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Mao L, Keenor SG, Cai C, Kilham S, Murfitt J, Reid BJ. Recycling paper to recarbonise soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157473. [PMID: 35868366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon can be increased through sympathetic land management and/or directly by incorporating carbon rich amendments. Herein, a field experiment amended paper crumble (PC) to soil at a normal deployment rate of 50 t ha-1, and at higher rates up to 200 t ha-1. The nominal 50 t ha-1 PC amendment resulted a mean increase in soil carbon of 12.5 g kg-1. Using a modified Roth-C carbon fate model, the long-term (50 years) carbon storage potential of a 50 t ha-1 PC amendment was determined to be 0.36 tOC ha-1. Modelling a rotational (4 yearly) 50 t ha-1 PC amendment indicated 6.65 tOC ha-1 uplift would accrue after 50 years. Contextualised for the average farm in the East of England (~120 ha, with 79 % as arable), PC derived increases in SOC would be equivalent to 2310 t CO2e. These results support the use of PC to deliver significant levels of soil recarbonisation. Beyond carbon, PC was observed to influence other soil properties. Benefits observed included, decreased bulk density, increased water holding capacity, and increased cation exchange capacity. While PC amendment did not significantly increase wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop yield, manifold benefits in terms of increased SOC, long-term carbon storage potential, and improved soil quality sustain PC as a beneficial soil conditioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Sam G Keenor
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Chao Cai
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | | | | | - Brian J Reid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Turner T, Wheeler R, Oliver IW. Evaluating land application of pulp and paper mill sludge: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115439. [PMID: 35751254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that >400 Mt of board and paper are produced globally per year, and that 4.3-40 kg (dw) of sludge like material, pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS), is generated for every tonne of product. PPMS are now more widely reused in agriculture as a soil amendment due to their high organic content of 40-50% by weight, perceived low toxicity and possible liming capabilities. Within this review article historic and recent literature on PPMS land spreading are combined with knowledge of European and UK regulation to explore the benefits, potential impacts and viability of land spreading PPMS. The review reveals that risks relating to potential N immobilisation in soils post-application can be readily mitigated, if desired, by coapplication of an N source, or even pre-treatment of sludge via composting. The benefits to crops have been demonstrated emphatically, while negative ecological impacts under typical field application rates have not been observed to date. The case is therefore strong for continued land application of the material as an environmentally responsible and sustainable use option. However, there are currently gaps in the literature regarding longer-term implications of PPMS applications in agriculture and in regards to the possible presence of emerging contaminants in some PPMS materials, both of which have been identified as areas that merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Turner
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Rebecca Wheeler
- 4R Group, Control House, A1 Business Park, Knottingley Road, Knottingley, WF11 0BU, UK
| | - Ian W Oliver
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
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Abstract
Wastelands of the mining industry are among the largest of disturbed areas that demand revitalization. To reduce environmental impact and to better manage these geo-resources, the formation of sustainable plant and soil complexes and the restoration of self-recovery soil function are critical points. The successful return of vegetative cover at post-mining sites requires eliminating the deficiency of organic matter. For this, we assessed the usability of non-traditional ameliorants to provide a better understanding of benefits from mutual dependencies of environmental resources. To prevent losses and to close resource cycles, we studied the applicability of wastewater sludge from the pulp and paper (SPP) industry as an amendment to counteract soil degradation and rehabilitate human-disturbed lands. Waste rock limestone, beresite, and phosphogypsum substrates of post-mining sites were used in vitro for the application of sludge and peat mixture and consequent grass seeding. The formed vegetative cover was analyzed to compare the germination and biomass growth on reconstructed soils. We assessed the efficiency of ameliorant combinations by two approaches: (1) the traditional technique of cutting-off plant material to measure the obtained plant biomass, and, (2) digital image analysis for RGB-processed photographs of the vegetative cover (r2 = 0.75–0.95). The effect of SPP on plant cover biomass and grass height showed similar results: land rehabilitation with the formation of a 20 cm soil layer on mine waste dumps was environmentally suitable with an SPP:soil ratio of 1:3. However, excessive application (ratio 1:1 of SPP to the soil) negatively affected seed germination and plant vegetation.
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Farhain MM, Cheema M, Katanda Y, Nadeem M, Javed B, Thomas R, Saha R, Galagedara L. Potential of developing podzolic soil-based potting media from wood ash, paper sludge and biochar. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113811. [PMID: 34624579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Organic waste management in environmentally sustainable way is important not only to reduce the negative impacts on ecosystems but also valorizing the waste resources. Herein we evaluated the potential of wood ash (WA) and paper sludge (PS) wastes from a pulp and paper mill as potting media and their effects on the physicochemical properties of podzolic soil. METHODS WA, PS and biochar (BC) was mixed in different combinations with a sandy loam podzolic soil. Potting media treatments included: T1-soil (negative control); T2-PromixTM (positive control); T3-50%soil+50%WA; T4-75%soil+25%WA; T5-50%soil+50%PS; T6-75%soil+25%PS; T7-75%soil+25%BC; T8-25%soil+50%WA+25%BC; T9-50%soil+25%WA+25%BC; T10-25%soil+50%PS+25%BC; T11-50%soil+25%PS+25%BC, T12- 25%soil+25%WA+25%PS+25%BC and replicated three times. RESULTS Potting media treatments expressed significant (p < 0.00) effects on pH, bulk density, total porosity, field capacity, plant available water (PAW) and water retention curves. Potting media amended with WA showed high pH range (8-12) while PS amendments exhibited pH in range where most plant nutrients are available (6.5-7.5). Results depicted significantly lower bulk density, and increased total porosity and water holding capacity of potting media amended with WA and PS. BC addition further enhanced the water retention properties compared to combinations without BC. T6, T10 and T11 produced higher amounts of PAW with desired pH compared to T1 and T2. CONCLUSION WA, PS and BC showed high potential for developing podzolic soil-based potting media, but their effects on plant growth and elemental uptake need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Farhain
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Yeukai Katanda
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Bilal Javed
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Ratnajit Saha
- Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Lakshman Galagedara
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada; Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada.
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Rasa K, Pennanen T, Peltoniemi K, Velmala S, Fritze H, Kaseva J, Joona J, Uusitalo R. Pulp and paper mill sludges decrease soil erodibility. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:172-184. [PMID: 33084047 PMCID: PMC7898543 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Declining carbon (C) content in agricultural soils threatens soil fertility and makes soil prone to erosion, which could be rectified with organic soil amendments. In a 4-yr field trial, we made a single application of three different organic sludges from the pulp and paper industry and studied their effects on cereal yield, soil C content, and fungal and bacterial composition. In laboratory rainfall simulations, we also studied the effects of the soil amendments on susceptibility to erosion and nutrient mobilization of a clay-textured soil by measuring the quality of percolation water passing through 40-cm intact soil monoliths during 2-d rainfall simulations over four consecutive years after application. A nutrient-poor fiber sludge reduced wheat yield in the first growing season, but there were no other significant effects on cereal yield or grain quality. An input of ∼8 Mg ha-1 C with the soil amendments had only minor effects on soil C content after 4 yr, likely because of fast microbe-mediated turnover. The amendments clearly changed the fungal and bacterial community composition. All amendments significantly reduced suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in percolation water. The effect declined with time, but the reduction in SS and TP was still >25% 4 yr after application. We attributed the lower tendency for particle detachment in rain simulations to direct interactions of soil minerals with the added particulate organic matter and microbe-derived compounds that stabilize soil aggregates. In soils with low organic matter content, pulp and paper industry by-products can be a viable measure for erosion mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Rasa
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandTietotie 4JokioinenFI‐31600Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandLatokartanonkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00790Finland
| | - Krista Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandLatokartanonkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00790Finland
| | - Sannakajsa Velmala
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandLatokartanonkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00790Finland
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandLatokartanonkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00790Finland
| | - Janne Kaseva
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandTietotie 4JokioinenFI‐31600Finland
| | - Juuso Joona
- Soilfood OyViikinkaari 6HelsinkiFI‐00790Finland
| | - Risto Uusitalo
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandTietotie 4JokioinenFI‐31600Finland
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Asemaninejad A, Arteaga J, Spiers G, Beckett P, McGarry S, Mykytczuk N, Basiliko N. Blended pulp mill, forest humus and mine residual material Technosols for mine reclamation: A growth-chamber study to explore the role of physiochemical properties of substrates and microbial inoculation on plant growth. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 228:93-102. [PMID: 30212679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A growth chamber trial was conducted to investigate the effects of blends of pulp and paper mill residuals and forest humus on soil properties, microbial communities and germination rate and biomass production of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in both acid-producing and neutral to mildly alkaline mine tailings in a mine reclamation context. The organic residual amendments improved the nutritional status of the tailings substrates, and increased pH in acid-generating tailings, leading to higher germination rates and improved plant growth. A trace addition (<0.02% of sludge by dry weight) of natural forest floor material as a microbial inoculum to the sludge could increase plant biomass up to four-fold. The effects of sludge application on bioavailability of metals were variable, with the concentration of soluble copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) increasing in some of the substrates following organic amendments. Addition of paper mill residuals to mine tailings modified the microbial communities observed in the oligotrophic tailings with the majority of DNA sequences in the sludge amended substrates being found to be closely related to heterotrophic bacterial species rather than the chemolithotrophic communities that dominate tailings environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Asemaninejad
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Jessica Arteaga
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Graeme Spiers
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada; Laurentian University School of the Environment, Canada
| | - Peter Beckett
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada; Laurentian University Department of Biology, Canada
| | - Samantha McGarry
- Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations, A Glencore Company, Canada
| | - Nadia Mykytczuk
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada; Laurentian University School of the Environment, Canada
| | - Nathan Basiliko
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada; Laurentian University Department of Biology, Canada
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Hazarika J, Khwairakpam M. Evaluation of biodegradation feasibility through rotary drum composting recalcitrant primary paper mill sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:275-283. [PMID: 29625878 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Primary paper mill sludge (PPMS) is the major waste expelled from the pulp and paper industries contributing soil and water pollution through the recalcitrant organic and inorganic constituents. These pollutants can, however, be transformed into a high-value soil ameliorating material with nominal investment and time. Current study therefore evaluated the potential of rotary drum composting PPMS for 20 days to delineate an environmentally sustainable option. Five trials with proportions of PPMS, cow dung and saw dust: Trial 1 (10:0:0), Trial 2 (8:1:1), Trial 3 (7:2:1), Trial 4 (6:3:1) and Trial 5 (5:4:1) were performed for evaluation of degrading and nutritive ability along with the fate of pollutants for total mass of 150 kg. Trial 4 exhibited highest metabolic activity contributing higher temperature evolution and longer thermophilic phase (10 days) owing to optimum addition of innoculum and nitrogen through the cattle manure. Moreover, degradation of 16.8% organic matter was also best achieved in Trial 4 following up first-order kinetics. Furthermore, BOD, COD and C/N ratio also explains degradation to be maximum in trial 4 (6:3:1) with reduction of 59.3%, 60.1% and C/N ratio from 55.1 to 18 respectively, proving to be the essential determining factors. Phosphorus availability increased by around 67% in trial 4. PPMS can be thus transformed into a potential valued added product and safe for subsequent land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Hazarika
- Department of Civil Engineering (Environmental Division), NIT Meghalaya, India.
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Chen X, Zhao J, Bao L, Wang L, Zhang Y. The investigation of different pollutants and operation processes on sludge toxicity in sequencing batch bioreactors. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2048-2057. [PMID: 26914341 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1140813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of different target pollutants and operation modes in sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs) on sludge toxicity was compared in this study. Sludge toxicity was characterized by the inhibiting luminosity through using luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum (P. phosphoreum) during either gradual acclimation or impaction processes with synthetic wastewater containing high-strength bisphenol A (BPA) or N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). When the activated sludge was first acclimated with either 120 mg/L DMF or 20 mg/L BPA, and then respectively increased to 200 mg/L DMF and 40 mg/L BPA it was defined as gradual acclimation process, whereas when the activated sludge was, respectively, injected with 200 mg/L DMF and 40 mg/L BPA directly it was defined as impaction process. Results showed that the toxicity of the impacted sludge was greater than that of the gradual acclimated sludge, especially in the initial stage before 10 d. Activated sludge treating BPA synthetic wastewater exhibited higher toxicity due to the more inhibition of BPA to sludge activity compared to that of DMF. The proteomics analysis indicated that the stress responses of activated sludge to DMF and BPA stimulation were both significant. In turn, the secretions from two kinds of sludge under stress conditions contributed to sludge toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Chen
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Bao
- b Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- a State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
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Buruberri LH, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA. Preparation of clinker from paper pulp industry wastes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:252-260. [PMID: 25590818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The production of paper pulp by the Kraft method generates considerable amounts of wastes. Namely, lime mud generated in the recovery circuit of chemical reagents, biological sludge from the wastewater treatment of wood digestion process and fly ash collected in the fluidized bed combustor used to generate electricity from biomass burning. The final destination of such wastes is an important concern, since environmental regulations are becoming stricter regarding their landfill. Driven by this fact, industries are looking for more sustainable solutions, such as the recycling in distinct products. This work tested these wastes as secondary raw materials to produce clinker/cement that was then experienced in mortar formulations. The first step involved the residues detailed characterization and a generated amounts survey. Then, specific but simple steps were suggested, aiming to facilitate transport and manipulation. Distinct blends were prepared and fired in order to get belitic and Portland clinkers. The Portland clinkers were processed at lower temperatures than the normally used in the industry due to the presence of mineralizing impurities in some wastes. Belite-based cements were used to produce mortars that developed satisfactory mechanical strength and did not reveal signs of deterioration or durability weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire H Buruberri
- Materials and Ceramic Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M P Seabra
- Materials and Ceramic Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J A Labrincha
- Materials and Ceramic Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Suthar S, Sajwan P, Kumar K. Vermiremediation of heavy metals in wastewater sludge from paper and pulp industry using earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:177-184. [PMID: 25215882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the results of removing heavy metals from paper mill wastewater (PMS) sludge spiked with cow dung (CD) employing Eisenia fetida. A total of seven set-ups were prepared: CD (100 percent), PMS: CD (1:3), PMS:CD (1:2), PMS:CD (1:1), PMS (100 percent), PMS:CD (3:1) and PMS:CD (2:1) and changes in chemical parameters were observed for 60 days. Vermistabilization caused the significant decrease in the level of Cd (32-37 percent), Cr (47.3-80.9 percent), Cu (68.8-88.4 percent), and Pb (95.3-97.5 percent) and substantial increase in EC, total-N, available P and K at the end. At the end, the tissues of inoculated worms showed the high load (mg kg(-1), dry biomass) of Pb (8.81-9.69), Cd (2.31-2.71), Cr (20.7-35.9) and Cu (9.94-11.6), respectively which indicated bioaccumulation of metals by worms. The PMS:CD (2:1 and/or 3:1) appeared to be suitable waste mixture in terms of high metal removal and earthworm growth rates. Bioaccumulation, as quantified using BCF, was in the order: Cd>Cr>Pb>Cu. Results suggested vermiremediation as appropriate technology for bioremediation of heavy metals from PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun-248001, India.
| | - Poonam Sajwan
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun-248001, India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun-248001, India
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Chen X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Yang N, Zhang F, Jiang Z. The influence of SBR parameters on the sludge toxicity of synthetic wastewater containing bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9287-9296. [PMID: 24728543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic wastewater with bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations of 7.5, 20, and 40 mg/L was treated with activated sludge sequential batch reactors (SBRs). The sludge acute toxicity indicated by the inhibitory ratio to luminous bacteria T3 was evaluated. The influent COD was controlled at approximately 300 mg/L, and aerobic conditions were maintained in the SBR. It was found that the process of BPA biodegradation, as opposed to BPA adsorption, contributed to the formation of sludge toxicity; there was a positive relationship between sludge toxicity and influent BPA concentration, and the toxicity centralized in intracellular regions and the intersection of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in sludge flocs. Since the BPA biodegradation process dedicated to sludge toxicity, the influence of key operational parameters such as sludge retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on sludge toxicity were investigated. It was founded that sludge toxicity decreased significantly when SRT and HRT were shortened from 20 to 10 days and 12 to 8 h, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the Shannon index H of the bacterial community correlated significantly to sludge toxicity. The results from both similarity analysis and UPGMA indicated that influent quality characteristic contributes much more to bacterial community than operation parameters, and then leads to difference between blank and control sludge toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China,
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