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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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2
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Chatzopoulos GS, Jiang Z, Marka N, Wolff LF. Association between Periodontitis Extent, Severity, and Progression Rate with Systemic Diseases and Smoking: A Retrospective Study. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050814. [PMID: 37240984 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between extent, severity (stage), and rate of progression (grade) of periodontitis with systemic diseases as well as smoking using a large database. METHODS Patients' records identified in the BigMouth Dental Data Repository with a periodontal diagnosis based on the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions were evaluated. Patients were further categorized based on extent, severity, and rate of progression. Data were extracted from patients' electronic health records including demographic characteristics, dental procedural codes, and self-reported medical conditions, as well as the number of missing teeth. RESULTS A total of 2069 complete records were ultimately included in the analysis. Males were more likely to have generalized periodontitis and stage III or IV periodontitis. Older individuals were more likely diagnosed with grade B and stage III or IV periodontitis. Individuals with generalized disease, grade C, and stage IV demonstrated a significantly higher number of missing teeth. Higher numbers of tooth loss reported during supportive periodontal treatment were noted in generalized disease and stage IV periodontitis. Multiple sclerosis and smoking were significantly associated with grade C periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this retrospective study that utilized the BigMouth dental data repository, smokers were significantly associated with rapid progression of periodontitis (grade C). Gender, age, number of missing teeth, and number of tooth loss during supportive periodontal treatment were associated with disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios S Chatzopoulos
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ziou Jiang
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Nicholas Marka
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Larry F Wolff
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Luengo F, Solonko M, Sanz-Esporrín J, Sanz-Sánchez I, Herrera D, Sanz M. Clinical, Microbiological, and Biochemical Impact of the Surgical Treatment of Peri-Implantitis-A Prospective Case Series. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164699. [PMID: 36012939 PMCID: PMC9410201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study, a prospective case series, was to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and biochemical impact of the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. Methods: Thirty subjects with diagnosis of peri-implantitis were treated following a surgical protocol including access flaps, surface decontamination with ultrasonics and glycine powder air-polishing, and systemic antibiotics. Disease resolution was defined by the composite outcome including presence of probing depths (PD) ≤5 mm, absence of bleeding on probing (BoP)/suppuration, and no additional radiographic bone loss (>1 mm). Regression analysis was used to evaluate the patient-, implant-, and prosthetic-related factors possibly influencing treatment outcomes. Results: Patients were evaluated at 6 months post treatment, demonstrating statistically significant reductions in PD (2.14 ± 1.07 mm) and increase in mucosal recession (1.0 ± 0.77 mm). Plaque, BoP, and suppuration were also reduced by 40.56%, 62.22%, and 7.78%, respectively. Disease resolution was achieved in 56.67% of patients. No significant changes were detected in microbiological parameters except for a significant reduction in proportions of Parvimonas micra. Similarly, the levels of the biomarker interleukin-8 in crevicular fluid were significantly lower at 6 months. Conclusions: The proposed surgical treatment of peri-implantitis demonstrated statistically significant clinical improvements although the impact on microbiological and biochemical parameters was scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Luengo
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Myroslav Solonko
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sanz-Esporrín
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Sanz-Sánchez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lee SB, Lee BA, Choi SH, Kim YT. Long-term outcomes after peri-implantitis treatment and their influencing factors: a retrospective study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:194-205. [PMID: 35775695 PMCID: PMC9253284 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2103020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine the long-term outcomes after peri-implantitis treatment and the factors affecting these outcomes. Methods This study included 92 implants in 45 patients who had been treated for peri-implantitis. Clinical data on the characteristics of patients and their implants were collected retrospectively. The change in the marginal bone level was calculated by comparing the baseline and the most recently obtained (≥3 years after treatment) radiographs. The primary outcome variable was progression of the disease after the treatment at the implant level, which was defined as further bone loss of >1.0 mm or implant removal. A 2-level binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the effects of possible factors on the primary outcome. Results The mean age of the patients was 58.7 years (range, 22–79 years). Progression of peri-implantitis was observed in 64.4% of patients and 63.0% of implants during an observation period of 6.4±2.7 years (mean±standard deviation). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that full compliance to recall visits (P=0.019), smoking (P=0.023), placement of 4 or more implants (P=0.022), and marginal bone loss ≥4 mm at baseline (P=0.027) significantly influenced the treatment outcome. Conclusions The long-term results of peri-implantitis treatment can be improved by full compliance on the part of patients, whereas it is impaired by smoking, placement of multiple implants, and severe bone loss at baseline. Encouraging patients to stop smoking and to receive supportive care is recommended before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bae Lee
- Department of Periodontology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bo-Ah Lee
- Department of Periodontology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute of Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Taek Kim
- Department of Periodontology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Popa GV, Costache A, Badea O, Cojocaru MO, Mitroi G, Lazăr AC, Olimid DA, Mogoantă L. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of periodontal changes in chronic smokers. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 62:209-217. [PMID: 34609423 PMCID: PMC8597366 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.62.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory, multifactorial condition, that, in the absence of an early and adequate treatment, may lead to a progressive damaging of the alveolar tissues that support the teeth (periodontal ligament, cement and alveolar bone) followed by teeth mobility and, subsequently, their loss. Periodontal disease is one of the most common inflammatory disease affecting adult individuals all over the world, being considered a real worldwide pandemic. This disease may influence the progression of certain systemic diseases: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic kidney diseases, cancer, etc. The association between smoking and periodontal disease was described in numerous clinical and epidemiological studies, suggesting that products derived from tobacco burning may change the clinical aspects and the disease progression. The present study analyzed microscopically and immunohistochemically 58 periodontal fragments, from 50 patients, chronic smokers, clinically diagnosed with severe periodontitis. There were highlighted major changes in the gingival epithelium (epithelium thickening, acanthosis, intraepithelial edema, infiltrates of neutrophils or lymphocytes, epithelial necrosis), in the periodontal conjunctive tissue (more or less intense inflammatory infiltrates, microhemorrhages, vascular congestion, intense immunohistochemical expression for some matrix metalloproteinases). The periodontal changes may be the expression of both toxic factors present in tobacco smoke and due to the changes caused by tobacco in the microbial flora of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Valeriu Popa
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania;
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Silva H. Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease-The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:441. [PMID: 34067557 PMCID: PMC8156280 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author's knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
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Salhi L, Seidel L, Albert A, Lambert F. Fagerström test for nicotine dependence as an indicator in tobacco-related studies in periodontology. J Periodontol 2021; 92:298-305. [PMID: 33480446 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is considered a risk factor for periodontitis genesis and progression. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the negative effect of smoking, in particular the number of cigarettes consumed (NCC), on periodontal clinical parameters. However, smoking addiction assessed by the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) has received little attention in periodontal research. METHODS In smoking patients presenting with periodontitis, the periodontal clinical features were measured and correlated with smoking status. The ability of FTND and NCC to predict periodontitis severity was assessed and compared. RESULTS Thirty-four smoking patients aged 46.5 ± 11.5 years were included. The means of NCC and FTND were 16.6 ± 5.5 and 5.2 ±1.8, respectively. NCC and FTND were correlated with each other (r = 0.57, P < 0.001). Patients had stage III (44.1%) or stage IV (55.9%) periodontitis and 73.5% presented a generalized extension of periodontitis. The combination of FTND and NCC in discerning disease severity (ROC curve analysis: AUC = 0.746, P = 0.027) was superior to each indicator separately. A discriminant score based on both indicators (D = -0.42 - 0.15 × NCC + 0.63 × FTND) derived by logistic regression showed the opposite role of the indicators and the greater relevance of FTND (P = 0.031) compared to NCC (P = 0.084) in the relationship. CONCLUSION This study shows that FTND could substantially complement NCC as an indicator of smoking status in periodontal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Salhi
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laurence Seidel
- Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Adelin Albert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - France Lambert
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
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LOPES AB, COLOMBO NH, ASSEM NZ, NUERNBERG MAA, GARCIA VG, DUQUE C, THEODORO LH. LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid of smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction The association between smoking and periodontal diseases has been described in clinical and epidemiological studies. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the LL-37 and human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) levels in crevicular fluid of patients with generalized periodontitis in smokers (S) and nonsmokers (NS). Material and method A total of 35 patients with generalized periodontitis stages III and IV, 15 NS (11 female, 4 male) and 20 S (7 female and 13 male), were included in the study. The evaluated clinical parameters were bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify the LL-37 and hBD-2 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of these patients. The results were analyzed statistically with the level of significance set at 5%. Result In relation to periodontal clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was observed for BOP and PD between groups S and NS. There was a higher CAL in the S group than in the NS group (p = 0.0095). There was no statistically significant difference between the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 when comparing groups S and NS (p>0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that smokers have a higher clinical attachment loss than nonsmokers, but that smoking did not influence the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis.
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Sczepanik FSC, Grossi ML, Casati M, Goldberg M, Glogauer M, Fine N, Tenenbaum HC. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of oxidative stress: We should treat it that way. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:45-68. [PMID: 32844417 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease. As it progresses, it causes serious morbidity in the form of periodontal abscesses and tooth loss and, in the latter stages, pain. It is also now known that periodontitis is strongly associated with several nonoral diseases. Thus, patients with periodontitis are at greater risk for the development and/or exacerbation of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Although it is without question that specific groups of oral bacteria which populate dental plaque play a causative role in the development of periodontitis, it is now thought that once this disease has been triggered, other factors play an equal, and possibly more important, role in its progression, particularly in severe cases or in cases that prove difficult to treat. In this regard, we allude to the host response, specifically the notion that the host, once infected with oral periodontal pathogenic bacteria, will mount a defense response mediated largely through the innate immune system. The most abundant cell type of the innate immune system - polymorphonuclear neutrophils - can, when protecting the host from microbial invasion, mount a response that includes upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species, all of which then contribute to the tissue damage and loss of teeth commonly associated with periodontitis. Of the mechanisms referred to here, we suggest that upregulation of reactive oxygen species might play one of the most important roles in the establishment and progression of periodontitis (as well as in other diseases of inflammation) through the development of oxidative stress. In this overview, we discuss both innate and epigenetic factors (eg, diabetes, smoking) that lead to the development of oxidative stress. This oxidative stress then provides an environment conducive to the destructive processes observed in periodontitis. Therefore, we shall describe some of the fundamental characteristics of oxidative stress and its effects on the periodontium, discuss the diseases and other factors that cause oxidative stress, and, finally, review potentially novel therapeutic approaches for the management (and possibly even the reversal) of periodontitis, which rely on the use of therapies, such as resveratrol and other antioxidants, that provide increased antioxidant activity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcio Lima Grossi
- School of Health Sciences, Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Prosthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Casati
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University (UNIP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Michael Goldberg
- Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Periodontology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Thodupuzha, India.,Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Li X, Liang X, Li S, Qi X, Du N, Yang D. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on COX-2 and SHP-2 expression in a periodontitis rat model. Oral Dis 2020; 27:338-347. [PMID: 32640491 PMCID: PMC7818459 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on the inflammatory process of periodontitis by evaluating bone loss and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Src homology phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty 6-month-old male SD rats were randomized into four groups (10 rats/group/per time point): (a) normal group, (b) ETS group, (c) ligature-induced periodontitis group, and (d) ligature-induced periodontitis + ETS group. After treatment with ligature and/or ETS for 8 and 12 weeks, the levels of alveolar bone resorption and the expressions of COX-2 and SHP-2 in periodontal tissue were analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The ligature-induced periodontitis group displayed increased bone resorption and elevated expression of COX-2 and SHP-2 in periodontal tissues compared to the normal and ETS groups at 8 and 12 weeks. Furthermore, bone resorption and COX-2 and SHP-2 levels in the ligature-induced periodontitis + ETS group were significantly increased compared to those in the normal and ligature-induced periodontitis groups at both 8 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION Environmental tobacco smoke increased alveolar bone loss in periodontitis with enhanced expression of COX-2 and SHP-2 in periodontal tissues. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of COX-2 and SHP-2 in ETS-associated periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangyang Liang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Qi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hebei Children's Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongru Yang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
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Irusa KF, Vence B, Donovan T. Potential oral health effects of e‐cigarettes and vaping: A review and case reports. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 32:260-264. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina F. Irusa
- Bachelor of Dental SurgeryUniversity of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya
| | | | - Terry Donovan
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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12
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Ercan N, Olgun E, Kisa Ü, Yalim M. Effect of synbiotics in the treatment of smokers and non-smokers with gingivitis: randomized controlled trial. Aust Dent J 2020; 65:210-219. [PMID: 32147827 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic tablets on the clinical and biochemical parameters of smokers and non-smokers with gingivitis. METHODS Eighty patients with gingivitis [40 smokers (+), 40 non-smokers (-)] were randomly assigned to test (T) or control (C) groups. Four groups were defined: T(+), T(-), C(+) and C(-). The subjects daily chewed a synbiotic or placebo tablet for 30 days. The gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were determined as the primary outcome variables. RESULTS The clinical and biochemical parameters for all groups significantly reduced compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). While there were no significant differences between the groups for gingival index, the plaque index was significantly higher in both smoker groups than that in the T(-) group during the second month (P < 0.05). IL-8 levels in C(-) and IL-6 levels in both control groups were significantly higher than those in the T(+) group. The IL-10 levels in both control groups were significantly higher than those in the T(-) group during the second month (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive synbiotic tablets significantly reduce subclinical therapeutic outcomes for both smokers and non-smokers compared with placebo according to the biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ercan
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - E Olgun
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ü Kisa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - M Yalim
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yang I, Sandeep S, Rodriguez J. The oral health impact of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:97-127. [PMID: 32043402 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1713726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming more prevalent and is particularly popular among adolescents and conventional smokers. While the oral health sequelae of conventional smoking are well-established, the impact of e-cigarettes on oral health is still unknown. This study aims to systematically review the available research evidence on the oral health impact of e-cigarette use.Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and used the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool to evaluate the evidence. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were systematically searched for studies including case reports. Two independent reviewers extracted data and synthesized the findings.Results: Ninety-nine articles were included in this systematic review. Analyses of the articles yielded seven categories based on symptom similarity and/or focus: mouth effects, throat effects, periodontal effects, dental effects, cytotoxic/genotoxic/oncologic effects, oral microbiome effects, and traumatic/accidental injury. The majority of mouth and throat symptoms experienced by e-cigarette users were relatively minor and temporary, with some evidence that conventional smokers who switched to e-cigarettes experienced mitigation of these symptoms. E-cigarette exposure increased the risk for deteriorating periodontal, dental and gingival health as well as changes to the oral microbiome. Extensive dental damage as a result of e-cigarette explosions were described in case reports. Components of e-cigarette vapor have known cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties.Conclusions: Although switching to e-cigarettes may mitigate oral symptomatology for conventional smokers, findings from this review suggest that a wide range of oral health sequelae may be associated with e-cigarette use. Well-designed studies to investigate oral health outcomes of e-cigarette use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yang
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelly Sandeep
- Emory University Midtown Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeannie Rodriguez
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Xu W, Zhou W, Wang H, Liang S. Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:45-84. [PMID: 32085888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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15
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Botelho J, Machado V, Proença L, Alves R, Cavacas MA, Amaro L, Mendes JJ. Study of Periodontal Health in Almada-Seixal (SoPHiAS): a cross-sectional study in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15538. [PMID: 31664143 PMCID: PMC6820786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the prevalence and extent of periodontal diseases among adults in the southern region of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. This population-based cross-sectional study included 1,064 randomized participants (aged 18 to 95 years, 617 females/447 males). Sociodemographic, behaviours and medical information were recorded. Periodontal conditions were assessed with a full-mouth circumferential periodontal examination. It was used the American Association of Periodontology/European Federation of Periodontology 2017 case definitions. A logistic regression analysis was applied to ascertain hypothetical risk factors towards periodontitis. The prevalence of periodontitis was 59.9%, with 24.0% and 22.2% of the participants exhibiting severe and moderate periodontitis, respectively. The risk of periodontitis significantly increased with age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.04-1.06), for active and former smokers (OR = 3.76 and OR = 2.11, respectively), with lower education levels (OR = 2.08, OR = 1.86, for middle and elementary education, respectively) and with diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.53). This study confirms a high burden of periodontitis in the target (Portuguese) sub-population. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding that will empower appropriate national public oral health programmes and population-based preventive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Botelho
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Proença
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research Unit (MQIS), CiiEM, Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Alzira Cavacas
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Amaro
- Health Centers grouping (HCG) Almada-Seixal, Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (RHALTV), Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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16
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Vora MV, Chaffee BW. Tobacco-use patterns and self-reported oral health outcomes: A cross-sectional assessment of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, 2013-2014. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:332-344.e2. [PMID: 30922519 PMCID: PMC6487222 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies consider simultaneously the oral health implications of nontraditional tobacco products and tobacco-use patterns. The authors aimed to evaluate self-reported gingival disease among cigarette smokers and users of other types of tobacco products. METHODS The authors used survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between different tobacco products, use patterns (for example, dual or multiple tobacco product use or product switching); and lifetime history of gingival disease diagnosis and treatment. They used the nationally representative (US) Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study's Wave 1 (2013-2014) adult data (N = 32,320). RESULTS Overall, 12.1% of participants self-reported gingival disease diagnosis, and 19.1% reported receiving treatment. Groups with the highest adjusted relative odds for diagnosis (reference, lifetime tobacco never users) were pipe users (2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 5.3), e-cigarette users (2.9; 95% CI, 1.9 to 4.5), multiple tobacco product users (2.8; 95% CI, 2.4 to 3.4), and recent (< 12 months) quitters (2.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 3.8). Similarly, odds of treatment report were highest among pipe users (2.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.1), e-cigarette users (2.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.1), multiple tobacco product users (1.6; 95% CI, 1.4 to 1.9), and recent quitters (1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.2). CONCLUSIONS Numerous tobacco-use patterns were associated with worse periodontal health compared with tobacco never users. These findings are consistent with previous biological and epidemiologic evidence linking tobacco use to poor periodontal health. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Dental clinicians should anticipate various tobacco-use patterns among their patients, all of which may impact oral health. Oral health care professionals should remain informed of, screen for, and address the use of all tobacco products in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali V. Vora
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tobacco Control, Research & Education
| | - Benjamin W. Chaffee
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tobacco Control, Research & Education
- University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry
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17
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Chronic Periodontitis Case Definitions and Confounders in Periodontal Research: A Systematic Assessment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4578782. [PMID: 30622957 PMCID: PMC6304204 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4578782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Case definitions and criteria of periodontal diseases are not yet consistent worldwide. This can affect the accuracy of any comparison made between two studies. This study determines which are the most common chronic periodontitis case definitions as well as confounding variables that have been reported worldwide in periodontal literature. A systematic assessment on periodontal disease classification and confounders was conducted using all publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar between 1965 and October 2017. Screening of eligible studies and data extraction were conducted in duplicate and independently by two reviewers. The search protocol produced 4,218 articles. Out of these, 492 potentially relevant articles were selected for review. Only 351 studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Combination of probing depth and clinical attachment loss was the most common chronic periodontitis case definitions used (121, studies, 34.5%). CPI/CPITN was the most common classification used. Age was the most common confounder studied in periodontal research (303 studies, 86.3%), followed by gender (268 studies, 76.4%) and race (138 studies, 39.3%). Albumin and creatinine were the least common variables studied (1 or 2 studies each). Different case definitions affect the prevalence and treatment consequences of periodontitis. We need to standardize periodontitis case definitions worldwide to avoid difficulties in case diagnosis and prognosis. Further studies need to be done to assess the association between periodontitis and several potential confounders.
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18
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Balto HA, Alabdulaaly L, Bahammam S, Al-Ekrish AA. Comparative analysis of prevalence of apical periodontitis in smokers and non-smokers using cone-beam computed tomography. Saudi Dent J 2018; 31:52-57. [PMID: 30705569 PMCID: PMC6349893 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and size of periapical lesions among smokers and non-smokers using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods Retrievable CBCT datasets for 46 male patients ≥18 years during a consecutive period from 2008 to 2016 were examined. The medical, smoking history and other clinical findings (signs of previous dental trauma; Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores; the percentage of root filled teeth; and oral hygiene status) were obtained. Periapical status of all included teeth was assessed by CBCT images. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-test, Pearson correlation and multiple regression. Results The prevalence of apical periodontitis was 13.93% in smokers and 14.26% in non-smokers with no significant difference (p = 0.936). The mean of the average size of lesions between the two groups were almost comparable, 3.50 mm in smokers and 2.89 mm in non-smokers (p = 0.567). Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis showed that the percentage of lesion present and the average lesion size were not correlated to any independent variable. Conclusions While smoking is considered a risk factor for marginal periodontitis, there was no difference between smokers and non-smokers in terms of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan A Balto
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 62645, Riyadh 11595, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Alabdulaaly
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 88493, Riyadh 11662, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaima Bahammam
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Dentistry, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 50514, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma'a A Al-Ekrish
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 56810, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Hashimoto H, Hashimoto S, Muto A, Dewake N, Shimazaki Y. Influence of plaque control on the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal health status among Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1033-1042. [PMID: 29763516 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional disability of the finger joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients could affect their oral hygiene and periodontal status because of poor plaque control. We examined the influence of plaque control on the relationship between the severity of RA and periodontal status in RA patients. METHODS This study recruited 89 Japanese RA patients who reported no difficulty in performing oral hygiene. We assessed RA severity using four indices: the Steinbrocker stage and class, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Disease Activity Score (DAS). Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were taken as parameters of periodontal status. Oral hygiene status was assessed using the plaque index (PlI). We examined the association between the severity of RA and periodontal parameters using multivariable linear regression analyses. RESULTS In multivariable linear regression analyses not including PlI, Steinbrocker stage III-IV patients had significantly higher PlI scores and greater PD compared with those of stage I. The class III-IV patients had significantly higher PlI scores and greater PD. Patients with an HAQ score ≥0.5 had a significantly higher PlI score than those with an HAQ score of 0. However, when PlI was added to each multivariable model as an independent variable, no significant relationship between RA severity and periodontal status was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that it is important to consider the influence of plaque control when assessing the relationship between RA severity and periodontal health status in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hashimoto
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Akinori Muto
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nanae Dewake
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimazaki
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Smoking status and oral health-related quality of life among adults in the United Kingdom. Br Dent J 2018; 225:153-158. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Machado V, Botelho J, Amaral A, Proença L, Alves R, Rua J, Cavacas MA, Delgado AS, Mendes JJ. Prevalence and extent of chronic periodontitis and its risk factors in a Portuguese subpopulation: a retrospective cross-sectional study and analysis of Clinical Attachment Loss. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5258. [PMID: 30065871 PMCID: PMC6063205 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the prevalence and extent of chronic periodontitis, and its risk factors in a Portuguese subpopulation referred to periodontal examination. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study used a subset of data from patients who sought dental treatment in a university dental clinic in the Lisbon metropolitan area. The sample consisted of 405 individuals (225 females/180 males), aged 20–90 years. All patients underwent a full-mouth periodontal examination and chronic periodontitis was defined as Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) ≥ 3 mm affecting two or more teeth. Aggressive periodontitis cases were excluded from the analysis. Results Prevalence of chronic periodontitis was 83.5% (95% CI [80.4–86.6%]). For these subjects, CAL ≥ 3 mm affected 86.0% (95% CI [84.7–87.2]) of sites and 83.7% (95% CI [81.7–85.6]) of teeth, respectively. Mean CAL ranged from 3.6 to 4.3 mm, according to age. In the multivariate logistic regression model, smoking (OR = 3.55, 95% CI [1.80–7.02]) and older age (OR = 8.70, 95% CI [3.66–20.69] and OR = 4.85, 95% CI [2.57–9.16]), for 65+ and 45–64 years old, respectively, were identified as risk indicators for CAL ≥ 3 mm. Conclusions This particular Portuguese adult subpopulation had a high prevalence of chronic periodontitis, with severe and generalized clinical attachment loss, and its presence was significantly associated with age and smoking. This data should serve to prepare future detailed epidemiological studies and appropriate public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Machado
- Department of Periodontology, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal.,Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - João Botelho
- Department of Periodontology, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal.,Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - António Amaral
- Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - Luís Proença
- Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Department of Periodontology, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal.,Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - João Rua
- Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - Maria Alzira Cavacas
- Environmental Health, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Sintra Delgado
- Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
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22
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Bhat M, Do LG, Roberts-Thomson K. Risk indicators for prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis among rural Indian population aged 35-54 years. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:492-502. [PMID: 29911356 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to identify risk indicators associated with periodontitis and the contribution of each of the indicators towards the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis in a rural Indian population. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data according to National Survey of Adult Oral Health Australia guidelines. A multistage stratified random sampling was followed to select 1401 participants, who were in the age group of 35-54 years. The participants were selected from 50 villages belonging to the 5 sub-provinces of 2 Indian districts. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and oral examination. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.3. The univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the risk indicators of prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis. Population attributable fraction was estimated for each of the significant risk indicators of prevalence and extent. RESULTS In this study, factors such as age, education, tobacco chewing and plaque accumulation were significantly associated with the prevalence of periodontitis. Age, socioeconomic status, method of tooth cleaning, alcohol consumption and plaque accumulation were significant risk indicators for generalized periodontitis. Age, tobacco chewing and plaque were associated with severity of periodontitis in the population. CONCLUSION The rural population had a high prevalence of periodontitis. Sociodemographic factors, poor oral hygiene, tobacco and alcohol were the main risk indicators attributable to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhat
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L G Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Roberts-Thomson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Färkkilä E, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Färkkilä A, Grönholm L, Lauhio A. Evaluation of risk factors for oral infection with potential for spread in a 1-year cohort study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:905-911. [PMID: 29948280 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of oral infection with potential for spread (OIPS) and behavioural risk factors in patients referred to a regional tertiary care-centre for OIPS assessment and clearance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A database search of all referrals to the Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases unit of HUH in 2009 was performed. Of the 2807 referrals, 408 were due to a known or suspected OIPS. The electronic patient records of these patients were analysed for patient demographics, lifestyle factors, radiological findings and clinical oral findings. Risk factors for OIPS were analysed using logistic regression and using the significant factors in univariate analyses in the multivariate models. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 58 years. Most patients (n = 270, 66%) were referred due to upcoming cancer or other immunosuppressive therapy. The majority (n = 314, 77%) were diagnosed with one or more OIPS. In univariate analyses, smoking (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.4; p = 0.0006), male gender (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8; p = 0.02), excessive alcohol use (OR 3.0, 95% 1.1-7.9; p = 0.03) and irregular dental care (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.6-8.8; p < 0.0001) were risk factors for OIPS. However, in multivariate analyses, smoking was the only independent risk factor for OIPS (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2-11.8; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS OIPS are common in patients referred for OIPS clearance, and smoking was identified as an independent behavioural risk factor for them. These findings highlight the burden of disease in this patient group and the importance of smoking cessation encouragement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To identify patients at increased risk of OIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Färkkilä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4 E, P.O. Box 220, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Grönholm
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 180, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Lauhio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Nordenskiöldinkatu 20, building 5 3rd floor, P.O. BOX 348, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Suwama K, Yoshihara A, Watanabe R, Stegaroiu R, Shibata S, Miyazaki H. Relationship between alcohol consumption and periodontal tissue condition in community-dwelling elderly Japanese. Gerodontology 2018; 35:170-176. [PMID: 29577378 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the associations among alcohol consumption level, dietary intake and other lifestyle factors, and periodontal condition, in community-dwelling elderly Japanese of a specific age. BACKGROUND The relationship between alcohol consumption level and periodontitis is a controversial issue. METHODS Participants were 438 dentate elders aged 73 years from a larger cohort survey of elders in Niigata City, Japan. Data collected from oral examination of each participant, including number of the existing teeth, mean probing pocket depth and mean clinical attachment level (CAL) were used for the analyses. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and a lifestyle habit questionnaire were used to assess food and alcohol consumption, smoking experience, frequency of tooth brushing, interdental brush use, and visits to a dental clinic during the previous year. Blood glucose control was assessed by the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Body mass index was calculated from height and weight measurements. The relationships between each variable and the individual mean CAL were analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS According to logistic regression analysis, the mean CAL was significantly associated with the number of existing teeth (odds ratio [OR] = 0.90; P < .001), being a heavy drinker (OR = 2.44; P < .05), and smoking experience (OR = 2.37; P < .01). CONCLUSION This study showed that increased mean CAL was significantly associated with heavy drinking in community-dwelling elderly Japanese (aged 73 years) compared with non-drinking. Our results provide new evidence that high alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of periodontal disease and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Suwama
- Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshihara
- Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Roxana Stegaroiu
- Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoko Shibata
- Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideo Miyazaki
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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The change of patient profile, attitudes and satisfaction in University Dental clinic after onset of economic crisis in Greece. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare patient profile, attitude and satisfaction of patients visiting a university periodontal clinic before and during the financial crisis in Greece. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, adult consecutive patients that visited the undergraduate Periodontology clinic of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki from October 2014 to July 2015 were invited to participate anonymously. The only exclusion criterion that was set was the age: all individuals had to be ≥18 years old. The questionnaire utilized in this study included six parts of questions: 1) demographic characteristics; 2) environmental and behavioral characteristics; 3) diagnosis of periodontal disease; 4) medical history; 5) difficulties-satisfaction-proposals about periodontal treatment; and 6) history of periodontal therapy. One hundred and fifty individuals, mean aged of 51.6±12.3 years were interviewed concerning their demographic and behavioral characteristics. Satisfaction level, reasons for selecting the university dental clinic and oral hygiene habits were also recorded. Results: The profile of the patient attending the university periodontal clinic was a female (54.0%), 51-year-old on average, of high education (76.0%), good oral hygiene habits (brushing ≥2 times/day: 49.3%, use of additional oral health care: 66.0%), heavy smoker (>15 cigarettes/day: 51.9%) and chronic periodontal disease (96.7%). Economic difficulties led the participants to seek periodontal treatment in the university clinic (30.7%), but the vast majority of them were highly satisfied (81.3%), confident (82.0%) and informed (51.3%) about the treatment. Before the financial collapse in Greece, the profile of the patients in the clinic was characterized by low socioeconomic status with poor oral hygiene, none or basic education and unemployed (no income) and retired individuals. Heavy smoking, diagnosis of chronic periodontal disease and satisfaction were also reported prior to the financial crisis. Conclusions: The demographic characteristics of those who seek treatment in a university setting have changed dramatically and younger, more highly educated and employed individuals attend the undergraduate Periodontology clinic of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece compared with those who attended the university dental clinic prior to the financial crisis.
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Kornman KS, Giannobile WV, Duff GW. Quo vadis: what is the future of periodontics? How will we get there? Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:353-371. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Smiley CJ, Tracy SL, Abt E, Michalowicz BS, John MT, Gunsolley J, Cobb CM, Rossmann J, Harrel SK, Forrest JL, Hujoel PP, Noraian KW, Greenwell H, Frantsve-Hawley J, Estrich C, Hanson N. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis by means of scaling and root planing with or without adjuncts. J Am Dent Assoc 2017; 146:508-24.e5. [PMID: 26113099 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on nonsurgical treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis by means of scaling and root planing (SRP) with or without adjuncts. METHODS A panel of experts convened by the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs conducted a search of PubMed (MEDLINE) and Embase for randomized controlled trials of SRP with or without the use of adjuncts with clinical attachment level (CAL) outcomes in trials at least 6 months in duration and published in English through July 2014. The authors assessed individual study bias by using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and conducted meta-analyses to obtain the summary effect estimates and their precision and to assess heterogeneity. The authors used funnel plots and Egger tests to assess publication bias when there were more than 10 studies. The authors used a modified version of the US Preventive Services Task Force methods to assess the overall level of certainty in the evidence. RESULTS The panel included 72 articles on the effectiveness of SRP with or without the following: systemic antimicrobials, a systemic host modulator (subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline), locally delivered antimicrobials (chlorhexidine chips, doxycycline hyclate gel, and minocycline microspheres), and a variety of nonsurgical lasers (photodynamic therapy with a diode laser, a diode laser, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet lasers, and erbium lasers). CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS With a moderate level of certainty, the panel found approximately a 0.5-millimeter average improvement in CAL with SRP. Combinations of SRP with assorted adjuncts resulted in a range of average CAL improvements between 0.2 and 0.6 mm over SRP alone. The panel judged the following 4 adjunctive therapies as beneficial with a moderate level of certainty: systemic subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline, systemic antimicrobials, chlorhexidine chips, and photodynamic therapy with a diode laser. There was a low level of certainty in the benefits of the other included adjunctive therapies. The panel provides clinical recommendations in the associated clinical practice guideline.
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Moga M, Bosca AB, Bondor CI, Ilea A, Lucaciu OP, Ionel A, Man MA, Rajnoveanu RM, Câmpian RS. Assessment of the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status: an observational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 90:99-106. [PMID: 28246504 PMCID: PMC5305095 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim Cigarette smoking has negative effects on general health, including oral health. The aim of our study was to assess the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status. Methods Smoker and non-smoker participants were enrolled in this observational study. The Fagerström test was used to classify nicotine dependences: low (score: 0–3), medium (score: 4–6) or high (score: 7–10). The oral hygiene status was classified according to the oral hygiene indices of plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation. Lastly, the exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured with a MicroSmokelyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd., Kent, United Kingdom). Results Sixty five participants (50 smokers in the study group and 15 non-smokers in the control group) were enrolled between 11th and 29th of January 2016. No statistical differences were observed between the study group and the control group in terms of age (mean age±SD 23.5±1.9 and 24.0±1.5, respectively) or gender (50% and 26.6%, respectively). A statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in terms of plaque, (p=0.036), calculus (p=0.001) and gingival indices (p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between the exhaled levels of carbon monoxide and the general Fagerström score (r=0.97, p<0.001) or the Fagerström score in smokers (r=0.93, p<0.001); a negative correlation was observed between the exhaled carbon monoxide levels and the number of tooth brushings daily (r=−0.41, p=0.001). The plaque index was statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p=0.008), general Fagerström score (p=0.016) and number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001). The calculus and gingival indices were statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p<0.001), general Fagerström score (p<0.001) and score in smoker participants (p=0.029 and p=0.001, respectively) as well as the number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001). Conclusion Our study found a significant association between the plaque, calculus and gingival indices and smoking. Moreover, nicotine dependence was significantly associated with the number of daily tooth brushings and the gingival index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minodora Moga
- Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adina Bianca Bosca
- Histology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmina Ioana Bondor
- Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Department 12, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aranka Ilea
- Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ondine Patricia Lucaciu
- Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Ionel
- Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Milena Adina Man
- Pneumology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Radu Septimiu Câmpian
- Oral Rehabilitation Department 3, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Abstract
Oral disease can have a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of the housebound patient. The aetiology of oral conditions such as dental caries and periodontal disease have been well investigated and there is a solid evidence base in how to best prevent their progress. The Department of Health document Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention is a valuable resource that outlines the current best preventative evidence in the form of practical advice for clinicians and patients. This article aims to distil and present this advice for the benefit of community nurses. It will identify areas of particular importance for people with additional needs, particularly the elderly and infirm. Outlining how to best tailor preventative advice and treatment for this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Critchlow
- Senior Dental Officer, Northeast London NHS Foundation Trust, Dental Department, Grays Health Centre
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ASSEM NZ, ALVES MLF, LOPES AB, GUALBERTO JUNIOR EC, GARCIA VG, THEODORO LH. Antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e67. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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Murakami K, Kondo N, Ohkubo T, Hashimoto H. The effect of fathers’ and mothers’ educational level on adult oral health in Japan. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2016; 44:283-91. [DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Murakami
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health; School of Medicine; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Health and Social Behavior; School of Public Health; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Health and Social Behavior; School of Public Health; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health; School of Medicine; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Health and Social Behavior; School of Public Health; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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Ge X, Liu YF, Wong Y, Wu LZ, Tan L, Liu F, Wang XJ. Impact of nicotine on the interplay between human periodontal ligament cells and CD4+ T cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:983-90. [PMID: 26553320 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115614383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common infectious disease associated with destruction of periodontal ligaments and alveolar bones. CD4(+) T cell-mediated immune response is involved in the progression of periodontitis. Tobacco consumption increases the risk of periodontal disease. However, the impact of nicotine on the interaction between human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and CD4(+) T cells remains unrevealed. Our study aims to investigate the effect of nicotine on PDL cells and the cocultured CD4(+) T cells. The PDL cell cultures were established by explants from healthy individuals, exposed to nicotine or α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX), and incubated solely or in combination with CD4(+) T cells. Afterwards, cell viability, secreted cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were evaluated. In monoculture of PDL cells, nicotine dramatically repressed cell viability and increased apoptosis. Meanwhile, α-BTX largely reversed the nicotine-induced apoptosis and increased viability of PDL cells. Compared with the monoculture, MMP-1, MMP-3, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-21 in supernatant of cocultures were markedly elevated after treatment with nicotine. Moreover, α-BTX significantly attenuated nicotine-triggered production of these components either in mono- or co-cultures. In addition, PDL cell-derived CXCL12 following nicotine treatment recruited CD4(+) T cells. Above all, nicotine deteriorated periodontitis partially by promoting PDL cell-CD4(+) T cell-mediated inflammatory response and matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Feng Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The 464 Hospital of Beijing PLA, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Johannsen A, Susin C, Gustafsson A. Smoking and inflammation: evidence for a synergistic role in chronic disease. Periodontol 2000 2015; 64:111-26. [PMID: 24320959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable risk factor for periodontitis; however, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal health remain largely unclear. It is also well established that smoking has a negative impact on several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this paper was to review smoking-related changes in local and systemic host responses with a focus on cellular and molecular effects that could explain a hyperinflammatory response leading to periodontal destruction. Biological mechanisms that may be common to periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases were also explored, together with gene-smoking interactions. An epidemiologic perspective on the burden of smoking on periodontal health and the potential for smoking cessation is also presented. Tobacco smoking seems to induce changes ranging from decreased leukocyte chemotaxis to decreased production of immunoglobulins. Smoking also seems to cause a stronger inflammatory reaction with an increased release of potentially tissue-destructive substances (e.g. reactive oxygen species, collagenase, serine proteases and proinflammatory cytokines). These findings support a hypothesis that periodontitis is a hyperinflammatory condition rather than a hypo-inflammatory condition.
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Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Mariani GM, Ferrarotti F, Romano F. Prevalence of periodontitis in an adult population from an urban area in North Italy: findings from a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological survey. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:622-31. [PMID: 25970460 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM There is a paucity of up-to-date data regarding prevalence and risk indicators of periodontitis in Italy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontitis and its risk indicators among adults from an urban area in North Italy. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional survey used a stratified two-stage probability sampling method to draw a representative sample of the adult population of the city of Turin. About 1600 individuals, 20-75 years old, were randomly selected and 736 subjects agreed to participate (47% of the sampled subjects). Clinical parameters were assessed using a full-mouth protocol. Logistic models were applied to assess associations between periodontitis and its putative risk indicators. Age was included as restricted cubic spline. RESULTS Based on CDC/AAP case definition, the prevalence estimates of severe and moderate periodontitis were 34.94% (95% CI: 31.23-38.74) and 40.78% (95% CI: 36.89-44.79). The probability of periodontitis increased in smokers (adjusted OR 2.06, 95% IC: 1.26-3.37, p = 0.004) and with age but leveled off in the 50+ year-old group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Periodontitis was highly prevalent in the Turin population. The present data will enable development of appropriate public health programs and allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna Castiglione
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza - Turin and CPO Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia M Mariani
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrarotti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Alves CR, Berlt FA, Mário TDG, Sfreddo CS, Maier J, Moreira CHC. Correlations between supra- and subgingival clinical parameters in smokers and individuals who have never smoked. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smoking is a risk factor for prevalence, severity and progression of periodontal disease and appears to suppress marginal periodontium inflammatory response. Purpose To correlate Visible Plaque Index (VPI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) in smokers and never-smokers, as well as GBI and bleeding on probing (BOP ) in these groups. Material and method We used baseline data of one quasi-experimental study in which 11 smokers and 14 subjects who never smoked were submitted to clinical periodontal examinations between September 2010 and October 2011. Result The correlation between VPI and GBI was positive for both groups, it was strong and statistically significant in subjects who had never smoked and moderate in smokers. Regarding GBI and BOP correlations were moderate for smokers and weaker for individuals who had never smoked. Conclusion Smokers have lower strength correlation between VPI and GBI compared to individuals who had never smoked resulting in a less pronounced marginal gingival bleeding.
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de Waal YCM, Raghoebar GM, Meijer HJA, Winkel EG, van Winkelhoff AJ. Prognostic indicators for surgical peri-implantitis treatment. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015; 27:1485-1491. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C. M. de Waal
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerry M. Raghoebar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Henny J. A. Meijer
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Edwin G. Winkel
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan van Winkelhoff
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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Aruni AW, Dou Y, Mishra A, Fletcher HM. The Biofilm Community-Rebels with a Cause. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2015; 2:48-56. [PMID: 26120510 PMCID: PMC4478205 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-014-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral Biofilms are one of the most complex and diverse ecosystem developed by successive colonization of more than 600 bacterial taxa. Development starts with the attachment of early colonizers such as Actinomyces species and oral streptococci on the acquired pellicle and tooth enamel. These bacteria not only adhere to tooth surface but also interact with each other and lay foundation for attachment of bridging colonizer such as Fusobacterium nucleatum followed by late colonizers including the red complex species: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola-the founders of periodontal disease. As the biofilm progresses from supragingival sites to subgingival sites, the environment changes from aerobic to anaerobic thus favoring the growth of mainly Gram-negative obligate anaerobes while restricting the growth of the early Gram-positive facultative aerobes. Microbes present at supragingival level are mainly related to gingivitis and root-caries whereas subgingival species advance the destruction of teeth supporting tissues and thus causing periodontitis. This review summarizes our present understanding and recent developments on the characteristic features of supra- and subgingival biofilms, interaction between different genera and species of bacteria constituting these biofilms and draws our attention to the role of some of the recently discovered members of the oral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
- Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ardais R, Mário TDG, Boligon J, Kantorski KZ, Moreira CHC. The effect of smoking on bleeding on probing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a quasi-experimental study. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:1-7. [PMID: 25337935 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy using the primary outcome measure of bleeding on probing (BoP). An periodontist performed periodontal therapy on 11 smokers and 14 never smokers with periodontitis. Two examiners assessed visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth (PPD), BoP, suppuration on probing and clinical attachment level (CAL), at baseline and three months after therapy. BoP was categorized as 0 (absent), 1 (small bleeding point) and 2 (blood flow from the sulcus). Total BoP value was obtained by summing values of 1 and 2. All subjects had significant reductions in mean PPD and percentages of sites with BoP, with no difference between the groups. Only never smokers presented statistically significant CAL gain. BoP was significantly and consistently reduced at sites with initial PPDs of 1-3 mm and 4-6 mm in both groups. At sites with deep PPD ( ≥ 7mm), never smokers showed a greater mean reduction in the number of sites with BoP than did smokers (p < 0.05). Never smokers had significantly greater reduction in BoP 2 than smokers, at sites with moderate and deep baseline PPDs. The first group had a significant increase of BoP 1, at sites with initial PPDs of 4-6 mm. Thus, periodontal therapy reduced BoP in both groups. However, smoking could negatively affect the BoP reduction at deeper sites after nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ardais
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ticiane de Góes Mário
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociana Boligon
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karla Zanini Kantorski
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Hendek MK, Erdemir EO, Kisa U, Ozcan G. Effect of initial periodontal therapy on oxidative stress markers in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 86:273-82. [PMID: 25325515 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this case-control study with an intervention arm is to determine the effect of initial periodontal treatment on oxidative stress biomarkers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS The study included 47 patients with CP (24 smokers [S+P+] and 23 non-smokers [S-P+]) and 46 periodontally healthy individuals (23 smokers [S+P-] and 23 non-smokers [S-P-]) for a total of 93 participants. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), serum, and saliva samples were obtained and clinical periodontal measurements were recorded at baseline and at the first and third months after periodontal therapy. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The level of 8-OHdD in GCF was found to be significantly higher in both periodontitis groups compared with both periodontally healthy groups. 8-OHdG and GSH-Px in saliva in both periodontitis groups were significantly increased compared with the S-P- group. In the S+P+ group, 4-HNE in GCF was found to be significantly higher than in periodontally healthy participants. After initial periodontal treatment, the levels of 8-OHdG in GCF and saliva were significantly decreased in both periodontitis groups. CONCLUSION Initial periodontal therapy may be helpful for diminishing oxidative stress in periodontitis.
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Zeng J, Williams SM, Fletcher DJ, Cameron CM, Broadbent JM, Shearer DM, Thomson WM. Reexamining the Association Between Smoking and Periodontitis in the Dunedin Study With an Enhanced Analytical Approach. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1390-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Patients who seek advice and treatment for periodontal conditions often find challenges in the personal involvement required for successful care. This paper reviews methods of advising and motivating patients to adhere to oral hygiene regimens and understand the necessity for long-term management of the condition.
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Chrysanthakopoulos NA, Chrysanthakopoulos PA. Association between indices of clinically-defined periodontitis and self-reported history of systemic medical conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:27-36. [PMID: 25048420 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current research was to investigate whether possible associations exist between indices of clinically-defined periodontitis and several systemic medical conditions in outpatients referred to a special hospital clinic. METHODS The study sample consisted of 3360 outpatients aged 45-65 years. Data were collected by means of an oral clinical examination and a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire items was done with Fisher's exact test and the logistic regression model to assess possible associations between systemic medical conditions as independent variables, and the relative frequency of periodontal pockets ≥5 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of ≥6 mm as dependent variables. RESULTS The depth of periodontal pockets was significantly associated with male sex, the presence of vascular disease, hypertension, stroke, heart attack, diabetes mellitus, other endocrine diseases, thyroid disease, respiratory allergies, and rheumatoid arthritis. CAL was significantly associated with the mentioned conditions, and also infective endocarditis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but not other endocrine and thyroid disease. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the results from previous investigations in which a number of systemic medical conditions were significantly associated with probing pocket depth and/or CAL.
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Jacob PS, Nath S, Patel RP. Evaluation of interleukin-1β and 8 in gutka chewers with periodontitis among a rural Indian population. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2014; 44:126-33. [PMID: 24921056 PMCID: PMC4050229 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2014.44.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutka usage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevant mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitis by examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). METHODS A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis (15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontally healthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. The IL-1β and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine). RESULTS The IL-1β and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-1β, 369.01±273.44 µL; IL-8, 205.97±196.78 µL) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-1β, 195.57±96.85 µL; IL-8, 178.61±149.35 µL). More gingival RC and loss of attachment was seen among the GCP group (RC: 2.02±0.31, P=0.013; CAL: 4.60±0.56, P<0.001) than among the NGC group (RC, 1.21±1.15; CAL, 3.70±0.32); however, PD was deeper among the NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group (P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewers and non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8 levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=-0.64, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulikkotil Shaju Jacob
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, International Medical University School of Dentistry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sonia Nath
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, India
| | - Ritu Prabha Patel
- Department of Periodontology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, India
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Kapellas K, Jamieson LM, Do LG, Bartold PM, Wang H, Maple-Brown LJ, Sullivan D, O'Dea K, Brown A, Celermajer DS, Slade GD, Skilton MR. Associations between periodontal disease and cardiovascular surrogate measures among Indigenous Australians. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Agnihotri R, Gaur S. Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14:526-40. [PMID: 24697929 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the foremost health risk issue affecting individuals of all age groups globally. It specifically influences the geriatric population as a result of chronic exposure to toxins. Its role in various systemic and oral diseases including cancer, premalignant lesions, periodontitis, tooth loss, dental caries and implant failures is well established. Smoking causes immuno-inflammatory imbalances resulting in increased oxidative stress in the body. The latter hastens the immunosenescence and inflammaging process, which increases the susceptibility to infections. Thus, implementation of smoking cessation programs among older adults is imperative to prevent the development and progression of oral and systemic diseases. The present review focuses on smoking-associated oral health problems in older adults, and the steps required for cessation of the habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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46
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Morse DE, Avlund K, Christensen LB, Fiehn NE, Molbo D, Holmstrup P, Kongstad J, Mortensen EL, Holm-Pedersen P. Smoking and Drinking as Risk Indicators for Tooth Loss in Middle-Aged Danes. J Aging Health 2014; 26:54-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0898264313509278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate tobacco and alcohol consumption as risk indicators for missing teeth in late middle-aged Danes. Method: In all, 1,517 Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) participants received a clinical oral examination that included number of teeth. Information on smoking, drinking, and various covariates was obtained using self-administered, structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression (dependent variable: 6+ vs. <6 missing teeth) were used to investigate smoking and drinking in relation to missing teeth. Results: Current smokers, persons who currently or previously smoked >15 tobacco units/day, and persons who had smoked for 27+ years had elevated mean scores of missing teeth and associated odds ratios (OR) compared with never smokers. Relative to nondrinkers, alcohol consumption was associated with reduced odds of missing 6+ teeth. Discussion: Our findings suggest that smoking is positively associated, while alcoholic beverage consumption is inversely related to tooth loss in middle-aged Danes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Avlund
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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47
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Kapellas K, Skilton MR, Maple-Brown LJ, Do LG, Bartold PM, O'Dea K, Brown A, Celermajer DS, Jamieson LM. Periodontal disease and dental caries among Indigenous Australians living in the Northern Territory, Australia. Aust Dent J 2014; 59:93-9. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Kapellas
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research; Charles Darwin University; Darwin Northern Territory
| | - MR Skilton
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales
| | - LJ Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research; Charles Darwin University; Darwin Northern Territory
- Division of Medicine; Royal Darwin Hospital; Darwin Northern Territory
| | - LG Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
| | - PM Bartold
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
| | - K O'Dea
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia; Adelaide South Australia
| | - A Brown
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute; Alice Springs Northern Territory
| | - DS Celermajer
- Department of Medicine; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales
| | - LM Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
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Liu KZ, Duarte PM, Santos VR, Xiang X, Xu M, Miranda TS, Fermiano D, Gonçalves TED, Sowa MG. Assessment of tissue oxygenation of periodontal inflammation in smokers using optical spectroscopy. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:340-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan-Zhi Liu
- Medical Devices Portfolio; National Research Council of Canada; Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Dental Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada
| | - Poliana Mendes Duarte
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Research Division; Guarulhos University; Guarulhos Brazil
| | - Vanessa Renata Santos
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Research Division; Guarulhos University; Guarulhos Brazil
| | - Xiaoming Xiang
- Department of Dental Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada
| | - Minqi Xu
- Medical Devices Portfolio; National Research Council of Canada; Winnipeg Canada
| | | | - Daiane Fermiano
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Research Division; Guarulhos University; Guarulhos Brazil
| | | | - Micheal G. Sowa
- Medical Devices Portfolio; National Research Council of Canada; Winnipeg Canada
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Haas AN, Wagner MC, Oppermann RV, Rösing CK, Albandar JM, Susin C. Risk factors for the progression of periodontal attachment loss: a 5-year population-based study in South Brazil. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:215-23. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nogueira Haas
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Marcius Comparsi Wagner
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Rui Vicente Oppermann
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Cassiano Kuchenbecker Rösing
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Jasim M. Albandar
- Periodontal Diagnostics Research Laboratory; Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology; College of Dental Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
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Periodontitis is associated with endothelial dysfunction in a general population: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84603. [PMID: 24386401 PMCID: PMC3873439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence underlines an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. In contrast, data on its relation with endothelial dysfunction as a marker of early subclinical atherosclerosis is inconclusive and limited to patient-cohort studies. We therefore investigated the association between periodontal disease and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD) as a measure of endothelial dysfunction in a general population, and also addressed a possible mediation via inflammation. The study population comprised 1,234 subjects (50.5% men) aged 25–85 years from the 5-year follow-up of the Study of Health in Pomerania, a population-based cohort study. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) and pocket probing depth (PPD) as measures of periodontal disease were assessed half-mouth at four sites per tooth. Subjects were classified according to the periodontitis case definition proposed by Tonetti and Claffey (2005). Measurements of FMD and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) were performed using standardized ultrasound techniques. High-sensitive C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and leukocyte count were measured. Fully adjusted multivariate linear regression analyses revealed significant associations of the percentage of sites with PPD ≥6 mm with FMD (ptrend=0.048), with subjects within the highest category having a 0.74% higher FMD compared to subjects within the lowest category (p<0.05). Consistently, FMD values increased significantly across categories of the percentage of sites with CAL ≥6 mm (ptrend=0.01) and the periodontitis case definition (ptrend=0.006). Restrictions to subjects without antihypertensive or statin medication or current non-smokers confirmed previous results. Systemic inflammation did not seem to mediate the relation. Both PPD and CAL were not consistently associated with NMD. In contrast to previous studies, high levels of periodontal disease were significantly associated with high FMD values. This association was not mediated via systemic inflammation. This study revives the discussion on whether and how periodontitis contributes to endothelial dysfunction.
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