1
|
Kul SM, Chailapakul O, Sagdic O, Ozer T. A smartphone-based sensor for detection of iron and potassium in food and beverage samples. Food Chem 2024; 456:139971. [PMID: 38876060 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel approach for simultaneous detection of iron and potassium via a smartphone-based potentiometric method is proposed in this study. The screen printed electrodes were modified with carbon black nanomaterial and ion selective membrane including zinc (II) phtalocyanine as the ionophore. The developed Fe3+-selective electrode and K+-selective electrode exhibited detection limits of 1.0 × 10-6 M and 1.0 × 10-5 M for Fe3+ and K+ ions, respectively. The electrodes were used to simultaneously detect Fe3+ and K+ ions in apple juice, skim milk, soybean and coconut water samples with recovery values between 90%-100.5%, and validated against inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Due to the advantageous characteristics of the sensors and the portability of Near Field Communication potentiometer supported with a smartphone application, the proposed method offers sensitive and selective detection of iron and potassium ions in food and beverage samples at the point of need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Mihriban Kul
- Yildiz Technical University, Food Engineering Department, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Osman Sagdic
- Yildiz Technical University, Food Engineering Department, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Tugba Ozer
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey; Yildiz Technical University, Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kogler A, Sharma N, Tiburcio D, Gong M, Miller DM, Williams KS, Chen X, Tarpeh WA. Long-Term Robustness and Failure Mechanisms of Electrochemical Stripping for Wastewater Ammonia Recovery. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:89-105. [PMID: 38525023 PMCID: PMC10958661 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen in wastewater has negative environmental, human health, and economic impacts but can be recovered to reduce the costs and environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and chemical production. To recover ammonia/ammonium (total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) from urine, we operated electrochemical stripping (ECS) for over a month, achieving 83.4 ± 1.5% TAN removal and 73.0 ± 2.9% TAN recovery. With two reactors, we recovered sixteen 500-mL batches (8 L total) of ammonium sulfate (20.9 g/L TAN) approaching commercial fertilizer concentrations (28.4 g/L TAN) and often having >95% purity. While evaluating the operation and maintenance needs, we identified pH, full-cell voltage, product volume, and water flux into the product as informative process monitoring parameters that can be inexpensively and rapidly measured. Characterization of fouled cation exchange and omniphobic membranes informs cleaning and reactor modifications to reduce fouling with organics and calcium/magnesium salts. To evaluate the impact of urine collection and storage on ECS, we conducted experiments with urine at different levels of dilution with flush water, extents of divalent cation precipitation, and degrees of hydrolysis. ECS effectively treated urine under all conditions, but minimizing flush water and ensuring storage until complete hydrolysis would enable energy-efficient TAN recovery. Our experimental results and cost analysis motivate a multifaceted approach to improving ECS's technical and economic viability by extending component lifetimes, decreasing component costs, and reducing energy consumption through material, reactor, and process engineering. In summary, we demonstrated urine treatment as a foothold for electrochemical nutrient recovery from wastewater while supporting the applicability of ECS to seven other wastewaters with widely varying characteristics. Our findings will facilitate the scale-up and deployment of electrochemical nutrient recovery technologies, enabling a circular nitrogen economy that fosters sanitation provision, efficient chemical production, and water resource protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kogler
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Neha Sharma
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94205, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Diana Tiburcio
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Meili Gong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dean M. Miller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kindle S. Williams
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A. Tarpeh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kodir A, Woo S, Shin SH, So S, Man Yu D, Lee H, Shin D, Lee JY, Park SH, Bae B. Poly(p-phenylene)-based membranes with cerium for chemically durable polymer electrolyte fuel cell membranes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26680. [PMID: 38434046 PMCID: PMC10906415 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A poly(p-phenylene)-based multiblock polymer is developed with an oligomeric chain extender and cerium (CE-sPP-PPES + Ce3+) to realize better performance and durability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The membrane performance is evaluated in single cells at 80 °C and at 100% and 50% relative humidity (RH). The accelerated stability test is conducted 90 °C and 30% RH, during which linear sweep voltammetry and hydrogen permeation detection are monitored periodically. Results demonstrate that the proton conductivity of the pristine hydrocarbon membranes is superior to that of PFSA membranes, and the hydrogen crossover is significantly lower. In addition, a composite membrane containing cerium performs similarly to a pristine membrane, particularly at low RH levels. Adding cerium to CE-sPP-PPES + Ce3+ membranes improves their chemical durability significantly, with an open circuit voltage decay rate of only 89 μV/h for 1000 h. The hydrogen crossover is maintained across accelerated stability tests, as confirmed by hydrogen detection and crossover current density. The short-circuit resistance indicates that membrane thinning is less likely to occur. Collectively, these results demonstrate that a hydrocarbon membrane with cerium is a potential alternative for fuel cell applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kodir
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Seunghee Woo
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Shin
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Soonyong So
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Jang Yong Lee
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hee Park
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Byungchan Bae
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Onuki S, Kawai Y, Masunaga H, Ohta N, Kikuchi R, Ashizawa M, Nabae Y, Matsumoto H. All-Perfluorosulfonated-Ionomer Composite Membranes Containing Blow-Spun Fibers: Effect of a Thin Fiber Framework on Proton Conductivity and Mechanical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10682-10691. [PMID: 38381136 PMCID: PMC10910440 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, thin fiber composite polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) were prepared using short side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers, Aquivion, to create composite PEMs with improved proton conductivity and improved mechanical properties. PFSA thin fiber webs prepared by blow spinning and successive hot pressing were used as the porous substrate. Herein, PFSA ionomers were used for both the substrate and the matrix of the composite PEMs, and their structures, properties, and fuel cell performance were characterized. By adding the PFSA thin fiber webs to the matrix, the proton conductivity was enhanced and the mechanical properties were slightly improved. The prepared PFSA thin fiber composite PEM showed better FC performance than that of the pristine PFSA one for the high-temperature low-humidity condition in addition to the low-temperature high-humidity one. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the all PFSA composite membranes containing a PFSA thin fiber framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Onuki
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Masunaga
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kikuchi
- Materials
Analysis Division, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Minoru Ashizawa
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuta Nabae
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nguyen VH, Oh S, Mahato M, Tabassian R, Yoo H, Lee SG, Garai M, Kim KJ, Oh IK. Functionally antagonistic polyelectrolyte for electro-ionic soft actuator. Nat Commun 2024; 15:435. [PMID: 38200009 PMCID: PMC10781978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Electro-active ionic soft actuators have been intensively investigated as an artificial muscle for soft robotics due to their large bending deformations at low voltages, small electric power consumption, superior energy density, high safety and biomimetic self-sensing actuation. However, their slow responses, poor durability and low bandwidth, mainly resulting from improper distribution of ionic conducting phase in polyelectrolyte membranes, hinder practical applications to real fields. We report a procedure to synthesize efficient polyelectrolyte membranes that have continuous conducting network suitable for electro-ionic artificial muscles. This functionally antagonistic solvent procedure makes amphiphilic Nafion molecules to assemble into micelles with ionic surfaces enclosing non-conducting cores. Especially, the ionic surfaces of these micelles combine together during casting process and form a continuous ionic conducting phase needed for high ionic conductivity, which boosts the performance of electro-ionic soft actuators by 10-time faster response and 36-time higher bending displacement. Furthermore, the developed muscle shows exceptional durability over 40 days under continuous actuation and broad bandwidth below 10 Hz, and is successfully applied to demonstrate an inchworm-mimetic soft robot and a kinetic tensegrity system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewoong Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Rassoul Tabassian
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Katrinebjergvej 89 G-F, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, KAIST Analysis Center for Research Advancement, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Active Materials and Smart Living Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chfii H, Bouich A, Andrio A, Torres JC, Soucase BM, Palacios P, Lefdil MA, Compañ V. The Structural and Electrochemical Properties of CuCoO 2 Crystalline Nanopowders and Thin Films: Conductivity Experimental Analysis and Insights from Density Functional Theory Calculations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2312. [PMID: 37630896 PMCID: PMC10459735 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel manufacturing process is presented for producing nanopowders and thin films of CuCoO2 (CCO) material. This process utilizes three cost-effective synthesis methods: hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-state reactions. The resulting delafossite CuCoO2 samples were deposited onto transparent substrates through spray pyrolysis, forming innovative thin films with a nanocrystal powder structure. Prior to the transformation into thin films, CuCoO2 powder was first produced using a low-cost approach. The precursors for both powders and thin films were deposited onto glass surfaces using a spray pyrolysis process, and their characteristics were examined through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, HR-TEM, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses were conducted to determine the conductivity in the transversal direction of this groundbreaking material for solar cell applications. On the other hand, the sheet resistance of the samples was investigated using the four-probe method to obtain the sheet resistivity and then calculate the in-plane conductivity of the samples. We also investigated the aging characteristics of different precursors with varying durations. The functional properties of CuCoO2 samples were explored by studying chelating agent and precursor solution aging periods using Density Functional Theory calculations (DFT). A complementary Density Functional Theory study was also performed in order to evaluate the electronic structure of this compound. Resuming, this study thoroughly discusses the synthesis of delafossite powders and their conversion into thin films, which hold potential as hole transport layers in transparent optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasnae Chfii
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain (B.M.S.)
| | - Amal Bouich
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain (B.M.S.)
- Instituto de Energía Solar, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain (P.P.)
| | - Andreu Andrio
- Departamento de Física, Universitat Jaume I, 12080 Castellón de la Plana, Spain;
| | - Joeluis Cerutti Torres
- Instituto de Energía Solar, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain (P.P.)
- Departamento Física Aplicada a las Ingenierías Aeronáutica y Naval, ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pz. Cardenal Cisneros, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernabé Mari Soucase
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain (B.M.S.)
| | - Pablo Palacios
- Instituto de Energía Solar, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain (P.P.)
- Departamento Física Aplicada a las Ingenierías Aeronáutica y Naval, ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pz. Cardenal Cisneros, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang SH, Jeong HY, Yoon SJ, So S, Choi J, Kim TH, Yu DM. Hydrocarbon-Based Composite Membrane Using LCP-Nonwoven Fabrics for Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092109. [PMID: 37177255 PMCID: PMC10181224 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A new hydrocarbon-based (HC) composite membrane was developed using liquid crystal polymer (LCP)-nonwoven fabrics for application in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). A copolymer of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) with a sulfonation degree of 50 mol% (SPAES50) was utilized as an ionomer for the HC membranes and impregnated into the LCP-nonwoven fabrics without any surface treatment of the LCP. The physical interlocking structure between the SPAES50 and LCP-nonwoven fabrics was investigated, validating the outstanding mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the composite membrane in comparison to the pristine membrane. In addition, the through-plane proton conductivity of the composite membrane at 80 °C was only 15% lower than that of the pristine membrane because of the defect-free impregnation state, minimizing the decrease in the proton conductivity caused by the non-proton conductive LCP. During the electrochemical evaluation, the superior cell performance of the composite membrane was evident, with a current density of 5.41 A/cm2 at 1.9 V, compared to 4.65 A/cm2 for the pristine membrane, which can be attributed to the smaller membrane resistance of the composite membrane. From the results of the degradation rates, the prepared composite membrane also showed enhanced cell efficiency and durability during the PEMWE operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyeon Kang
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Yeop Jeong
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyong So
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Long TH, Hieu DTT, Hao LH, Cuong NT, Loan TTH, Van Man T, Tap TD. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopic analysis of Nafion and graft‐type polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell application. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Hoang Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Truong Thi Hong Loan
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Díaz JC, Kitto D, Kamcev J. Accurately measuring the ionic conductivity of membranes via the direct contact method. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
Zheng W, Liu CH, Nieh MP, Cornelius CJ. Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Membrane Morphological Anisotropy and Its Impact on Dimensional Swelling, Proton Conductivity, and the Transport of Protons and Water. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
| | - Chung-Hao Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Chris J. Cornelius
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Role of anion size in the electrochemical performance of a Poly(thionine) redox conductive polymer using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Liu L, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang S, Qian L, Chen Z, Li J, Fang P, He C. High-performance fuel cells using Nafion composite membranes with alignment of sulfonated graphene oxides induced by a strong magnetic field. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Characterization and Modeling of Free Volume and Ionic Conduction in Multiblock Copolymer Proton Exchange Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091688. [PMID: 35566860 PMCID: PMC9100545 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Free volume plays a key role on transport in proton exchange membranes (PEMs), including ionic conduction, species permeation, and diffusion. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to characterize the pore size distribution and ionic conductivity of synthesized PEMs from polysulfone/polyphenylsulfone multiblock copolymers with different degrees of sulfonation (SPES). The experimental data are combined with a bundle-of-tubes model at the cluster-network scale to examine water uptake and proton conduction. The results show that the free pore size changes little with temperature in agreement with the good thermo-mechanical properties of SPES. However, the free volume is significantly lower than that of Nafion®, leading to lower ionic conductivity. This is explained by the reduction of the bulk space available for proton transfer where the activation free energy is lower, as well as an increase in the tortuosity of the ionic network.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bellomo N, Michel M, Pistillo BR, White RJ, Barborini E, Lenoble D. Chemical Vapor Deposition for Advanced Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bellomo
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg 2 Avenue de l'Université Esch-sur-Alzette L-4365 Luxembourg
| | - Marc Michel
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Bianca Rita Pistillo
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Robin J. White
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Emanuele Barborini
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pitia E, Batra S, Cakmak M, Shaw M, Weiss RA. A continuous process for manufacturing proton‐exchange membranes featuring z‐direction‐aligned, proton‐conducting particles or polymers*. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pitia
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Parker Hannifin Erie Pennsylvania USA
| | - Saurabh Batra
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- 3M Saint Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Mukerrem Cakmak
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Department Materials and Mech. Eng. Purdue University Indiana USA
| | - Montgomery Shaw
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rekedal KL, Hassan KM, Amemiya CT. Characterization of the variable lymphocyte receptor B genes of a freshwater nonparasitic lamprey species, Lampetra hubbsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104241. [PMID: 34433086 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agnathans possess a convergent adaptive immune system in comparison to that of jawed vertebrates. In lieu of immunoglobulins, agnathans deploy variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), single chain protein effector molecules consisting of leucine rich repeat modules. Foundational work for this discovery utilized the parasitic sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. However, for several reasons, it is desirable to employ a local species for further studies of lamprey immunity. A disjunct freshwater species from the Kings River of California, Lampetra hubbsi, was evaluated for this purpose. Validation that its adaptive immune system was analogous to that of P. marinus entailed detailed examination of its immune tissue organization and of its VLRB cDNA transcripts. The VLRB molecules showed high degrees of homology with P. marinus VLRB. Furthermore, hemato-lymphopoietic tissue expression of VLRB protein was confirmed. We conclude that L. hubbsi should be a viable alternative for studying the lamprey adaptive immune system and for generation of monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Rekedal
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| | - Khan Ma Hassan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| | - Chris T Amemiya
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Quantitative & Systems Biology Program, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
da Silva L, Salas MM, de León Santillán A, Siller-Ceniceros AA, Acosta DM, Magnago RF, Benavides R. Synthesis and characterization of styrene-vinyl tetrazole copolymers for their application as a solid electrolyte. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Phillips M, Wheeler AC, Robinson MJ, Leppert V, Jia M, Rolandi M, Hirst LS, Amemiya CT. Colloidal structure and proton conductivity of the gel within the electrosensory organs of cartilaginous fishes. iScience 2021; 24:102947. [PMID: 34458698 PMCID: PMC8379299 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes possess gel-filled tubular sensory organs called Ampullae of Lorenzini (AoL) that are used to detect electric fields. Although recent studies have identified various components of AoL gel, it has remained unclear how the molecules are structurally arranged and how their structure influences the function of the organs. Here we describe the structure of AoL gel by microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering and infer that the material is colloidal in nature. To assess the relative function of the gel's protein constituents, we compared the microscopic structure, X-ray scattering, and proton conductivity properties of the gel before and after enzymatic digestion with a protease. We discovered that while proteins were largely responsible for conferring the viscous nature of the gel, their removal did not diminish proton conductivity. The findings lay the groundwork for more detailed studies into the specific interactions of molecules inside AoL gel at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Alauna C. Wheeler
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Matthew J. Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Valerie Leppert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Linda S. Hirst
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Chris T. Amemiya
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Megat Hasnan MMI, Mohd Noor IS, Nayan N, Ahmad MK, Mohd Said S, Mohd Sabri MF, Mohd Salleh MF, Mohamed Ali MS, Mohd Zin R. Enhancement of spin Seebeck effect of reverse spin crossover Fe (II) micellar charge transport using PMMA polymer electrolyte. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor
- Physics Division, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400 UPM Malaysia
| | - Nafarizal Nayan
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT‐SRC), Block F5 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja Johor 86400 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairul Ahmad
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT‐SRC), Block F5 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja Johor 86400 Malaysia
| | - Suhana Mohd Said
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faiz Mohd Salleh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | | | - Rosnah Mohd Zin
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universiti of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja Johor Darul Takzim 86400 Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu H, Xu F, Gao G, Feng X. Highly Ordered Interconnected 1 nm Pores in Polymers Fabricated from Easily Accessible Gyroid Liquid Crystals. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fengxian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guanzhen Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xunda Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ge J, Zhu M, Eisner E, Yin Y, Dong H, Karnaushenko DD, Karnaushenko D, Zhu F, Ma L, Schmidt OG. Imperceptible Supercapacitors with High Area-Specific Capacitance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101704. [PMID: 33977641 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imperceptible electronics will make next-generation healthcare and biomedical systems thinner, lighter, and more flexible. While other components are thoroughly investigated, imperceptible energy storage devices lag behind because the decrease of thickness impairs the area-specific energy density. Imperceptible supercapacitors with high area-specific capacitance based on reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline (RGO/PANI) composite electrodes and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/H2 SO4 gel electrolyte are reported. Two strategies to realize a supercapacitor with a total device thickness of 5 µm-including substrate, electrode, and electrolyte-and an area-specific capacitance of 36 mF cm-2 simultaneously are implemented. First, the void volume of the RGO/PANI electrodes through mechanical compression is reduced, which decreases the thickness by 83% while retaining 89% of the capacitance. Second, the PVA-to-H2 SO4 mass ratio is decreased to 1:4.5, which improves the ion conductivity by 5000% compared to the commonly used PVA/H2 SO4 gel. Both advantages enable a 2 µm-thick gel electrolyte for planar interdigital supercapacitors. The impressive electromechanical stability of the imperceptible supercapacitors by wrinkling the substrate to produce folds with radii of 6 µm or less is demonstrated. The supercapacitors will be meaningful energy storage modules for future self-powered imperceptible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ge
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric Eisner
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yin Yin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haiyun Dong
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu C, Kandel N, Qiao X, Khan MI, Pratakshya P, Tolouei NE, Chen B, Gorodetsky AA. Long-Range Proton Transport in Films from a Reflectin-Derived Polypeptide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20938-20946. [PMID: 33938723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein- and peptide-based proton conductors have been extensively studied because of their important roles in biological processes and established potential for bioelectronic device applications. However, despite much progress, the demonstration of long-range proton transport for such materials has remained relatively rare. Herein, we fabricate, electrically interrogate, and physically characterize films from a reflectin-derived polypeptide. The electrical measurements indicate that device-integrated films exhibit proton conductivities with values of ∼0.4 mS/cm and sustain proton transport over distances of ∼1 mm. The accompanying physical characterization indicates that the polypeptide possesses characteristics analogous to those of the parent protein class and furnishes insight into the relationship between the polypeptide's electrical functionality and structure in the solid state. When considered together, our findings hold significance for the continued development and engineering of not only reflectin-based materials but also other bioinspired proton conductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nabin Kandel
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Md Imran Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Preeta Pratakshya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nadia E Tolouei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ciftcioglu GA, Frank CW. Effect of Increased Ionic Liquid Uptake via Thermal Annealing on Mechanical Properties of Polyimide-Poly(ethylene glycol) Segmented Block Copolymer Membranes. Molecules 2021; 26:2143. [PMID: 33917907 PMCID: PMC8068311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) suffer performance degradation under certain conditions-temperatures greater than 80 °C, relative humidity less than 50%, and water retention less than 22%. Novel materials are needed that have improved water retention, stability at higher temperatures, flexibility, conductivity, and the ability to function at low humidity. This work focuses on polyimide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PI-PEG) segmented block copolymer (SBC) membranes with high conductivity and mechanical strength. Membranes were prepared with one of two ionic liquids (ILs), either ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) or propylammonium nitrate (PAN), incorporated within the membrane structure to enhance the proton exchange capability. Ionic liquid uptake capacities were compared for two different temperatures, 25 and 60 °C. Then, conductivities were measured for a series of combinations of undoped or doped unannealed and undoped or doped annealed membranes. Stress and strain tests were performed for unannealed and thermally annealed undoped membranes. Later, these experiments were repeated for doped unannealed and thermally annealed. Mechanical and conductivity data were interpreted in the context of prior small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies on similar materials. We have shown that varying the compositions of polyimide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PI-PEG) SBCs allowed the morphology in the system to be tuned. Since polyimides (PI) are made from the condensation of dianhydrides and diamines, this was accomplished using components having different functional groups. Dianhydrides having either fluorinated or oxygenated functional groups and diamines having either fluorinated or oxygenated diamines were used as well as mixtures of these species. Changing the morphology by creating macrophase separation elevated the IL uptake capacities, and in turn, increased their conductivities by a factor of three or more compared to Nafion 115. The stiffness of the membranes synthesized in this work was comparable to Nafion 115 and, thus, sufficient for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokcen A. Ciftcioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Curtis W. Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao N, Riley H, Song C, Jiang Z, Tsay KC, Neagu R, Shi Z. Ex-Situ Evaluation of Commercial Polymer Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060926. [PMID: 33802914 PMCID: PMC8002826 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer membranes play a vital role in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), acting as a separator between the two compartments, an electronic insulator for maintaining electrical neutrality of the cell, and an ionic conductor for allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers. It is a major influencer of VRFB performance, but also identified as one of the major factors limiting the large-scale implementation of VRFB technology in energy storage applications due to its cost and durability. In this work, five (5) high-priority characteristics of membranes related to VRFB performance were selected as major considerable factors for membrane screening before in-situ testing. Eight (8) state-of-the-art of commercially available ion exchange membranes (IEMs) were specifically selected, evaluated and compared by a set of ex-situ assessment approaches to determine the possibility of the membranes applied for VRFB. The results recommend perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes and hydrocarbon anion exchange membranes (AEMs) as the candidates for further in-situ testing, while one hydrocarbon cation exchange membrane (CEM) is not recommended for VRFB application due to its relatively high VO2+ ion crossover and low mechanical stability during/after the chemical stability test. This work could provide VRFB researchers and industry a valuable reference for selecting the polymer membrane materials before VRFB in-situ testing.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaur J, Malekkhouyan A, Selopal GS, Wang ZM, Rosei F, Zarrin H. Bidirectional Superionic Conduction in Surface-Engineered 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitrides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6532-6544. [PMID: 33499606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We designed functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (FhBN) nanoflakes with high proton conductivity in both in- and through-plane directions as next generation polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for energy storage and conversion systems. The synthesis and functionalization of hBN nanoflakes with sulfonic acid (SA) groups are obtained by one-step and in situ liquid-phase exfoliation with excellent dispersibility and stability over a period of three months. The physico/chemical properties of FhBN nanoflakes were investigated by different spectroscopic and microscopic characterization, confirming chemical interactions between hBN lattice and SA groups. High concentrations (65 and 75 wt %) of FhBN nanoflakes composed with Nafion solution formed stable FhBN-Nafion nanocomposite PEMs, offering extra proton conduction sites, doubling ion-exchange capacity, and reducing the swelling ratio compared to those of Nafion. Our results demonstrate that both the in-plane and through-plane proton conductivities of FhBN-Nafion PEMs significantly improve under various conditions comparative to that of Nafion. The maximum values of both in- and through-plane conductivities for FhBN75%-Nafion PEM at 80% of humidity and 80 °C are 0.41 and 0.1 S·cm-1, respectively, which are 7 and 14 times higher than those of Nafion. The bidirectional superionic transport in highly concentrated FhBN PEMs is responsible for outstanding properties, useful for electrochemical energy devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Kaur
- Nano-Engineering Laboratory of Energy & Environmental Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Adel Malekkhouyan
- Nano-Engineering Laboratory of Energy & Environmental Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Gurpreet S Selopal
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 0610054, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 0610054, P.R. China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 0610054, P.R. China
| | - Hadis Zarrin
- Nano-Engineering Laboratory of Energy & Environmental Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lufrano E, Simari C, Di Vona ML, Nicotera I, Narducci R. How the Morphology of Nafion-Based Membranes Affects Proton Transport. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:359. [PMID: 33499321 PMCID: PMC7865616 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work represents a systematic and in-depth study of how Nafion 1100 membrane preparation procedures affect both the morphology of the polymeric film and the proton transport properties of the electrolyte. The membrane preparation procedure has non-negligible consequences on the performance of the proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) that operate within a wide temperature range (up to 120 °C). A comparison between commercial membranes (Nafion 117 and Nafion 212) and Nafion membranes prepared by three different procedures, namely (a) Nafion-recast, (b) Nafion uncrystallized, and (c) Nafion 117-oriented, was conducted. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) investigations indicated that an anisotropic morphology could be achieved when a Nafion 117 membrane was forced to expand between two fixed and nondeformable surfaces. This anisotropy increased from ~20% in the commercial membrane up to 106% in the pressed membrane, where the ionic clusters were averagely oriented (Nafion 117-oriented) parallel to the surface, leading to a strong directionality in proton transport. Among the membranes obtained by solution-cast, which generally exhibited isotropic proton transport behavior, the Nafion uncrystallized membrane showed the lowest water diffusion coefficients and conductivities, highlighting the correlation between low crystallinity and a more branched and tortuous structure of hydrophilic channels. Finally, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests demonstrated the poor elastic modulus for both uncrystallized and oriented membranes, which should be avoided in high-temperature fuel cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernestino Lufrano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies—CTC, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Cataldo Simari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies—CTC, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department of Industrial Engineering and LIME Laboratory, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Isabella Nicotera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies—CTC, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (E.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Riccardo Narducci
- Department of Industrial Engineering and LIME Laboratory, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Díaz JC, Kamcev J. Ionic conductivity of ion-exchange membranes: Measurement techniques and salt concentration dependence. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
28
|
Kosakian A, Secanell M. Estimating charge-transport properties of fuel-cell and electrolyzer catalyst layers via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
29
|
Tahrim AA, Crespo L, Franco L, Alemán C, Armelin E. The effect of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid molecules on poly(4,4-diphenylether-5,5-dibenzimidazole) films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Zeng XY, Wang YL, Lin ZT, Liu QY. Proton-Conductive Coordination Polymers Based on Diphenylsulfone-3,3'-disulfo-4,4'-dicarboxylate with Well-Defined Hydrogen Bonding Networks. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12314-12321. [PMID: 32805987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diphenylsulfone-3,3'-disulfo-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (H4-DPSDSDC) ligand and its coordination polymers, [K2Zn(C14H6S3O12)(H2O)4]n (1) and {[Cu3(μ3-OH)2(C14H6S3O12)(H2O)3(DMF)]·3(H2O)}n (2) (C14H6S3O12 = diphenylsulfone-3,3'-disulfo-4,4'-dicarboxylate), were synthesized. The Zn(H2O)4 units in 1 are connected by DPSDSDC4- ligands to generate a one-dimensional (1D) chain, which is bridged by K-O bonds associated with bridging water molecules and sulfonate groups to yield a two-dimensional (2D) layer. In 2, the 1D hydroxyl-bridging Cu(II) chains are connected by DPSDSDC4- ligands to give a 2D layer. The 2D layers in 1 and 2 are further connected by interlayered hydrogen bonds to give three-dimensional (3D) frameworks. Compounds 1 and 2 have good conductivities of 1.57 × 10-4 and 5.32 × 10-5 S cm-1, respectively. Continuous well-defined hydrogen bonding networks associated with water molecules, sulfonate groups, and carboxylate groups were observed in compounds 1 and 2. Such hydrogen bonding networks provide hydrophilic domains and effective transfer pathways for protons. Here, we present elegant examples of a precise determination of the pathways for proton transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yun Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Ting Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gupta H, Singh RK. High‐Voltage Nickel‐Rich NMC Cathode Material with Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium‐Metal Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Himani Gupta
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science Ionic Liquid and Solid State Ionics LabBanaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science Ionic Liquid and Solid State Ionics LabBanaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Singh SK, Dutta D, Singh RK. Enhanced structural and cycling stability of Li2CuO2-coated LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 cathode with flexible ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte for lithium polymer batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
33
|
Zhou SF, Hao BB, Lin T, Zhang CX, Wang QL. A dual-functional MOF for high proton conduction and sensitive detection of ascorbic acid. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14490-14496. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new Eu-MOF detects AA with turn off fluorescence and the proton conductivity of the Im@Eu-MOF is ten times higher than that of the En-MOF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
| | - Biao-Biao Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization
| | - Qing-Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nan kai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bipyridine-based polybenzimidazole membranes with outstanding hydrogen fuel cell performance at high temperature and non-humidifying conditions. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
35
|
Rodríguez J, Palmas S, Sánchez-Molina M, Amores E, Mais L, Campana R. Simple and Precise Approach for Determination of Ohmic Contribution of Diaphragms in Alkaline Water Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9100129. [PMID: 31590320 PMCID: PMC6835761 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and low-cost alternating current (AC)-based method, without electrolyte correction, is proposed (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)-Zero Gap Cell) for the determination of ohmic contribution of diaphragms. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was evaluated by using a commercial Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE) diaphragm (Zirfon®). Furthermore, the results were compared with two conventional electrochemical methodologies for calculating the separator resistance, based on direct current (DC), and AC measurements, respectively. Compared with the previous techniques, the proposed approach reported more accurate and precise values of resistance for new and aged samples. Compared with the manufacturer reference, the obtained error values for new samples were 0.33%, 5.64%, and 41.7%, respectively for EIS-Zero gap cell, AC and DC methods, confirming the validity and convenience of the proposed technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional del Hidrógeno (CNH2). Prolongación Fernando El Santo s/n, 13500 Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Simonetta Palmas
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Margarita Sánchez-Molina
- Centro Nacional del Hidrógeno (CNH2). Prolongación Fernando El Santo s/n, 13500 Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Amores
- Centro Nacional del Hidrógeno (CNH2). Prolongación Fernando El Santo s/n, 13500 Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Laura Mais
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Roberto Campana
- Centro Nacional del Hidrógeno (CNH2). Prolongación Fernando El Santo s/n, 13500 Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Khan WR, Herrera A, Wang D, Motealleh B, Cornelius CJ. Multi-block versus random quaternary ammonium Poly(arylene ether sulfone) membrane dependent water and alcohol mass uptake, directionally-dependent swelling and ion conductivity, and alcohol transport. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
37
|
Heat to H2: Using Waste Heat for Hydrogen Production through Reverse Electrodialysis. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12183428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an integrated hydrogen production system using reverse electrodialysis (RED) and waste heat, termed Heat to H 2 . The driving potential in RED is a concentration difference over alternating anion and cation exchange membranes, where the electrode potential can be used directly for water splitting at the RED electrodes. Low-grade waste heat is used to restore the concentration difference in RED. In this study we investigate two approaches: one water removal process by evaporation and one salt removal process. Salt is precipitated in the thermally driven salt removal, thus introducing the need for a substantial change in solubility with temperature, which KNO 3 fulfils. Experimental data of ion conductivity of K + and NO 3 − in ion-exchange membranes is obtained. The ion conductivity of KNO 3 in the membranes was compared to NaCl and found to be equal in cation exchange membranes, but significantly lower in anion exchange membranes. The membrane resistance constitutes 98% of the total ohmic resistance using concentrations relevant for the precipitation process, while for the evaporation process, the membrane resistance constitutes over 70% of the total ohmic resistance at 40 ∘ C. The modelled hydrogen production per cross-section area from RED using concentrations relevant for the precipitation process is 0.014 ± 0.009 m 3 h − 1 (1.1 ± 0.7 g h − 1 ) at 40 ∘ C, while with concentrations relevant for evaporation, the hydrogen production per cross-section area was 0.034 ± 0.016 m 3 h − 1 (2.6 ± 1.3 g h − 1 ). The modelled energy needed per cubic meter of hydrogen produced is 55 ± 22 kWh (700 ± 300 kWh kg − 1 ) for the evaporation process and 8.22 ± 0.05 kWh (104.8 ± 0.6 kWh kg − 1 ) for the precipitation process. Using RED together with the precipitation process has similar energy consumption per volume hydrogen produced compared to proton exchange membrane water electrolysis and alkaline water electrolysis, where the energy input to the Heat to H 2 -process comes from low-grade waste heat.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ravishankar V, Jaiswal M, Ramaprabhu S. A modified bulge test for in-situ study of ionic permeation properties of membranes under continuously tunable, uniform pressure. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:073906. [PMID: 31370476 DOI: 10.1063/1.5083708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The bulge test is a well-known material test to measure the mechanical properties of metal plates, thin films, and membranes. Also, two different experimental setups are needed to apply pressure and make a measurement. In this work, we describe a modified bulge test to both apply pressure and measure the electrical and ionic permeation properties of membranes in situ. A membrane, clamped at its periphery, with a circular window for measurement, is sandwiched between two liquids. The liquids serve dual purpose by facilitating the application of differential pressure and thus stress, by controlling the extent of immersion of the membrane in the liquid below the membrane, as well as enabling measurement of electrical and mass percolation properties. This was achieved with a stepper motor, a load cell, and a microcontroller. Relevant mathematical models are developed and discussed. Nafion was used to test and validate this approach, using electroimpedance spectroscopy in a 2-electrode configuration with gallium on both sides and in a 3-electrode configuration with electrolyte on one side and gallium on the other. Frequency-dependent response was modeled using equivalent circuits. The resistance of Nafion increases with the depth of immersion and therefore applied pressure. For Nafion in the 2-electrode configuration, conductivity was calculated to be ∼6.4 × 10-3 S/cm at the equilibrium position, where stress on the membrane is zero. This value matches well with existing literature values for partially hydrated Nafion. Also, it was observed that the response is symmetric about the equilibrium position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasumathy Ravishankar
- Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036 Chennai, India
| | - Manu Jaiswal
- Graphene and 2D Systems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036 Chennai, India
| | - S Ramaprabhu
- Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036 Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Applicability of a New Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Membrane and Modified Gas Diffusion Layers for Low-Cost Water Splitting Processes. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the possible use of Nexar™ polymer, a sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC), whose structure is formed by tert-butyl styrene, hydrogenated isoprene, sulfonated styrene, hydrogenated isoprene, and tert-butyl styrene (tBS-HI-SS-HI-tBS), as a more economical and efficient alternative to Nafion® membrane for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis cells. Furthermore, we have studied a new methodology for modification of gas diffusion layers (GDL) by depositing Pt and TiO2 nanoparticles at the cathode and anode side, respectively, and a protective polymeric layer on their surface, allowing the improvement of the contact with the membrane. Morphological, structural, and electrical characterization were performed on the Nexar™ membrane and on the modified GDLs. The use of modified GDLs positively affects the efficiency of the water electrolysis process. Furthermore, Nexar™ showed higher water uptake and conductivity with respect to Nafion®, resulting in an increased amount of current generated during water electrolysis. In conclusion, we show that Nexar™ is an efficient and cheaper alternative to Nafion® as the proton exchange membrane in water splitting applications and we suggest a possible methodology for improving GDLs’ properties. These results meet the urgent need for low-cost materials and processes for hydrogen production.
Collapse
|
40
|
A Novel Method for Humidity-Dependent Through-Plane Impedance Measurement for Proton Conducting Polymer Membranes. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9050062. [PMID: 31067800 PMCID: PMC6571940 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a through-plane electrochemical measurement cell for proton conducting polymer membranes (PEM) with the ability to vary temperature and humidity. Model Nafion and 3M membranes, as well as anisotropic composite membranes, were used to compare through plane and in plane conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to evaluate the proton conductivity of bare proton exchange membranes. In the Nyquist plots, all membranes showed a straight line with an angle of 60–70 degrees to the Z’-axis. Equivalent circuit modeling and linear extrapolation of the impedance data were compared to extract the membrane resistance. System and cell parameters such as high frequency inductance, contact resistance and pressure, interfacial capacitance were observed and instrumentally minimized. Material-related effects, such as swelling of the membranes and indentation of the platinum mesh electrodes were examined thoroughly to receive a reliable through-plane conductivity. The received data for model Nafion and 3M membranes were in accordance with literature values for in-plane and through-plane conductivity of membrane electrode assemblies. Anisotropic composite membranes underlined the importance of a sophisticated measurement technique that is able to separate the in-plane and through-plane effects in polymer electrolytes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Fuller EJ, Keene ST, Melianas A, Wang Z, Agarwal S, Li Y, Tuchman Y, James CD, Marinella MJ, Yang JJ, Salleo A, Talin AA. Parallel programming of an ionic floating-gate memory array for scalable neuromorphic computing. Science 2019; 364:570-574. [PMID: 31023890 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computers could overcome efficiency bottlenecks inherent to conventional computing through parallel programming and readout of artificial neural network weights in a crossbar memory array. However, selective and linear weight updates and <10-nanoampere read currents are required for learning that surpasses conventional computing efficiency. We introduce an ionic floating-gate memory array based on a polymer redox transistor connected to a conductive-bridge memory (CBM). Selective and linear programming of a redox transistor array is executed in parallel by overcoming the bridging threshold voltage of the CBMs. Synaptic weight readout with currents <10 nanoamperes is achieved by diluting the conductive polymer with an insulator to decrease the conductance. The redox transistors endure >1 billion write-read operations and support >1-megahertz write-read frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T Keene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Armantas Melianas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Yiyang Li
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Yaakov Tuchman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - J Joshua Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Magnetic field alignment of stable proton-conducting channels in an electrolyte membrane. Nat Commun 2019; 10:842. [PMID: 30783091 PMCID: PMC6381100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane orientated proton conductivity are highly desirable for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Magnetic field is utilized to create oriented structure in proton exchange membranes. Previously, this has only been carried out by proton nonconductive metal oxide-based fillers. Here, under a strong magnetic field, a proton-conducting paramagnetic complex based on ferrocyanide-coordinated polymer and phosphotungstic acid is used to prepare composite membranes with highly conductive through-plane-aligned proton channels. Gratifyingly, this strategy simultaneously overcomes the high water-solubility of phosphotungstic acid in composite membranes, thereby preventing its leaching and the subsequent loss of membrane conductivity. The ferrocyanide groups in the coordinated polymer, via redox cycle, can continuously consume free radicals, thus helping to improve the long-term in situ membrane durability. The composite membranes exhibit outstanding proton conductivity, fuel cell performance and durability, compared with other types of hydrocarbon membranes and industry standard Nafion® 212. Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane proton conductivity are attractive for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Here the authors align proton conducting channels orthogonal to the plane of composite proton exchange membranes using a magnetic field for improved fuel cell performance.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ogata Y, Abe T, Yonemori S, Yamada NL, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K. Impact of the Solid Interface on Proton Conductivity in Nafion Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15483-15489. [PMID: 30468390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proton conductivity of polyelectrolytes in the interfacial region with a solid is key to the performance of polyelectrolyte-based fuel cells. The proton conductivity of Nafion thin films was examined as a function of the thickness along both directions, normal and parallel to the interface. Neutron reflectivity measurements revealed that a water-containing multilamellar structure was formed at the substrate interface. The presence of the interfacial layer, or the two-dimensional proton-conductive pathway, suppressed and enhanced the out-of-plane and in-plane proton conductivities, respectively. The method of proton conductivity in the interfacial region differed from that in the bulk, namely, the Grotthuss mechanism. Using laminated films, we conclude by showing that the proton conductivity in the Nafion thin film changes on the basis of the interface-to-volume ratio. This knowledge will be helpful for the design of devices containing polyelectrolytes with solid materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory , High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , Naka , Ibaraki 319-1106 , Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lin C, Shinde SS, Li X, Kim DH, Li N, Sun Y, Song X, Zhang H, Lee CH, Lee SU, Lee JH. Solid-State Rechargeable Zinc-Air Battery with Long Shelf Life Based on Nanoengineered Polymer Electrolyte. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3215-3224. [PMID: 30028577 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are vulnerable to the ambient environment (e.g., humidity and CO2 ), and have serious selfdischarge issues, resulting in a short shelf life. To overcome these challenges, a near-neutral quaternary ammonium (QA) functionalized polyvinyl alcohol electrolyte membrane (different from conventional alkali-type membranes) has been developed. QA functionalization leads to the formation of interconnected nanochannels by creating hydrophilic/-phobic separations at the nanoscale. These nanochannels selectively transport OH- ions with a reduced migration barrier, while inhibiting [Zn(NH3 )6 ]2+ crossover. Owing to the superior water retention ability and enhanced chemical stability of the membrane, the solid-state zinc-air battery (SZAB) displays outstanding flexibility, a promising cycle lifetime, and a large volumetric energy density. More importantly, the self-discharge rate of SZAB is depressed to less than 7 % per month, and the fully dehydrated SZAB could recover its rechargeability upon replenishment of the solution of NH4 Cl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sambhaji S Shinde
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Dong-Hyung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Nanwen Li
- Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute for International Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Xiaokai Song
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, PR China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sang Uck Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kang DW, Kang M, Moon M, Kim H, Eom S, Choe JH, Lee WR, Hong CS. PDMS-coated hypercrosslinked porous organic polymers modified via double postsynthetic acidifications for ammonia capture. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6871-6877. [PMID: 30310620 PMCID: PMC6114995 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Double postsynthetic acidifications of a hypercrosslinked polymer afforded record high NH3 adsorption capacity per surface area. Its PDMS coating provided an 40-fold enhancement of low-pressure NH3 adsorption capacity and hydrophobicity.
A hypercrosslinked porous organic polymer was modified by post-oxidation and post-sulfonation to obtain a porous platform with a high density of acidic groups. Such an acidified material exhibits record high NH3 adsorption capacity per surface area, fast adsorption rate, and recyclability at low desorption temperature. Noticeably, the coating of the polymer with PDMS represents a facile and efficient route to enable both a significant improvement of low-pressure NH3 adsorption capacity (∼40-fold enhancement; from 0.04 to 1.41 mmol g–1) with respect to the non-modified polymer at 500 ppm and hydrophobicity associated with the selective sorption of NH3 over water vapor (hydrophilic for the non-coated material). This material is easy to prepare, cost-effective, and scalable to mass production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| | - Minjung Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| | - Minkyu Moon
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sunhwi Eom
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| | - Jong Hyeak Choe
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| | - Woo Ram Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seop Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 136-713 Seoul , Republic of Korea .
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
So S, Cha MS, Jo SW, Kim TH, Lee JY, Hong YT. Hydrophilic Channel Alignment of Perfluoronated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19689-19696. [PMID: 29851455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is known that uniaxially drawn perfluoronated sulfonic-acid ionomers (PFSAs) show diffusion anisotropy because of the aligned water channels along the deformation direction. We apply the uniaxially stretched membranes to vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) to suppress the permeation of active species, vanadium ions through the transverse directions. The aligned water channels render much lower vanadium permeability, resulting in higher Coulombic efficiency (>98%) and longer self-discharge time (>250 h). Similar to vanadium ions, proton conduction through the membranes also decreases as the stretching ratio increases, but the thinned membranes show the enhanced voltage and energy efficiencies over the range of current density, 50-100 mA/cm2. Hydrophilic channel alignment of PFSAs is also beneficial for long-term cycling of VRFBs in terms of capacity retention and cell performances. This simple pretreatment of membranes offers an effective and facile way to overcome high vanadium permeability of PFSAs for VRFBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soonyong So
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| | - Min Suc Cha
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Jo
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , South Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| | - Jang Yong Lee
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| | - Young Taik Hong
- Membrane Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114 , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Anion exchange membrane with well-ordered arrays of ionic channels based on a porous anodic aluminium oxide template. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-018-1214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
48
|
Hsu PY, Hu TY, Kumar SR, Chang CH, Wu KCW, Tung KL, Lue SJ. Highly Zeolite-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Membranes for Alkaline Fuel-Cell Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E102. [PMID: 30966138 PMCID: PMC6415070 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a secure and stable energy supply is a top priority for the global community. Fuel-cell technology is recognized as a promising electrical energy generation system for the twenty-first century. Polyvinyl alcohol/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (PVA/ZIF-8) composite membranes were successfully prepared in this work from direct ZIF-8 suspension solution (0⁻45.4 wt %) and PVA mixing to prevent filler aggregation for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells (DMAFCs). The ZIF-8 fillers were chosen for the appropriate cavity size as a screening aid to allow water and suppress methanol transport. Increased ionic conductivities and suppressed methanol permeabilities were achieved for the PVA/40.5% ZIF-8 composites, compared to other samples. A high power density of 173.2 mW cm-2 was achieved using a KOH-doped PVA/40.5% ZIF-8 membrane in a DMAFC at 60 °C with 1⁻2 mg cm-2 catalyst loads. As the filler content was raised beyond 45.4 wt %, adverse effects resulted and the DMAFC performance (144.9 mW cm-2) was not improved further. Therefore, the optimal ZIF-8 content was approximately 40.5 wt % in the polymeric matrix. The specific power output was higher (58 mW mg-1) than most membranes reported in the literature (3⁻18 mW mg-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ya Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yu Hu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Lun Tung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, Taishan District, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yuan YY, Yang SL, Zhang CX, Wang QL. A new europium metal–organic framework with both high proton conductivity and highly sensitive detection of ascorbic acid. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01506f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highest proton conductivity of the new Eu-MOF reaches up to 1.0 × 10−4 S cm−1. Furthermore, it is an excellent luminescence-based sensor for detection of ascorbic acid (AA) in aqueous solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ying Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Liang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry
- Tianjin 300457
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liang T, Tan S, Cao S, Wu Y. Synthesis and characterization of proton conductive liquid crystals bearing phosphonic acid moieties. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|