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Zhang C, Zhang R, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zhang Zhangjunlong Pku Edu Cn JL, Ding Z. Spectroscopy and absolute quantum efficiency of near-infrared electrochemiluminescence for a macrocyclic palladium complex. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 254:112514. [PMID: 38422586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is widely applied as a reliable tool in clinical diagnosis, including immunoassays, cancer biomarker detection, etc. Metal complexes with emission in the near-infrared (NIR) range possess distinct features such as high transmission and minimal tissue auto-absorption, making them versatile for applications in biosensing and other fields. Through ECL spectral studies of an O-linked nonaromatic benzitripyrrin (C^N^N^N) macrocyclic palladium complex (Pd1) with multiple pyrrole structures, we observed emission peaks from the Qx(0,0) and its vibronic Qx(0,1) bands during both photoluminescence (PL) and ECL. Notably, the emission from the Qx(0,1) band was significantly enhanced in the ECL spectrum, demonstrating higher selectivity for near-infrared light at 743 nm. In the ECL annihilation pathway, the appearance of ECL signals showed a strong correlation with the redox processes of the tri-pyrrin structure, revealing a cyclic tri-pyrrin ligand-centered nature with contributions from the metal center. Upon the introduction of tripropylamine (TPrA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) coreactants, the ECL signals exhibited enhancements ranging from several hundred to tens of times. Various reaction routes within different coreactant systems are extensively discussed. Additionally, the absolute quantum efficiencies of the Pd1/TPrA coreactant system were determined, showing efficiencies of 0.0032% ± 0.0005% and 0.000074% ± 0.000016% during pulsing and CV scan processes, respectively. This work addresses gaps in the study of palladacycle complexes in ECL and provides insights into the design of NIR luminescent structures that contribute to the fast screening and deep tissue penetration bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang Zhangjunlong Pku Edu Cn
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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2
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Stelmaszczyk P, Kwaczyński K, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Poltorak L. Nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam studied at the macroscopic and microscopic electrified liquid-liquid interface. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:182. [PMID: 37052720 PMCID: PMC10101902 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Two benzodiazepine type drugs, that is, nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam, were studied at the electrified liquid-liquid interface (eLLI). Both drugs are illicit and act sedative in the human body and moreover are used as date rape drugs. Existence of the diazepine ring in the concerned chemicals structure and one additional amine group (for 7-aminonitrazepam) allows for the molecular charging below their pKa values, and hence, both drugs can cross the eLLI interface upon application of the appropriate value of the Galvani potential difference. Chosen molecules were studied at the macroscopic eLLI formed in the four electrode cell and microscopic eLLI formed within a microtip defined as the single pore having 25 μm in diameter. Microscopic eLLI was formed using only a few μL of the organic and the aqueous phase with the help of a 3D printed cell. Parameters such as limit of detection and voltammetric detection sensitivity are derived from the experimental data. Developed methodology was used to detect nitrazepam in pharmaceutical formulation and both drugs (nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam) in spiked biological fluids (urine and blood).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Kwaczyński
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
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3
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Jetmore HD, Anupriya ES, Cress TJ, Shen M. Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions Electrodes for Chemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16519-16527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry David Jetmore
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | | | - Tanner Joe Cress
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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4
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Heroin detection in a droplet hosted in a 3D printed support at the miniaturized electrified liquid-liquid interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18615. [PMID: 36329050 PMCID: PMC9633610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple sensing protocols for the detection of illicit drugs are needed. Electrochemical sensing is especially attractive in this respect, as its cost together with the analytical accuracy aspires to replace still frequently used colorimetric tests. In this work, we have shown that the interfacial transfer of protonated heroin can be followed at the electrified water-1,2-dichloroethane interface. We have comprehensively studied the interfacial behavior of heroin alone and in the presence of its major and abundant cutting agents, caffeine and paracetamol. To maximally increase developed sensing protocol applicability we have designed and 3D printed a platform requiring only a few microliters of the aqueous and the organic phase. The proposed sensing platform was equipped with a cavity hosting a short section of Ag/AgCl electrode, up to 20 µL of the aqueous phase and the end of the micropipette tip being used as a casing of a fused silica capillary having 25 µm as the internal pore diameter. The volume of the organic phase was equal to around 5 µL and was present inside the micropipette tip. We have shown that under optimized conditions heroin can be detected in the presence of caffeine and paracetamol existing in a sample with 10,000 times excess over the analyte of interest. The calculated limit of detection equal to 1.3 µM, linear dynamic range spanning to at least 50 µM, good reproducibility, and very low volume of needed sample is fully in line with forensic demands.
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5
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Moshrefi R, Stockmann TJ. Electrodeless Synthesis of Low Dispersity Au Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters at an Immiscible Micro Water/Ionic Liquid Interface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2748. [PMID: 36014613 PMCID: PMC9416156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their biocompatibility, optical, and catalytic properties, Au nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subject of much research. Since smaller NPs have enhanced catalytic properties and NP morphology greatly impacts their effectiveness, controlled and reproducible methods of generating Au NPs are still being sought. Herein, Au NPs were electrochemically generated at a water|ionic liquid (w|IL) immiscible micro-interface, 25 µm in diameter, using a redox active IL and compared to results at a water|oil (w|o) one. The liquid|liquid interface is advantageous as it is pristine and highly reproducible, as well as an excellent means of species and charge separation. In this system, KAuCl4 dissolved in the aqueous phase reacts under external potential control at the water|P8888TB (tetraoctylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) with trioctyl(ferrocenylhexanoyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (FcIL), an electron donor and redox active IL. FcIL was prepared with a common anion to P8888TB, which greatly enhances its solubility in the bulk IL. Simple ion transfer of AuCl4− and AuCl(4−γ)(OH)γ− at the w|P8888TB micro-interface were characterized voltammetrically as well as their heterogeneous electron transfer reaction with FcIL. This interfacial reaction generates Au NPs whose size can be thermodynamically controlled by modifying the pH of the aqueous phase. Critically, at low pH, nanoclusters, <1.7 nm in diameter, were generated owing to inhibited thermodynamics in combination with the supramolecular fluidic nature of the IL microenvironment that was observed surrounding the as-prepared NPs.
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6
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Yang R, Liu S, Sun Q, Liao Q, Xi K, Su B. Potential Difference-Modulated Synthesis of Self-Standing Covalent Organic Framework Membranes at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11778-11787. [PMID: 35730986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF) membranes with tailored functionalities hold great promise in diverse applications, but the key to realize their full advantages of highly ordered pore structures is the development of membrane fabrication approaches. In this work, we report a potential difference-modulated biphasic strategy to fabricate large-area, self-standing COF membranes under ambient conditions. The fabrication was conducted at the polarized water/1,2-dichloroethane (water/DCE) interface, where HCl was dissolved in water as a catalyst and monomers (both amine and aldehyde) were added to DCE. The external polarization of the water/DCE interface by cyclic voltammetry can continuously pump H+ from water to DCE to boost the Schiff base reaction of monomers and the growth of COF membranes. Moreover, the growth process can be real-time-monitored by interfacial double-layer capacitance measurement, and the permeability of COF membranes can be in situ-examined by heterogeneous ion transfer voltammetry. Given that the potential difference across the water/DCE interface can be also facilely modulated by dissolving proper electrolyte ions in two phases, the fabrication of large-area COF membranes is made possible in beakers. Using this strategy and different monomers, three types of centimeter-scale, free-standing COF membranes with tunable pore size and surface functionality were prepared, and their defect-free structure was proved by the molecular permeance and ultrafiltration test. We believe that this biphasic strategy offers a controllable and scalable way to fabricate COF membranes and sheds light on development of novel self-supporting membranes with unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaobo Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Xi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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7
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Moshrefi R, Connors E, Merschrod E, Stockmann TJ. Simultaneous electropolymerization/Au nanoparticle generation at an electrified liquid/liquid micro-interface. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Jetmore HD, Milton CB, Anupriya ES, Chen R, Xu K, Shen M. Detection of Acetylcholine at Nanoscale NPOE/Water Liquid/Liquid Interface Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16535-16542. [PMID: 34846864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become a very powerful analytical platform for sensing a diverse range of chemicals (e.g., metal ions and neurotransmitters) with the advantage of being able to detect non-redox electroactive species. The ITIES is formed between organic and aqueous phases. Organic solvent identity is crucial to the detection characteristics of the ITIES [half-wave transfer potential (E1/2), potential window range, limit of detection, transfer coefficient (α), standard heterogeneous ion-transfer rate constant (k0), etc.]. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time at the nanoscale, the detection characteristics of the NPOE/water ITIES. Linear detection of the diffusion-limited current at different concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) was demonstrated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and i-t amperometry. The E1/2 of ACh transfer at the NPOE/water nanoITIES was -0.342 ± 0.009 V versus the E1/2 of tetrabutylammonium (TBA+). The limit of detection of ACh at the NPOE/water nanoITIES was 37.1 ± 1.5 μM for an electrode with a radius of ∼127 nm. We also determined the ion-transfer kinetics parameters, α and k0, of TBA+ at the NPOE/water nanoITIES by fitting theoretical cyclic voltammograms to experimental voltammograms. This work lays the basis for future cellular studies using ACh detection at the nanoscale and for studies to detect other analytes. The NPOE/water ITIES offers a potential window distinct from that of the 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)/water ITIES. This unique potential window would offer the ability to detect analytes that are not easily detected at the DCE/water ITIES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Jetmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Conrad B Milton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kerui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Burgoyne ED, Molina-Osorio AF, Moshrefi R, Shanahan R, McGlacken GP, Stockmann TJ, Scanlon MD. Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing molecules at an electrified liquid|liquid micro-interface through facilitated proton transfer. Analyst 2021; 145:7000-7008. [PMID: 32869782 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of electrochemical detection methods for point-of-care-devices is ideal for their integration and use within healthcare environments. Simultaneously, the prolific pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a serious health risk to patients with compromised immune systems. Recognizing these two factors, a proof-of-concept electrochemical method employing a micro-interface between water and oil (w/o) held at the tip of a pulled borosilicate glass capillary is presented. This method targets small molecules produced by P. aeruginosa colonies as signalling factors that control colony growth in a pseudo-multicellular process known as quorum sensing (QS). The QS molecules of interest are 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3,4-dihydroxyquinoline (PQS, Pseudomonas quinolone signal). Hydrophobic HHQ and PQS molecules, dissolved in the oil phase, were observed electrochemically to facilitate proton transfer across the w/o interface. This interfacial complexation can be exploited as a facile electrochemical detection method for P. aeruginosa and is advantageous as it does not depend on the redox activity of HHQ/PQS. Interestingly, the limit-of-linearity is reached as [H+] ≈ [ligand]. Density functional theory calculations were performed to determine the proton affinities and gas-phase basicities of HHQ/PQS, as well as elucidate the likely site of stepwise protonation within each molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burgoyne
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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10
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Jiang Q, Reader HE, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemical Characterization of Fe(II) Complexation Reactions at an Electrified Micro Liquid‐Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Heather E. Reader
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
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11
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Zalka D, Péter L. On the evolution and application of the concept of electrochemical polarization. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper yields an overview on the evolution of the concept of polarization applied to electrochemical systems, ranging from electrodes to cells. The historical discussion starts at the early phase of the development of electrochemistry when current-controlled measurements were possible only, and when the early definitions of polarization, depolarization and depolarizer were created. A number of contemporary handbooks, recommendations and other reference resources are listed in which these concepts are represented in various ways, from conservative definitions to attempts of redefining them. The traditional definitions are confronted with the everyday use of professional language, drawing attention to the fact that the widespread application of potential-controlled electrochemical measurements led to new meanings. Some suggestions are made that open room for the application of the term of polarization in accord with the modern methodologies, without compromising the traditional introduction of the term. Polarization-related phenomena in biological membranes are not dealt with in the present work.
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12
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Chen R, Xu K, Shen M. Avocado oil, coconut oil, walnut oil as true oil phase for ion transfer at nanoscale liquid/liquid interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Detection of zwitterion at an electrified liquid-liquid interface: A chemical equilibrium perspective. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Rastgar S, Teixeira Santos K, Angelucci CA, Wittstock G. Catalytic Activity of Alkali Metal Cations for the Chemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction in a Biphasic Liquid System Probed by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:10882-10890. [PMID: 32460434 PMCID: PMC7496973 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of dioxygen in organic solvents for the production of reactive oxygen species or the concomitant oxidation of organic substrates can be enhanced by the separation of products and educts in biphasic liquid systems. Here, the coupled electron and ion transfer processes is studied as well as reagent fluxes across the liquid|liquid interface for the chemical reduction of dioxygen by decamethylferrocene (DMFc) in a dichloroethane-based organic electrolyte forming an interface with an aqueous electrolyte containing alkali metal ions. This interface is stabilized at the orifice of a pipette, across which a Galvani potential difference is externally applied and precisely adjusted to enforce the transfer of different alkali metal ions from the aqueous to the organic electrolyte. The oxygen reduction is followed by H2 O2 detection in the aqueous phase close to the interface by a microelectrode of a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). The results prove a strong catalytic effect of hydrated alkali metal ions on the formation rate of H2 O2 , which varies systematically with the acidity of the transferred alkali metal ions in the organic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Rastgar
- Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgChemistry Department261111OldenburgGermany
| | - Keyla Teixeira Santos
- Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgChemistry Department261111OldenburgGermany
- Federal University of ABCCenter for Natural and Human SciencesAv. dos Estados 500109210-580Santo André/SPBrazil
| | - Camilo Andrea Angelucci
- Federal University of ABCCenter for Natural and Human SciencesAv. dos Estados 500109210-580Santo André/SPBrazil
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgChemistry Department261111OldenburgGermany
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15
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Chen R, Alanis K, Welle TM, Shen M. Nanoelectrochemistry in the study of single-cell signaling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6121-6132. [PMID: 32424795 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Label-free biosensing has been the dream of scientists and biotechnologists as reported by Vollmer and Arnold (Nat Methods 5:591-596, 2008). The ability of examining living cells is crucial to cell biology as noted by Fang (Int J Electrochem 2011:460850, 2011). Chemical measurement with electrodes is label-free and has demonstrated capability of studying living cells. In recent years, nanoelectrodes of different functionality have been developed. These nanometer-sized electrodes, coupled with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), have further enabled nanometer spatial resolution study in aqueous environments. Developments in the field of nanoelectrochemistry have allowed measurement of signaling species at single cells, contributing to better understanding of cell biology. Leading studies using nanoelectrochemistry of a variety of cellular signaling molecules, including redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine), non-redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Theresa M Welle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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16
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Chen R, Yang A, Chang A, Oweimrin PF, Romero J, Vichitcharoenpaisarn P, Tapia S, Ha K, Villaflor C, Shen M. A Newly Synthesized Tris(crown ether) Ionophore for Assisted Ion Transfer at NanoITIES Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Anna Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Albert Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Philip F. Oweimrin
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Julian Romero
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | | | - Stephanie Tapia
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Kevin Ha
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Christopher Villaflor
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
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17
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Rudnicki K, Poltorak L, Skrzypek S, Sudhölter EJR. Fused Silica Microcapillaries Used for a Simple Miniaturization of the Electrified Liquid-Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7112-7116. [PMID: 29781599 PMCID: PMC6011180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
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Short
pieces of fused silica capillary tubing were used to support
an electrified liquid–liquid interface. A methyl deactivated
silica capillary having a diameter of 25 μm was filled with
1,2-dichloroethane solution and served as the organic part of the
liquid–liquid interface. A nondeactivated fused silica capillary
having a diameter of 5, 10, or 25 μm was filled with an aqueous
HCl solution and served as the aqueous part of the electrochemical
cell. For the latter, silanization of the capillary interior with
chlorotrimethylsilane allowed for a successful phase reversal. All
capillaries were characterized by ion transfer voltammetry using tetramethylammonium
cation as a model ion. This simple, fast, and low-cost miniaturization
technique was successfully applied for detection of the antibiotic
ofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rudnicki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Lodz , Tamka 12 , 91-403 Lodz , Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Lodz , Tamka 12 , 91-403 Lodz , Poland
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
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Iwai NT, Kramaric M, Crabbe D, Wei Y, Chen R, Shen M. GABA Detection with Nano-ITIES Pipet Electrode: A New Mechanism, Water/DCE-Octanoic Acid Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3067-3072. [PMID: 29388419 PMCID: PMC6126903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) supported on the orifice of a pipet have become a powerful platform to detect a broad range of analytes. We present here the detection of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with the nanoITIES pipet electrodes for the first time. GABA has a net charge of zero in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, and it has not previously been detected at ITIES. In this work, we demonstrated GABA detection at ITIES in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, where we introduced a novel detection strategy based on "pH modulation from the oil phase". To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such. Current increases linearly with increasing concentrations of GABA, ranging from 0.25 mM to 1.0 mM. The measured half-wave transfer potential of GABA is -0.401 ± 0.010 V ( n = 22) vs E1/2,TBA. The measured diffusion coefficient for GABA detection at nanoITIES pipet electrode is 6.09 (±0.58) × 10-10 m2/s ( n = 5). Experimental results indicate that protons generated from octanoic acid dissociation in the oil phase do not come out from the oil phase into the aqueous phase; neither were protons produced in the aqueous phase. NanoITIES pipet electrodes with radii of 320-340 nm were used in the current study. This new strategy and knowledge presented here lays the groundwork for the future development of ITIES pipet electrodes, especially for the detection of electrochemically nonredox active analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toshio Iwai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michelle Kramaric
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel Crabbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- Corresponding Author, Fax: +1 (217) 265-6290.
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Scanlon MD, Smirnov E, Stockmann TJ, Peljo P. Gold Nanofilms at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces: An Emerging Platform for Redox Electrocatalysis, Nanoplasmonic Sensors, and Electrovariable Optics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3722-3751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micheál D. Scanlon
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - T. Jane Stockmann
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, 15 Rue J.A. Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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20
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Preparation and crystal structure of tetraoctylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate ionic liquid for electrochemistry at its interface with water. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Poltorak L, Sudhölter EJ, de Smet LC. Effect of charge of quaternary ammonium cations on lipophilicity and electroanalytical parameters: Task for ion transfer voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Xie L, Huang X, Su B. Portable Sensor for the Detection of Choline and Its Derivatives Based on Silica Isoporous Membrane and Gellified Nanointerfaces. ACS Sens 2017; 2:803-809. [PMID: 28723110 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A portable amperometric ion sensor was fabricated by integrating silica isoporous membrane (SIM) and organogel composed of polyvinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane (PVC-DCE) on a 3D-printed polymer chip. The detection of ionic species in aqueous samples could be accomplished by adding a microliter of sample droplet to the sensor and by identifying the ion-transfer potential and current magnitude at the water/organogel interface array templated by SIM. Thanks to the ultrasmall channel size (2-3 nm in diameter), high channel density (4 × 108 μm-2), and ultrathin thickness (80 nm) of SIM, the ensemble of nanoscopic water/organogel (nano-W/Gel) interface array behaved like a microinterface with two back-to-back hemispherical mass diffusion zones. So, the heterogeneous ion-transfer across the nano-W/Gel interface array generated a steady-state sigmoidal current wave. The detection of choline (Ch) and its derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), benzoylcholine (BCh), and atropine (AP), in aqueous samples was examined with this portable sensor. Using differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), the quantification of these analytes was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 1 μM. Moreover, the portable ion sensor was insensitive to various potential interferents that might coexist in vivo, owing to size-/charge-based selectivity and antifouling capacity of SIM. With this priority, the portable ion sensor was able to quantitatively determine Ch and its derivatives in diluted urine and blood samples. The LODs for Ch, ACh, AP, and BCh in urine were 1.12, 1.30, 1.08, and 0.99 μM, and those for blood samples were 3.61, 3.38, 2.32, and 1.81 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Xie L, Huang X, Lin X, Su B. Nanoscopic liquid/liquid interface arrays supported by silica isoporous membranes: Trans-membrane resistance and ion transfer reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Stockmann TJ, Guterman R, Ragogna PJ, Ding Z. Trends in Hydrophilicity/Lipophilicity of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids As Determined by Ion-Transfer Electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12966-12974. [PMID: 27951694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have become valuable new materials for a broad spectrum of applications including additives or components for new hydrophobic/hydrophilic polymer coatings. However, fundamental information surrounding IL molecular properties is still lacking. With this in mind, the microinterface between two immiscible electrolytic solutions (micro-ITIES), for example, water|1,2-dichloroethane, has been used to evaluate the hydrophobicity/lipophilicity of 10 alkylphosphonium ILs. By varying the architecture around the phosphonium core, chemical differences were induced, changing the lipophilicity/hydrophilicity of the cations. Ion transfer (IT) within the polarizable potential window (PPW) was measured to establish a structure-property relationship. The Gibbs free energy of IT and the solubility of their ILs were also calculated. For phosphonium cations bearing either three butyl or three hydroxypropyl groups with a tunable fourth arm, the latter displayed a wide variety of easily characterizable IT potentials. The tributylphosphonium ILs, however, were too hydrophobic to undergo IT within the PPW. Utilizing a micro-ITIES (25 μm diameter) housed at the tip of a capillary in a uniquely designed pipet holder, we were able to probe beyond the traditional potential window and observe ion transfer of these hydrophobic phosphonium ILs for the first time. A similar trend in lipophilicity was determined between the two subsets of ILs by means of derived solubility product constants. The above results serve as evidence of the validation of this technique for the evaluation of hydrophobic cations that appear beyond the conventional PPW and of the lipophilicity of their ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jane Stockmann
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes , CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue J.A. Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario , Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ryan Guterman
- Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario , Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario , Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario , Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Alvarez de Eulate E, Strutwolf J, Liu Y, O’Donnell K, Arrigan DWM. An Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Liquid–Liquid Microinterface Arrays Formed in Laser-Ablated Glass Membranes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2596-604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alvarez de Eulate
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Jörg Strutwolf
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Kane O’Donnell
- Department
of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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26
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Lee HJ, Arrigan DWM, Karim MN, Kim H. Amperometric Ion Sensing Approaches at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Inorganic, Organic and Biological Ions. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become an invaluable tool for the selective and sensitive detection of cationic and anionic species, including charged drug molecules and proteins. In addition, neutral molecules can also be detected at the ITIES via enzymatic reactions. This chapter highlights recent developments towards creating a wide spectrum of sensing platforms involving ion transfer across the ITIES. As well as outlining the basic principles needed for performing these sensing applications, the development of ITIES-based detection strategies for inorganic, organic, and biological ions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Md. Nurul Karim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
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27
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Poltorak L, Morakchi K, Herzog G, Walcarius A. Electrochemical characterization of liquid-liquid micro-interfaces modified with mesoporous silica. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Shen M, Colombo ML. Electrochemical nanoprobes for the chemical detection of neurotransmitters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:7095-7105. [PMID: 26327927 PMCID: PMC4551492 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, acting as chemical messengers, play an important role in neurotransmission, which governs many functional aspects of nervous system activity. Electrochemical probes have proven a very useful technique to study neurotransmission, especially to quantify and qualify neurotransmitters. With the emerging interests in probing neurotransmission at the level of single cells, single vesicles, as well as single synapses, probes that enable detection of neurotransmitters at the nanometer scale become vitally important. Electrochemical nanoprobes have been successfully employed in nanometer spatial resolution imaging of single nanopores of Si membrane and single Au nanoparticles, providing both topographical and chemical information, thus holding great promise for nanometer spatial study of neurotransmission. Here we present the current state of electrochemical nanoprobes for chemical detection of neurotransmitters, focusing on two types of nanoelectrodes, i.e. carbon nanoelectrode and nano-ITIES pipet electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
| | - Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
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29
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Colombo ML, Sweedler JV, Shen M. Nanopipet-Based Liquid-Liquid Interface Probes for the Electrochemical Detection of Acetylcholine, Tryptamine, and Serotonin via Ionic Transfer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5095-100. [PMID: 25877788 PMCID: PMC4483307 DOI: 10.1021/ac504151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A nanoscale interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) provides a unique analytical platform for the detection of ionic species of biological interest such as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, especially those that are otherwise difficult to detect directly on a carbon electrode without electrode modification. We report the detection of acetylcholine, serotonin, and tryptamine on nanopipet electrode probes with sizes ranging from a radius of ≈7 to 35 nm. The transfer of these analytes across a 1,2-dichloroethane/water interface was studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Well-defined sigmoidal voltammograms were observed on the nanopipet electrodes within the potential window of artificial seawater for acetylcholine and tryptamine. The half wave transfer potential, E1/2, of acetylcholine, tryptamine, and serotonin were found to be -0.11, -0.25, and -0.47 V vs E(1/2,TEA) (term is defined later in experimental), respectively. The detection was linear in the range of 0.25-6 mM for acetylcholine and of 0.5-10 mM for tryptamine in artificial seawater. Transfer of serotonin was linear in the range of 0.15-8 mM in LiCl solution. The limit of detection for serotonin in LiCl on a radius ≈21 nm nanopipet electrode was 77 μM, for acetylcholine on a radius ≈7 nm nanopipet electrode was 205 μM, and for tryptamine on a radius ≈19 nm nanopipet electrode was 86 μM. Nanopipet-supported ITIES probes have great potential to be used in nanometer spatial resolution measurements for the detection of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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30
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Nishi N, Kakinami T, Sakka T. Dendritic nanofibers of gold formed by the electron transfer at the interface between water and a highly hydrophobic ionic liquid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanostructures, dendritic nanofibers of gold, have been found to be formedviaan electron-transfer reaction at the ionic liquid–water interface, instead of the more conventional oil–water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kakinami
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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31
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Stockmann TJ, Ding Z. Electrochemical behaviour of ferrocenes in tributylmethylphosphonium methyl sulfate mixtures with water and 1,2-dichloroethane. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) reactions in ionic liquid (IL)|organic solvent (1,2-dichloroethane, DCE) and IL|water mixtures were investigated using a Pt disk ultramicroelectrode (UME) along with ferrocene (Fc) and ferrocenemethanol (FcCH2OH) redox probes as electroactive species dissolved in the respective mixtures. The IL utilized was tributylmethylphosphonium methyl sulfate (P4441CH3SO4). The diffusion coefficient of each redox species was determined at each incremental increase of DCE or water to the IL using a chronoamperometric technique that is concentration independent. The IL|DCE mixture exhibited little change in the Fc diffusion coefficient, DFc, up to a DCE mole fraction (χDCE) of 0.5; the observed value, 2.0 × 10−8 cm2 s−1, agrees well with that typically reported for ILs in the literature. After which, the DFc quickly rose to a value commonly found in conventional molecular solvents, 1.3 × 10−5 cm2 s−1 (at χDCE = 0.8). An analogous result was not observed for IL|water mixtures using FcCH2OH, such that [Formula: see text] varied from 0.2 to 1.2 × 10−9 cm2·s−1 at a [Formula: see text] of 0 to 0.8. It was proposed that a large increase in the DFc in the IL|DCE mixture versus [Formula: see text] in the IL|water series was owing to P4441CH3SO4’s more hydrophobic character. Its hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the formal ion transfer potentials of the IL component ions at a water|DCE immiscible interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Jane Stockmann
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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32
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Deng H, Stockmann TJ, Peljo P, Opallo M, Girault HH. Electrochemical oxygen reduction at soft interfaces catalyzed by the transfer of hydrated lithium cations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Poltorak L, Herzog G, Walcarius A. Electrochemically assisted generation of silica deposits using a surfactant template at liquid/liquid microinterfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11453-63. [PMID: 25229369 DOI: 10.1021/la501938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemically assisted generation of mesoporous silica deposits at arrays of microscopic liquid/liquid interfaces was investigated. Ion transfer voltammetry was used in order to initiate the formation of silica material by electrochemical transfer of template species (cetyltrimethylammonium, CTA(+)), initially present in the organic phase, to the aqueous phase containing the hydrolyzed silica precursors (tetraethoxysilane, TEOS). The deposition mechanism was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, based on the analysis of diffusion layer profiles of CTA(+) species from the organic side of the interface. The morphology of the deposits varied from hemispherical to almost flat with the potential scan rate, the spacing factor of the microinterfaces array supporting the liquid/liquid interfaces, or the initial CTA(+) and TEOS concentrations, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analyses. The amount of deposited material can be related to the amount of CTA(+) species passing across the liquid/liquid interfaces. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of surfactant-templated silica deposits and to analyze the effectiveness of calcination in removing the organic molecules filling the interior of the pores. After template removal, the mesoporous network became accessible to external reagents, as checked by interfacial alkylammonium cation transfer, suggesting a possible analytical interest of such modified micro-liquid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Poltorak
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, CNRS - Université de Lorraine, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
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34
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Electrochemical assessment of water|ionic liquid biphasic systems towards cesium extraction from nuclear waste. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Nestor U, Wen H, Girma G, Mei Z, Fei W, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhan D. Facilitated Li+ion transfer across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface by the solvation effect. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1015-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Stockmann TJ, Montgomery AM, Ding Z. Formal transfer potentials of strontium and uranyl ions at water|1,2-dichloroethane interfaces. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of dioxouranium (UO22+), or uranyl, and strontium (Sr2+) ions from spent nuclear fuel (SNF), often through a biphasic (aqueous / organic solvent) ligand assisted process, is critical for the implementation of a closed-loop nuclear fuel cycle whereby SNF is diverted from permanent geological disposal and the life of the nuclear industry is extended. Deeper understanding of the biphasic extraction process can be achieved through facile electrochemical experiments at a liquid|liquid interface. Of primary importance to developing a quantitative analysis of the ligand assisted or facilitated ion transfer (FIT) (i.e., transfer through interfacial complexation) case is to first quantify the free or simple metal IT; that is the amount of applied potential required to “push” ions across the water|organic interface. This value is, in fact, a constant referred to as the formal transfer potential ([Formula: see text]), which is unique to each metal ion in the biphasic system. Because of their hydrophilicity they often limit the polarizable potential window. Values for [Formula: see text], for the most part, have only been estimated. With a microinterface housed at the tip of a 25 µm capillary it is possible to reduce the Faradaic current to observe their transfer. Herein is described the quantification of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] or the formal transfer potentials for dioxouranium and strontium ions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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