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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Páez-Maldonado J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Boullosa D, León-Prados JA, Wernbom M, Pareja-Blanco F. Acute Responses to Traditional and Cluster-Set Squat Training With and Without Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1401-1412. [PMID: 38780903 PMCID: PMC11286160 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Páez-Maldonado, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Boullosa, D, León-Prados, JA, Wernbom, M, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Acute responses to traditional and cluster-set squat training with and without blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1401-1412, 2024-To compare the acute responses to different set configurations (cluster [CLU] vs. traditional [TRA]) under distinct blood flow conditions (free vs. restricted) in full-squat (SQ). Twenty resistance-trained males performed 4 protocols that differed in the set configuration (TRA: continuous repetitions; vs. CLU: 30 seconds of rest every 2 repetitions) and in the blood flow condition (FF: free-flow; vs. blood flow restriction [BFR]: 50% of arterial occlusion pressure). The relative intensity (60% 1RM), volume (3 sets of 8 repetitions), and resting time (2 minutes) were equated. Mean propulsive force (MPF), velocity (MPV) and power (MPP), and electromyography (EMG) parameters were recorded during each repetition. Tensiomyography (TMG), blood lactate, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, in SQ, and movement velocity against the load that elicited a 1 m·s -1 velocity at baseline (V1-load) in SQ were assessed at pre- and post-exercise. The CLU protocols allowed a better maintenance of MPF, MPV, MPP, and EMG median frequency during the exercise compared to TRA (clu-time interaction, p < 0.05). The TRA protocols experienced greater impairments post-exercise in TMG- and EMG-derived variables (clu-time interaction, p < 0.05) and SQ and CMJ performance (clu-time interaction, p = 0.08 and p < 0.05, respectively), as well as higher blood lactate concentrations (clu-time interaction, p < 0.001) than CLU. Moreover, BFR displayed decreases in TMG variables (bfr-time interaction, p < 0.01), but BFR-CLU resulted in the greatest reduction in twitch contraction time ( p < 0.001). Cluster sets reduced fatigue during and after the training session and BFR exacerbated impairments in muscle mechanical properties; however, the combination of both could improve contraction speed after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Cornejo-Daza
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Páez-Maldonado
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; and
| | - Juan A. León-Prados
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Lavigne C, Mons V, Grange M, Blain GM. Acute neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and muscle oxygenation responses to low-intensity aerobic interval exercises with blood flow restriction. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1353-1369. [PMID: 38875101 PMCID: PMC11291873 DOI: 10.1113/ep091742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of short- and long-interval cycling exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on neuromuscular fatigue, shear stress and muscle oxygenation, potent stimuli to BFR-training adaptations. During separate sessions, eight individuals performed short- (24 × 60 s/30 s; SI) or long-interval (12 × 120 s/60 s; LI) trials on a cycle ergometer, matched for total work. One leg exercised with (BFR-leg) and the other without (CTRL-leg) BFR. Quadriceps fatigue was quantified using pre- to post-interval changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), potentiated twitch force (QT) and voluntary activation (VA). Shear rate was measured by Doppler ultrasound at cuff release post-intervals. Vastus lateralis tissue oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during exercise. Following the initial interval, significant (P < 0.05) declines in MVC and QT were found in both SI and LI, which were more pronounced in the BFR-leg, and accounted for approximately two-thirds of the total reduction at exercise termination. In the BFR-leg, reductions in MVC (-28 ± 15%), QT (-42 ± 17%), and VA (-15 ± 17%) were maximal at exercise termination and persisted up to 8 min post-exercise. Exercise-induced muscle deoxygenation was greater (P < 0.001) in the BFR-leg than CTRL-leg and perceived pain was more in LI than SI (P < 0.014). Cuff release triggered a significant (P < 0.001) shear rate increase which was consistent across trials. Exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue in the BFR-leg exceeded that in the CTRL-leg and was predominantly of peripheral origin. BFR also resulted in diminished muscle oxygenation and elevated shear stress. Finally, short-interval trials resulted in comparable neuromuscular and haemodynamic responses with reduced perceived pain compared to long-intervals.
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Montgomery TR, Olmos A, Sears KN, Succi PJ, Hammer SM, Bergstrom HC, Hill EC, Trevino MA, Dinyer-McNeely TK. Influence of Blood Flow Restriction on Neuromuscular Function and Fatigue During Forearm Flexion in Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e349-e358. [PMID: 38900183 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Montgomery, TR Jr, Olmos, A, Sears, KN, Succi, PJ, Hammer, SM, Bergstrom, HC, Hill, EC, Trevino, MA, and Dinyer-McNeely, TK. Influence of blood flow restriction on neuromuscular function and fatigue during forearm flexion in men. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): e349-e358, 2024-To determine the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on the mean firing rate (MFR) and motor unit action potential amplitude (MUAPAMP) vs. recruitment threshold (RT) relationships during fatiguing isometric elbow flexions. Ten men (24.5 ± 4.0 years) performed isometric trapezoidal contractions at 50% maximum voluntary contraction to task failure with or without BFR, on 2 separate days. For BFR, a cuff was inflated to 60% of the pressure required for full brachial artery occlusion at rest. During both visits, surface electromyography was recorded from the biceps brachii of the dominant limb and the signal was decomposed. A paired-samples t test was used to determine the number of repetitions completed between BFR and CON. ANOVAs (repetition [first, last] × condition [BFR, CON]) were used to determine differences in MFR vs. RT and MUAPAMP vs. RT relationships. Subjects completed more repetitions during CON (12 ± 4) than BFR (9 ± 2; p = 0.012). There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between the slopes and y-intercepts during the repetition × condition interaction for MUAPAMP vs. MFR. However, there was a main effect of repetition for the slopes of the MUAPAMP vs. RT (p = 0.041) but not the y-intercept (p = 0.964). Post hoc analysis (collapsed across condition) indicated that the slopes of the MUAPAMP vs. RT during the first repetition was less than the last repetition (first: 0.022 ± 0.003 mv/%MVC; last: 0.028 ± 0.004 mv/%MVC; p = 0.041). Blood flow restriction resulted in the same amount of higher threshold MU recruitment in approximately 75% of the repetitions. Furthermore, there was no change in MFR for either condition, even when taken to task failure. Thus, BFR training may create similar MU responses with less total work completed than training without BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony R Montgomery
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Alex Olmos
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Kylie N Sears
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Shane M Hammer
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Michael A Trevino
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Ma X, Ai Y, Lei F, Tang X, Li Q, Huang Y, Zhan Y, Mao Q, Wang L, Lei F, Yi Q, Yang F, Yin X, He B, Zhou L, Ruan S. Effect of blood flow-restrictive resistance training on metabolic disorder and body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1409267. [PMID: 38904038 PMCID: PMC11186980 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1409267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction To explore whether blood flow-restrictive resistance exercise (BFRE) can be used as an alternative strategy to moderate-intensity resistance training (RT) to improve metabolic disorder and body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods This is a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ninety-eight older adults with T2DM were randomly divided into three groups: BFRE group (n = 34), RT group (n = 31) and control group (n = 33). Two exercise groups received supervised collective training for a period of six months, each lasting 50 min, three times a week. The primary outcomes included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood lipids, blood pressure, and body composition. The secondary outcome was muscle performance. Results After six months of intervention, the FPG, HbA1c, blood lipids, diastolic blood pressure, body composition, and muscle performance of the two exercise groups were significantly improved relative to the control group and baseline measurements (P < 0.05). There was no significant increase in lean mass between the two exercise groups compared to the control group and baseline (p > 0.05). There was no significant decrease in systolic blood pressure between the two exercise groups compared to the control group (p > 0.05), but it was significantly lower than their baseline (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in all indicators between the two exercise groups at the baseline, third and sixth months of intervention (p > 0.05). Discussion BFRE can safely and effectively improve the metabolic disorder and body composition of older adults with T2DM. For elderly exercise beginners, BFRE can be used as an alternative strategy to moderate-intensity resistance training. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=178886, identifier ChiCTR2300074357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ma
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxin Ai
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fulian Lei
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yixin Huang
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yating Zhan
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Mao
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Liduo Wang
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fenfang Lei
- School of Nursing, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qinyu Yi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaogang Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Binghua He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Sijie Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
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Pignanelli C, Robertson AA, Hirsch SM, Power GA, Burr JF. The addition of blood flow restriction during resistance exercise does not increase prolonged low-frequency force depression. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:738-753. [PMID: 38562023 PMCID: PMC11061635 DOI: 10.1113/ep091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
At a given exercise intensity, blood flow restriction (BFR) reduces the volume of exercise required to impair post-exercise neuromuscular function. Compared to traditional exercise, the time course of recovery is less clear. After strenuous exercise, force output assessed with electrical muscle stimulation is impaired to a greater extent at low versus high stimulation frequencies, a condition known as prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD). It is unclear if BFR increases PLFFD after exercise. This study tested if BFR during exercise increases PLFFD and slows recovery of neuromuscular function compared to regular exercise. Fifteen physically active participants performed six low-load sets of knee-extensions across four conditions: resistance exercise to task failure (RETF), resistance exercise to task failure with BFR applied continuously (BFRCONT) or intermittently (BFRINT), and resistance exercise matched to the lowest exercise volume condition (REVM). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force output, voluntary activation and a force-frequency (1-100 Hz) curve were measured before and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 h after exercise. Exercise to task failure caused similar reductions at 0 h for voluntary activation (RETF = 81.0 ± 14.2%, BFRINT = 80.9 ± 12.4% and BFRCONT = 78.6 ± 10.7%) and MVC force output (RETF = 482 ± 168 N, BFRINT = 432 ± 174 N, and BFRCONT = 443 ± 196 N), which recovered to baseline values between 4 and 24 h. PLFFD occurred only after RETF at 1 h supported by a higher frequency to evoke 50% of the force production at 100 Hz (1 h: 17.5 ± 4.4 vs. baseline: 15 ± 4.1 Hz, P = 0.0023), BFRINT (15.5 ± 4.0 Hz; P = 0.03), and REVM (14.9 ± 3.1 Hz; P = 0.002), with a trend versus BFRCONT (15.7 ± 3.5 Hz; P = 0.063). These findings indicate that, in physically active individuals, using BFR during exercise does not impair the recovery of neuromuscular function by 24 h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Alexa A. Robertson
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Steven M. Hirsch
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Geoffrey A. Power
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Jamie F. Burr
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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Anders JPV, Neltner TJ, Smith RW, Arnett JE, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Unilateral and Bilateral Isokinetic Leg Extensions Exhibit No Differences in Neuromuscular Excitation Under Maximal and Fatiguing Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:474-480. [PMID: 38090801 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
Anders, JPV, Neltner, TJ, Smith, RW, Arnett, JE, Housh, TJ, Schmidt, RJ, and Johnson, GO. Unilateral and bilateral isokinetic leg extensions exhibit no differences in neuromuscular activation under maximal and fatiguing conditions. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 474–480, 2024—The bilateral deficit is a phenomenon where force production during a bilateral (BL) muscle action is less than the sum of force produced when the muscle action is performed unilaterally (UL) with both limbs. The purpose of this study was to compare peak force, electromyographic (EMG) amplitude (AMP), and mean power frequency (MPF) of the nondominant leg between UL and BL isokinetic leg extensions. Eleven recreationally trained men (mean ± SD; age = 20.8 ± 1.7 years; body mass = 84.0 ± 16.2 kg; height = 179.3 ± 7.2 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. The 2 test visits included UL and BL maximal isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·second−1 followed by a fatiguing task of either 50 UL or 25 UL followed immediately by 25 BL (ULBL) maximal, isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·second−1, in random order on separate days. The results demonstrated a significant (p = 0.015,
= 0.460) bilateral deficit in force (UL = 56.29 ± 11.20 kg; BL = 50.32 ± 7.35 kg; d = 0.63; 95% CI [1.42, 10.52]) but no significant bilateral deficit in EMG AMP (p = 0.892,
= 0.002). The peak force during the fatiguing task demonstrated a significant main effect for repetition (p < 0.001,
= 0.943) characterized by a reduced peak force from repetitions 20–50. Similarly, EMG MPF demonstrated a significant main effect for repetition (p < 0.001,
= 0.702) characterized by a reduced EMG MPF from repetitions 35–50. There were no significant effects (p = 0.102–0.387,
= 0.096–0.203) for EMG AMP. These findings suggested that the bilateral deficit was not associated with a neuromuscular deficit and UL muscle actions may be used to potentiate force production of subsequent BL muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V Anders
- The Exercise Science Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Robert W Smith
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Terry J Housh
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Bielitzki R, Behrendt T, Weinreich A, Mittlmeier T, Schega L, Behrens M. Acute effects of static balance exercise combined with different levels of blood flow restriction on motor performance fatigue as well as physiological and perceptual responses in young healthy males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:227-243. [PMID: 37429967 PMCID: PMC10787004 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the acute effects of a static balance exercise combined with different blood flow restriction (BFR) pressures on motor performance fatigue development and recovery as well as physiological and perceptual responses during exercise in males and females. METHODS Twenty-four recreational active males (n = 13) and females (n = 11) performed static balance exercise on a BOSU ball (3 sets of 60 s with 30 s rest in-between) on three separate (> 3 days) laboratory visits with three different BFR pressures (80% arterial occlusion pressure [AOP], 40%AOP, 30 mmHg [SHAM]) in random order. During exercise, activity of various leg muscles, vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation, and ratings of effort and pain perception were recorded. Maximal squat jump height was measured before, immediately after, 1, 2, 4, and 8 min after exercise to quantify motor performance fatigue development and recovery. RESULTS Quadriceps muscle activity as well as ratings of effort and pain were highest, while muscle oxygenation was lowest in the 80%AOP compared to the 40%AOP and SHAM condition, with no differences in postural sway between conditions. Squat jump height declined after exercise with the highest reduction in the 80%AOP (- 16.4 ± 5.2%) followed by the 40%AOP (- 9.1 ± 3.2%), and SHAM condition (- 5.4 ± 3.3%). Motor performance fatigue was not different after 1 min and 2 min of recovery in 40% AOP and 80% AOP compared to SHAM, respectively. CONCLUSION Static balance exercise combined with a high BFR pressure induced the largest changes in physiological and perceptual responses, without affecting balance performance. Although motor performance fatigue was increased by BFR, it may not lead to long-term impairments in maximal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andy Weinreich
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-and Reconstructive Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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García-Sillero M, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Galván-García M, Benitez-Porres J, Vargas-Molina S, Jurado-Castro JM. Acute Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Movement Velocity and Neuromuscular Signal during the Back Squat Exercise. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4824. [PMID: 37510938 PMCID: PMC10381307 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of blood flow restriction on movement velocity and muscle activity during the back squat exercise. METHODS Twenty-four university students participated in this study. In two randomized sessions 72 h apart, participants performed a 4-set protocol consisting of 30-15-15-15 repetitions performed at 30% of their one-repetition maximum in the back squat exercise. In both sessions, neuromuscular function was monitored by surface electromyography (EMG) and movement velocity (mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak concentric velocity (Vmax), and the effort index (EI)). Blood flow restriction (BFR) was applied during exercise in one of the experimental sessions with 80% of full arterial occlusion pressure over lower limbs. RESULTS The BFR condition showed higher (p < 0.05) EI, peak, and rooted mean square normalized EMG in Set 1 compared to Set 2. Similar MPV and Vmax were observed in each set for both the BFR and control conditions. No significant differences were observed between conditions in any set. CONCLUSIONS BFR did not imply changes in neuromuscular performance during low-intensity resistance training, but it might induce greater intra-series velocity loss and less excitation of the muscles involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García-Sillero
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Malaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Galván-García
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez-Porres
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ciencias De La Actividad Física y El Deporte, Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro Adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), 41640 Osuna, Spain
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McClean ZJ, Young A, Pohl AJ, Fine NM, Burr JF, MacInnis M, Aboodarda SJ. Blood flow restriction during high-intensity interval cycling exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a greater extent in females than males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:596-609. [PMID: 36701480 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00567.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with superimposed blood flow restriction in males and females. Twenty-four, healthy individuals (n = 12 females) completed two cycling HIIT protocols to task failure (1-min work phases at 90% of peak power output interspersed by 1-min rest phases). The blood flow restriction (BFR) and control (CON) protocols were identical except for the presence and absence of BFR during rest phases, respectively. The interpolated twitch technique, including maximal voluntary isometric knee extension (MVC) and femoral nerve electrical stimuli, was performed at baseline, every six intervals, and task failure. Perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses were recorded every three intervals and continuously during exercise, respectively. Bayesian inference was used to obtain the joint posterior distribution for all parameters and evidence of an effect was determined via the marginal posterior probability (PP). The BFR shortened task duration by 57.3% compared with CON (PP > 0.99), without a sex difference. The application of BFR exacerbated the rate of decline in neuromuscular measures (MVC and twitch force output), increase of perceptual responses (perceived effort, pain, dyspnea, fatigue), and development of cardiorespiratory parameters (minute ventilation and heart rate), compared with CON (PP > 0.95). In addition, BFR exacerbated the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to a greater extent in females than males (PP > 0.99). Our results suggest that superimposition of blood flow restriction exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a HIIT protocol to a greater extent in females than males.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, no study has explored sex differences in the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory indices characterizing exercise tolerance during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) applied only during rest periods. Our results suggest that BFR elicited a decline in exercise performance that could be attributed to integration of psychophysiological responses. However, this integration was sex-dependent where females demonstrated an exacerbated rate of change in these responses compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abbey Young
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Pohl
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nowell M Fine
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saied J Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Bartolomei S, Montesanto P, Lanzoni IM, Gatta G, Cortesi M, Fantozzi S. A Comparison between High and Low Cuff Pressures on Muscle Oxygen Saturation and Recovery Responses Following Blood-Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9138. [PMID: 36501840 PMCID: PMC9739770 DOI: 10.3390/s22239138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the recovery response and muscle oxygenation of a blood-flow restriction resistance exercise (BFR) session with high [HP: 80% of the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP)] and low cuff pressure (LP: 40% of AOP). Both exercise sessions included 4 sets to failure at the barbell preacher curl exercise. Twelve resistance trained men (27.4 ± 5.0 years; 83.5 ± 11.6 kg; 176.6 ± 7.0 cm) performed each protocol in a counterbalanced, randomized order. Maximal isometric force, muscle morphology and muscle soreness of the biceps brachii muscle were assessed at baseline, 15-min, 60-min and 24-h post each testing session. In addition, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was assessed during each training session. A lower number of repetitions (p = 0.013) was detected in HP compared to LP. A lower SmO2 (p < 0.001) was detected in the recovery time between the sets in HP (mean: 47.6 ± 15.7%) compared to LP (mean: 68.9 ± 7.2%). No differences between the two trials (p > 0.05) were noted for isometric force, muscle architecture and soreness at any timepoint. Results indicate that, despite a high cuff pressure may induce a more hypoxic condition compared to a lower cuff pressure, recovery responses may not be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bartolomei
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Montesanto
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gatta
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Cortesi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Paravlic AH, Segula J, Drole K, Hadzic V, Pajek M, Vodicar J. Tissue Flossing Around the Thigh Does Not Provide Acute Enhancement of Neuromuscular Function. Front Physiol 2022; 13:870498. [PMID: 35574482 PMCID: PMC9091176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, various methods are used for acute performance enhancement. The most recent of these is tissue flossing, which is becoming increasingly popular for both performance enhancement and rehabilitation. However, the effects of flossing on athletic performance have not been clearly demonstrated, which could be due to differences in the methodology used. In particular, the rest periods between the end of the preconditioning activity and the performance of the criterion task or assessment tools varied considerably in the published literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of applying tissue flossing to the thigh on bilateral countermovement jump performance and contractile properties of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. Nineteen recreational athletes (11 males; aged 23.1 ± 2.7 years) were randomly assigned to days of flossing application (3 sets for 2 min of flossing with 2 min rest between sets) with preset experimental pressure (EXP = 95 ± 17.4 mmHg) or control condition (CON = 18.9 ± 3.5 mmHg). The first part of the measurements was performed before and after warm-up consisting of 5 min of cycling followed by dynamic stretching and specific jumping exercises, while the second part consisted of six measurement points after flossing application (0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 min). The warm-up improved muscle response time (VL = -5%), contraction time (VL = -3.6%) muscle stiffness (VL = 17.5%), contraction velocity (VL = 23.5%), jump height (13.9%) and average power (10.5%). On the contrary, sustain time, half-relaxation time and take-off velocity stayed unaltered. Flossing, however, showed negative effects for muscle response time (F = 18.547, p < 0.001), contraction time (F = 14.899, p < 0.001), muscle stiffness (F = 8.365, p < 0.001), contraction velocity (F = 11.180, p < 0.001), jump height (F = 14.888, p < 0.001) and average power (F = 13.488, p < 0.001), whereas sustain time, half-relaxation time and take-off velocity were unaffected until the end of the study protocol regardless of condition assigned and/or time points of the assessment. It was found that the warm-up routine potentiated neuromuscular function, whereas the flossing protocol used in the current study resulted in fatigue rather than potentiation. Therefore, future studies aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship of different configurations of preconditioning activities on neuromuscular function are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin H. Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jure Segula
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Drole
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedran Hadzic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Vodicar
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Meek AW, Heavrin AM, Mikesky AE, Segal NA, Riley ZA. Subject factors influencing blood flow restriction in the arm at low cuff pressures. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:233-240. [PMID: 35319161 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb circumference predicts the pressure needed for complete occlusion. However, that relationship is inconsistent at moderate pressures typical of effective blood flow restriction (BFR) training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of subject factors on BFR at low restriction pressures in the arm. METHODS Fifty subjects had arm anthropometrics assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), sum of skinfold thickness (sumSKF) and Gulick tape (Gulick tape circumference [Gulick Circ.]) at cuff level. Blood flow (BF) was measured with ultrasound at baseline and five restrictive pressures (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mmHg). Relationships between subject characteristics and BFR were assessed using Pearson's correlations and hierarchical regression. RESULTS BF decreased (p < 0.05) at each incremental pressure. Regression models including percent muscle composition (%Muscle), pQCT circumference and systolic blood pressure (SBP), were significant at all five pressures (R2 = 0.18-0.49). %Muscle explained the most variance at each pressure. Regression models including sumSKF, Gulick Circ. and SBP, were significant at 30-60 mmHg (R2 = 0.28-0.49). SumSKF explained the most variance at each pressure. CONCLUSIONS At low pressures (20-60 mmHg), there is considerable variability in the magnitude of BFR across individuals. Arm composition factors (muscle and fat) explained the greatest variance at each cuff pressure and may be the most important consideration when using BFR protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Meek
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Adam M Heavrin
- Department of Exercise Science, Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana, USA
| | - Alan E Mikesky
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil A Segal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Zachary A Riley
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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Kilgas MA, Yoon T, McDaniel J, Phillips KC, Elmer SJ. Physiological Responses to Acute Cycling With Blood Flow Restriction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:800155. [PMID: 35360241 PMCID: PMC8963487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve muscular function and aerobic capacity. However, the extent to which cuff pressure influences acute physiological responses to aerobic exercise with BFR is not well documented. We compared blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and neuromuscular responses to acute cycling with and without BFR. Ten participants completed four intermittent cycling (6 × 2 min) conditions: low-load cycling (LL), low-load cycling with BFR at 60% of limb occlusion pressure (BFR60), low-load cycling with BFR at 80% of limb occlusion pressure (BFR80), and high-load cycling (HL). Tissue oxygenation, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses were assessed during cycling and blood flow was measured during recovery periods. Pre- to post-exercise changes in knee extensor function were also assessed. BFR60 and BFR80 reduced blood flow (~33 and ~ 50%, respectively) and tissue saturation index (~5 and ~15%, respectively) when compared to LL (all p < 0.05). BFR60 resulted in lower VO2, heart rate, ventilation, and perceived exertion compared to HL (all p < 0.05), whereas BFR80 resulted in similar heart rates and exertion to HL (both p > 0.05). BFR60 and BFR80 elicited greater pain compared to LL and HL (all p < 0.05). After exercise, knee extensor torque decreased by ~18 and 40% for BFR60 and BFR80, respectively (both p < 0.05), and was compromised mostly through peripheral mechanisms. Cycling with BFR increased metabolic stress, decreased blood flow, and impaired neuromuscular function. However, only BFR60 did so without causing very severe pain (>8 on pain intensity scale). Cycling with BFR at moderate pressure may serve as a potential alternative to traditional high-intensity aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kilgas
- School of Health and Human Performance, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Tejin Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - John McDaniel
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kevin C Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Steven J Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
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14
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Cerqueira MS, Maciel DG, Barboza JAM, Centner C, Lira M, Pereira R, De Brito Vieira WH. Effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise to failure and non-failure on myoelectric activity: a meta-analysis. J Athl Train 2021; 57:402-417. [PMID: 34038945 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0603.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the short- and long-term effects of low load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) versus low- (LL-RT) or high-load (HL-RT) resistance training with free blood flow on myoelectric activity, and investigate the differences between failure and non-failure protocols. DATA SOURCE We identified sources by searching the MEDLINE/PUBMED, CINAHL, WEB OF SCIENCE, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro electronic databases. STUDY SELECTION We screened titles and abstracts of 1048 articles using our inclusion criteria. A total of 39 articles were selected for further analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of each study and extracted data from studies. A meta-analytic approach was used to compute standardized mean differences (SMD ± 95% confidence intervals (CI)). Subgroup analyses were conducted for both failure or non-failure protocols. DATA SYNTHESIS The search identified n = 39 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the short-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during non-failure exercises (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88), whereas HL-RT increased muscle excitability compared with LL-BFR regardless of voluntary failure (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.01 to 0.21) or not (SMD -1.13, CI -1.94 to -0.33). Concerning the long-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during exercises performed to failure (SMD 1.09, CI 0.39 to 1.79). CONCLUSIONS Greater short-term muscle excitability levels are observed in LL-BFR than LL-RT during non-failure protocols. Conversely, greater muscle excitability is present during HL-RT compared with LL-BFR, regardless of volitional failure. Furthermore, LL-BFR performed to failure increases muscle excitability in the long-term compared with LL-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Daniel Germano Maciel
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Jean Artur Mendonça Barboza
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland,
| | - Maria Lira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Integrative Physiology Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, Brazil,
| | - Wouber Hérickson De Brito Vieira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
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15
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Ahmadi H, Herat N, Alizadeh S, Button DC, Granacher U, Behm DG. Effect of an inverted seated position with upper arm blood flow restriction on measures of elbow flexors neuromuscular performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245311. [PMID: 34010275 PMCID: PMC8133415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of the investigation was to determine the concomitant effects of upper arm blood flow restriction (BFR) and inversion on elbow flexors neuromuscular responses. Methods Randomly allocated, 13 volunteers performed four conditions in a within-subject design: rest (control, 1-min upright position without BFR), control (1-min upright with BFR), 1-min inverted (without BFR), and 1-min inverted with BFR. Evoked and voluntary contractile properties, before, during and after a 30-s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) exercise intervention were examined as well as pain scale. Results Inversion induced significant pre-exercise intervention decreases in elbow flexors MVC (21.1%, ηp2 = 0.48, p = 0.02) and resting evoked twitch forces (29.4%, ηp2 = 0.34, p = 0.03). The 30-s MVC induced significantly greater pre- to post-test decreases in potentiated twitch force ( ηp2 = 0.61, p = 0.0009) during inversion (↓75%) than upright (↓65.3%) conditions. Overall, BFR decreased MVC force 4.8% ( ηp2 = 0.37, p = 0.05). For upright position, BFR induced 21.0% reductions in M-wave amplitude ( ηp2 = 0.44, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences for electromyographic activity or voluntary activation as measured with the interpolated twitch technique. For all conditions, there was a significant increase in pain scale between the 40–60 s intervals and post-30-s MVC (upright<inversion, and without BFR<BFR). Conclusion The concomitant application of inversion with elbow flexors BFR only amplified neuromuscular performance impairments to a small degree. Individuals who execute forceful contractions when inverted or with BFR should be cognizant that force output may be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadi
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nehara Herat
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Azevedo RDA, Cruz R, Hasegawa JS, Gáspari AF, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Coelho DB, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Effects of induced local ischemia during a 4-km cycling time trial on neuromuscular fatigue development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R812-R823. [PMID: 33787348 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00312.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the effects of local ischemia during endurance exercise on neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). Nine cyclists performed, in a counterbalanced order, two separate 4-km cycling time trials (TT) with (ISCH) or without (CONTR) induced local ischemia. NMF was characterized by using isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVC), whereas central [voluntary activation (VA)] and peripheral fatigue [peak torque of potentiated twitch (TwPt)] of knee extensors were evaluated using electrically evoked contractions performed before (PRE) and 1 min after (POST) the TT. Electromyographic activity (EMG), power output (PO), oxygen uptake (V̇o2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded. The decrease in IMVC (-15 ± 9% vs. -10 ± 8%, P = 0.66), VA (-4 ± 3% vs. -3 ± 3%, P = 0.46), and TwPt (-16 ± 7% vs. -19 ± 14%, P = 0.67) was similar in ISCH and CONTR. Endurance performance was drastically reduced in ISCH condition (512 ± 29 s) compared with CONTR (386 ± 17 s) (P < 0.001), which was accompanied by lower EMG, PO, and V̇o2 responses (all P < 0.05). RPE was greater in ISCH compared with CONTR (P < 0.05), but the rate of change was similar throughout the TT (8.19 ± 2.59 vs. 7.81 ± 2.01 RPE.% of total time-1, P > 0.05). These results indicate that similar end-exercise NMF levels were accompanied by impaired endurance performance in ISCH compared with CONTR. These novel findings suggest that the local reduced oxygen availability affected the afferent feedback signals to the central nervous system, ultimately increasing perceived effort and reducing muscle activity and exercise intensity to avoid surpassing a sensory tolerance limit before the finish line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Almeida Azevedo
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Satoshi Hasegawa
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos David Silva-Cavalcante
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition. Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boari Coelho
- Center of Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Science, Federal University of ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Faculty of Nutrition. Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology - Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Keller JL, Hill EC, Housh TJ, Smith CM, Anders JPV, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. The acute and early phase effects of blood flow restriction training on ratings of perceived exertion, performance fatigability, and muscular strength in women. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training (RT) has garnered recent interest, but female-specific data remains scarce. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to examine the effects of 2-wks of low-load concentric, isokinetic, reciprocal forearm flexion and extension training, with and without BFR on perceptual responses, performance fatigability, and muscular strength. METHODS: Twenty women were assigned to a BFRT or a non-BFRT group. Each group trained at 30% of concentric peak moment. Each session consisted of 75 concentric, isokinetic, reciprocal forearm flexion extension muscle actions. RPEs were recorded following each set. Pretest and posttest maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force was measured, and percent decline was defined as performance fatigability. RESULTS: The RPE values (p< 0.05) increased across sets. Strength (collapsed across muscle action) increased (p< 0.05) from 0-wk (23.7 ± 3.2 Nm) to 2-wk (26.8 ± 2.7 Nm). Independent of group and muscle action, performance fatigability (p< 0.05) increased from 0-wk (10.9 ± 5.0%) to 2-wk (14.1 ± 4.4%). CONCLUSIONS: 2-wks of low-load concentric, reciprocal forearm flexion and extension training resulted in similar training-induced changes in perceptual responses, performance fatigability, and muscular strength between BFRT and non-BFRT. These findings may reduce concerns of increased perceptual responses following BFRRT compared to non-BFRRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education, University of South Alabama, AL, USA
| | - Ethan C. Hill
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Cory M. Smith
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - John Paul V. Anders
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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18
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Acute Effects of Tissue Flossing Around the Upper Thigh on Neuromuscular Performance: A Study Using Different Degrees of Wrapping Pressure. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:601-608. [PMID: 33238242 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It has been recently demonstrated that tissue flossing around the ankle joint can be effectively used to improve ankle range of motion, jump, and sprint ability. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the acute effects of tissue flossing applied using different wrapping pressures. OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute effects of tissue flossing and the degree of floss band pressure, around the upper thigh on knee range of motion, strength, and muscle contractile characteristics. DESIGN Crossover design in 3 distinct sessions. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 19 recreationally trained volunteers (age 23.8[4.8] y) participated in this study. INTERVENTION Active knee extension and flexion performed for 3 sets of 2 minutes (2-min rest between sets with wrapped upper thigh). Individualized wrapping pressures were applied to create conditions of high and moderate vascular occlusion, while a loose band application served as a control condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants were assessed for active straight leg raise test; tensiomyography displacement and contraction time for rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and biceps femoris muscles; and maximum voluntary contractions for knee extensors and flexors for pre, after, and 30 minutes after applying the floss band. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in maximum voluntary contractions for knee extensors and a significant shortening in rectus femoris contraction time for the moderate condition, which was associated with small to medium effects in favor of the moderate condition. There were no statistically significant changes observed between control and high conditions. The active straight leg raise test was unaffected regardless of intervention. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that tissue flossing around the upper thigh might have a localized as well as pressure-sensitive response, thereby improving neuromuscular function of the knee extensors.
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Acute Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) With Blood Flow Restriction: The Effect of Restriction Pressures. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:375-383. [PMID: 32736338 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to improve muscular strength and size better than NMES alone. However, previous studies used varied methodologies not recommended by previous NMES or BFR research. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the acute effects of NMES combined with varying degrees of BFR using research-recommended procedures to enhance understanding and the clinical applicability of this combination. DESIGN Randomized crossover. SETTING Physiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 20 healthy adults (age 27 [4] y; height 177 [8] cm; body mass 77 [13] kg). INTERVENTIONS Six sessions separated by at least 7 days. The first 2 visits served as familiarization, with the experimental conditions performed in the final 4 sessions: NMES alone, NMES 40% BFR, NMES 60% BFR, and NMES 80% BFR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal voluntary isometric contraction, muscle thickness, blood pressure, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and pain were all recorded before and after each condition. RESULTS The NMES 80% BFR caused greater maximal voluntary isometric contraction decline than any other condition (-38.9 [22.3] N·m, P < .01). Vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscle thickness acutely increased after all experimental conditions (P < .05). Pain and ratings of perceived exertion were higher after NMES 80% BFR compared with all other experimental conditions (P < .05). No cardiovascular effects were observed between conditions. CONCLUSION The NMES combined with 80% BFR caused greater acute force decrement than the other conditions. However, greater perceptual ratings of pain and ratings of perceived exertion were observed with NMES 80% BFR. These acute observations must be investigated during chronic interventions to corroborate any relationship to changes in muscle strength and size in clinical populations.
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L-carnitine's role in KAATSU training- induced neuromuscular fatigue. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Egawa K, Horii Y, Misonou Y, Yamasaki I, Takemoto D, Ono Y, Rogi T, Shibata H, Nagai K. Sesame lignans increase sympathetic nerve activity and blood flow in rat skeletal muscles. Physiol Res 2020; 69:253-260. [PMID: 32199013 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of sesame lignans, especially antioxidative effects, have been widely reported; however, its potential effects on autonomic nerves have not yet been investigated. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of sesame lignans on the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nerve activity in rat skeletal muscle was measured using electrophysiological approaches, with blood flow determined using the laser Doppler method. Sesame lignans were administered intragastrically at 2 and 20 mg/kg, and after 60 min, the sympathetic nerve activity was observed to increase by 45.2% and 66.1%, respectively. A significant increase in blood flow (39.6%) was also observed for the 20-mg/kg dose when measured at 55 min after administration. These sympathomimetic effects were completely prevented by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, and the increase in blood flow was eliminated in the presence of the beta2-adrenergic receptor inhibitor butoxamine. Thus, it is proposed that sesame lignans can increase the blood flow of skeletal muscle, possibly by exciting sympathetic nerve activity through the afferent vagal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Egawa
- ANBAS Corporation, Toyosaki Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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22
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Cirilo-Sousa MDS, Lemos JB, Poderoso R, Araújo RCTD, Aniceto RR, Pereira PMG, Araújo JP, Lucena PHM, Paz CR, Araújo Júnior ATD. PREDICTIVE EQUATION FOR BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192506186803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction No research has investigated predictive equations for application in blood flow restriction (BFR) training using a cuff with a circumference of 18 cm for the lower limbs, and including age and sex as predictor variables. Objectives To develop an equation to predict cuff pressure levels for use in BFR training for the lower limbs. Methods A total of 51 adults (age 23.23 ± 5.24 years) of both sexes (males, n= 32; females, n= 19) underwent a series of tests and anthropometric (body mass, height, body mass index – BMI, and thigh circumference – TC) and hemodynamic (brachial systolic – SBP – and diastolic – DBP – blood pressure) measurements. The arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) of the lower limbs was measured using a Doppler probe. Results The predictive equation was developed based on a hierarchical linear regression model consisting of six blocks, corresponding to TC (β = 0.380; p = 0.005), SBP (β = 0.091; p = 0.482), age (β = 0.320; p = 0.015), and sex (β = -0.207; p = 0.105), which explained 39.7% of the variation in arterial occlusion pressure. DBP and BMI were not associated with AOP. As a result, the predictive equation is as follows: AOP (mmHg) = 65.290 + 1.110 (TC in cm) + 0.178 (SBP in mmHg) + 1.153 (age in years) – 7.984 (sex, 1 – male and 2 – female), reporting values of r = 0.630, r2 = 0.397 and SEE = 15,289. Conclusion Cuff pressure for BFR training of the lower limbs may be selected based on TC, SBP, age and sex, and thigh circumference is considered the main predictor. Level of Evidence III, Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference standard.
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23
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Hwang PS, Willoughby DS. Mechanisms Behind Blood Flow-Restricted Training and its Effect Toward Muscle Growth. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S167-S179. [PMID: 30011262 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hwang, P and Willoughby, DS. Mechanisms behind blood flow-restricted training and its effect toward muscle growth. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S167-S179, 2019-It is widely established throughout the literature that skeletal muscle can induce hypertrophic adaptations after progressive overload of moderate-to-high-intensity resistance training. However, there has recently been a growing body of research that shows that the combination of blood flow-restricted (BFR) training with low-intensity resistance exercise can induce similar gains in muscular strength and hypertrophic adaptations. The implementation of external pressure cuffs over the most proximal position of the limb extremities with the occlusion of venous outflow of blood distal to the occlusion site defines the BFR training protocol. There are various mechanisms through which BFR training may cause the stimulations for skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increases in strength. These may include increases in hormonal concentrations, increases within the components of the intracellular signaling pathways for muscle protein synthesis such as the mTOR pathway, increases within biomarkers denoting satellite cell activity and apparent patterns in fiber type recruitment. There have also been scientific findings demonstrating hypertrophic effects within both BFR limbs and non-BFR muscles during BFR training programs. The purpose behind this critical review will be to provide a comprehensive discussion on relevant literature that can help elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms leading to hypertrophic adaptations after BFR training programs. This review will also explicate the various findings within the literature that focalizes on both BFR limb and non-BFR muscle hypertrophy after bouts of BFR training. Furthermore, this critical review will also address the various needs for future research in the many components underlying the novel modality of BFR training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hwang
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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24
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Silva JCG, Pereira Neto EA, Pfeiffer PAS, Neto GR, Rodrigues AS, Bemben MG, Patterson SD, Batista GR, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Acute and Chronic Responses of Aerobic Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1239. [PMID: 31636569 PMCID: PMC6787286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence pertaining to the acute and chronic changes promoted by aerobic exercise (AE) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on neuromuscular, metabolic and hemodynamic variables. PubMed, Web of ScienceTM and Scopus databases were searched for the period from January 2000 to June 2019 and the analysis involved a critical content review. A total of 313 articles were identified, of which 271 were excluded and 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Twelve studies evaluated the acute effects and eight studies evaluated the chronic metabolic effects of AE + BFR. For the neuromuscular variables, three studies analyzed the acute effects of AE + BFR and nine studies analyzed the chronic effects. Only 15 studies were identified that evaluated the hemodynamic acute effects of AE + BFR. The analysis provided evidence that AE combined with BFR promotes positive acute and chronic changes in neuromuscular and metabolic variables, a greater elevation in hemodynamic variables than exercise alone, and a higher energy demand during and after exercise. Since these alterations were all well-tolerated, this method can be considered to be safe and feasible for populations of athletes, healthy young, obese, and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Cesar Gomes Silva
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Faculty Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), Coordination of Physical Education, Nursing and Medical Schools, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Coordination of Physical Education, University Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Elísio Alves Pereira Neto
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patrick Alan Souza Pfeiffer
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Faculty Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), Coordination of Physical Education, Nursing and Medical Schools, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Coordination of Physical Education, University Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Amanda Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys' University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilmário Ricarte Batista
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria S Cirilo-Sousa
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Kjeldsen SS, Næss-Schmidt ET, Hansen GM, Nielsen JF, Stubbs PW. Neuromuscular effects of dorsiflexor training with and without blood flow restriction. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02341. [PMID: 31467996 PMCID: PMC6710534 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has been proposed for elderly and clinical populations with weakness. Before being used in these populations it is important to understand the neurological effects of, and subject perceptions to, BFRT. Seventeen healthy subjects were recruited and performed 2 experimental sessions, BFRT and training without blood flow restriction (TR-only), on separate days. Four sets of concentric/eccentric dorsiflexion contractions against theraband resistance were performed. Surface electromyography of the tibialis anterior was recorded during exercise and for the electrophysiological measures. At baseline, immediately-post, 10-min-post and 20-min-post exercise, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), paired-pulse TMS with interstimulus intervals of 2-ms (SICI) and 15-ms (ICF), and the M-max amplitude were recorded in the resting TA. Following training, subjects provided a numerical rating of the levels of pain, discomfort, fatigue, focus and difficulty during training. Muscle activation was higher in the last 20 contractions during BFRT compared to TR. There was no difference (time × condition interaction) between BFRT and TR for single-pulse MEP, SICI, ICF or M-max amplitude. There was a significant main effect of timepoint for single-pulse MEP and M-max amplitudes with both significantly reduced for 20-min-post exercise. No reductions were observed for SICI and ICF amplitudes. Taken together, BFRT and TR-only were only different during exercise and both regimes induced similar significant reductions in M-Max and MEP-amplitude post-training. Due to the lack of changes in SICI and ICF, it is unlikely that changes occurred in cortical sites related to these pathways. The increased surface electromyography activity in the last 20 contractions, indicate that the training regimes are different and that BFRT possibly induces more fatigue than TR. As such, BFRT could be used as an adjunct to conventional training. However, as subjects perceived BFRT as more painful, difficult and uncomfortable than TR-only, people should be selected carefully to undertake BFRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Svanborg Kjeldsen
- Research Department, Hammel Neurorehabilitation and Research Center, Aarhus University, Hammel, Denmark
| | | | - Gunhild Mo Hansen
- Research Department, Hammel Neurorehabilitation and Research Center, Aarhus University, Hammel, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen
- Research Department, Hammel Neurorehabilitation and Research Center, Aarhus University, Hammel, Denmark
| | - Peter William Stubbs
- Research Department, Hammel Neurorehabilitation and Research Center, Aarhus University, Hammel, Denmark.,University of Technology Sydney, Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, Sydney, Australia
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26
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COPITHORNE DAVIDB, RICE CHARLESL. Neuromuscular Function and Blood Flow Occlusion with Dynamic Arm Flexor Contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:205-213. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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de Castro F, Alves G, Oliveira L, Tourinho Filho H, Puggina E. Strength training with intermittent blood flow restriction improved strength without changes in neural aspects on quadriceps muscle. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Centner C, Ritzmann R, Schur S, Gollhofer A, König D. Blood flow restriction increases myoelectric activity and metabolic accumulation during whole-body vibration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1439-1449. [PMID: 30949807 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whole-body vibration (WBV) training is frequently applied in sports and rehabilitation with the aim of inducing beneficial functional and structural adaptations. In the past decades, blood flow restriction (BFR) training has received increasing attention by enhancing the effectiveness of several low-load exercise regimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the additional effect of BFR on myoelectric activity and metabolic accumulation during WBV training. METHODS Fifteen active men performed three sessions in a counterbalanced order on three different days: whole-body vibration exercise (WBV), whole-body vibration exercise with blood flow restriction (WBV + BFR), and a control session (CON) with neither WBV nor BFR. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured in six lower limb muscles throughout each exercise session; lactate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were determined prior to, immediately after and 15 min after the exercise sessions. RESULTS EMG amplitudes increased from CON (29 ± 13% MVC) to WBV (45 ± 20% MVC) to WBV + BFR (71 ± 37% MVC) conditions (p < 0.05). Likewise, lactate concentrations increased in a similar manner, demonstrating significantly higher increases in the WBV + BFR session compared to WBV and CON. Furthermore, significant correlations between lactate concentration and EMG amplitude were detected. ROS concentration did not change significantly between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study emphasize that the addition of BFR increases the acute effects beyond WBV treatment alone which becomes manifested in both neuromuscular and metabolic adaptations. Further research is needed to identify potential long-term effects of the combination of these two training regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schur
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Copithorne DB, Rice CL. The effect of blood flow occlusion during acute low-intensity isometric elbow flexion exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:587-595. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise as a Rehabilitation Modality Following Orthopaedic Surgery: A Review of Venous Thromboembolism Risk. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019; 49:17-27. [PMID: 30208794 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synopsis Restoration of skeletal muscle mass and strength is critical to successful outcomes following orthopaedic surgery. Blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise has emerged as a promising means of augmenting traditional low-intensity physical rehabilitation exercise and has yielded successful outcomes in a wide range of applications. Though BFR is well tolerated and safe for most individuals, patients who have undergone orthopaedic surgery may be an exception, due to their heightened risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). While the pathogenesis of VTE is multifactorial and specific to the individual, it is commonly described as a combination of blood stasis, endothelial injury, and alterations in the constituents of the blood leading to hypercoagulability. The collective literature suggests that, given the pathogenic mechanisms of VTE, limited use of a wide, partially occluding cuff during resistance exercise should be low risk, and the likelihood that BFR would directly cause a VTE event is remote. Alternatively, it is plausible that BFR may enhance blood flow and promote fibrinolysis. Of greater concern is the individual with pre-existing asymptomatic VTE, which could be dislodged during BFR. However, it is unknown whether the direct risk associated with BFR is greater than the risk accompanying traditional exercise alone. Presently, there are no universally agreed-upon standards indicating which postsurgical orthopaedic patients may perform BFR safely. While excluding all these patients from BFR may be overly cautious, clinicians need to thoroughly screen for VTE signs and symptoms, be cognizant of each patient's risk factors, and use proper equipment and prescription methods prior to initiating BFR. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(1):17-27. Epub 12 Sep 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8375.
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31
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Husmann F, Mittlmeier T, Bruhn S, Zschorlich V, Behrens M. Impact of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise on Muscle Fatigue Development and Recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:436-446. [PMID: 29112627 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was designed to provide mechanistic insight into the time course and etiology of muscle fatigue development and recovery during and after low-intensity exercise when it is combined with blood flow restriction (BFR). METHODS Seventeen resistance-trained males completed four sets of low-intensity isotonic resistance exercise under two experimental conditions: knee extension exercise (i) with BFR and (ii) without BFR (CON). Neuromuscular tests were performed before, during (immediately after each set of knee extension exercise), and 1, 2, 4, and 8 min after each experimental condition. Maximal voluntary torque, quadriceps twitch torque in response to paired electrical stimuli at 10 Hz (PS10) and 100 Hz (PS100), PS10·PS100 ratio as an index of low-frequency fatigue, and voluntary activation were measured under isometric conditions. Perceptual and EMG data were recorded during each exercise condition. RESULTS After the first set of exercise, BFR induced significantly greater reductions in maximal voluntary torque, PS100, and PS10·PS100 ratio compared with CON. These parameters progressively declined throughout the BFR protocol but recovered substantially within 2 min postexercise when blood flow was restored. Neither a progressive decline in the course of the exercise protocol nor a substantial recovery of these parameters occurred during and after CON. Only at exercise termination, voluntary activation differed significantly between BFR and CON with greater reductions during BFR. CONCLUSION At the early stage of exercise, BFR exacerbated the development of muscle fatigue mainly due to a pronounced impairment in contractile function. Despite the high level of muscle fatigue during BFR exercise, the effect of BFR on muscle fatigue was diminished after 2 min of reperfusion, suggesting that BFR has a strong but short-lasting effect on neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Husmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, GERMANY
| | | | - Sven Bruhn
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, GERMANY
| | | | - Martin Behrens
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, GERMANY
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Fatela P, Reis JF, Mendonca GV, Freitas T, Valamatos MJ, Avela J, Mil-Homens P. Acute Neuromuscular Adaptations in Response to Low-Intensity Blood-Flow Restricted Exercise and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise: Are There Any Differences? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:902-910. [PMID: 29570594 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fatela, P, Reis, JF, Mendonca, GV, Freitas, T, Valamatos, MJ, Avela, J, and Mil-Homens, P. Acute neuromuscular adaptations in response to low-intensity blood flow restricted exercise and high-intensity resistance exercise: are there any differences? J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 902-910, 2018-Numerous studies have reported similar neuromuscular adaptations between low-intensity (LI) blood-flow restricted exercise (BFRE) and high-intensity (HI) resistance training. Unfortunately, none of these experimental designs individualized blood flow restriction (BFR) levels to each participant. Thus, their findings are difficult to interpret. We aimed at comparing the acute effects of LI BFR (80% of absolute vascular occlusion pressure) with LI non-BFR and HI training on muscle torque, activation, and neuromuscular fatigue. Ten men (23.8 ± 5.4 years) exercised at 20 and 75% of 1 repetition maximum with and without BFR (for LI). Blood flow restriction pressure was determined individually using resting blood-flow measurements. Torque was determined during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) at pre-exercise and postexercise time points. Surface electromyographic activity (root mean square [RMS] and median frequency [MF]) was recorded for the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles, before and after each session of training, during isometric contractions at 20% MVC. Torque decreased post-HI and LI BFR (-9.5 and -7.8%, respectively; p < 0.01), but not after LI non-BFR. The MF was reduced following HI training in the VM and the RF muscles (-5.3 and -12.5%, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, the impact of LI BFR on reducing MF was limited to the RF muscle (-10.7%, p ≤ 0.05). Finally, when compared to all other conditions, RMS values were consistently higher during submaximal contractions performed after HI training (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, we conclude that, despite enhancing the acute magnitude of muscular activation and fatigue, LI BFR exercise exerts a less profound impact on neuromuscular function than HI resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fatela
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,European University, Laureate International Universities, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás Freitas
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J Valamatos
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Janne Avela
- European University, Laureate International Universities, Lisbon, Portugal.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology and Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Pedro Mil-Homens
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nakajima T, Koide S, Yasuda T, Hasegawa T, Yamasoba T, Obi S, Toyoda S, Nakamura F, Inoue T, Poole DC, Kano Y. Muscle hypertrophy following blood flow-restricted, low-force isometric electrical stimulation in rat tibialis anterior: role for muscle hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:134-145. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00972.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-force exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR) elicits muscle hypertrophy as seen typically after higher-force exercise. We investigated the effects of microvascular hypoxia [i.e., low microvascular O2 partial pressures (P mvO2)] during contractions on muscle hypertrophic signaling, growth response, and key muscle adaptations for increasing exercise capacity. Wistar rats were fitted with a cuff placed around the upper thigh and inflated to restrict limb blood flow. Low-force isometric contractions (30 Hz) were evoked via electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The P mvO2 was determined by phosphorescence quenching. Rats underwent acute and chronic stimulation protocols. Whereas P mvO2 decreased transiently with 30 Hz contractions, simultaneous BFR induced severe hypoxia, reducing P mvO2 lower than present for maximal (100 Hz) contractions. Low-force electrical stimulation (EXER) induced muscle hypertrophy (6.2%, P < 0.01), whereas control group conditions or BFR alone did not. EXER+BFR also induced an increase in muscle mass (11.0%, P < 0.01) and, unique among conditions studied, significantly increased fiber cross-sectional area in the superficial TA ( P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 was enhanced by EXER+BFR, as were peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α and glucose transporter 4 protein levels. Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), and cluster of differentiation 147 increased with EXER alone. EXER+BFR significantly increased MCT1 expression more than EXER alone. These data demonstrate that microvascular hypoxia during contractions is not essential for hypertrophy. However, hypoxia induced via BFR may potentiate the muscle hypertrophic response (as evidenced by the increased superficial fiber cross-sectional area) with increased glucose transporter and mitochondrial biogenesis, which contributes to the pleiotropic effects of exercise training with BFR that culminate in an improved capacity for sustained exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the effects of low microvascular O2 partial pressures (P mvO2) during contractions on muscle hypertrophic signaling and key elements in the muscle adaptation for increasing exercise capacity. Although demonstrating that muscle hypoxia is not obligatory for the hypertrophic response to low-force, electrically induced muscle contractions, the reduced P mvO2 enhanced ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation and potentiated the hypertrophic response. Furthermore, contractions with blood flow restriction increased oxidative capacity, glucose transporter, and mitochondrial biogenesis, which are key determinants of the pleiotropic effects of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Koide
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasuda
- School of Nursing, Seirei Christopher University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Syotaro Obi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Research Support Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Nakamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - David C. Poole
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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Karabulut U, Karabulut M, James EG. Small arteries stay stiff for a longer period following vibration exercises in combination with blood flow restriction. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2018; 38:1000-1007. [PMID: 29618165 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of isometric exercises performed during whole-body vibration (WBV) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on arterial elasticity and hemodynamic variables. METHODS Eight male subjects performed static upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) exercises on a vibration platform with and without BFR. During BFR sessions, BFR cuffs were placed on the arms or legs and inflated to a target pressure. Exercises consisted of eight 45-s sets for UB, and ten 1-min sets for LB. Arterial elasticity and hemodynamic variables were assessed before, at 10 min and 40 min postexercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the mean differences in related variables. RESULTS A significant condition (BFR versus no-BFR) main effect was detected for small arterial elasticity (P<0·05). For heart rate (HR), there were significant time (P<0·01), condition (P = 0·02) and body (P = 0·04) main effects during exercise and condition (P<0·04) and time (P<0·01) main effects following exercise. Significantly lower values in systemic vascular resistance were detected at 10 min post compared to 40 min post (P<0·02) and UB compared to LB (P = 0·02). CONCLUSIONS Results showed that small arteries stayed stiffer for a longer period of time after vibration exercises with BFR and BFR placed a greater demand on cardiovascular system. Findings also indicated that the type of exercises performed and/or the measurement location are very important and should be taken into account when examining arterial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulku Karabulut
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Eric G James
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Brownsville, TX, USA
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NIELSEN JAKOBLINDBERG, FRANDSEN ULRIK, PROKHOROVA TATYANA, BECH RUNEDUEHOLM, NYGAARD TOBIAS, SUETTA CHARLOTTE, AAGAARD PER. Delayed Effect of Blood Flow–restricted Resistance Training on Rapid Force Capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1157-1167. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fatela P, Reis JF, Mendonca GV, Avela J, Mil-Homens P. Acute effects of exercise under different levels of blood-flow restriction on muscle activation and fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:985-95. [PMID: 27017495 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is some evidence that muscular activation during exercise is enhanced by higher levels of blood flow restriction (BFR). However, the impact of different relative levels of BFR on the acute neuromuscular response to resistance exercise is not yet fully understood. We examined the acute effects of low-intensity knee extensions [20 % of 1-repetition maximum (1RM)] with BFR on muscle activation, neuromuscular fatigue and torque in the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. METHODS Fourteen men (24.8 ± 5.4 years) exercised at 20 % 1RM combined with 40, 60 and 80 % BFR. Restrictive pressures were calculated based on direct blood-flow measurements taken at rest on each participant. Torque was determined during pre- and post-exercise maximal voluntary contractions. Surface electromyographic activity [root mean square (RMS)] was obtained during dynamic and sustained isometric contractions before and after exercise. The median frequency (MF) of the electromyographic power spectrum was computed for isometric contractions. RESULTS Torque only decreased in the 80 % BFR condition (-5.2 %; p < 0.01). Except for the VM in the 40 % BFR, MF decreased in both muscles post-exercise in all conditions (p < 0.01). MF decrements were of greater magnitude post-exercise at higher levels of BFR. RMS increased within all sets in both muscles (p < 0.01) and attained higher values in the 80 % BFR condition; except for set 1 in the RF muscle (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Muscular activation, as well as neuromuscular fatigue, varies as a function of relative BFR intensity. Therefore, the individual determination of vascular restriction levels is crucial before engaging in BFR exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fatela
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana F Reis
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Janne Avela
- Department of Biology and Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Pedro Mil-Homens
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Lisboa, Portugal
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Brandner CR, Warmington SA, Kidgell DJ. Corticomotor Excitability is Increased Following an Acute Bout of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:652. [PMID: 26696864 PMCID: PMC4667065 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate whether an acute bout of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulated changes in corticomotor excitability (motor evoked potential, MEP) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and compared the responses to two traditional resistance exercise methods. Ten males completed four unilateral elbow flexion exercise trials in a balanced, randomized crossover design: (1) heavy-load (HL: 80% one-repetition maximum [1-RM]); (2) light-load (LL; 20% 1-RM) and two other light-load trials with BFR applied; (3) continuously at 80% resting systolic blood pressure (BFR-C); or (4) intermittently at 130% resting systolic blood pressure (BFR-I). MEP amplitude and SICI were measured using TMS at baseline, and at four time-points over a 60 min post-exercise period. MEP amplitude increased rapidly (within 5 min post-exercise) for BFR-C and remained elevated for 60 min post-exercise compared with all other trials. MEP amplitudes increased for up to 20 and 40 min for LL and BFR-I, respectively. These findings provide evidence that BFR resistance exercise can modulate corticomotor excitability, possibly due to altered sensory feedback via group III and IV afferents. This response may be an acute indication of neuromuscular adaptations that underpin changes in muscle strength following a BFR resistance training programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Roy Brandner
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Melbourne, Burwood, VIC, Australia ; Talent Identification Unit, Sport Science Department, Aspire Academy Doha, Qatar
| | - Stuart Anthony Warmington
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Melbourne, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Dawson John Kidgell
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Strength training combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) have been used to improve the levels of muscle adaptation. The aim of this paper was to investigate the acute effect of high intensity squats with and without blood flow restriction on muscular fatigue levels. Twelve athletes (aged 25.95 ± 0.84 years) were randomized into two groups: without Blood Flow Restriction (NFR, n = 6) and With Blood Flow Restriction (WFR, n = 6) that performed a series of free weight squats with 80% 1-RM until concentric failure. The strength of the quadriceps extensors was assessed in a maximum voluntary isometric contraction integrated to signals from the surface electromyogram. The average frequency showed significant reductions in the WFR group for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, and intergroup only for the vastus medialis. In conclusion, a set of squats at high intensity with BFR could compromise muscle strength immediately after exercise, however, differences were not significant between groups.
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Karabulut M, Perez G. Neuromuscular response to varying pressures created by tightness of restriction cuff. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:1494-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Mendonca GV, Vaz JR, Teixeira MS, Grácio T, Pezarat-Correia P. Metabolic cost of locomotion during treadmill walking with blood flow restriction. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:308-16. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V. Mendonca
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior; Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - João R. Vaz
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior; Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Micael S. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior; Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Telma Grácio
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior; Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior; Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
- Center of Human Performance (CIPER); Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
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Karabulut M, Leal JA, Garcia SD, Cavazos C, Bemben M. Tissue oxygenation, strength and lactate response to different blood flow restrictive pressures. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:263-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance; University of Texas at Brownsville; Brownsville TX USA
| | - Jose A. Leal
- Department of Health and Human Performance; University of Texas at Brownsville; Brownsville TX USA
| | - Sonio D. Garcia
- Institute for Health Promotion Research; University of Texas Health Science Center; Brownsville TX USA
| | - Charity Cavazos
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK USA
| | - Michael Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK USA
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Ghasemi M, Bagheri H, Olyaei G, Talebian S, Shadmehr A, Jalaei S, Kalantari KK. Effects of cyclic static stretch on fatigue recovery of triceps surae in female basketball players. Biol Sport 2013; 30:97-102. [PMID: 24744474 PMCID: PMC3944585 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1044224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Static stretch is a safe and feasible method which usually is used before exercise to avoid muscle injury and to improve muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclic static stretch (CSS) on fatigue recovery of triceps surae (TS) in female basketball players. Nine athlete volunteers between 20 and 30 years participated in this study containing two sessions. After warm-up a pressure cuff was fastened above the knee joint and its pressure was increased to 140 mmHg. The subjects were asked to perform one maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by a fatigue test including maximum isometric fatiguing contraction of TS. These steps were similar in both sessions. Then, a two-minute rest was included in the first session while 4 static stretches were performed to TS in the second session. After interventions, one MVC was done and the pressure cuff was released. During these steps, peak torque (PT) and electromyography (EMG) were recorded. The amount of lower leg pain was determined by the visual analogue scale (VAS). The value of PT increased significantly after CSS but its increase was not significant after rest. It seems that the effects of rest and CSS on the EMG parameters, PT and pain are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghasemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Bagheri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Olyaei
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Talebian
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shadmehr
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Jalaei
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - K K Kalantari
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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James EG, Karabulut M. Vascular restriction decreases EMG regularity during walking. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:389-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Karabulut M, Sherk VD, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Inflammation marker, damage marker and anabolic hormone responses to resistance training with vascular restriction in older males. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:393-9. [PMID: 23701309 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine anabolic hormone, muscle damage marker and inflammation marker responses to two types of resistance training protocols in older men. Thirty-six healthy older males (mean age = 56.6 ± 0.6 years) completed 6 weeks of high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT), low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction (LI-BFR) or no exercise control group (CON) three times per week. Three upper body exercises were performed by both exercise groups at the same intensity (at 80% 1-RM), but lower body exercises were performed by the HI-RT group at 80% 1-RM and by the LI-BFR group at 20% 1-RM with vascular restriction. Resting serum creatine kinase (CK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and testosterone (T) were measured before and after training. No significant group differences in resting CK, IL-6, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and T were detected following training (P>0.05). In addition, there were no significant changes in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), but a trend for significant decreases in the percent changes in thigh subcutaneous fat (P = 0.051). Although training-induced anabolic hormone response did not reach statistical significance, our findings on CK and IL-6 indicated that the LI-BFR training protocol was safe and well tolerated for older men to perform to improve muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
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COOK SUMMERB, MURPHY BETHANYG, LABARBERA KATHERINEE. Neuromuscular Function after a Bout of Low-Load Blood Flow–Restricted Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:67-74. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31826c6fa8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hotta Y, Ito K. EMG-based detection of muscle fatigue during low-level isometric contraction: effects of electrode configuration and blood flow restriction. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:3877-9. [PMID: 22255186 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed muscle fatigue during low-level contraction, which is sometimes difficult to observe. Surface EMG signals were recorded with monopolar and bipolar configurations during low-level isometric muscle contraction under a blood flow restriction condition (BFR condition) and a non-blood flow restriction condition (CON condition). As indices of fatigue, center frequency (CF) of the power spectral density (PSD) of the surface EMG and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) with the Borg CR-10 Scale were used. Results suggested that the monopolar configuration, which has a wider detection area relative than the bipolar one, was well suited for obtaining wave slowing accompanied by muscle fatigue. In addition, the monopolar configuration could detect differences in muscle condition in the BFR and CON conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hotta
- Niigata Institute of Technology, 1719 Fujihashi, Kashiwazaki 945-1195, Japan. @gmail.com
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Sugaya M, Yasuda T, Suga T, Okita K, Abe T. Change in intramuscular inorganic phosphate during multiple sets of blood flow-restricted low-intensity exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011; 31:411-3. [PMID: 21771263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2011.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscular blood flow reduction (BFR) during multiple sets of low-intensity exercise training has been shown to elicit muscle hypertrophy and strength gain. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the hypertrophic adaptations to low-intensity BFR exercise, which include muscle fatigue with metabolic stress. However, the change in intramuscular inorganic phosphate (Pi, an index of muscle fatigue) during multiple sets of low-intensity exercise with BFR is poorly understood. Eight men performed four sets of unilateral plantar flexion exercise (20% 1-RM) on a (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Each subject wore a cuff (5-cm wide) on the most proximal portion of the thigh; the cuff was inflated during the exercise session at three different pressures [0 mmHg as the control ± (CON), 180 mmHg as moderate restriction (BFR-M) and 230 mmHg as high restriction (BFR-H)]. During the first and second exercise sets, the increase in Pi was higher (P<0·05) with BFR-H than with BFR-M and CON. On the other hand, the decrease in Pi was lower with BFR-H than with CON during the second and third rest periods between sets. As a result, the Pi concentration increased progressively (P<0·05) with BFR-H, while the Pi was relatively constant with BFR-M and CON during the exercise session. Our results suggest that intramuscular Pi accumulation during multiple sets of low-intensity exercise can be produced only by a high level of BFR, but not by moderate reduction. The Pi accumulation was associated both with exercise and with the rest period between sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sugaya
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
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Influence of decreased muscular blood flow induced by external compression on muscle activation and maximal strength after a single bout of low-intensity exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5432/jjpehss.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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