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Herber CCLM, Lott-Sandkamp LL, Straub ER, Tuschen-Caffier B. The role of affective control, strategy repertoire and subjective emotion regulation success in developmental internalising psychopathology. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21224. [PMID: 39261710 PMCID: PMC11390718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescence poses significant challenges for emotion regulation (ER) and is thus a critical phase in the emergence of various mental disorders, specifically internalising disorders such as anxiety and depression. Affective control, defined as the application of cognitive control in affective contexts, is crucial for effective ER. However, the relationship between ER and affective control is unclear. This study examined the predictive role of ER strategies and difficulties in affective control, measured as the congruency effect and error rate on an Emotional Stroop task (EST), in a sample of adolescents and young adults (aged 14-21, M = 17.28, 22% male). It was hypothesised that participants with internalising disorders would show higher congruency effects and error rates on the EST than healthy controls after a psychosocial stress induction, indicating lower affective control. Surprisingly, our findings revealed no significant differences in these measures between the groups. However, higher depression scores were associated with increased EST errors. While ER strategies and difficulties did not predict affective control, exploratory analyses unveiled associations between depression scores and ER strategy repertoire, perceived ER success and the ER strategy Acceptance. These findings underscore the importance of implicit ER facets, particularly perceived ER success and flexibility to change between applied strategies for adolescents and young adults with elevated depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin C L M Herber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr. 41, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lea L Lott-Sandkamp
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr. 41, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisa R Straub
- Department of Psychology, Cognition, Action, and Sustainability, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr. 41, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Cerutti J, Burt KB, Moeller RW, Seehuus M. Declines in social-emotional skills in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1392058. [PMID: 39077202 PMCID: PMC11284160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study investigated whether social-emotional skills in first year college students differed before and after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdowns. Methods Participants (N = 1,685) consisted of first year college students (mean age 18.53 years) selected from a broader cohort enrolled in a longitudinal study on college mental health at liberal arts colleges in the United States. In a cohort-sequential design, participants completed an online survey assessing social-emotional skills in January of 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022. Using analysis of covariance, we examined mean differences in social-emotional skills between students who were first years before (January 2018-2020) and after the lockdowns (January 2022), controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results The post-lockdown group scored significantly lower on emotional control and expressivity and marginally higher on social sensitivity compared to the pre-lockdown group. No group differences in social/emotional expressivity or social control were detected. Discussion These findings indicate that the COVID-19 lockdowns impaired some, but not all, social-emotional skills in first year college students. Addressing social-emotional skills in college may help to reduce the COVID-19 mental health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Cerutti
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Keith B. Burt
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Robert W. Moeller
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
| | - Martin Seehuus
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
- Vermont Psychological Services, Burlington, VT, United States
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Lin N, Ren M, Xiang Y, Li J, Wang D, Xu H. Exploring the life experiences of school-aged children afflicted by tethered spinal cord syndrome: An interpretative qualitative study. Health Expect 2024; 27:e13969. [PMID: 39102681 PMCID: PMC10777609 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children affected by tethered cord syndrome (TCS) encounter multifaceted challenges encompassing educational, familial and social spheres, underscoring the significance of a holistic comprehension of their subjective emotional well-being and life encounters. Nonetheless, healthcare professionals tend to prioritise the physical functionality of the afflicted individuals throughout the treatment and rehabilitation process, often neglecting the emotional experiences and requirements of these children as they transition into posthospitalization phases. AIM To advance the subjective experiences and perceptions of children with TCS upon reintegration into their families, educational institutions and wider societal contexts subsequent to their discharge from medical facilities. METHODS The study was conducted at the Children's Hospital in Zhejiang. Twelve children aged 8-15 with TCS were included in the study. The research design used an interpretative qualitative approach, utilising semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection method. Data analysis was performed using reflexive thematic analysis, facilitating a comprehensive exploration of emerging themes and patterns. RESULTS Four major themes (and seven subthemes) were identified from the findings: (1) growing pains (a shameful secret, distance between ideal and reality); (2) inappropriate expressions of familial affection (knowing is not understanding, unspeakable guilt); (3) social estrangement (uncomfortable distinctions, familiar stranger) and (4) striving for independence and consistency. CONCLUSIONS Children affected by TCS exhibit internal sensitivity and challenges in self-development, family dynamics and social interactions. They aspire to attain a future characterised by independence and freedom, akin to that of their typically developing peers. These findings can help health professionals, families and educators gain a deeper understanding of what it takes to be a child with TCS, and the findings can also serve as a platform for interventions that seek to promote self-expression in these children so that they can experience life as a meaningful and positive process. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This study received support from children with TCS and their guardians during data collection, as well as from the head nurse of the unit. Coresearchers also contributed to design, data collection, analysis and writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lin
- Nursing DepartmentChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Mingxian Ren
- Nursing DepartmentChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yujun Xiang
- Nursing DepartmentChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiahuan Li
- Nursing DepartmentChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of PaediatricsZhejiang Taizhou HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityTaizhouZhejiangChina
| | - Hongzhen Xu
- Nursing DepartmentChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Weiss H, Luciana M. Neurobehavioral maturation of motor response inhibition in adolescence - A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104646. [PMID: 35367223 PMCID: PMC9119966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immature motor response inhibition in adolescence is considered contributory to adolescent risk-taking and externalizing behaviors. We review studies reporting age-related variations in motor response inhibition and MRI measurements from typically-developing adolescents. Reviewed studies measured response inhibition using one of three tasks-the Stop Signal Task, Go/No-Go, and Antisaccade Task. Task reliability appears to be particularly strong for the SST. Across tasks and study designs, results indicate that inhibitory control improves markedly through early adolescence. The trajectory of change in later adolescence and into young adulthood (i.e., linear or plateauing) varies depending on the task design. Neuroimaging studies identify adult-like response inhibition networks that are involved in behavioral development. The pros and cons of each task are discussed, including recommendations to guide future studies. Ongoing studies in large longitudinal datasets offer opportunities for further exploration of the shape of change in response inhibition, related neural regions, and associations with other affective and cognitive processes to identify potential impacts of motor response inhibition immaturities or individual differences on adolescent risk-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Developmental differences in processing the valence and magnitude of incentive cues: Mid-adolescents are more sensitive to potential gains than early- or late-adolescents. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:557-573. [PMID: 35043303 PMCID: PMC9090868 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has focused on the interaction between motivation and cognitive control and shown that both are important for goal-directed behavior. There also is evidence for developmental differences in the sensitivity and behavioral effectiveness of incentives, showing that mid-adolescents might be especially susceptible to rewards. Further pursuing this line of research, the present study examined developmental differences in incentive processing and whether these potential differences also would correspond to changes in cognitive control. We compared the processing of high and low potential gains and losses in early-, mid-, and late adolescents by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) and examined whether these incentives also led to specific performance differences in task-switching. We expected that potential gains compared to potential losses and high compared to low incentives would lead to more preparatory updating as reflected in the P3b and consequently to better task performance and smaller global and local switch costs as indicators of cognitive control in all age groups. Furthermore, we expected that mid-adolescents should be especially sensitive to high gains and thus show the most pronounced enhancements in task performance and global and local switch costs in trials with high gains, respectively. Our results corroborate the idea of a special sensitivity to high rewards during mid-adolescence. The analysis of ERPs showed age-related differences in the processing of incentive cues that also varied with cognitive control demands. However, the different incentives did not impact age-related differences in indices of cognitive control, but had a general effect on response speed.
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Lorenz C, Kray J. Explore with Me: Peer Observation Decreases Risk-Taking but Increases Exploration Tendencies across Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:1693-1707. [PMID: 35532833 PMCID: PMC9279204 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt has been assumed that adolescents increase risk-taking tendencies when peers are present but findings on experimental decision-making have been inconclusive. Most studies focus on risk-taking tendencies, ignoring the effects peer presence can exert over other cognitive processes involved in decision-making, as well as any other underlying developmental and individual differences. In the present study, the trial-by-trial choice behavior was analyzed in a task in which adolescents adjust to dynamically changing risk probabilities. Using Bayesian modeling, the study aimed to infer about peer presence effects on risk-taking tendencies but also on reactions to, exploration of, and learning from positive and negative outcomes of risk-taking. 184 pre- to late adolescents (M = 14.09 years, min = 8.59, max = 18.97, SD = 2.95, 47% female) conducted the Balloon Analog Risk Task under two conditions: Once alone and once in the presence of a (non-existent) peer observing them virtually. Findings revealed that (a) peer observation reduced risk-taking but increased exploration tendencies and (b) that individual differences modulated this effect. Especially female pre-adolescents increased their openness to explore different choice outcomes when a peer observed their behavior. These results support the assumption that the occurrence and direction of peer influences on risk-taking depend on a person-environment interaction, emphasizing the dynamic role peers play in adolescent risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Lorenz
- Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Jutta Kray
- Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Garnham LC, Clarke C, Løvlie H. How Inhibitory Control Relates to Positive and Negative Affective States in Red Junglefowl. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:872487. [PMID: 35464350 PMCID: PMC9024352 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.872487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in inhibitory control, an aspect of cognition, are found in many species. How this variation links to affective states is not much explored, and could be relevant for welfare. As less fearful, more optimistic, individuals may act more impulsively, inhibitory control could link to less negative, more positive, affective states. Alternatively, poorer inhibitory control could associate with more negative, less positive, affective states, as poorer inhibitory control can result in individuals being less able to adapt to changing environments and more likely to show stereotypies. We here explored in three cohorts (N = 209) of captive red junglefowl, the ancestor of domestic chickens, how inhibitory control associated with affective states. Specifically, we measured inhibitory control with a detour task, and negative and positive affective states with a tonic immobility test and a cognitive judgement bias test, respectively. Cognition and behaviour can differ between ages and sexes. Therefore, we investigated how inhibitory control related to affective states in younger chicks (≈2.5 weeks old), older chicks (≈5 weeks old) and sexually mature adults (≈28 weeks old) of both sexes. In younger chicks, poorer inhibitory control associated with less negative, more positive, affective states. We found no relationship between inhibitory control and affective states in older chicks or adults, nor sex differences regarding how inhibitory control related to affective states. Overall, our results suggest that inhibitory control can link to affective states and that the nature of these links can change over ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clare Garnham
- Division of Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlie Clarke
- Division of Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hanne Løvlie
- Division of Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Hanne Løvlie
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Longitudinal Intra-Individual and Inter-Individual Relations Between Cognitive and Emotional Self-Regulation Across Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1970-1981. [PMID: 34414547 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Development in multidimensional self-regulation is important because it can be leveraged to enable healthy long-term adjustment. This four-wave study investigated longitudinal associations between two domains of adolescent self-regulation, specifically its cognitive (e.g., planning and decision-making) and emotional components (e.g., control of negative emotions). Participants included 500 adolescents (52% female; T1 Mage = 13.31 years; 76% White; average yearly family income > 100,000 USD). A random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model revealed that, once trait-level longitudinal stability in each regulatory component was controlled, there were small cross-lagged effects from cognitive self-regulation to later emotional self-regulation. Findings warrant additional future research that describes adolescents' multidimensional self-regulation development and its antecedents, in part by appropriately distinguishing between intra- and inter-individual effects.
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Dance Is for All: A Social Marketing Intervention with Children and Adolescents to Reduce Prejudice towards Boys Who Dance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136861. [PMID: 34206762 PMCID: PMC8297381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dance is proven to offer a myriad of physical, psychological, and social benefits. However, because dance has been frequently perceived as a feminine practice, there is a prevailing prejudice towards boys who dance, making it hard for them to engage in this physical activity. Social marketing has been presented as a promising framework to deal with different social problems, including prejudice, although its effectiveness is still difficult to establish. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a quasi-experimental study involving a sample of 436 children and adolescents, composed of 51.38% boys and 48.62% girls was implemented to measure the effectiveness of a Social Marketing Intervention (SMI) in reducing prejudice towards dance and boys who dance, in particular, and in increasing their intentions to practice this physical activity. The study furthermore aimed to compare the influence of the SMI on participants of two different stages of child development to ascertain when it is most effective to intervene. The questionnaire was used to collect information and included items derived from relevant literature. To assess differences between children and adolescents before and after the SMI, the analysis relied on independent t-tests and paired t-tests. Results suggest positive effects of the SMI on some dimensions of the TPB.
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Burton S, Knibb G, Jones A. A meta-analytic investigation of the role of reward on inhibitory control. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:1818-1828. [PMID: 33759636 PMCID: PMC8392762 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211008895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary theories predict that inhibitory control (IC) can be improved when rewards are available for successfully inhibiting. In non-clinical samples empirical research has demonstrated some support; however, "null" findings have also been published. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the magnitude of the effect of reward on IC and identify potential moderators. A total of 73 articles (contributing k = 80 studies) were identified from PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus, published between 1997 and 2020, using a systematic search strategy. A random effects meta-analysis was performed on effect sizes generated from IC tasks, which included rewarded and non-rewarded inhibition trials. Moderator analyses were conducted on clinical samples (vs "healthy controls"), task type (go/no-go vs stop signal vs Flanker vs Simon vs Stroop vs Anti-saccade), reward type (monetary vs points vs other), and age (adults vs children). The prospect of reward for successful inhibition significantly improved IC (SMD = 0.429, 95% CI = 0.288, 0.570, I2 = 96.7%) compared with no reward conditions/groups. This finding was robust against influential cases and outliers. The significant effect was present across all IC tasks. There was no evidence of the effect moderated by type of reward, age, or clinical samples. Moderator analyses did not resolve the considerable heterogeneity. The findings suggest that IC is a transient state that fluctuates in response to motivations driven by reward. Future research might examine the potential of improving IC through rewards as a behavioural intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Burton
- Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme Knibb
- Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Endres DN, Byrne KA, Anaraky RG, Adesegun N, Six SG, Tibbett TP. Stop the clock because I can’t stop: time pressure, but not monitoring pressure, impairs response inhibition performance. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1810692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas P. Tibbett
- Industries and Customer Advisory, SAP America, Newtown Square, PA, USA
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