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Mollenhauer M, Friedrichs K, Lange M, Gesenberg J, Remane L, Kerkenpaß C, Krause J, Schneider J, Ravekes T, Maass M, Halbach M, Peinkofer G, Saric T, Mehrkens D, Adam M, Deuschl FG, Lau D, Geertz B, Manchanda K, Eschenhagen T, Kubala L, Rudolph TK, Wu Y, Tang WHW, Hazen SL, Baldus S, Klinke A, Rudolph V. Myeloperoxidase Mediates Postischemic Arrhythmogenic Ventricular Remodeling. Circ Res 2017; 121:56-70. [PMID: 28404615 PMCID: PMC5482785 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ventricular arrhythmias remain the leading cause of death in patients suffering myocardial ischemia. Myeloperoxidase, a heme enzyme released by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, accumulates within ischemic myocardium and has been linked to adverse left ventricular remodeling. OBJECTIVE To reveal the role of myeloperoxidase for the development of ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS In different murine models of myocardial ischemia, myeloperoxidase deficiency profoundly decreased vulnerability for ventricular tachycardia on programmed right ventricular and burst stimulation and spontaneously as assessed by ECG telemetry after isoproterenol injection. Experiments using CD11b/CD18 integrin-deficient (CD11b-/-) mice and intravenous myeloperoxidase infusion revealed that neutrophil infiltration is a prerequisite for myocardial myeloperoxidase accumulation. Ventricles from myeloperoxidase-deficient (Mpo-/-) mice showed less pronounced slowing and decreased heterogeneity of electric conduction in the peri-infarct zone than wild-type mice. Expression of the redox-sensitive gap junctional protein Cx43 (Connexin 43) was reduced in the peri-infarct area of wild-type compared with Mpo-/- mice. In isolated wild-type cardiomyocytes, Cx43 protein content decreased on myeloperoxidase/H2O2 incubation. Mapping of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte networks and in vivo investigations linked Cx43 breakdown to myeloperoxidase-dependent activation of matrix metalloproteinase 7. Moreover, Mpo-/- mice showed decreased ventricular postischemic fibrosis reflecting reduced accumulation of myofibroblasts. Ex vivo, myeloperoxidase was demonstrated to induce fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases resulting in upregulated collagen generation. In support of our experimental findings, baseline myeloperoxidase plasma levels were independently associated with a history of ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in a cohort of 2622 stable patients with an ejection fraction >35% undergoing elective diagnostic cardiac evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Myeloperoxidase emerges as a crucial mediator of postischemic myocardial remodeling and may evolve as a novel pharmacological target for secondary disease prevention after myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mollenhauer
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Kai Friedrichs
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Max Lange
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Jan Gesenberg
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Lisa Remane
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Christina Kerkenpaß
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Jenny Krause
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Johanna Schneider
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Thorben Ravekes
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Martina Maass
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Marcel Halbach
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Gabriel Peinkofer
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Tomo Saric
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Dennis Mehrkens
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Matti Adam
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Florian G Deuschl
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Denise Lau
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Birgit Geertz
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Kashish Manchanda
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Lukas Kubala
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Tanja K Rudolph
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Yuping Wu
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Stephan Baldus
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Anna Klinke
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.)
| | - Volker Rudolph
- From the Cardiology, Heart Center (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (M.M., K.F., M.L., J.G., L.R., C.K., J.S., T.R., M.M., M.H., G.P., D.M., M.A., K.M., T.K.R., S.B., A.K., V.R.), and Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty (T.S.), University of Cologne, Germany; University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (J.K., D.L.); General and Interventional Cardiology (F.G.D.) and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.G., T.E.), University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno (L.K.); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic (L.K., A.K.); Mathematics, Cleveland State University, OH (Y.W.); and Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., S.L.H.).
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