the p53 family member and p63 isoform, guides the maturation of these stem cells through the regulation of their self-renewal and terminal differentiation; however, the underlying mechanistic role regulated by ∆Np63 in lung cancer development has remained elusive. By utilizing a ΔNp63-specific conditional knockout mouse model and xenograft models of LUAD and LUSC, we found that ∆Np63 promotes non-small cell lung cancer by maintaining the lung stem cells necessary for lung cancer cell initiation and progression in quiescence. ChIP-seq analysis of lung basal cells, alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, and LUAD reveals robust ∆Np63 regulation of a common landscape of enhancers of cell identity genes. Importantly, one of these genes, BCL9L, is among the enhancer associated genes regulated by ∆Np63 in Kras-driven LUAD and mediates the oncogenic effects of ∆Np63 in both LUAD and LUSC. Accordingly, high BCL9L levels correlate with poor prognosis in LUAD patients. Taken together, our findings provide a unifying oncogenic role for ∆Np63 in both LUAD and LUSC through the regulation of a common landscape of enhancer associated genes. The mechanistic role regulated by the oncogene ∆Np63 in lung cancer development is currently unclear. Here, the authors show that ΔNp63 is pro-tumorigenic in lung adenocarcinoma as well as squamous cell carcinoma, and maintains lung cancer progenitor cells via regulation of super-enhancer-associated genes, including BCL9L
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14
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Bamberger C, Pankow S, Yates JR. SMG1 and CDK12 Link ΔNp63α Phosphorylation to RNA Surveillance in Keratinocytes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5347-5358. [PMID: 34761935 PMCID: PMC10653645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53-like protein p63 is required for self-renewal of epidermal tissues. Loss of p63 or exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation triggers terminal differentiation in keratinocytes. However, it remains unclear how p63 diverts epidermal cells from proliferation to terminal differentiation, thereby contributing to successful tissue self-renewal. Here, we used bottom-up proteomics to identify the proteome at the chromatin in normal human epidermal keratinocytes following UV irradiation and p63 depletion. We found that loss of p63 increased DNA damage and that UV irradiation recruited the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK12 and the serine/threonine protein kinase SMG1 to chromatin only in the presence of p63. A post-translational modification analysis of ΔNp63α with mass spectrometry revealed that phosphorylation of T357/S358 and S368 was dependent on SMG1, whereas CDK12 increased the phosphorylation of ΔNp63α at S66/S68 and S301. Indirect phosphorylation of ΔNp63α in the presence of SMG1 enabled ΔNp63α to bind to the tumor suppressor p53-specific DNA recognition sequence, whereas CDK12 rendered ΔNp63α less responsive to UV irradiation and was not required for specific DNA binding. CDK12 and SMG1 are known to regulate the transcription and splicing of RNAs and the decay of nonsense RNAs, respectively, and a subset of p63-specific protein-protein interactions at the chromatin also linked p63 to RNA transcription and decay. We observed that in the absence of p63, UV irradiation resulted in more ORF1p. ORF1p is the first protein product of the intronless non-LTR retrotransposon LINE-1, indicating a derailed surveillance of RNA processing and/or translation. Our results suggest that p63 phosphorylation and transcriptional activation might correspond to altered RNA processing and/or translation to protect proliferating keratinocytes from increased genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir Bamberger
- Department for Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sandra Pankow
- Department for Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John R. Yates
- Department for Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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15
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Lagerwall C, Shahin H, Abdallah S, Steinvall I, Elmasry M, Sjöberg F, El-Serafi AT. Xeno-free workflow exhibits comparable efficiency and quality of keratinocytes isolated from human skin biopsies. Regen Ther 2021; 18:401-407. [PMID: 34722836 PMCID: PMC8531849 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regenerative solutions of the skin represent a hope for burn victims with extensive skin loss and chronic wound patients. The development of xeno-free workflow is crucial for clinical application in compliance with the directives of the European Medicines Agency. This study aimed at evaluating the outcome of the xeno-free isolation workflow of keratinocytes from human skin biopsy. METHODS Skin biopsies were obtained from volunteers. The epidermis was digested with TrypLE™ Select, which was deactivated by dilution or with trypsin, deactivated by media with fetal bovine serum. Freshly isolated cells were compared for total cell number, viability, activity of caspase 3, gene expression and the presence of the keratinocyte surface markers cytokeratin 14. The cells were cultured in xeno-free conditions for one week and characterized regarding the number and viability as well as the metalloproteinase secretion. RESULTS The number of obtained cells was similar in both workflows. The cell viability was less in the TrypLE group, with slight reduction of the cell surface marker cytokeratin 14. Caspase 3 activity was comparable as well as the gene expression of the apoptotic markers BAX, BCL2 and SLUG, as well as the keratinocyte markers cytokeratin 14, stratifin and filaggrin. Upon culture, the number of keratinocytes, their viability and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 10 were equal in both groups. CONCLUSION This study reports the possibility of isolating functioning and viable keratinocytes through a xeno-free workflow for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Lagerwall
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Hady Shahin
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Modern Sciences and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sallam Abdallah
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Moustafa Elmasry
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Folke Sjöberg
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Ahmed T. El-Serafi
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Sweden
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
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16
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Wang M, Attardi LD. A Balancing Act: p53 Activity from Tumor Suppression to Pathology and Therapeutic Implications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:205-226. [PMID: 34699262 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-025840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TP53, encoding the p53 transcription factor, is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene across all human cancer types. While p53 has long been appreciated to induce antiproliferative cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence programs in response to diverse stress signals, various studies in recent years have revealed additional important functions for p53 that likely also contribute to tumor suppression, including roles in regulating tumor metabolism, ferroptosis, signaling in the tumor microenvironment, and stem cell self-renewal/differentiation. Not only does p53 loss or mutation cause cancer, but hyperactive p53 also drives various pathologies, including developmental phenotypes, premature aging, neurodegeneration, and side effects of cancer therapies. These findings underscore the importance of balanced p53 activity and influence our thinking of how to best develop cancer therapies based on modulating the p53 pathway. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Genetics and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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17
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Ohwada K, Konno T, Kohno T, Nakano M, Ohkuni T, Miyata R, Kakuki T, Kondoh M, Takano K, Kojima T. Effects of HMGB1 on Tricellular Tight Junctions via TGF-β Signaling in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168390. [PMID: 34445093 PMCID: PMC8395041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium of the human nasal mucosa acts as a physical barrier that protects against inhaled substances and pathogens via bicellular and tricellular tight junctions (bTJs and tTJs) including claudins, angulin-1/LSR and tricellulin. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) increased by TGF-β1 is involved in the induction of nasal inflammation and injury in patients with allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. However, the detailed mechanisms by which this occurs remain unknown. In the present study, to investigate how HMGB1 affects the barrier of normal human nasal epithelial cells, 2D and 2.5D Matrigel culture of primary cultured human nasal epithelial cells were pretreated with TGF-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor EW-7197 before treatment with HMGB1. Knockdown of angulin-1/LSR downregulated the epithelial barrier. Treatment with EW-7197 decreased angulin-1/LSR and concentrated the expression at tTJs from bTJs and increased the epithelial barrier. Treatment with a binder to angulin-1/LSR angubindin-1 decreased angulin-1/LSR and the epithelial barrier. Treatment with HMGB1 decreased angulin-1/LSR and the epithelial barrier. In 2.5D Matrigel culture, treatment with HMGB1 induced permeability of FITC-dextran (FD-4) into the lumen. Pretreatment with EW-7197 prevented the effects of HMGB1. HMGB1 disrupted the angulin-1/LSR-dependent epithelial permeability barriers of HNECs via TGF-β signaling in HNECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizuku Ohwada
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (K.O.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (M.N.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.O.); (R.M.); (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (K.O.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (M.N.)
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (K.O.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (M.N.)
| | - Masaya Nakano
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (K.O.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (M.N.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.O.); (R.M.); (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohkuni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.O.); (R.M.); (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Ryo Miyata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.O.); (R.M.); (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Takuya Kakuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.O.); (R.M.); (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Drug Discovery Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.O.); (R.M.); (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (K.O.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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High proliferation and delamination during skin epidermal stratification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3227. [PMID: 34050161 PMCID: PMC8163813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complex stratified epithelial barriers in mammals is initiated from single-layered epithelia. How stratification is initiated and fueled are still open questions. Previous studies on skin epidermal stratification suggested a central role for perpendicular/asymmetric cell division orientation of the basal keratinocyte progenitors. Here, we use centrosomes, that organize the mitotic spindle, to test whether cell division orientation and stratification are linked. Genetically ablating centrosomes from the developing epidermis leads to the activation of the p53-, 53BP1- and USP28-dependent mitotic surveillance pathway causing a thinner epidermis and hair follicle arrest. The centrosome/p53-double mutant keratinocyte progenitors significantly alter their division orientation in the later stages without majorly affecting epidermal differentiation. Together with time-lapse imaging and tissue growth dynamics measurements, the data suggest that the first and major phase of epidermal development is boosted by high proliferation rates in both basal and suprabasally-committed keratinocytes as well as cell delamination, whereas the second phase maybe uncoupled from the division orientation of the basal progenitors. The data provide insights for tissue homeostasis and hyperproliferative diseases that may recapitulate developmental programs. How the developing skin epidermis is transformed from a simple single-layered epithelium to a complex and stratified barrier is still an open question. Here, the authors provide a model based on high proliferation and delamination of the keratinocyte progenitors that support the stratification process.
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19
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Kurinna S, Seltmann K, Bachmann AL, Schwendimann A, Thiagarajan L, Hennig P, Beer HD, Mollo MR, Missero C, Werner S. Interaction of the NRF2 and p63 transcription factors promotes keratinocyte proliferation in the epidermis. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3748-3763. [PMID: 33764436 PMCID: PMC8053124 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of cell and tissue function requires the coordinated action of transcription factors. However, their combinatorial activities during regeneration remain largely unexplored. Here, we discover an unexpected interaction between the cytoprotective transcription factor NRF2 and p63- a key player in epithelial morphogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with sequencing and reporter assays identifies enhancers and promoters that are simultaneously activated by NRF2 and p63 in human keratinocytes. Modeling of p63 and NRF2 binding to nucleosomal DNA suggests their chromatin-assisted interaction. Pharmacological and genetic activation of NRF2 increases NRF2–p63 binding to enhancers and promotes keratinocyte proliferation, which involves the common NRF2–p63 target cyclin-dependent kinase 12. These results unravel a collaborative function of NRF2 and p63 in the control of epidermal renewal and suggest their combined activation as a strategy to promote repair of human skin and other stratified epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Kurinna
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, FBMH, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Seltmann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas L Bachmann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schwendimann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lalitha Thiagarajan
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, FBMH, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosaria Mollo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Su P, Qiao Q, Ji G, Zhang Z. CircAMD1 regulates proliferation and collagen synthesis via sponging miR-27a-3p in P63-mutant human dermal fibroblasts. Differentiation 2021; 119:10-18. [PMID: 33991897 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor p63 has critical functions in epidermal, hindgut/anorectal, and limb development. Human mutations in P63 correlate with congenital syndromes affecting the skin, anorectal, and limbs. Nevertheless, less are detected regarding networks and functions controlled by P63 mutations in dermal fibroblasts, which are closely related to skin physiology. To screen for new targets, we employed microarray technology to investigate the R226Q P63 mutation with regards to the resulting circular RNA (circRNA) profiles from P63 point mutations in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). In this study, we show that P63-mutant HDFs display reduced proliferation, collagen synthesis, and myofibroblast differentiation; circAMD1 was also downregulated in P63-mutant HDFs compared with wild-type HDFs. Furthermore, overexpressing circAMD1 rescued the functional and phenotypic alterations of p63-mutant HDFs. We as well determined that miR-27a-3p was circAMD1 target involved in effects of circAMD1 in P63-mutant HDFs. Collectively, our data show that circAMD1 functions as a miR-27a-3p sponge that inhibits the functional and phenotypical alteration of P63-mutant HDFs and may be a critical marker in pathogenesis regarding P63-associated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gengfeng Ji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression defines subpopulations of epidermal stem cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2839-2850. [PMID: 33170265 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The search for epidermal stem cells has gained the momentum as they possess unique biological characteristics and a potential in regeneration therapies. Several transcription factors and miRNAs have been identified as epidermal stem cell markers. However, the separation of epidermal stem cells from their progeny remains challenging. The introduction of single-cell transcriptomics pointed to the high degree of heterogeneity in epidermal stem cells imbedded within subpopulations of keratinocytes. Pseudotime inference, RNA velocity, and cellular entropy further enhanced our knowledge of stem cells, allowing for the discovery of the epidermal stem cell plasticity. We explore the main findings that lead to the discovery of the plastic trait within the epidermal stem cells and the implications of cell plasticity in regenerative medicine.
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Boecker W, Tiemann K, Boecker J, Toma M, Muders MH, Löning T, Buchwalow I, Oldhafer KJ, Neumann U, Feyerabend B, Fehr A, Stenman G. Cellular organization and histogenesis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: evidence supporting the squamous metaplasia concept. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:97-105. [PMID: 32170368 PMCID: PMC7343762 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas (ASCAP) is characterized by conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and squamous carcinoma components with at least 30% of the tumour showing squamous differentiation. To get further insight into the histogenesis of these lesions, we analysed the cellular organization of ASCAP compared to PDACs. Using Immunohistochemistry and triple immunofluorescence labelling studies for keratins, p63, p40, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, Ki67, and EGFR we demonstrate that many ASCAPs contain a transitional zone between the K8/18-positive adenocarcinomatous component and the p63+ /p40+ /K5/K14+ squamous component initiated by the expression of p63 in K8/18+ adenocarcinomatous cells and the appearance of basally located p63+ K5/14+ cells. p63+ K5/14+ cells give rise to fully developed squamous differentiation. Notably, 25% of conventional PDACs without histologically recognizable squamous component contain foci of p63+ p40+ and K5/14+ cells similar to the transitional zone. Our data provide evidence that the squamous carcinoma components of ASCAPs originate from pre-existing PDAC via transdifferentiation of keratin K8/18-positive glandular cells to p63-, p40-, and keratin K5/14-positive squamous carcinoma cells supporting the squamous metaplasia hypothesis. Thus our findings provide new evidence about the cellular process behind squamous differentiation in ASCAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Boecker
- Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Gerhard-Seifert Reference Center for Oral-, Gyneco-, and Breast Pathology, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Tiemann
- Department of Pathology/Hematopathology, Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Boecker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marieta Toma
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Löning
- Gerhard-Seifert Reference Center for Oral-, Gyneco-, and Breast Pathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Department of Pathology/Hematopathology, Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75, 22547, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Karl J Oldhafer
- Department of Surgery, Asklepius Clinic Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Feyerabend
- Department of Pathology, Asklepius Clinic Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre Fehr
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, SE- 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Stenman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, SE- 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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McGraw MD, Kim SY, Reed C, Hernady E, Rahman I, Mariani TJ, Finkelstein JN. Airway basal cell injury after acute diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) vapor exposure. Toxicol Lett 2020; 325:25-33. [PMID: 32112875 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Diacetyl (DA; 2,3-butanedione) is a chemical found commonly in foods and e-cigarettes. When inhaled, DA causes epithelial injury, though the mechanism of repair remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate airway basal cell repair after DA vapor exposure. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to DA or PBS for 1 h. Lactate dehydrogenase, cleaved caspase 3/7 and trans-epithelial electrical resistance were measured prior to and following exposure. Exposed cultures were analyzed for the airway basal cell markers keratin 5 and p63 as well as ubiquitin and proteasome activity. Cultures were also treated with a proteasome inhibitor (MG132). RESULTS DA vapor exposure caused a transient decrease in trans-epithelial electrical resistance in all DA-exposed cultures. Supernatant lactate dehydrogenase and cleaved caspase 3/7 increased significantly at the highest DA concentration but not at lower DA concentrations. Increased keratin 5 ubiquitination occurred after DA exposure but resolved by day 3. Damage to airway basal cells persisted at day 3 in the presence of MG132. CONCLUSIONS Diacetyl exposure results in airway basal cell injury with keratin 5 ubiquitination and decreased p63 expression. The ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway partially mediates airway basal cell repair after acute DA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McGraw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christina Reed
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Eric Hernady
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rochester, NY, United States
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24
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Lee TK, Park YE, Park CW, Kim B, Lee JC, Park JH, Lee HA, Won MH, Ahn JH. Age-dependent changes of p53 and p63 immunoreactivities in the mouse hippocampus. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:20. [PMID: 32257908 PMCID: PMC7081572 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 and its family member p63 play important roles in cellular senescence and organismal aging. In this study, p53 and p63 immunoreactivity were examined in the hippocampus of young, adult and aged mice by using immunohistochemistry. In addition, neuronal distribution and degeneration was examined by NeuN immunohistochemistry and fluoro-Jade B fluorescence staining. Strong p53 immunoreactivity was mainly expressed in pyramidal and granule cells of the hippocampus in young mice. p53 immunoreactivity in the pyramidal and granule cells was significantly reduced in the adult mice. In the aged mice, p53 immunoreactivity in the pyramidal and granule cells was more significantly decreased. p63 immunoreactivity was strong in the pyramidal and granule cells in the young mice. p63 immunoreactivity in these cells was apparently and gradually decreased with age, showing that p63 immunoreactivity in the aged granule cells was hardly shown. However, numbers of pyramidal neurons and granule cells were not significantly decreased in the aged mice with normal aging. Taken together, this study indicates that there are no degenerative neurons in the hippocampus during normal aging, showing that p53 and p63 immunoreactivity in hippocampal neurons was progressively reduced during normal aging, which might be closely related to the normal aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Park
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- 2Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Ah Lee
- 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- 4Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252 Republic of Korea
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25
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Pinel L, Mandon M, Cyr DG. Tissue regeneration and the epididymal stem cell. Andrology 2019; 7:618-630. [PMID: 31033244 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most pseudostratified epithelia, basal cells represent a multipotent adult stem cell population. These cells generally remain in a quiescent state, until they are stimulated to respond to tissue damage by initiating epithelial regeneration. In the epididymis, cell proliferation occurs at a relatively slow rate under normal physiological conditions. Epididymal basal cells have been shown to share common properties with multipotent adult stem cells. The development of organoids from stem cells represents a novel approach for understanding cellular differentiation and characterization of stem cells. OBJECTIVE To review the literature on tissue regeneration in the epididymis and demonstrate the presence of an epididymal stem cell population. METHODS PubMed database was searched for studies reporting on cell proliferation, regeneration, and stem cells in the epididymis. Three-dimensional cell culture of epididymal cells was used to determine whether these can develop into organoids in a similar fashion to stem cells from other tissues. RESULTS The epididymal epithelium can rapidly regenerate following orchidectomy or efferent duct ligation, in order to maintain epithelial integrity. Studies have isolated a highly purified fraction of rat epididymal basal cells and reported that these cells displayed properties similar to those of multipotent adult stem cells. In two-dimensional cell culture conditions, these cells differentiated into cells which expressed connexin 26, a marker of columnar cells, and cytokeratin 8. Furthermore, three-dimensional cell culture of epididymal cells resulted in the formation of organoids, a phenomenon associated with the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The rapid proliferation and tissue regeneration of the epididymal epithelium to preserve its integrity following tissue damage as well as the ability of cells to differentiate into organoids in vitro support the notion of a resident progenitor/stem cell population in the adult epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pinel
- Laboratory for Reproductive Toxicology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - M Mandon
- Laboratory for Reproductive Toxicology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - D G Cyr
- Laboratory for Reproductive Toxicology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
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26
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Follicular cell lineage in persistent ultimobranchial remnants of mammals. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:1-18. [PMID: 30617614 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been a subject of much debate whether thyroid follicular cells originate from the ultimobranchial body, in addition to median thyroid primordium. Ultimobranchial remnants are detected in normal dogs, rats, mice, cattle, bison and humans and also in mutant mice such as Eya1 homozygotes, Hox3 paralogs homozygotes, Nkx2.1 heterozygotes and FRS2α2F/2F. Besides C cells, follicular cell lineages immunoreactive for thyroglobulin are located within these ultimobranchial remnants. In dogs, the C cell complexes, i.e., large cell clusters consisting of C cells and undifferentiated cells, are present together with parathyroid IV and thymus IV in or close to the thyroid lobe. In addition, follicular cells in various stages of differentiation, including follicular cell groups and primitive and minute follicles storing colloid, are intermingled with C cells in some complexes. This review elaborates the transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in folliculogenesis and it is supposed why the follicular cells in the ultimobranchial remnants are sustained in immature stages. Pax8, a transcription factor crucial for the development of follicular cells, is expressed in the fourth pharyngeal pouch and the ultimobranchial body in human embryos. Pax8 expression is also detected in the ultimobranchial remnants of Eya1 and Hes1 null mutant mice. To determine whether the C cells and follicular cells in the ultimobranchial remnants consist of dual lineage cells or are derived from the common precursor, the changes of undifferentiated cells in dog C cell complexes are examined after chronically induced hypercalcemia or antithyroid drug treatment.
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27
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van Eijl RAPM, van Buggenum JAGL, Tanis SEJ, Hendriks J, Mulder KW. Single-Cell ID-seq Reveals Dynamic BMP Pathway Activation Upstream of the MAF/MAFB-Program in Epidermal Differentiation. iScience 2018; 9:412-422. [PMID: 30466065 PMCID: PMC6249387 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis requires balanced and coordinated adult stem cell renewal and differentiation. These processes are controlled by both extracellular signaling and by cell intrinsic transcription regulatory networks, yet how these control mechanisms are integrated to achieve this is unclear. Here, we developed single-cell Immuno-Detection by sequencing (scID-seq) and simultaneously measured 69 proteins (including 34 phosphorylated epitopes) at single-cell resolution to study the activation state of signaling pathways during human epidermal differentiation. Computational pseudo-timing inference revealed dynamic activation of the JAK-STAT, WNT, and BMP pathways along the epidermal differentiation trajectory. We found that during differentiation, cells start producing BMP2-ligands and activate the canonical intracellular effectors SMAD1/5/9. Mechanistically, the BMP pathway is responsible for activating the MAF/MAFB/ZNF750 transcription factor network to drive late-stage epidermal differentiation. Our work indicates that incorporating signaling pathway activation into this transcription regulatory network enables coordination of transcription programs during epidermal differentiation. scID-seq allows quantification of 70 (phospho-)proteins at single-cell level Pseudo-time inference reveals signaling dynamics during epidermal differentiation BMP signaling drives a late differentiation transcription program BMP signaling activates the MAF/MAFB/ZNF750 transcription factor network
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick A P M van Eijl
- Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Jessie A G L van Buggenum
- Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine E J Tanis
- Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Hendriks
- Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas W Mulder
- Radboud University, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
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28
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Grun D, Adhikary G, Eckert RL. NRP-1 interacts with GIPC1 and α6/β4-integrins to increase YAP1/∆Np63α-dependent epidermal cancer stem cell survival. Oncogene 2018; 37:4711-4722. [PMID: 29755126 PMCID: PMC6381998 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have identified an epidermal cancer stem (ECS) cell population that drives formation of rapidly growing and highly invasive and vascularized tumors. VEGF-A and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are highly expressed in ECS cell tumors and VEGF-A/NRP-1 interaction is required for ECS cell survival and tumor vascularization. We now identify a novel signaling cascade that is triggered by VEGF-A/NRP-1. We show that NRP-1 forms a complex with GIPC1 and α6/β4-integrin to activate FAK/Src signaling, which leads to stabilization of a YAP1/∆Np63α to enhance ECS cell survival, invasion, and angiogenesis. Loss of NRP-1, GIPC1, α6/β4-integrins, YAP1, or ∆Np63α reduces these responses. Moreover, restoration of constituently active YAP1 or ∆Np63α in NRP-1 null cells restores the ECS cell phenotype. Tumor xenograft experiments show that NRP-1 knockout ECS cells form small tumors characterized by reduced vascularization as compared to wild-type cells. The NRP-1 knockout tumors display signaling changes consistent with a role for the proposed signaling cascade. These studies suggest that VEGF-A interacts with NRP-1 and GIPC1 to regulate α6/β4-integrin, FAK, Src, PI3K/PDK1, LATS1 signaling to increase YAP1/∆Np63α accumulation to drive ECS cell survival, angiogenesis, and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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29
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Sakaram S, Craig MP, Hill NT, Aljagthmi A, Garrido C, Paliy O, Bottomley M, Raymer M, Kadakia MP. Identification of novel ΔNp63α-regulated miRNAs using an optimized small RNA-Seq analysis pipeline. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10069. [PMID: 29968742 PMCID: PMC6030203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing have enabled profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs), however, a consensus pipeline for sequencing of small RNAs has not been established. We built and optimized an analysis pipeline using Partek Flow, circumventing the need for analyzing data via scripting languages. Our analysis assessed the effect of alignment reference, normalization method, and statistical model choice on biological data. The pipeline was evaluated using sequencing data from HaCaT cells transfected with either a non-silencing control or siRNA against ΔNp63α, a p53 family member protein which is highly expressed in non-melanoma skin cancer and shown to regulate a number of miRNAs. We posit that 1) alignment and quantification to the miRBase reference provides the most robust quantitation of miRNAs, 2) normalizing sample reads via Trimmed Mean of M-values is the most robust method for accurate downstream analyses, and 3) use of the lognormal with shrinkage statistical model effectively identifies differentially expressed miRNAs. Using our pipeline, we identified previously unrecognized regulation of miRs-149-5p, 18a-5p, 19b-1-5p, 20a-5p, 590-5p, 744-5p and 93-5p by ΔNp63α. Regulation of these miRNAs was validated by RT-qPCR, substantiating our small RNA-Seq pipeline. Further analysis of these miRNAs may provide insight into ΔNp63α's role in cancer progression. By defining the optimal alignment reference, normalization method, and statistical model for analysis of miRNA sequencing data, we have established an analysis pipeline that may be carried out in Partek Flow or at the command line. In this manner, our pipeline circumvents some of the major hurdles encountered during small RNA-Seq analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Sakaram
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Michael P Craig
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Natasha T Hill
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Amjad Aljagthmi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Christian Garrido
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Oleg Paliy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Michael Bottomley
- Math and Microbiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Michael Raymer
- Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Madhavi P Kadakia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
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30
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Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Rescigno F, Scamardella S, Escolino M, Netti PA. Engineering a human skin equivalent to study dermis remodelling and epidermis senescence in vitro after UVA exposure. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1658-1669. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80; Naples Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Rescigno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Sara Scamardella
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Maria Escolino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Surgery Unit; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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31
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Wang S, Kobeissi A, Dong Y, Kaplan N, Yang W, He C, Zeng K, Peng H. MicroRNAs-103/107 Regulate Autophagy in the Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1481-1490. [PMID: 29452119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that microRNAs-103 and -107 (miRs-103/107) positively regulate end-stage autophagy by ensuring dynamin activity in cultured keratinocytes. Most work in end-stage autophagy has been conducted using in vitro model systems. In vivo regulation of end-stage autophagy in epidermis remains unknown. Here, we used antagomirs to subcutaneously knock down miR-107 in the skin; conversely, we delivered miR-107 mimic subcutaneously via in vivo transfection to increase this miR. We found that antagomir-107 treatment in epidermis: (i) depleted endogenous miR-107; (ii) increased GFP-LC3 puncta in epidermal basal layers of GFP-LC3 transgenic mice, indicative of an accumulation of autophagosomes; (iii) inhibited LC3 turnover and increased p62, suggesting an inhibition of autophagy flux; and (iv) increased phosphorylated dynamin (p-dynamin, an inactive form), a key enzyme in end-stage autophagy. Conversely, miR-107 mimic treatment in mouse epidermis: decreased GFP-LC3 puncta in basal layer, as well as p62 protein levels; and diminished p-dynamin, indicative of activation of this enzyme. In human epidermal keratinocytes, antagos-103/107 cause the formation of large vacuoles and an increase in p-dynamin, which can be rescued by inhibition of protein kinase C pathway. Collectively, these results suggest that the miR-103/107 family has a critical role in regulating end-stage autophagy in mouse epidermis via PLD1/2-protein kinase C-dynamin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aya Kobeissi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wending Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Congcong He
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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32
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Requirement of zinc transporter ZIP10 for epidermal development: Implication of the ZIP10-p63 axis in epithelial homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12243-12248. [PMID: 29078349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710726114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin tissues, in particular the epidermis, are severely affected by zinc deficiency. However, the zinc-mediated mechanisms that maintain the cells that form the epidermis have not been established. Here, we report that the zinc transporter ZIP10 is highly expressed in the outer root sheath of hair follicles and plays critical roles in epidermal development. We found that ZIP10 marked epidermal progenitor cell subsets and that ablating Zip10 caused significant epidermal hypoplasia accompanied by down-regulation of the transactivation of p63, a master regulator of epidermal progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Both ZIP10 and p63 are significantly increased during epidermal development, in which ZIP10-mediated zinc influx promotes p63 transactivation. Collectively, these results indicate that ZIP10 plays important roles in epidermal development via, at least in part, the ZIP10-zinc-p63 signaling axis, thereby highlighting the physiological significance of zinc regulation in the maintenance of skin epidermis.
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33
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Fisher ML, Kerr C, Adhikary G, Grun D, Xu W, Keillor JW, Eckert RL. Transglutaminase Interaction with α6/β4-Integrin Stimulates YAP1-Dependent ΔNp63α Stabilization and Leads to Enhanced Cancer Stem Cell Survival and Tumor Formation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:7265-7276. [PMID: 27780825 PMCID: PMC5161627 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression is required for epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cancer stem cell survival. However, the molecular signaling mechanisms triggered by TG2 that mediate this survival action are not well understood. Here we show that TG2 is constitutively expressed in ECS cells, where it interacts with α6/β4 integrin to stimulate FAK and Src signaling, leading to PI3K activation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). PDK1 inhibits Hippo signaling, leading to enhanced nuclear accumulation of YAP1, which interacted with and stabilized ΔNp63α to enhance epidermal squamous cell carcinoma spheroid formation, invasion, and migration. Overall, these findings suggest that constitutive TG2 expression results in stabilization of ΔNp63α, leading to maintenance of cancer stem cell properties and enhanced tumor formation. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7265-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dan Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bin L, Deng L, Yang H, Zhu L, Wang X, Edwards MG, Richers B, Leung DYM. Forkhead Box C1 Regulates Human Primary Keratinocyte Terminal Differentiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167392. [PMID: 27907090 PMCID: PMC5132327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves as a critical protective barrier between the internal and external environment of the human body. Its remarkable barrier function is established through the keratinocyte (KC) terminal differentiation program. The transcription factors specifically regulating terminal differentiation remain largely unknown. Using a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) profiling approach, we found that forkhead box c 1 (FOXC1) was significantly up-regulated in human normal primary KC during the course of differentiation. This observation was validated in human normal primary KC from several different donors and human skin biopsies. Silencing FOXC1 in human normal primary KC undergoing differentiation led to significant down-regulation of late terminal differentiation genes markers including epidermal differentiation complex genes, keratinization genes, sphingolipid/ceramide metabolic process genes and epidermal specific cell-cell adhesion genes. We further demonstrated that FOXC1 works down-stream of ZNF750 and KLF4, and upstream of GRHL3. Thus, this study defines FOXC1 as a regulator specific for KC terminal differentiation and establishes its potential position in the genetic regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Bin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, the International Immunology Center and the Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Liehua Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, the International Immunology Center and the Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hengwen Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, the International Immunology Center and the Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Leqing Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, the International Immunology Center and the Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, the International Immunology Center and the Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Michael G. Edwards
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Brittany Richers
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Donald Y. M. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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TAp63 suppresses mammary tumorigenesis through regulation of the Hippo pathway. Oncogene 2016; 36:2377-2393. [PMID: 27869165 PMCID: PMC5415945 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating the transition of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to mammary stem cells (MaSCs) and to tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have not been entirely elucidated. The p53 family member, p63, is critical for mammary gland development and contains transactivation domain isoforms, which have tumor-suppressive activities, and the ΔN isoforms, which act as oncogenes. In the clinic, p63 is often used as a diagnostic marker, and further analysis of the function of TAp63 in the mammary gland is critical for improved diagnosis and patient care. Loss of TAp63 in mice leads to the formation of aggressive metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma at 9-16 months of age. Here we show that TAp63 is crucial for the transition of mammary cancer cells to TICs. When TAp63 is lost, MECs express embryonic and MaSC signatures and activate the Hippo pathway. These data indicate a crucial role for TAp63 in mammary TICs and provide a mechanism for its role as a tumor- and metastasis-suppressor in breast cancer.
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Shamseldin HE, Khalifa O, Binamer YM, Almutawa A, Arold ST, Zaidan H, Alkuraya FS. KDF1, encoding keratinocyte differentiation factor 1, is mutated in a multigenerational family with ectodermal dysplasia. Hum Genet 2016; 136:99-105. [PMID: 27838789 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia is a highly heterogeneous group of disorders that variably affect the derivatives of the ectoderm, primarily skin, hair, nails and teeth. TP63, itself mutated in ectodermal dysplasia, links many other ectodermal dysplasia disease genes through a regulatory network that maintains the balance between proliferation and differentiation of the epidermis and other ectodermal derivatives. The ectodermal knockout phenotype of five mouse genes that regulate and/or are regulated by TP63 (Irf6, Ikkα, Ripk4, Stratifin, and Kdf1) is strikingly similar and involves abnormal balance towards proliferation at the expense of differentiation, but only the first three have corresponding ectodermal phenotypes in humans. We describe a multigenerational Saudi family with an autosomal dominant form of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in which positional mapping and exome sequencing identified a novel variant in KDF1 that fully segregates with the phenotype. The recapitulation of the phenotype we observe in this family by the Kdf1-/- mouse suggests a causal role played by the KDF1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola Khalifa
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef M Binamer
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem Almutawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Zaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate skin morphogenesis and epidermal barrier formation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13226. [PMID: 27807348 PMCID: PMC5095294 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a regulator of growth in many tissues, mediates its activity through two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 or mTORC2. The role of mTOR signalling in skin morphogenesis and epidermal development is unknown. Here we identify mTOR as an essential regulator in skin morphogenesis by epidermis-specific deletion of Mtor in mice (mTOREKO). mTOREKO mutants are viable, but die shortly after birth due to deficits primarily during the early epidermal differentiation programme and lack of a protective barrier development. Epidermis-specific loss of Raptor, which encodes an essential component of mTORC1, confers the same skin phenotype as seen in mTOREKO mutants. In contrast, newborns with an epidermal deficiency of Rictor, an essential component of mTORC2, survive despite a hypoplastic epidermis and disruption in late stage terminal differentiation. These findings highlight a fundamental role for mTOR in epidermal morphogenesis that is regulated by distinct functions for mTORC1 and mTORC2.
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Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Endogenous human skin equivalent promotes in vitro morphogenesis of follicle-like structures. Biomaterials 2016; 101:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Solution structure and binding specificity of the p63 DNA binding domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26707. [PMID: 27225672 PMCID: PMC4880913 DOI: 10.1038/srep26707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
p63 is a close homologue of p53 and, together with p73, is grouped into the p53 family of transcription factors. p63 is known to be involved in the induction of controlled apoptosis important for differentiation processes, germ line integrity and development. Despite its high homology to p53, especially within the DNA binding domain (DBD), p63-DBD does not show cooperative DNA binding properties and is significantly more stable against thermal and chemical denaturation. Here, we determined the solution structure of p63-DBD and show that it is markedly less dynamic than p53-DBD. In addition, we also investigate the effect of a double salt bridge present in p53-DBD, but not in p63-DBD on the cooperative binding behavior and specificity to various DNA sites. Restoration of the salt bridges in p63-DBD by mutagenesis leads to enhanced binding affinity to p53-specific, but not p63-specific response elements. Furthermore, we show that p63-DBD is capable of binding to anti-apoptotic BclxL via its DNA binding interface, a feature that has only been shown for p53 so far. These data suggest that all p53 family members - despite alterations in the specificity and binding affinity - are capable of activating pro-apoptotic pathways in a tissue specific manner.
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Yang K, Wu WM, Chen YC, Lo SH, Liao YC. ΔNp63α Transcriptionally Regulates the Expression of CTEN That Is Associated with Prostate Cell Adhesion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147542. [PMID: 26784942 PMCID: PMC4718700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
p63 is a member of the p53 transcription factor family and a linchpin of epithelial development and homeostasis. p63 drives the expression of many target genes involved in cell survival, adhesion, migration and cancer. In this study, we identify C-terminal tensin-like (CTEN) molecule as a downstream target of ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 isoform expressed in epithelium. CTEN belongs to the tensin family and is mainly localized to focal adhesions, which mediate many biological events such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and gene expression. Our study demonstrate that ΔNp63 and CTEN are both highly expressed in normal prostate epithelial cells and are down-regulated in prostate cancer. In addition, reduced expression of CTEN and ΔNp63 is correlated with prostate cancer progression from primary tumors to metastatic lesions. Silencing of ΔNp63 leads to decreased mRNA and protein levels of CTEN. ΔNp63α induces transcriptional activity of the CTEN promoter and a 140-bp fragment upstream of the transcription initiation site is the minimal promoter region required for activation. A putative binding site for p63 is located between -61 and -36 within the CTEN promoter and mutations of the critical nucleotides in this region abolish ΔNp63α-induced promoter activity. The direct interaction of ΔNp63α with the CTEN promoter was demonstrated using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Moreover, impaired cell adhesion caused by ΔNp63α depletion is rescued by over-expression of CTEN, suggesting that CTEN is a downstream effector of ΔNp63α-mediated cell adhesion. In summary, our findings demonstrate that ΔNp63α functions as a trans-activation factor of CTEN promoter and regulates cell adhesion through modulating CTEN. Our study further contributes to the potential regulatory mechanisms of CTEN in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su Hao Lo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chun Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Barberon M, Vermeer JEM, De Bellis D, Wang P, Naseer S, Andersen TG, Humbel BM, Nawrath C, Takano J, Salt DE, Geldner N. Adaptation of Root Function by Nutrient-Induced Plasticity of Endodermal Differentiation. Cell 2016; 164:447-59. [PMID: 26777403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant roots forage the soil for minerals whose concentrations can be orders of magnitude away from those required for plant cell function. Selective uptake in multicellular organisms critically requires epithelia with extracellular diffusion barriers. In plants, such a barrier is provided by the endodermis and its Casparian strips--cell wall impregnations analogous to animal tight and adherens junctions. Interestingly, the endodermis undergoes secondary differentiation, becoming coated with hydrophobic suberin, presumably switching from an actively absorbing to a protective epithelium. Here, we show that suberization responds to a wide range of nutrient stresses, mediated by the stress hormones abscisic acid and ethylene. We reveal a striking ability of the root to not only regulate synthesis of suberin, but also selectively degrade it in response to ethylene. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in suberization constitute physiologically relevant, adaptive responses, pointing to a pivotal role of the endodermal membrane in nutrient homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Sadaf Naseer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tonni Grube Andersen
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Martin Humbel
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junpei Takano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - David Edward Salt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Spatiotemporal Expression of p63 in Mouse Epidermal Commitment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29542-53. [PMID: 26690418 PMCID: PMC4691128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic surface ectoderm is a simple flat epithelium consisting of cells that express the cytokeratins K8/K18. Before stratification, K5/K14 expression substitutes K8/K18 expression, marking the event called epidermal commitment. Previous studies show that the transcription factor p63 plays an essential role in epidermal commitment. However, detailed expression information of p63 during early epidermal development in mice is still unclear. We systematically studied the expression pattern of p63 in mouse epidermal commitment, together with K8 and K5. We show that p63 expression could be detected as early as E8.5 in mouse embryos preceding epidermal commitment. p63 expression first appears near the newly formed somites and the posterior part of the embryo, further expanding to the whole embryonic surface with particular enrichment in the first branchial arches and the limb buds. ΔNp63 is the major class of isoforms expressed in this period. Relative expression intensity of p63 depends on the embryonic position. In summary, there is a sequential and regular expression pattern of K8, p63 and K5 in mouse epidermal commitment. Our study not only contributes to understanding the early events during epidermal development but also provides a basal tool to study the function of p63 in mammals.
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Alekseyenko AA, Walsh EM, Wang X, Grayson AR, Hsi PT, Kharchenko PV, Kuroda MI, French CA. The oncogenic BRD4-NUT chromatin regulator drives aberrant transcription within large topological domains. Genes Dev 2015. [PMID: 26220994 PMCID: PMC4526735 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267583.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), a subtype of squamous cell cancer, is one of the most aggressive human solid malignancies known. NMC is driven by the creation of a translocation oncoprotein, BRD4-NUT, which blocks differentiation and drives growth of NMC cells. BRD4-NUT forms distinctive nuclear foci in patient tumors, which we found correlate with ∼100 unprecedented, hyperacetylated expanses of chromatin that reach up to 2 Mb in size. These "megadomains" appear to be the result of aberrant, feed-forward loops of acetylation and binding of acetylated histones that drive transcription of underlying DNA in NMC patient cells and naïve cells induced to express BRD4-NUT. Megadomain locations are typically cell lineage-specific; however, the cMYC and TP63 regions are targeted in all NMCs tested and play functional roles in tumor growth. Megadomains appear to originate from select pre-existing enhancers that progressively broaden but are ultimately delimited by topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries. Therefore, our findings establish a basis for understanding the powerful role played by large-scale chromatin organization in normal and aberrant lineage-specific gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom A Alekseyenko
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Erica M Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Adlai R Grayson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter T Hsi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Hematology/Oncology Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mitzi I Kuroda
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A French
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Linzen U, Lilischkis R, Pandithage R, Schilling B, Ullius A, Lüscher-Firzlaff J, Kremmer E, Lüscher B, Vervoorts J. ING5 is phosphorylated by CDK2 and controls cell proliferation independently of p53. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123736. [PMID: 25860957 PMCID: PMC4393124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of growth (ING) proteins have multiple functions in the control of cell proliferation, mainly by regulating processes associated with chromatin regulation and gene expression. ING5 has been described to regulate aspects of gene transcription and replication. Moreover deregulation of ING5 is observed in different tumors, potentially functioning as a tumor suppressor. Gene transcription in late G1 and in S phase and replication is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) in complex with cyclin E or cyclin A. CDK2 complexes phosphorylate and regulate several substrate proteins relevant for overcoming the restriction point and promoting S phase. We have identified ING5 as a novel CDK2 substrate. ING5 is phosphorylated at a single site, threonine 152, by cyclin E/CDK2 and cyclin A/CDK2 in vitro. This site is also phosphorylated in cells in a cell cycle dependent manner, consistent with it being a CDK2 substrate. Furthermore overexpression of cyclin E/CDK2 stimulates while the CDK2 inhibitor p27KIP1 represses phosphorylation at threonine 152. This site is located in a bipartite nuclear localization sequence but its phosphorylation was not sufficient to deregulate the subcellular localization of ING5. Although ING5 interacts with the tumor suppressor p53, we could not establish p53-dependent regulation of cell proliferation by ING5 and by phospho-site mutants. Instead we observed that the knockdown of ING5 resulted in a strong reduction of proliferation in different tumor cell lines, irrespective of the p53 status. This inhibition of proliferation was at least in part due to the induction of apoptosis. In summary we identified a phosphorylation site at threonine 152 of ING5 that is cell cycle regulated and we observed that ING5 is necessary for tumor cell proliferation, without any apparent dependency on the tumor suppressor p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Linzen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Lilischkis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruwin Pandithage
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Britta Schilling
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Ullius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Lüscher-Firzlaff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail: (BL); (JV)
| | - Jörg Vervoorts
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail: (BL); (JV)
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Graczyk A, Leśniak W. S100A6 expression in keratinocytes and its impact on epidermal differentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:135-41. [PMID: 25450463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
S100A6 is a calcium binding protein expressed in many types of epithelia including epidermis. S100A6 is a binding partner of a number of proteins engaged in cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle control, stress response or apoptosis. So far the effect of its overexpression or knock-down on cell physiology has been studied only at the cellular level. Here, we used an in vitro model of differentiating epidermis to study the role of S100A6 at the tissue level and in the context of tissue differentiation. First of all we have shown that S100A6 mRNA level diminished several fold during primary keratinocyte differentiation and investigated the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms involved in this tight expression control. Using bisulfite treatment, luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation we found that changes in S100A6 expression were DNA methylation independent but could be orchestrated by epidermal specific factors: the ΔNp63 transcription factor and retinoic acid. To investigate if the drop-down in S100A6 expression is indeed critical for keratinocyte differentiation we developed HaCaT cells with stable S100A6 knock-down or overexpression and tested them in 2- and 3-dimensional (organotypic) culture conditions. S100A6 overexpressing cells exhibited accelerated proliferation, enhanced adhesion properties and suppressed loricrin expression - features typical for undifferentiated keratinocytes. In organotypic culture these cells formed thicker epidermis with more Ki67 positive cells, keratin 10 expression spatially limited to the uppermost cell layers and non-detectable loricrin expression. Together, results obtained in both culture models proved that increased S100A6 content in keratinocytes dramatically changed the pace and extent of epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Graczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiesława Leśniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Ishii A, Muramatsu T, Lee JM, Higa K, Shinozaki N, Jung HS, Shibahara T. Expression of p75(NGFR), a Proliferative and Basal Cell Marker, in the Buccal Mucosa Epithelium during Re-epithelialization. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:145-53. [PMID: 25392568 PMCID: PMC4164702 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of p75NGFR, a proliferative and basal cell marker, in the mouse buccal mucosa epithelium during wound healing in order to elucidate the role of epithelial stem cells. Epithelial defects were generated in the epithelium of the buccal mucosa of 6-week-old mice using CO2 laser irradiation. BrdU was immediately administered to mice following laser irradiation. They were then sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. Paraffin sections were prepared and the irradiated areas were analyzed using immunohistochemistry with anti-p75NGFR, BrdU, PCNA, and CK14 antibodies. During re-epithelialization, PCNA (–)/p75NGFR (+) cells extended to the wound, which then closed, whereas PCNA (+)/p75NGFR (+) cells were not observed at the edge of the wound. In addition, p75NGFR (–)/CK14 (+), which reflected the presence of post-mitotic differentiating cells, was observed in the supra-basal layers of the extended epithelium. BrdU (+)/p75NGFR (+), which reflected the presence of epithelial stem cells, was detected sparsely in buccal basal epithelial cells after healing, and disappeared after 7 days. These results suggest that p75NGFR (+) keratinocytes are localized in the basal layer, which contains oral epithelial stem cells, and retain the ability to proliferate in order to regenerate the buccal mucosal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College
- Cornea Center, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Naoshi Shinozaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College
- Cornea Center, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry
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Fischer B, Metzger M, Richardson R, Knyphausen P, Ramezani T, Franzen R, Schmelzer E, Bloch W, Carney TJ, Hammerschmidt M. p53 and TAp63 promote keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in breeding tubercles of the zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004048. [PMID: 24415949 PMCID: PMC3886889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 is a multi-isoform member of the p53 family of transcription factors. There is compelling genetic evidence that ΔNp63 isoforms are needed for keratinocyte proliferation and stemness in the developing vertebrate epidermis. However, the role of TAp63 isoforms is not fully understood, and TAp63 knockout mice display normal epidermal development. Here, we show that zebrafish mutants specifically lacking TAp63 isoforms, or p53, display compromised development of breeding tubercles, epidermal appendages which according to our analyses display more advanced stratification and keratinization than regular epidermis, including continuous desquamation and renewal of superficial cells by derivatives of basal keratinocytes. Defects are further enhanced in TAp63/p53 double mutants, pointing to partially redundant roles of the two related factors. Molecular analyses, treatments with chemical inhibitors and epistasis studies further reveal the existence of a linear TAp63/p53->Notch->caspase 3 pathway required both for enhanced proliferation of keratinocytes at the base of the tubercles and their subsequent differentiation in upper layers. Together, these studies identify the zebrafish breeding tubercles as specific epidermal structures sharing crucial features with the cornified mammalian epidermis. In addition, they unravel essential roles of TAp63 and p53 to promote both keratinocyte proliferation and their terminal differentiation by promoting Notch signalling and caspase 3 activity, ensuring formation and proper homeostasis of this self-renewing stratified epithelium. The mammalian epidermis is a stratified self-renewing epithelium, in which cell loss at the surface is properly balanced by cell proliferation in basal layers to ensure tissue homeostasis. But how is this balance genetically controlled? Here, we address this question in zebrafish breeding tubercles, epidermal appendages in which keratinocytes undergo more advanced differentiation processes than in regular fish epidermis, sharing crucial features with the cornified mammalian skin. We identify a linear pathway consisting of the transcription factor p53 and its close relative TAp63, which activate Notch signalling and thereby caspase 3 to promote terminal differentiation and eventual shedding of keratinocytes in upper tubercle layers, while at the same time employing non-cell autonomous mechanisms to promote keratinocyte proliferation at the tubercle base, thereby ensuring proper development and homeostasis of this self-renewing tissue. Such a two-fold function of the pathway is consistent with the formerly reported dual role of a caspase during wing regeneration in the fruitfly. Our findings will help to better understand the seemingly contrary effects described for TAp63 in different mammalian systems, while demonstrating partial functional redundancy between p53 and TAp63 during epidermal development in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Fischer
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Metzger
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Richardson
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Knyphausen
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Ramezani
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer Franzen
- Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Mahfuz I, Darling T, Wilkins S, White S, Cheng W. New insights into the pathogenesis of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9:996-1005. [PMID: 23743131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) is a complex and debilitating congenital disease. Familial and twin studies suggest a possible genetic component in BEEC pathogenesis. Bladder mesenchyme (detrusor) development requires induction by a signal from bladder urothelium, and we and others have shown the Shh-Gli-Bmp4 signalling pathway is likely to be involved. P63 is a master regulator in epithelial stratification and is expressed in urothelium. We have shown that p63 knock-out mice undergo excessive urothelial apoptosis. Failure of mesenchymal induction by epithelium leads to BEEC. We further demonstrated that insertion/deletion (in/del) polymorphisms (1 base pair (bp) ins and 4 bp ins., and 12 bp del) in the ΔNP63 promoter reduce transcriptional efficiency, and are associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of BEEC in humans. Furthermore, a Genome-Wide Expression Profiling (GWEP) study suggests possible involvement of PERP in human BEEC. Intriguingly, PERP is a direct target of p63 during development, and is also involved in epithelial stratification. PERP co-localizes with desmosome, and both PERP and desmosome are essential for maintaining tissue integrity by cellular adhesion and epithelial stratification. A recent study showed that PERP and desmosome expression levels are abnormal in human BEEC patients. This review describes the role of the P63 > PERP > desmosome pathway in the development of human bladder during embryogenesis. We hypothesize that disruption of this pathway may increase the risk of BEEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istiak Mahfuz
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Australia
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Burnley P, Rahman M, Wang H, Zhang Z, Sun X, Zhuge Q, Su DM. Role of the p63-FoxN1 regulatory axis in thymic epithelial cell homeostasis during aging. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e932. [PMID: 24263106 PMCID: PMC3847336 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The p63 gene regulates thymic epithelial cell (TEC) proliferation, whereas FoxN1 regulates their differentiation. However, their collaborative role in the regulation of TEC homeostasis during thymic aging is largely unknown. In murine models, the proportion of TAp63(+), but not ΔNp63(+), TECs was increased with age, which was associated with an age-related increase in senescent cell clusters, characterized by SA-β-Gal(+) and p21(+) cells. Intrathymic infusion of exogenous TAp63 cDNA into young wild-type (WT) mice led to an increase in senescent cell clusters. Blockade of TEC differentiation via conditional FoxN1 gene knockout accelerated the appearance of this phenotype to early middle age, whereas intrathymic infusion of exogenous FoxN1 cDNA into aged WT mice brought only a modest reduction in the proportion of TAp63(+) TECs, but an increase in ΔNp63(+) TECs in the partially rejuvenated thymus. Meanwhile, we found that the increased TAp63(+) population contained a high proportion of phosphorylated-p53 TECs, which may be involved in the induction of cellular senescence. Thus, TAp63 levels are positively correlated with TEC senescence but inversely correlated with expression of FoxN1 and FoxN1-regulated TEC differentiation. Thereby, the p63-FoxN1 regulatory axis in regulation of postnatal TEC homeostasis has been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Burnley
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - M Rahman
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - X Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Q Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - D-M Su
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. Tel: +1 817 735 5186; Fax: +1 817 735 2118; E-mail:
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50
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Transcriptional networks regulating the costamere, sarcomere, and other cytoskeletal structures in striated muscle. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1641-56. [PMID: 24218011 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structural abnormalities in striated muscle have been observed in numerous transcription factor gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes in animal and cell culture model systems, indicating that transcription is important in regulating the cytoarchitecture. While most characterized cytoarchitectural defects are largely indistinguishable by histological and ultrastructural criteria, analysis of dysregulated gene expression in each mutant phenotype has yielded valuable information regarding specific structural gene programs that may be uniquely controlled by each of these transcription factors. Linking the formation and maintenance of each subcellular structure or subset of proteins within a cytoskeletal compartment to an overlapping but distinct transcription factor cohort may enable striated muscle to control cytoarchitectural function in an efficient and specific manner. Here we summarize the available evidence that connects transcription factors, those with established roles in striated muscle such as MEF2 and SRF, as well as other non-muscle transcription factors, to the regulation of a defined cytoskeletal structure. The notion that genes encoding proteins localized to the same subcellular compartment are coordinately transcriptionally regulated may prompt rationally designed approaches that target specific transcription factor pathways to correct structural defects in muscle disease.
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