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Lin TK, Tsai CL, Tsai BCK, Kuo CH, Ho TJ, Hsieh DJY, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Low-concentration imiquimod treatment promotes enhanced skin barrier functions through epidermal melanization reaction regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4360-4371. [PMID: 38760990 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The primary function of the skin is to form a mechanical, permeability, antimicrobial, and ultraviolet radiation barrier, which is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis. Our previous studies demonstrated that cutaneous pigmentation could promote skin barrier function in addition to providing anti-ultraviolet irradiation defense. The present study aimed to develop a new regimen that enhances skin barrier function by regulating skin pigmentation using low-concentration imiquimod. Results showed that topical application of low-concentration imiquimod effectively induced skin hyperpigmentation in the dorsal skin and external ear of mice without inducing inflammatory cell infiltration. An in vitro study also revealed that low-concentration imiquimod did not induce any cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells but triggered excessive melanin synthesis. In coculture systems, low-concentration imiquimod was noted to increase tyrosinase activity in a broader cellular context, revealing the potential role of neighboring cells in melanin production. The next-generation sequencing result indicated that PKCη and Dnm3 might regulate melanin synthesis and release during imiquimod treatment. Overall, our study presents new insights into the regulation of melanin production by low-concentration imiquimod, both in a mice model and cultured cells. Furthermore, our study highlights the potential benefits of imiquimod in promoting melanin synthesis without causing skin disruptions or inducing inflammation, validating its potential to serve as a method for enhancing skin barrier functions by regulating the epidermal melanization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Kai Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Tsai
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bruce Chi-Kang Tsai
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Jine-Yuan Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
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2
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Goenka S. Exploring the effect of butyric acid, a metabolite from periodontopathic bacteria, on primary human melanocytes: An in vitro study. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:253-259. [PMID: 38215819 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Effects of butyric acid, a bacterial metabolite implicated in periodontitis progression, have never been examined on oral melanocytes. Herein, primary human epidermal melanocytes were used as a model for oral melanocytes. Results show the adverse effects of butyric acid (sodium butyrate; NaB) on them, which comprise marked cytotoxicity at higher concentrations (>1 mM) and robust differentiation at lower nontoxic concentrations. NaB did not alter MITF protein levels; however, it stimulated tyrosinase protein synthesis and inhibited tyrosinase activity, with no changes in cellular melanin. NaB did not affect oxidative stress, although it induced significant levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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3
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Dand N, Stuart PE, Bowes J, Ellinghaus D, Nititham J, Saklatvala JR, Teder-Laving M, Thomas LF, Traks T, Uebe S, Assmann G, Baudry D, Behrens F, Billi AC, Brown MA, Burkhardt H, Capon F, Chung R, Curtis CJ, Duckworth M, Ellinghaus E, FitzGerald O, Gerdes S, Griffiths CEM, Gulliver S, Helliwell P, Ho P, Hoffmann P, Holmen OL, Huang ZM, Hveem K, Jadon D, Köhm M, Kraus C, Lamacchia C, Lee SH, Ma F, Mahil SK, McHugh N, McManus R, Modalsli EH, Nissen MJ, Nöthen M, Oji V, Oksenberg JR, Patrick MT, Perez-White BE, Ramming A, Rech J, Rosen C, Sarkar MK, Schett G, Schmidt B, Tejasvi T, Traupe H, Voorhees JJ, Wacker EM, Warren RB, Wasikowski R, Weidinger S, Wen X, Zhang Z, Barton A, Chandran V, Esko T, Foerster J, Franke A, Gladman DD, Gudjonsson JE, Gulliver W, Hüffmeier U, Kingo K, Kõks S, Liao W, Løset M, Mägi R, Nair RP, Rahman P, Reis A, Smith CH, Di Meglio P, Barker JN, Tsoi LC, Simpson MA, Elder JT. GWAS meta-analysis of psoriasis identifies new susceptibility alleles impacting disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.04.23296543. [PMID: 37873414 PMCID: PMC10593001 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.04.23296543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, debilitating immune-mediated skin disease. Genetic studies have identified biological mechanisms of psoriasis risk, including those targeted by effective therapies. However, the genetic liability to psoriasis is not fully explained by variation at robustly identified risk loci. To move towards a saturation map of psoriasis susceptibility we meta-analysed 18 GWAS comprising 36,466 cases and 458,078 controls and identified 109 distinct psoriasis susceptibility loci, including 45 that have not been previously reported. These include susceptibility variants at loci in which the therapeutic targets IL17RA and AHR are encoded, and deleterious coding variants supporting potential new drug targets (including in STAP2, CPVL and POU2F3). We conducted a transcriptome-wide association study to identify regulatory effects of psoriasis susceptibility variants and cross-referenced these against single cell expression profiles in psoriasis-affected skin, highlighting roles for the transcriptional regulation of haematopoietic cell development and epigenetic modulation of interferon signalling in psoriasis pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dand
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Philip E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Bowes
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joanne Nititham
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jake R Saklatvala
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Laurent F Thomas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- BioCore - Bioinformatics Core Facility, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tanel Traks
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunter Assmann
- RUB University Hospital JWK Minden, Department of Rheumatology, Minden, Germany
- Jose-Carreras Centrum for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, University of Saarland Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - David Baudry
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Behrens
- Division of Translational Rheumatology, Immunology - Inflammation Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Genomics England, Canary Wharf, London, UK
| | - Harald Burkhardt
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesca Capon
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond Chung
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charles J Curtis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Duckworth
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver FitzGerald
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher E M Griffiths
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Philip Helliwell
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Pauline Ho
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oddgeir L Holmen
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Zhi-Ming Huang
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Deepak Jadon
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michaela Köhm
- Division of Translational Rheumatology, Immunology - Inflammation Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Céline Lamacchia
- Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sang Hyuck Lee
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Satveer K Mahil
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil McHugh
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases and Dept Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Ross McManus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ellen H Modalsli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Clinic of Orthopedy, Rheumatology and Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael J Nissen
- Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cheryl Rosen
- Division of Dermatology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Trilokraj Tejasvi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John J Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eike Matthias Wacker
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard B Warren
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Xiaoquan Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhaolin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne Barton
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, and Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John Foerster
- College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dafna D Gladman
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, and Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wayne Gulliver
- Newlab Clinical Research Inc, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ulrike Hüffmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Wilson Liao
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mari Løset
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Clinic of Orthopedy, Rheumatology and Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Proton Rahman
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Catherine H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Gelmi MC, Verdijk RM, Houtzagers LE, van der Velden PA, Kroes WGM, Luyten GPM, Vu THK, Jager MJ. Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor: A Differentiation Marker in Uveal Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108861. [PMID: 37240204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an important regulator of melanogenesis and melanocyte development. In cutaneous melanoma, MITF loss has been linked to an increased expression of stem cell markers, a shift in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors, and increased inflammation. We explored the role of MITF in Uveal Melanoma (UM) using a cohort of 64 patients enucleated at the Leiden University Medical Center. We analysed the relation between MITF expression and clinical, histopathological and genetic features of UM, as well as survival. We performed differential gene expression and gene set enrichment analysis using mRNA microarray data, comparing MITF-low with MITF-high UM. MITF expression was lower in heavily pigmented UM than in lightly pigmented UM (p = 0.003), which we confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, MITF was significantly lower in UM with monosomy 3/BAP1 loss than in those with disomy 3/no BAP1 loss (p < 0.001) and with 8q gain/amplification 8q (p = 0.02). Spearman correlation analysis showed that a low MITF expression was associated with an increase in inflammatory markers, hallmark pathways involved in inflammation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Similar to the situation in cutaneous melanoma, we propose that MITF loss in UM is related to de-differentiation to a less favourable EMT profile and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Section Ophthalmic Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien E Houtzagers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A van der Velden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma G M Kroes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregorius P M Luyten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T H Khanh Vu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Gelmi MC, Wierenga AP, Kroes WG, van Duinen SG, Karuntu JS, Marinkovic M, Bleeker JC, Luyten GP, Vu TK, Verdijk RM, Jager MJ. Increased histological tumour pigmentation in Uveal Melanoma is related to eye colour and loss of chromosome 3/BAP1. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100297. [PMID: 37193315 PMCID: PMC10182323 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Heavy pigmentation is known to be a prognostic risk factor in uveal melanoma (UM). We analyzed whether genetic tumor parameters were associated with tumor pigmentation and whether pigmentation should be included in prognostic tests. Design Retrospective comparison of clinical, histopathological, and genetic features and survival in UM with different pigmentation. Participants A total of 1058 patients with UM from a White European population with diverse eye colors enucleated between 1972 and 2021. Methods Cox regression and log-rank tests were used for survival analysis; the chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for correlation analysis. Main Outcome Measures Uveal melanoma-related survival based on tumor pigmentation and chromosome status, correlation of tumor pigmentation with prognostic factors. Results The 5-year UM-related mortality was 8% in patients with nonpigmented tumors (n = 54), 25% with lightly pigmented tumors (n = 489), 41% with moderately pigmented tumors (n = 333), and 33% with dark tumors (n = 178) (P < 0.001). The percentage of tumors with monosomy 3 (M3) or 8q gain increased with increasing pigmentation (31%, 46%, 62%, and 70% having M3 [P < 0.001], and 19%, 43%, 61%, and 63% having 8q gain [P < 0.001] in the 4 increasing pigment groups, respectively). BRCA-associated protein 1 (BAP1) loss (known for 204 cases) was associated with increased tumor pigmentation (P = 0.001). Cox regression analysis on survival showed that when chromosome status and pigmentation were both included, pigmentation was not an independent prognostic indicator. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) expression was a significant prognostic marker in light tumors (P = 0.02) but not in dark tumors (P = 0.85). Conclusions Patients with moderately and heavily pigmented tumors showed a significantly higher UM-related mortality than patients with unpigmented and light tumors (P < 0.001), supporting prior reports on the relation between increased tumor pigmentation and a worse prognosis. Although we previously showed that a dark eye color was associated with tumor pigmentation, we now show that the tumor's genetic status (chromosome 3 and 8q/BAP1 status) is also related to tumor pigmentation. When pigmentation and chromosome 3 status are both included in a Cox regression analysis, pigmentation is not an independent prognostic factor. However, evidence from this and previous studies shows that chromosome changes and PRAME expression have a stronger association with survival when they occur in light tumors than in dark ones. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Regenerative Medicine-Based Treatment for Vitiligo: An Overview. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112744. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a complex disorder with an important effect on the self-esteem and social life of patients. It is the commonest acquired depigmentation disorder characterized by the development of white macules resulting from the selective loss of epidermal melanocytes. The pathophysiology is complex and involves genetic predisposition, environmental factors, oxidative stress, intrinsic metabolic dysfunctions, and abnormal inflammatory/immune responses. Although several therapeutic options have been proposed to stabilize the disease by stopping the depigmentation process and inducing durable repigmentation, no specific cure has yet been defined, and the long-term persistence of repigmentation is unpredictable. Recently, due to the progressive loss of functional melanocytes associated with failure to spontaneously recover pigmentation, several different cell-based and cell-free regenerative approaches have been suggested to treat vitiligo. This review gives an overview of clinical and preclinical evidence for innovative regenerative approaches for vitiligo patients.
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7
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Speeckaert R, Belpaire A, Speeckaert M, van Geel N. The delicate relation between melanocytes and skin immunity: A game of hide and seek. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:392-407. [PMID: 35298085 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes exhibit a complex and intriguing relationship with the skin immune response, leading to several clinical conditions. In some disorders, inappropriate melanocyte destruction (e.g., vitiligo, halo naevi) is problematic, while in others, immune tolerance should be broken (melanoma). Important parts of the dysregulated pathways have been unraveled in pigment disorders, ranging from upregulated interferon (IFN)-γ signaling to memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and immune checkpoints. Although a network of many factors is involved, targeting key players such as IFN-γ or checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)] can shift the balance and lead to impressive outcomes. In this review, we focus on the immunological mechanisms of the most common inflammatory disorders where the interaction of the immune system with melanocytes plays a crucial role. This can provide new insights into the current state of melanocyte research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arno Belpaire
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Jun SL, Sun J, Huo X, Feng Q, Li Y, Xie X, Geng S. Lipopolysaccharide reduces melanin synthesis in vitiligo melanocytes by regulating autophagy. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1579-1585. [PMID: 35733278 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune-related disease with a complex aetiology that involves innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important parts of innate immunity and are related to a variety of autoimmune diseases, including vitiligo, through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we found that the TLR4 gene expression was increased in blood samples of patients with advanced stage vitiligo, and then we evaluated the effect of TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on melanin synthesis in a vitiligo melanocyte cell line PIG3V and along with its mechanism. LPS suppressed melanin synthesis, downregulated the expression of melanin synthesis-related proteins, and activated autophagy in vitiligo melanocytes. Inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine blocked these effects. This suggests that LPS inhibits skin pigmentation by modulating autophagy, thus providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Li Jun
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueping Huo
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Successful Repigmentation of Full-Thickness Wound Healing in Fraser’s Dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121482. [PMID: 35739819 PMCID: PMC9219537 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fraser’s dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei) exhibit the capability to restore nearly normal pigmentation after full-thickness wounding. However, the association among melanocytes, melanin and skin pigmentation during wound healing in cetaceans has yet to be addressed. Here, the number of melanocytes and the distribution of melanocytes and melanin in different-colored skin and different wound-healing stages in Fraser’s dolphins were analyzed by using Fontana–Masson staining, immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemical staining. It was noticed that there was the highest number of melanocytes in dark skin and the lowest number of melanocytes in white skin. The appearance of functional melanocytes and full-melanized neoepidermis was observed in the early stage of wound healing in Fraser’s dolphins. Furthermore, the melanocyte number and skin pigmentation and pattern in healed wounds recovered to a similar condition of unwounded skin. This study provides fundamental knowledge of skin repigmentation in cetaceans for further research, and it will be warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of the replenishment of melanocytes and the regulation of melanocyte activity that contribute to the successful repigmentation in cetacean skin wounds.
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10
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Cabaço LC, Tomás A, Pojo M, Barral DC. The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887366. [PMID: 35619912 PMCID: PMC9128548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís C. Cabaço
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Hu DN, Zhang R, Iacob CE, Yao S, Yang SF, Chan CC, Rosen RB. Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide increases expression and secretion of CXCL1 and CXCL2 by uveal melanocytes. Exp Eye Res 2022; 216:108943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Chen J, Zheng Y, Hu C, Jin X, Chen X, Xiao Y, Wang C. Hair Graying Regulators Beyond Hair Follicle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:839859. [PMID: 35283766 PMCID: PMC8908028 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.839859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair graying is an interesting physiological alteration associated with aging and certain diseases. The occurrence is due to depigmentation of the hair caused by depletion and dysfunction of melanocyte stem cells (MeSCs). However, what causes the depletion and dysfunction of MeSCs remains unclear. MeSCs reside in the hair follicle bulge which provides the appropriate niche for the homeostasis of various stem cells within hair follicle including MeSCs. In addition to local signaling from the cells composed of hair follicle, emerging evidences have shown that nerves, adipocytes and immune cells outside of hair follicle per se also play important roles in the regulation of MeSCs. Here, we review the recent studies on different cells in the MeSCs microenvironment beyond the hair follicle per se, discuss their function in regulating hair graying and potentially novel treatments of hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University – University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Yixin Zheng
- Zhejiang University – University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Chen Hu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexiao Jin
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Rheumatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Rheumatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Ying Xiao,
| | - Chaochen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University – University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- *Correspondence: Chaochen Wang,
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13
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Su CY, Hughes MW, Liu TY, Chuong CM, Wang HV, Yang WC. Defining Wound Healing Progression in Cetacean Skin: Characteristics of Full-Thickness Wound Healing in Fraser's Dolphins ( Lagenodelphis hosei). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050537. [PMID: 35268108 PMCID: PMC8908859 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cutaneous wound healing is a complex and tightly regulated biological process to restore physiological and anatomic function. Current knowledge of cutaneous wound healing is mostly based on studies in laboratory animals and humans. The histological and immunological features of skin, for example, cutaneous thickness, cellular components, and immune response, are not identical among animal species, and these differences may lead to substantial effects in cutaneous wound healing. In field observation, large cutaneous wounds in cetaceans could heal without medical treatments. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms, and there is no histological study on full-thickness wound healing in cetaceans. The current study characterizes the macroscopic and histological features of large full-thickness wound healing in Fraser’s dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei). The differences of wound healing between cetaceans and terrestrial mammals were shown from the histological aspect, including rete and dermal ridge appearance, repigmentation, and adipose tissue regeneration. Better understanding of the mechanism of full-thickness wound healing in cetaceans will shed light on veterinary and human regenerative medicine, leading to novel therapies. Abstract Cetaceans are tight-skinned mammals that exhibit an extraordinary capacity to heal deep soft tissue injuries. However, essential information of large full-thickness wound healing in cetaceans is still lacking. Here, the stages of full-thickness wound healing were characterized in Fraser’s dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei). The skin samples were collected from normal skin and full-thickness cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis)-bite wounds of stranded carcasses. We defined five stages of wound healing according to macroscopic and histopathological examinations. Wounds in Stage 1 and 2 were characterized by intercellular and intracellular edema in the epidermal cells near the wound edge, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, and degradation of collagen fibers. In Stage 3 wounds, melanocytes, melanin granules, rete and dermal ridges were noticed in the neo-epidermis, and the adipose tissue in adjacent blubber was replaced by cells and fibers. Wounds in Stage 4 and 5 were characterized by gradual restoration of the normal skin architecture including rete and dermal ridges, collagen bundles, and adipose tissue. These phenomena were quite different from previous studies in terrestrial tight-skinned mammals, and therefore, further in-depth research into the mechanisms of dolphin wound healing would be needed to gain new insights into veterinary and human regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Su
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Michael W. Hughes
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.W.H.); (T.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.W.H.); (T.-Y.L.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Marine Biology and Cetacean Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-V.W.); (W.-C.Y.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (H.-V.W.); (W.-C.Y.)
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Yu H, Cen J, Lin X, Cheng H, Seifert O. Imiquimod induced vitiligo-like lesions-A consequence of modified melanocyte function. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 10:70-77. [PMID: 34614305 PMCID: PMC8669695 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Imiquimod plays an important role in the management of condyloma and premalignant lesions. Successively, an increase of hypopigmented lesions following imiquimod application has been reported. However, the mechanisms of imiquimod on melanocytes remain unclear. This study was designed to assess the effect of Imiquimod on the functions of melanocytes in vitro. METHODS Primary cultured melanocytes were isolated from normal control skin tissue. After incubation with imiquimod for 48 h in vitro, cell viability was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 assay. Apoptosis was detected using the Annexin V-fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate flow cytometry assay. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanocytes were measured by colorimetric method and the modified dopachrome method. The production of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-6, and soluble ICAM-1 (soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1[sICAM-1]) in melanocytes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) protein, and autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II), p62, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Atg5 were assessed using western blot analysis. RESULTS Imiquimod significantly inhibited the activity of tyrosinase activity and decreased melanin content in melanocytes and significantly increased apoptosis and IL-6, IL-8, and sICAM-1 production in melanocytes. Moreover, the expression of TLR7 and TLR9 proteins were significantly increased, and the expression of mTOR, p62 protein were markedly decreased, but the expression of LC3II/I and Atg5 protein were significantly increased in melanocytes after incubating with imiquimod. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that imiquimod directly inhibits melanogenesis and increases melanocyte apoptosis rates. These effects combined with the upregulation of TLR7 and TLR9 together with increased autophagy activity and inflammatory cytokines production, might be the main reasons leading to hypopigmented lesions after imiquimod application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Cen
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Abdelsalam M, Allam SH, Zohdy M, Magdy H, Mostafa M. TLR4 gene polymorphisms in Egyptian vitiligo patients: insights into emerging association with clinical activity, family history, and response to therapy. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:132. [PMID: 34468896 PMCID: PMC8410933 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a common pigmentary disorder in which autoimmunity has been suggested to play an important role. Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are recognized different molecular structures expressed on immune cells and have been implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) such as vitiligo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible association between TLR4 gene polymorphisms: rs11536858, rs1927911, rs1927914 in Egyptian vitiligo patients and their clinical data, their response to therapy. Using PCR-RFLP for TLR4 gene polymorphisms (rs11536858, rs1927911, and rs1927914), both alleles and genotypes were determined after extraction of DNA in a case-control study of 100 vitiligo Egyptian patients and 100 matched age and sex controls. RESULTS The distribution of the protective CT genotype of rs1927914 was higher in the control group. After dividing both patients and controls into 2 age groups (below 18 and above 18 years), no significant associations between the genotypes of the selected TLR4 SNPs and the demographic and clinical data of the vitiligo patients in group 1 (below 18 years) were observed. For group 2 (above 18 years), also no significant associations were found except for the association between the CC genotype of rs1927914 and psychiatric trauma, from one side, and between the CT genotype of rs1927911 and alopecia, from the other side. The association between combined genotypes and the risk of vitiligo showed either higher frequency in patients (risky), or controls (protective), and some equal frequencies (non-significant). The association between haplotypes and risk of vitiligo in patients' group revealed the highest frequency for the risky ATT and the least frequency for ATC haplotypes. In control group, the protective GCT haplotype showed the highest frequency while the GTC and GCC showed the least frequency. No significant correlations of haplotypes with clinical and demographic data of selected patients' group were observed apart from that between ACC haplotype and family history of AIDs and between ATT haplotype and remission after phototherapy. CONCLUSIONS The significant relationship between TLR4 gene polymorphisms and vitiligo patients charcteristics clarify the role of innate immunity in pathogensis of vitiligo and its effect on the used therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdelsalam
- Immunology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Immunology, Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Sherihan H Allam
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa Zohdy
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Hend Magdy
- Public Health & Community Department, Faculty of medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maged Mostafa
- Immunology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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16
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Ma Y, Xia R, Ma X, Judson-Torres RL, Zeng H. Mucosal Melanoma: Pathological Evolution, Pathway Dependency and Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:702287. [PMID: 34350118 PMCID: PMC8327265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare melanoma subtype that originates from melanocytes within sun-protected mucous membranes. Compared with cutaneous melanoma (CM), MM has worse prognosis and lacks effective treatment options. Moreover, the endogenous or exogenous risk factors that influence mucosal melanocyte transformation, as well as the identity of MM precursor lesions, are ambiguous. Consequently, there remains a lack of molecular markers that can be used for early diagnosis, and therefore better management, of MM. In this review, we first summarize the main functions of mucosal melanocytes. Then, using oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) as a model, we discuss the distinct pathologic stages from benign mucosal melanocytes to metastatic MM, mapping the possible evolutionary trajectories that correspond to MM initiation and progression. We highlight key areas of ambiguity during the genetic evolution of MM from its benign lesions, and the resolution of which could aid in the discovery of new biomarkers for MM detection and diagnosis. We outline the key pathways that are altered in MM, including the MAPK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, cell cycle regulation, telomere maintenance, and the RNA maturation process, and discuss targeted therapy strategies for MM currently in use or under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Department of Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Korkmaz E, Balmert SC, Sumpter TL, Carey CD, Erdos G, Falo LD. Microarray patches enable the development of skin-targeted vaccines against COVID-19. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:164-186. [PMID: 33539853 PMCID: PMC8060128 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to global health and the global economy. The ongoing race to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent for COVID-19, highlights the importance of vaccination to combat infectious pathogens. The highly accessible cutaneous microenvironment is an ideal target for vaccination since the skin harbors a high density of antigen-presenting cells and immune accessory cells with broad innate immune functions. Microarray patches (MAPs) are an attractive intracutaneous biocargo delivery system that enables safe, reproducible, and controlled administration of vaccine components (antigens, with or without adjuvants) to defined skin microenvironments. This review describes the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and relevant antigenic targets for vaccination, summarizes key concepts of skin immunobiology in the context of prophylactic immunization, and presents an overview of MAP-mediated cutaneous vaccine delivery. Concluding remarks on MAP-based skin immunization are provided to contribute to the rational development of safe and effective MAP-delivered vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Stephen C Balmert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tina L Sumpter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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18
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Kumar V. Going, Toll-like receptors in skin inflammation and inflammatory diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:52-79. [PMID: 33510592 PMCID: PMC7838829 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Ayurvedic physicians knew the concept of inflammation dating back to 1500 BC. The continuous progress in the immunology of inflammation has explained its undiscovered mechanisms. For example, the discovery of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in humans (1997) has revolutionized the field of infection biology and innate immunity. The laboratory mice have shown twelve TLRs and express TLR10 (CD290) as a disrupted pseudogene, and humans have ten functional TLRs. Now, it is well established that TLRs play a significant role in different infectious and inflammatory diseases. Skin inflammation and other associated inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), acne vulgaris, and psoriasis, along with many skin cancers are major health problems all over the world. The continuous development in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases has opened the window of opportunity for TLRs in studying their role. Hence, the manuscript explores the role of different TLRs in the pathogenesis of skin inflammation and associated inflammatory diseases. The article starts with the concept of inflammation, its origin, and the impact of TLRs discovery on infection and inflammation biology. The subsequent section describes the burden of skin-associated inflammatory diseases worldwide and the effect of the geographical habitat of people affecting it. The third section explains skin as an immune organ and explains the expression of different TLRs on different skin cells, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), skin fibroblasts, and melanocytes. The fourth section describes the impact of TLRs on these cells in different skin-inflammatory conditions, including acne vulgaris, AD, psoriasis, and skin cancers. The article also discusses the use of different TLR-based therapeutic approaches as specific to these inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
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19
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Koike S, Yamasaki K. Melanogenesis Connection with Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249769. [PMID: 33371432 PMCID: PMC7767451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is located in the outermost layer of the living body and is the place where external stimuli such as ultraviolet rays and microorganisms first come into contact. Melanocytes and melanin play a wide range of roles such as adsorption of metals, thermoregulation, and protection from foreign enemies by camouflage. Pigmentary disorders are observed in diseases associated with immunodeficiency such as Griscelli syndrome, indicating molecular sharing between immune systems and the machineries of pigment formation. Melanocytes express functional toll-like receptors (TLRs), and innate immune stimulation via TLRs affects melanin synthesis and melanosome transport to modulate skin pigmentation. TLR2 enhances melanogenetic gene expression to augment melanogenesis. In contrast, TLR3 increases melanosome transport to transfer to keratinocytes through Rab27A, the responsible molecule of Griscelli syndrome. TLR4 and TLR9 enhance tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis through p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NFκB signaling pathway, respectively. TLR7 suppresses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and MITF reduction leads to melanocyte apoptosis. Accumulating knowledge of the TLRs function of melanocytes has enlightened the link between melanogenesis and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan;
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(22)-717-7271
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20
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Yu H, Lin X, Cen J, Cheng H, Seifert O. Increased expression of Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 in vitiligo melanocytes: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:89-95. [PMID: 32945011 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on human melanocytes, and play an important role in innate and acquired immunity. The role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of vitiligo has not been fully described. AIM To investigate the expression of TLRs in melanocytes from patients with vitiligo and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Primary cultured vitiligo and control melanocytes were obtained from perilesional normal skin of patients with generalized vitiligo and HCs. TLRs mRNA expression in melanocytes were determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR and protein expression by western blotting. Apoptosis was analysed using an annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate apoptosis detection kit, and tyrosinase activity and melanin content were measured by a modified dopachrome and colorimetric method. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and soluble cell adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 expression were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In vitiligo melanocytes, compared with control melanocytes, apoptosis rate, expression of TLR7 and TLR9 mRNA and protein, and production of IL-8, IL-6 and sICAM-1 were significantly increased, whereas tyrosinase activity and melanin content were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased expression of TLR7 and TLR9 might correlate with melanocyte dysfunction in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Cen
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - O Seifert
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Ying J, Wang Q, Jiang M, Wang X, Liu W, Wang X, Zhang C, Xiang L. Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Cell Proliferation and Melanin Synthesis in Primary Human Epidermal Melanocytes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:61-68. [PMID: 32485725 DOI: 10.1159/000506818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to act as a physiological intercellular messenger to regulate cell survival. In this study, we evaluated whether H2S could promote cell proliferation and melanin synthesis in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). METHODS Primary HEMs were cocultured with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, the most widely used H2S donor) or endogenously overexpressed with cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) gene, which is the most predominant H2S-producing enzyme. Then, cell viability, intracellular melanin content, tyrosinase (TYR) activity, and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), TYR, together with TYR-related protein 1 (TRP-1) in both transcript and protein levels, were detected. RESULTS We first confirmed that NaHS (10-100 μm) increased cell viability, intracellular melanin content, and TYR activity in a dose-dependent manner. Then, we found that endogenous H2S production also promoted cell proliferation, intracellular melanin content, and TYR activity. In addition, we observed the mRNA and protein expression of MITF, TYR, and TRP-1 was significantly up-regulated after NaHS treatment and CSE gene transfection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that H2S promotes cell proliferation and melanin synthesis in HEMs, which indicates pharmacologic regulation of H2S may be potential treatment for skin disorders caused by loss of melanocytes or dysfunction of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Ying
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,
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22
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Hu Y, Huang J, Li Y, Jiang L, Ouyang Y, Li Y, Yang L, Zhao X, Huang L, Xiang H, Chen J, Zeng Q. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide induces melanogenesis in melanocytes and reduces oxidative stress via activating NRF2/HO-1 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4023-4035. [PMID: 32096914 PMCID: PMC7171403 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a main part of pigmentation disorders, skin depigmentation diseases such as vitiligo and achromic naevus are very common and get more attention now. The pathogenesis of depigmentation includes melanocyte dysfunction and loss, which are possibly caused by heredity, autoimmunity and oxidative stress. Among them, oxidative stress plays a key role; however, few clinical treatments can deal with oxidative stress. As reported, Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide (CDP) is an effective antioxidant; based on that, we evaluated its role in melanocyte and further revealed the mechanisms. In this study, we found that CDP could promote melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and mouse melanoma B16F10 cells, it also induced pigmentation in zebrafish. Furthermore, CDP could activate mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway, then up‐regulated the expression of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) and downstream genes TYR, TRP1, TRP2 and RAB27A. Otherwise, we found that CDP could attenuate H2O2‐induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in melanocytes. Further evidence revealed that CDP could enhance NRF2/HO‐1 antioxidant pathway and scavenge intracellular ROS. In summary, CDP can promote melanogenesis and prevent melanocytes from oxidative stress injury, suggesting that CDP helps maintain the normal status of melanocytes. Thus, CDP may be a novel drug for the treatment of depigmentation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yixiao Li
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie Ouyang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Medicine Experimental Center, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Medicine Experimental Center, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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23
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Toll-Like Receptors-2 and -4 in Graves' Disease-Key Players or Bystanders? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194732. [PMID: 31554206 PMCID: PMC6801632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. The development of autoimmunity is associated with innate immune responses where the prominent role plays Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between the expression levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on CD4+ and CD8+ T as well as CD19+ B lymphocytes in patients with GD and selected clinical parameters. The study group consisted of 32 women with GD, the control group consisted of 20 healthy women. Immunophenotyping was performed using the flow cytometry and cytokines concentrations were assessed using ELISA assay. The mean percentage of CD4+/TLR-2+ and CD8+/TLR-2+ T cells in patients with GD was higher than in the control group (p < 0.0001). After obtaining euthyroidism, the mean percentage of CD4+/TLR-2+ T cells in patients with GD decreased (p < 0.0001). The expression level of TLR-2 on CD4+ T lymphocytes correlated with serum FT3 concentration in patients with GD (r = 0.47, p = 0.007). The mean percentage of CD8+/TLR-2+ T cells in patients with GD before treatment compared to patients with GD after obtaining euthyroidism was higher (p = 0.0163). Similar findings were found for TLR-4. Thus the TLR-2 and TLR-4 can be a prognostic marker for Graves’ disease.
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24
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Rajendiran KS, Rajappa M, Chandrashekar L, Thappa DM. Association of Nod‐like receptor protein‐1 (rs2670660) and Toll‐like receptor‐4 (rs4986790) with non‐segmental vitiligo: A case–control study in South Indian population. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:321-330. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalai Selvi Rajendiran
- Department of Biochemistry Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry India
| | - Medha Rajappa
- Department of Biochemistry Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry India
| | - Laxmisha Chandrashekar
- Department of Dermatology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry India
| | - Devinder Mohan Thappa
- Department of Dermatology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry India
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25
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Koike S, Yamasaki K, Yamauchi T, Shimada-Omori R, Tsuchiyama K, Aiba S. TRIF and MAVS signaling pathways regulate RAB27A induction and melanosome transfer by TLR3 signaling in human epidermal melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 94:306-309. [PMID: 31036445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shimada-Omori
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tsuchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
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26
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Tam I, Dzierżęga-Lęcznar A, Stępień K. Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated melanocytes from lightly and darkly pigmented skin. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:551-560. [PMID: 30801846 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human epidermal melanocytes play an important role in the skin immune system; however, a role of their pigmentation in immune and inflammatory responses is poorly examined. In the study, the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by cultured normal melanocytes derived from lightly and darkly pigmented skin was investigated after cell stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The basal TLR4 mRNA level in heavily pigmented cells was higher as compared to their lightly pigmented counterparts. Melanocyte exposure to LPS upregulated the expression of TLR4 mRNA and enhanced the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p50 and p65. We found substantial differences in the LPS-stimulated expression of numerous genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and chemokines between the cells with various melanin contents. In lightly pigmented melanocytes, the most significantly upregulated genes were nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT/visfatin), the chemokines CCL2 and CCL20, and IL6, while the genes for CXCL12, IL-16 and the chemokine receptor CCR4 were the most significantly upregulated in heavily pigmented cells. Moreover, the lightly pigmented melanocytes secreted much more NAMPT, CCL2 and IL-6. The results of our study suggest modulatory effect of melanogenesis on the immune properties of normal epidermal melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Tam
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Dzierżęga-Lęcznar
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystyna Stępień
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
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27
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Cioanca AV, McCluskey PJ, Eamegdool SS, Madigan MC. Human choroidal melanocytes express functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Exp Eye Res 2018; 173:73-84. [PMID: 29698675 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that sense highly conserved pathogen associated antigenic determinants, triggering an innate immune response and subsequently instructing the adaptive immune system so that together, the pathogen can be eliminated. TLRs are widely distributed in human ocular tissues and cell types, and are active players in ocular inflammation. To date, the presence and function of TLRs on human choroidal melanocytes (HCMs), the most abundant choroidal cell type, have not been characterized. The current study investigated the in vitro and in situ expression and functional status of TLRs on HCMs. HCMs were isolated and cultured from post-mortem human donor eyes, and displayed characteristic melanocyte morphology and MART1 expression - a key melanocyte lineage marker up to passage 5 (P5). In vitro experiments used P1 to P4 HCMs from different donor eyes. Initial quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that HCMs (n = 3 donors) expressed specific mRNA transcripts for TLR1-10 and MYD88 (a key adaptor protein initiating the TLR signalling pathway). HCMs were stimulated with a set of synthetic TLR specific agonists and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and IL-8, at 24 h measured by ELISA (n = 3 donors). The agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), Poly I:C (TLR3), LPS (TLR4), Flagellin (TLR5), and FLS-1 (TLR2) induced a significant increase in the production of MCP-1 and IL-8, compared to untreated cells. Application of biotinylated Pam3CSK4 provided in vitro visualization of receptor-agonist interactions for TLR1/2. We confirmed that cultured HCMs (n = 3 donors) expressed TLR1-6 protein using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The expression and distribution of TLR 1-6 was also studied in human choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) sections (n = 3 eyes) using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Strong TLR1-6 immunolabelling that co-localized with melanocyte-dense areas (and RPE) was consistently observed; intraluminal and blood vessel-related cells (including endothelial cells) also expressed several TLRs. Taken together these observations show for the first time that HCMs constitutively express a range of functional TLRs, and as such can contribute to choroidal responses during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V Cioanca
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Steven S Eamegdool
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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28
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Koike S, Yamasaki K, Yamauchi T, Inoue M, Shimada-Ohmori R, Tsuchiyama K, Aiba S. Toll-like receptors 2 and 3 enhance melanogenesis and melanosome transport in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:570-584. [PMID: 29603875 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Because little is known about how the innate immune response influences skin pigmentation, we examined whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists participate in melanogenesis and melanosome transportation. We observed that TLR2/2 agonist HKLM and TLR3 agonist Poly(I:C) increased the amount of extracellular melanin from primary human epidermal melanocytes. HKLM, but not Poly(I:C), increased the melanogenic genes such as tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase. Poly(I:C) increased the expression of Rab27A, a molecule that facilitates melanosome transport to perimembranous actin filament. UVB irradiation induced Rab27A and melanosome transportation in a similar manner of Poly(I:C). SiRNA for TLR3 or Rab27A suppressed the perimembranous accumulation of Gp100-positive vesicles in melanocytes and decreased melanin transfer to neighboring keratinocytes induced by both Poly(I:C) and UVB. These results suggest that the microenvironment in the epidermis and innate immune stimuli, such as microbiome and ultraviolet represented here by TLR2 and TLR3 agonists, could affect the melanogenesis in human melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mai Inoue
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shimada-Ohmori
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tsuchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Song HJ, Lee SH, Choi GS, Shin J. Repeated ultraviolet irradiation induces the expression of Toll-like receptor 4, IL-6, and IL-10 in neonatal human melanocytes. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:145-151. [PMID: 29063638 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human melanocytes express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which regulates ultraviolet (UV)-induced cutaneous immunosuppression in Langerhans cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increases melanocyte pigmentation and TLR4 expression, while inducing local innate inflammatory responses. AIMS We investigated whether UV radiation induces TLR4 expression in neonatal human melanocytes (NHMs) and how this affects the immune system. METHODS We cultured NHMs with LPS treatment or with one-time or repeated UVA or UVB exposure, and investigated and compared the effects on TLR4 expression, melanin contents, and cytokine production. RESULTS NHMs in the resting state did not express TLR4. LPS stimulation induced TLR4 expression and increased pigmentation. TLR4 expression was not detected after single-dose UVA or UVB treatment, but pigmentation increased. Repeated UV treatment induced TLR4 expression and increased pigmentation. LPS stimulation and repeated UV treatment increased IL-6 secretion, and repeated UVB treatment increased IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that human melanocytes may actively participate in UV-induced immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Song
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Si Hyub Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gwang Seong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Chen L, DiPietro LA. Toll-Like Receptor Function in Acute Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:344-355. [PMID: 29062591 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation is an integral part of immune response and supports optimal wound healing in adults. Inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and mast cells produce important cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These immune cells interact with keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (ECs), as well as the extracellular matrix within a complicated network that promotes and regulates wound healing. Aberrant and persistent inflammation may result in delayed wound healing, scar formation, or chronic wounds. Targeting the molecules involved in the inflammatory response may have great potential therapeutic value. Recent Advances and Critical Issues: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microbes or danger-associated molecular patterns from damaged cells. The discovery of TLRs sheds new light on the mechanism by which the inflammatory or innate immune response is initiated in wound healing. Convincing evidence now shows that multiple types of cells, including infiltrating or resident inflammatory cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and ECs, express specific types of TLRs. Experimental reduction of certain TLRs or treatment of wounds with TLR ligands has been shown to affect wound healing. A better understanding of the involvement of TLRs in the innate immune response during skin wound healing may suggest novel strategies to improve the quality of tissue repair. Future Directions: Despite the indisputable role of TLRs in regulating the immune response in acute wound healing, the functions of TLRs that are relevant to human wound healing and chronic wounds are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luisa A. DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Martínez-Campos C, Burguete-García AI, Madrid-Marina V. Role of TLR9 in Oncogenic Virus-Produced Cancer. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:98-105. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Martínez-Campos
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana I. Burguete-García
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Vicente Madrid-Marina
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Dréno B, Araviiskaia E, Berardesca E, Gontijo G, Sanchez Viera M, Xiang LF, Martin R, Bieber T. Microbiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:2038-2047. [PMID: 27735094 PMCID: PMC6084363 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a complex barrier organ made of a symbiotic relationship between microbial communities and host tissue via complex signals provided by the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It is constantly exposed to various endogenous and exogenous factors which impact this balanced system potentially leading to inflammatory skin conditions comprising infections, allergies or autoimmune diseases. Unlike the gut and stool microbiome which has been studied and described for many years, investigations on the skin or scalp microbiome only started recently. Researchers in microbiology and dermatology started using modern methods such as pyrosequencing assays of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to identify and characterize the different microorganisms present on the skin, to evaluate the bacterial diversity and their relative abundance and to understand how microbial diversity may contribute to skin health and dermatological conditions. This article aims to provide an overview on the knowledge about the skin microbiota, the microbiome and their importance in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dréno
- Department of Dermato-cancerology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - E Araviiskaia
- Department of Dermatology, First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Berardesca
- San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gontijo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M Sanchez Viera
- Institute for Dermatology, Skin Health, Aging and Cancer, Madrid, Spain
| | - L F Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Martin
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Tours, France
| | - T Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Achek A, Yesudhas D, Choi S. Toll-like receptors: promising therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1032-49. [PMID: 27515048 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The health of living organisms is constantly challenged by bacterial and viral threats. The recognition of pathogenic microorganisms by diverse receptors triggers a variety of host defense mechanisms, leading to their eradication. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are type I transmembrane proteins, recognize specific signatures of the invading microbes and activate a cascade of downstream signals inducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons. The TLR response not only counteracts the pathogens but also initiates and shapes the adaptive immune response. Under normal conditions, inflammation is downregulated after the removal of the pathogen and cellular debris. However, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response maintains a chronic inflammatory state and leads to local and systemic deleterious effects in host cells and tissues. Such inappropriate TLR response has been attributed to the development and progression of multiple diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and how targeting of TLRs offers a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Additionally, we highlight a number of TLR-targeting agents that are in the developmental stage or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Dhanusha Yesudhas
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea.
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Roles of basophils and mast cells in cutaneous inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:563-70. [PMID: 27170045 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are associated with T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. Newly developed mast cell-deficient mice have provided evidence that mast cells initiate contact hypersensitivity via activating dendritic cells. Studies using basophil-deficient mice have also revealed that basophils are responsible for cutaneous Th2 skewing to haptens and peptide antigens but not to protein antigens. Recently, several studies reported the existence of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which differ from classic T cells in that they lack the T cell receptor. Mast cells and basophils can interact with ILCs and play some roles in the pathogenesis of Th2 responses. Basophil-derived interleukin (IL)-4 enhances the expression of the chemokine CCL11, as well as IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 in ILC2s, leading to the accumulation of eosinophils in allergic reactions. IL-33-stimulated mast cells can play a regulatory role in the development of ILC2-mediated non-antigen-specific protease-induced acute inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of mast cells and basophils in immunity and inflammation.
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Im SJ, Han IH, Kim JH, Gu NY, Seo MY, Chung YH, Ryu JS. Inflammatory response of a prostate stromal cell line induced byTrichomonas vaginalis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:218-27. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Im
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
| | - I. H. Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
| | - J. H. Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
| | - N. Y. Gu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
| | - M. Y. Seo
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
| | - Y. H. Chung
- Department of Microbiology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - J. S. Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology; Hanyang University College of Medicine; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering; Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea
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Assi M, Thon-Hon VG, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Martinez A, Gasque P. Regulation of type I-interferon responses in the human epidermal melanocyte cell line SKMEL infected by the Ross River alphavirus. Cytokine 2015; 76:572-576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Traks T, Keermann M, Karelson M, Rätsep R, Reimann E, Silm H, Vasar E, Kõks S, Kingo K. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor genes are associated with vitiligo. Front Genet 2015; 6:278. [PMID: 26442097 PMCID: PMC4563240 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The members of Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are responsible for recognizing various molecular patterns associated with pathogens. Their expression is not confined to immune cells and have been detected in skin cells such as keratinocytes and melanocytes. As part of a generated response to pathogens, TLRs are involved in inducing inflammatory mediators to combat these threats. It is therefore not surprising that TLRs have been implicated in inflammatory skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Likewise, as key players in autoimmunity, they have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. Based on this, the role of TLRs in vitiligo could be suspected, but is yet to be clearly established. Methods: In order to conduct a genetic association analysis, 30 SNPs were selected from TLR1-TLR8 and TLR10 regions to be genotyped in Estonian case-control cohort consisting of 139 vitiligo patients and 307 healthy control individuals. The patients were further analyzed in subgroups based on sex, age of onset, occurrence of vitiligo among relatives, extent of depigmented areas, vitiligo progression activity, appearance of Köbner's phenomenon, existence of halo naevi, and incidence of spontaneous repigmentation. Results: The most notable finding came with SNP rs179020 situated in TLR7 gene, that was associated in entire vitiligo (Padj = 0.0065) and also several subgroup analyses. Other single marker and haplotype analyses pointed to TLR3, TLR4, and TLR10 genes. Conclusions: This study investigated the genetic regions of nine TLR genes in relation to vitiligo susceptibility. The main results were the associations of TLR7 SNPs with vitiligo, while several other associations were obtained from the remaining TLR gene regions. This suggests that in addition to other inflammatory skin diseases, TLRs affect the development of vitiligo, thus making them interesting targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanel Traks
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Keermann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Karelson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ranno Rätsep
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Reimann
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Reproductive Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helgi Silm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Physiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Department of Reproductive Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital Tartu, Estonia
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KIM YOUNGIL, PARK SEUNGWON, KANG INJUNG, SHIN MINKYUNG, LEE MUHYOUNG. Activin suppresses LPS-induced Toll-like receptor, cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in normal human melanocytes by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1165-72. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Matin N, Tabatabaie O, Mohammadinejad P, Rezaei N. Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors in cutaneous disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1651-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1069275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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40
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Yao C, Lee DH, Oh JH, Kim MK, Kim KH, Park CH, Chung JH. Poly(I:C) induces expressions of MMP-1, -2, and -3 through various signaling pathways including IRF3 in human skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:54-60. [PMID: 26255711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can result in premature skin aging (photoaging) which is characterized by decreased expression of collagen and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) can be generated at various conditions including virally infected cells or UV-damaged skin cells. Recent studies have shown that a synthetic dsRNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), can reduce procollagen expression in human skin fibroblasts. However, little is known about the effect of poly(I:C) on the expression of MMPs in skin fibroblasts and its underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of poly(I:C) on MMP-1, -2, and -3 expressions in human skin fibroblasts. Then, we further explored the underlying signaling pathways involved in the processes. METHODS Human skin fibroblasts were treated with poly(I:C) for the indicated times in the presence or the absence of various chemical inhibitors or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) at the indicated concentrations. Protein and mRNA levels of various target molecules were examined by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS Poly(I:C) induced MMP-1, -2, and -3 expressions, which were dependent on TLR3. Poly(I:C) also induced activations of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathways. By using specific inhibitors, we found that poly(I:C)-induced expressions of MMP-1, -2, and -3 were differentially regulated by these signaling pathways. In particular, we found that the inhibition of IRF3 signaling pathways attenuated poly(I:C)-induced expressions of all the three MMPs. CONCLUSION Our data show that the expressions of MMP-1, -2, and -3 are induced by poly(I:C) through various signaling pathways in human skin fibroblasts and suggest that TLR3 and/or IRF3 may be good targets for regulating the expressions of MMP-1, -2, and -3 induced by dsRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Hong
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Song
- 1] Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China [2] Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Dental School of Cardiff Univeristy, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The immunology and inflammatory responses of human melanocytes in infectious diseases. J Infect 2015; 71:413-21. [PMID: 26092350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a canonical and major defense molecule in invertebrates but its role in mammalian immunity remains unexplored. In contrast, several recent studies have highlighted the emerging innate immune activities of human melanin-producing cells which can sense and respond to bacterial and viral infections. Indeed, the skin is a major portal of entry for pathogens such as arboviruses (Chikungunya, Dengue) and bacteria (mycobacterium leprae, Leptospira spirochetes). Melanocytes of the epidermis could contribute to the phagocytosis of these invading pathogens and to present antigens to competent immune cells. Melanocytes are known to produce key cytokines such as IL-1β, IL6 and TNF-α as well as chemokines. These molecules will subsequently alert macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts and keratinocytes through unique crosstalk mechanisms. The infection and the inflammatory responses will control melanocyte's immune and metabolic functions and could contribute to skin manifestations (rash, hyper or de-pigmentation, epidermolysis and psoriasis-like lesions). This review will address the potential role of melanocytes in immunity, inflammation and infection of the skin in health and diseases.
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Mauldin IS, Wang E, Deacon DH, Olson WC, Bao Y, Slingluff CL. TLR2/6 agonists and interferon-gamma induce human melanoma cells to produce CXCL10. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1386-96. [PMID: 25765738 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinical approaches to treat advanced melanoma include immune therapies, whose benefits depend on tumor-reactive T-cell infiltration of metastases. However, most tumors lack significant immune infiltration prior to therapy. Selected chemokines promote T-cell migration into tumors; thus, agents that induce these chemokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may improve responses to systemic immune therapy. CXCL10 has been implicated as a critical chemokine supporting T-cell infiltration into the TME. Here, we show that toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can induce chemokine production directly from melanoma cells when combined with IFNγ treatment. We find that TLR2 and TLR6 are widely expressed on human melanoma cells, and that TLR2/6 agonists (MALP-2 or FSL-1) synergize with interferon-gamma (IFNγ) to induce production of CXCL10 from melanoma cells. Furthermore, melanoma cells and immune cells from surgical specimens also respond to TLR2/6 agonists and IFNγ by upregulating CXCL10 production, compared to treatment with either agent alone. Collectively, these data identify a novel mechanism for inducing CXCL10 production directly from melanoma cells, with TLR2/6 agonists +IFNγ and raise the possibility that intratumoral administration of these agents may improve immune signatures in melanoma and have value in combination with other immune therapies, by supporting T-cell migration into melanoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana S Mauldin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ena Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Donna H Deacon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Walter C Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yongde Bao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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SanMiguel A, Grice EA. Interactions between host factors and the skin microbiome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1499-515. [PMID: 25548803 PMCID: PMC4376244 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The skin is colonized by an assemblage of microorganisms which, for the most part, peacefully coexist with their hosts. In some cases, these communities also provide vital functions to cutaneous health through the modulation of host factors. Recent studies have illuminated the role of anatomical skin site, gender, age, and the immune system in shaping the cutaneous ecosystem. Alterations to microbial communities have also been associated with, and likely contribute to, a number of cutaneous disorders. This review focuses on the host factors that shape and maintain skin microbial communities, and the reciprocal role of microbes in modulating skin immunity. A greater understanding of these interactions is critical to elucidating the forces that shape cutaneous populations and their contributions to skin homeostasis. This knowledge can also inform the tendency of perturbations to predispose and/or bring about certain skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam SanMiguel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, 1007 Biomedical Research Building II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, 1007 Biomedical Research Building II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Yao C, Oh JH, Lee DH, Bae JS, Jin CL, Park CH, Chung JH. Toll-like receptor family members in skin fibroblasts are functional and have a higher expression compared to skin keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1443-50. [PMID: 25812726 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to recognize not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns but also danger-associated molecular patterns. Recent studies have characterized the expression levels and functions of TLRs in human epidermal cells. However, the characteristics of TLR family members in human dermal fibroblasts have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the present study systematically investigated the expression levels of TLRs and their functional responses to each ligand in skin fibroblasts. All 10 TLRs are expressed in skin fibroblasts. Stimulation of skin fibroblasts with each TLR ligand resulted in an increase of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 proteins, indicating that ≥ 9 TLRs in skin fibroblasts are functionally active. Furthermore, stimulating skin fibroblasts with TLR1/2, 3 and 4 ligands induced the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα and the active phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2. The expression level of each TLR was much higher in fibroblasts compared to keratinocytes. In particular, the fold-increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels upon exposure to a TLR1/2 ligand was much higher in fibroblasts compared to keratinocytes, which appears to reflect the difference in expression levels of TLR1 and 2 between fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Taken together, these results show that all 10 TLRs are constitutively expressed and functional (except TLR10) in skin fibroblasts and suggest that TLRs in skin fibroblasts may play an important role in the detection of and response to different classes of pathogens and danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Long Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Mast cells and basophils in cutaneous immune responses. Allergy 2015; 70:131-40. [PMID: 25250718 DOI: 10.1111/all.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils share some functions in common and are generally associated with T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses, but taking basophils as surrogate cells for mast cell research or vice versa for several decades is problematic. Thus far, their in vitro functions have been well studied, but their in vivo functions remained poorly understood. New research tools for their functional analysis in vivo have revealed previously unrecognized roles for mast cells and basophils in several skin disorders. Newly developed mast cell-deficient mice provided evidence that mast cells initiate contact hypersensitivity via activating dendritic cells. In addition, studies using basophil-deficient mice have revealed that basophils were responsible for cutaneous Th2 skewing to haptens and peptide antigens but not to protein antigens. Moreover, human basophils infiltrate different skin lesions and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin diseases ranging from atopic dermatitis to autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances related to mast cells and basophils in human and murine cutaneous immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - K. Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- PRESTO; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
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Additive melanoma suppression with intralesional phospholipid-conjugated TLR7 agonists and systemic IL-2. Melanoma Res 2014; 21:66-75. [PMID: 21030882 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328340ce6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There remains a compelling need for the development of treatments for unresectable melanoma. Agents that stimulate the innate immune response could provide advantages for cell-based therapies. However, there are conflicting reports concerning whether toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling controls tumor growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intralesional administration of a TLR7 agonist in melanoma therapy. B16cOVA melanoma was implanted to TLR7 mice to evaluate the roles of stromal TLR7 on melanoma growth. To capitalize on the potential deleterious effects of TLR7 stimulation on the tumor growth, we injected melanoma tumor nodules with a newly developed and potent TLR7 agonist. B16 melanoma nodules expanded more rapidly in TLR7-deficient and MyD88 mice compared with TLR9 and wild type mice. Repeated injections with low doses of unconjugated TLR7 agonist were more effective at attenuating nodule size than a single high dose injection. To improve the efficacy we conjugated the agonist to phospholipid or phospholipids-polyethylene glycol, which retained TLR7 specificity. The phospholipid conjugate was indeed more effective in reducing lesion size. Furthermore, intralesional administration of the phospholipid TLR7 agonist conjugate enhanced the antimelanoma effects of systemic treatment with interleukin (IL)-2 and prolonged the survival of mice compared with IL-2 alone. Our study showed that: (1) TLR7/MyD88 signaling in the stroma is involved in melanoma growth; and (2) intralesional administration of a TLR7 agonist reduces the growth of melanoma nodules and enhances the antimelanoma effects of IL-2.
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48
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Hu DN, Bi M, Zhang DY, Ye F, McCormick SA, Chan CC. Constitutive and LPS-induced expression of MCP-1 and IL-8 by human uveal melanocytes in vitro and relevant signal pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:5760-9. [PMID: 25125602 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanocytes are one of the major cellular components in the uvea. Interleukin-8/CXCL8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) are the two most important proinflammatory chemokines. We studied the constitutive and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 in cultured human uveal melanocytes (UM) and explored the relevant signal pathways. METHODS Conditioned media and cells were collected from UM cultured in medium with and without stimulation of LPS. Interleukin-8 and MCP-1 proteins and mRNAs were measured using an ELISA kit and RT-PCR, respectively. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB in nuclear extracts and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 (JNK1/2) in cells cultured with and without LPS were measured by ELISA kits. Inhibitors of p38 (SB203580), ERK1/2 (UO1026), JNK1/2 (SP600125), and NF-κB (BAY11-7082) were added to the cultures to evaluate their effects. RESULTS Low levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 proteins were detected in the conditioned media in UM cultured without serum. Lipopolysaccharide (0.01-1 μg/mL) increased IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNAs and proteins levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by a significant increase of phosphorylated JNK1/2 in cell lysates and NF-κB in nuclear extracts. Nuclear factor-κB and JNK1/2 inhibitors significantly blocked LPS-induced expression of IL-8 and MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the expression and secretion of chemokines by UM. The data suggest that UM may play a role in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ning Hu
- Tissue Culture Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary at Mount Sinai Health Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mingchao Bi
- Tissue Culture Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary at Mount Sinai Health Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - David Y Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Steven A McCormick
- Department of Pathology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary at Mount Sinai Health Center, New York, New York, United States Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary at Mount Sinai Health Center, New York, New York, United States; New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Wang J, Wang Y, Luo C, Qu H, Shu D. Accumulation of melanin in the peritoneum causes black abdomens in broilers. Poult Sci 2014; 93:742-6. [PMID: 24604870 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A suspected case of localized visceral hyperpigmentation was described for a breed of broiler in China. Using optical microscopy, the accumulation of pigments in the abdominal skin and visceral peritoneum was observed. Electron microscopy was used to further study the ultrastructure of the pigmented peritoneum, and pigment granules resembling melanosomes at different stages were found, and melanocytes were present in this tissue. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the physical-chemical properties of pigments extracted from these broilers. Using synthetic melanin as a reference and the melanin from the peritoneum of Silkie fowls as a control, the pigments in the peritonea of these broilers were found to be melanin, and it had a chemical structure similar to that of melanin from the Silkie fowl peritoneum. In this way, the black abdomens of these broilers were found to have been caused by accumulation of melanin produced by melanocytes in visceral peritonea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Stress-induced RNASET2 overexpression mediates melanocyte apoptosis via the TRAF2 pathway in vitro. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1022. [PMID: 24457966 PMCID: PMC4040706 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent genome-wide association study identified a link between vitiligo and genetic variants in the ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2) gene; however, the functional roles of RNASET2 in vitiligo pathogenesis or in melanocyte apoptosis have yet to be determined. The current study was designed to investigate the vitiligo-related expression pattern of RNASET2 and its molecular function involving apoptosis-related signaling proteins and pathways. The results showed overexpression of RNASET2 in epidermis specimens from 40 vitiligo patients compared with that from matched healthy controls. In addition, in vitro analyses indicated that overexpression of RNASET2 was inducible in cultured primary human melanocytes and keratinocytes by stress conditions, that is, exposure to UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, and inflammatory factors, respectively, and led to increased cell apoptosis via the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)-caspases pathway through the physical interaction of RNASET2 with TRAF2. Thus, RNASET2 may contribute to vitiligo pathogenesis by inhibiting TRAF2 expression and, as such, RNASET2 may represent a potential therapeutic target of vitiligo.
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