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Ke H, Zheng SN, Zhang PZ, Xiao B, Lan JW, Zhang S, Hu J. Leaching behavior and release mechanism of pollutants from different depths in a phosphogypsum stockpile. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:230-242. [PMID: 39216365 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct during the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers, is predominantly stockpiled with a height greater than hundreds of meters. In this study, the leaching behavior of pollutants from PG stored at different depths was systematically investigated through batch tests, column tests, and geochemical modeling. PG samples were collected at different depths within a range of 48 m from a large-scale PG stack in China. The results showed that the pH, electrical conductivity, and elemental concentration of the leachate exhibited spatial variability in terms of the depth distribution, with evident bottom enrichment effects for metals and soluble salts. The pH-dependent leaching tests investigated the impact of pH variations on the solubility of various elements in PG, with a specific focus on elements precipitation occurring within the natural pH range. The geochemical modeling of leaching tests conducted by PHREEQC enabled the identification of the dominant phases controlling the solubilization of the elements, as well as the dynamic process of changes in element forms and concentrations with pH variation. Column leaching tests reveal the differences in pollutant properties between the unsaturated and saturated zones within the PG stack and categorize the leaching mechanisms of elements into three models including dissolution, diffusion, and wash-off. This study aims to reveal the leaching characteristics of PG at different depths, so as to provide a data foundation for the design of liner system, leachate management strategies, and remediation of heavy metal pollution of PG stack sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu Ning Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peng Ze Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ningbo Jiangbei District State Owned Assets Management Service Center, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Weng Fu Group Limited Liability Company, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Ji Wu Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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2
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Wu F. The treatment of phosphogypsum leachate is more urgent than phosphogypsum. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119849. [PMID: 39208975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum(PG) is one of the typical bulk industrial solid wastes generated in the phosphate chemical industry. Due to its huge production volume and immature resource treatment technology, a large amount of PG can only be stored and disposed in slag yards, and its impact on the ecological environment is becoming increasingly significant during long-term storage. Up to now, many researchers have focused their research on PG, with less attention paid to the PG leachate(PG-L). On the basis of the resource utilization of PG, this article analyzed the migration and transformation of pollutants and their impact on the ecological environment during long-term storage of PG. The content of pollutants in PG-L and PG was compared, and it was found that the content of toxic and harmful substances in PG-L was significantly higher than that in PG itself, and the pollution diffusion ability was greater than that of PG, the pollution of PG to the ecological environment is mainly caused by PG-L, indicating that the harmless treatment of PG-L is more urgent than PG. On the basis of traditional leachate treatment methods, a new technology of valuable element recovery and electrochemical synergistic treatment is proposed to achieve high value-added treatment of PG-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Wu
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan, China; Fujian Goshi Green Environmental Protection Technology Development Co., Ltd, Fuqing, 350301, Fujian, China.
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3
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Shan LL, Wang RS, Lai HT, Zhu ZB, Chen Y, Ni ZY, Pang CL, Zhang QZ. Treating waste with waste: adsorption behavior and mechanism of phosphate in water by modified phosphogypsum biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50411-50426. [PMID: 39093397 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of green methods to treat industrial waste and waste reuse has become a key environmental issue. In order to achieve this goal, this study treated waste phosphogypsum (PG) and produced modified PG biochar to adsorb and remove phosphorus from PG leachate, so that the PG pollution problem was controlled. In this study, PG was modified with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to prepare a modified PG biochar that was used for the removal of phosphorus-containing wastewater. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the modified PG revealed that the main component was calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and a suitable amount of modified PG could load calcium oxide (CaO) onto the biochar and improve its physical properties. The experimental results showed that the modified PG biochar had a maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of 132 mg/g. A further investigation of the mechanism of adsorption revealed the importance of electrostatic attraction and chemical precipitation, and it was found that the CaO in the modified PG biochar could effectively facilitate the conversion of phosphate to hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) in water. The phosphorus removal rate from leachate obtained from a landfill containing PG was 99.38% for a specific dose of the modified PG biochar. In this study, a PG pollution control technology was developed to realize the goal of replacing waste with waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Shan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ruo-Shan Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hai-Tao Lai
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ze-Bing Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhu-Ye Ni
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Chang-Long Pang
- Jiangxi ZXDH Environmental Protection Industry Tecnology Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Qiu-Zhuo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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4
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Meng L, Ding K, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Huo H, Yu D, Tian D, Li Z. Application of phosphogypsum and phosphate-solubilizing fungi to Pb remediation: From simulation to in vivo incubation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173171. [PMID: 38740208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is the produced solid waste during phosphorus (P) extraction from phosphate rocks. PG is featured by its abundant PO43- and SO42-. This study investigated the utilization of PG as a material for lead (Pb) remediation, with the assistance of functional fungus. Aspergillus niger (A. niger) is a typical phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF), which has high ability to secret organic acids. Oxalic acid is its major secreted organic acid, which is often applied to enhance the P release from phosphate minerals. In this study, synthetic oxalic acid increased the immobilization rate of Pb2+ up to >99 % with the addition of PG. Then, it was observed that biogenic oxalic acid from A. niger can achieve comparable remediation effects. This was due to that PG could provide sufficient P for fungal growth, which allowed sustainable remediation. Subsequently, oxalic acid secreted by A. niger significantly increased the release of active P from PG, and then induced the formation of PPb minerals. In addition, other metabolites of A. niger (such as tyrosine-like substance) can also be complexed with Pb2+. Simultaneously, A. niger did not induce evidently elevation water-soluble fluorine (F) as PG contained abundant Ca2+. Moreover, this study elucidated that oversupply of PG promoted the formation of anglesite (Ksp = 1.6 × 10-8, relatively unstable), whereas the formation of lead oxalate (Ksp = 4.8 × 10-10, relatively stable) was reduced. This study hence shed a bright light on the sustainable utilization of PG for fungus-assisted remediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Meng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Kejin Ding
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yige Qiu
- Jiangsu Suhe Radiation Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
| | - Yunhui Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hongxun Huo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Dan Yu
- North China Power Engineering Co., Ltd of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Beijing 100120, China.
| | - Da Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, China; Research Centre of Phosphorus Efficient Utilization and Water Environment Protection along the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Wang G, Chen C, Li J, Lan Y, Lin X, Chen J. Conversion of Phosphogypsum into Porous Calcium Silicate Hydrate for the Removal and Recycling of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Wastewater. Molecules 2024; 29:2665. [PMID: 38893539 PMCID: PMC11173502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The discharge of lead and cadmium wastewater, along with the pollution caused by phosphogypsum, represents a particularly urgent environmental issue. This study employed a straightforward hydrothermal method to convert phosphogypsum into porous calcium silicate hydrate (P-CSH), which was then used to remove and recover Pb(II) and Cd(II) from wastewater. The adsorption capacities of P-CSH for Pb(II) and Cd(II) were notably high at 989.3 mg/g and 290.3 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption processes adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Due to identical adsorption sites on P-CSH for both Pb(II) and Cd(II), competitive interaction occurred when both ions were present simultaneously. Additionally, the adsorption efficacy was minimally impacted by the presence of common coexisting cations in wastewater. The dominant mechanisms for removing Pb(II) and Cd(II) via P-CSH were chemical precipitation and surface complexation. Moreover, the adsorbed heavy metals were efficiently separated and reclaimed from the wastewater through a stepwise desorption process. The primary components of the residue from stepwise desorption were quartz and amorphous SiO2. Following dissolution via pressurized alkaline leaching, this residue could be recycled for synthesizing P-CSH. This research offered a new strategy for the resourceful use of phosphogypsum and heavy metal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangan Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Chaoyi Chen
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Junqi Li
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
- Guizhou Province Dual Carbon and New Energy Technology Innovation and Development Research Institute, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanpei Lan
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiahang Chen
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.)
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6
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Medennikov OA, Egorova MA, Shabelskaya NP, Rajabov A, Sulima SI, Sulima EV, Khliyan ZD, Monastyrskiy DI. Studying the Process of Phosphogypsum Recycling into a Calcium Sulphide-Based Luminophor. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:904. [PMID: 38869529 PMCID: PMC11173703 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Currently, one of the most important problems of environmental protection is the deep and complex processing of mineral raw materials. This problem is especially relevant when processing substandard ores and production waste, one of which is phosphogypsum. This study examines the process of CaSO4/CaS composite material formation during the reduction of phosphogypsum with citric acid. The composite structure formation mechanism is proposed. The resulting materials are characterized using various methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, the Scherrer method, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and FT-IR spectroscopy. The reduced sample emits orange radiation in the range of 500-750 nm with a quantum yield of 0.17. Experimental results showed that the sample decomposition process in the solid state consisted of two components with a predominant contribution from the long-lived component (~46 ns). The optimal conditions for producing luminescent materials by reducing phosphogypsum with citric acid were determined: a heat treatment temperature of 1073 K, a holding time of 60 min, and a reducing agent mole fraction of 37%. It was found that an increase in temperature with a simultaneous decrease in heat treatment time, as well as a decrease in temperature with a simultaneous increase in heat treatment time, led to a decrease in the luminescent properties of the synthesized material compared to optimal values. The results can be used to develop technology for recycling large-tonnage waste from the chemical industry into luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Medennikov
- Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.E.); (N.P.S.); (A.R.); (Z.D.K.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Marina A. Egorova
- Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.E.); (N.P.S.); (A.R.); (Z.D.K.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Nina P. Shabelskaya
- Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.E.); (N.P.S.); (A.R.); (Z.D.K.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Asatullo Rajabov
- Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.E.); (N.P.S.); (A.R.); (Z.D.K.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Sergey I. Sulima
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia;
| | - Elena V. Sulima
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia;
| | - Zlatislava D. Khliyan
- Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.E.); (N.P.S.); (A.R.); (Z.D.K.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Daniil I. Monastyrskiy
- Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety, Faculty of Technology, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk 346428, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.E.); (N.P.S.); (A.R.); (Z.D.K.); (D.I.M.)
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7
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Wang M, Guo Z, Du J, Lu H, Liu L, Wang T, Pan S. Assessing the hepatotoxicity of phosphogypsum leachate in zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172018. [PMID: 38547988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The improper disposal of large amounts of phosphogypsum generated during the production process of the phosphorus chemical industry (PCI) still exists. The leachate formed by phosphogypsum stockpiles could pose a threat to the ecological environment and human health. Nevertheless, information regarding the harmful effects of phosphogypsum leachate on organisms is still limited. Herein, the physicochemical characteristics of phosphogypsum leachate were analyzed, and its toxicity effect on zebrafish (Danio rerio), particularly in terms of hepatotoxicity and potential mechanisms, were evaluated. The results indicated that P, NH3-N, TN, F-, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Hg of phosphogypsum leachate exceeded the V class of surface water environmental quality standards (GB 3838-2002) to varying degrees. Acute toxicity test showed that the 96 h LC50 values of phosphogypsum leachate to zebrafish was 2.08 %. Under exposure to phosphogypsum leachate, zebrafish exhibited concentration-dependent liver damage, characterized by vacuolization and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The increased in Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and altered activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver indicated the induction of oxidative stress and oxidative damage. The expression of apoptosis-related genes (P53, PUMA, Caspase3, Bcl-2, and Bax) were up-regulated at low dosage group and down-regulated at medium and high dosage groups, suggesting the occurrence of hepatocyte apoptosis or necrosis. Additionally, phosphogypsum leachate influenced the composition of the zebrafish gut microbiota by reducing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Vibrio, and increasing that of Rhodobacter and Pirellula. Correlation analysis revealed that gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with phosphogypsum leachate-induced hepatotoxicity. Altogether, exposure to phosphogypsum leachate caused liver damage in zebrafish, likely through oxidative stress and apoptosis, with the intestinal flora also playing a significant role. These findings contribute to understanding the ecological toxicity of phosphogypsum leachate and promote the sustainable development of PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Ziyu Guo
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Long Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Institution of Higher Learning of Guizhou, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Institution of Higher Learning of Guizhou, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Sha Pan
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China.
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Ge C, Zhao Y, Li C, XunqiaoYan, Liu R. Preparation and property studies of ferric sulfoaluminate cement based on Bayer red mud and phosphogypsum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37594-37609. [PMID: 38780842 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Bayer red mud (RM) and phosphogypsum (PG) accumulation have caused significant environmental contamination. However, practical and effective resource utilization technologies are still lacking currently. This work aims to develop ferric sulfoaluminate cement (FSAC) employing low-cost materials including Bayer red mud, phosphogypsum, and other materials. This method effectively improves the utilization rate of Bayer red mud and phosphogypsum. Under the premise of ensuring the performance of FSAC, the utilization rate of solid waste can reach up to 48.56%. The effects of different red mud dosages on cement mineral formation, workability, and mechanical properties are investigated. Then, untreated phosphogypsum is adopted as a retarder for FSAC, and the hydration process, working properties, mechanical properties, types of hydration products, and morphology of FSAC are explored. The results suggest that the crystal transformation of Ye'elemiteC 4 A 3 S ¯ is promoted with the increase of Bayer red mud content. Cubic crystal system Ye'elemiteC 4 A 3 S ¯ - c with higher hydration activity is generated, which increases the early strength of cement but greatly reduces the setting time, hindering the later strength growth. Untreated phosphogypsum can effectively delay the early hydration process of FSAC, prolong the setting time of cement, and increase the strength of FSAC in the later stage. When the dosage of Bayer red mud and phosphogypsum is 17.64% and 9.21%, respectively, with phosphogypsum dosage of 20%, the prepared FSAC has satisfactory mechanical properties, and the 3-day and 90-day compressive strengths are 34.6 MPa and 57.1 MPa, respectively. In addition, the study of heavy metal leaching indicates that the FSAC prepared by Bayer red mud, phosphogypsum, and other raw materials will generate no environment pollution, and the solidification of heavy metal elements in the cement slurry is superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Ge
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Efficient Utilization of Resources in Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yanrong Zhao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Efficient Utilization of Resources in Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Engineering and Technology Center for Utilization of Industrial Waste Residue in Building Materials, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Changchun Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Efficient Utilization of Resources in Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - XunqiaoYan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Efficient Utilization of Resources in Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Rongjin Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Efficient Utilization of Resources in Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Engineering and Technology Center for Utilization of Industrial Waste Residue in Building Materials, Guilin, 541004, China
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Essama Atenga JR, Tan Y, Deng Y, Wu J, Cai D, Li W. Influences of pretreatment methods on the mechanical and environmental behaviors of PG-GGBS-LM ternary stabilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37520-37531. [PMID: 38777972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum is a kind of acidic industrial byproducts with high content of soluble phosphorus and fluorine pollutants, which requires to be pretreated when used as cementitious material to (partial) replace traditional Portland cement. In this study, five different pretreatment methods were proposed for comparative analysis to examine the pretreatment effect on the mechanical and environmental behaviors of ternary phosphogypsum (PG), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and lime (LM) mixed stabilizer. Series laboratory tests, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), pH, phosphorus (P)/fluorine (F) leaching, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, were conducted to comprehend the macro- and microscopic mechanism. The results show that it is essential to grind raw PG to finer powdered state, so that it reacts more easily and quickly with LM and water. In addition, it was noticed that the UCS and P/F leaching concentration are not only affected by the mixing proportion of the PG-GGBS-LM ternary stabilizer, but also by the curing duration. The UCS increases rapidly from initial curing period and then grows slowly after 28 days of curing. From the perspective of strength evolution, mixing proportion of PG: GGBS: LM = 15:80:5 is optimal, but considering the economy and environmental related issues, PG: GGBS: LM = 30:65:5 was regarded as a more attractive choice. The findings can provide a reference for the selection of pretreatment methods and design of PG-based cementitious materials suited for stabilized soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunzhi Tan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
| | - Dongming Cai
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
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10
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Qian W, Yang Y, Liu Z, Zhang J, Song X, Shi N, Xie M, Li B, Ning P. Enhanced absorption of SO 2 from phosphogypsum decomposition by phosphate slurry for phosphoric acid production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133431. [PMID: 38185091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a major industrial by-product of wet process phosphoric acid production, and untreated PG stockpiled on land will cause severe environmental pollution. Thermal treatment of PG is currently the mainstream treatment method PG can be thermally decomposed to produce CaO, and the decomposition process produces large amounts of SO2. In this paper, phosphate slurry was used to absorb SO2 generated during the PG decomposition to produce phosphoric acid. The effects of operating conditions such as pressure, inlet SO2 concentration, and additive content on the desulfurization efficiency, as well as phosphoric acid yield, were investigated. Under the optimal experimental parameters, the desulfurization efficiency was 100% in the first 3 h, and decreased to 67.42% after 5 h, the maximum phosphate concentration in the solution was 1445.92 mg/L. The Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that SO2 and O2 adsorbed on the surface of P2O5 underwent to generate SO3, which can react with H2O to produce H2SO4. Moreover, it was found that Fe3+ could enhance the catalytic oxidation process of SO2 and O2 by decreasing the reaction energy barrier. This study should be helpful for the recycling of phosphorus resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Qian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Appraisal Center for Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zewei Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin Song
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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11
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Chanouri H, Agayr K, Mounir EM, Benhida R, Khaless K. Staged purification of phosphogypsum using pH-dependent separation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9920-9934. [PMID: 36997776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial by-product of the transformation of phosphate rocks. For decades, PG has been a source of environmental concern due to the massive amount produced thus far, i.e., 7 billion tons, with a current production rate of 200-280 million tons per year. Phosphate minerals contain various impurities that precipitate and concentrate within PG. These impurities hinder PG usability in various sectors. This paper aims to purify PG using an innovative process based on staged valorization of PG. Initially, PG dissociation by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was optimized. After screening of different parameters and monitoring the ionic conductivity of solutions, it was disclosed that a pH-dependent solubilization process in the presence of EDTA resulted in high solubility of PG, up to 11.82 g/100 mL at pH > 11. Subsequently, a recovery of the purified PG by selective precipitation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) from obtained filtrate through pH adjustment to 3.5 were investigated. An abatement of 99.34% Cr, 97.15% Cd, 95.73% P2O5, 92.75% Cu, 92.38% Al2O3, 91.16% Ni, 74.58% Zn, 72.75% F, 61.43% MgO, 58.8% Fe2O3, 56.97% K2O, and 55.41% Ba was achieved. The process relied on the variation of EDTA chelation properties towards monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations at different pHs. According to the findings of this study, a staged purification process in the presence of EDTA is an effective method for removing impurities from the industrial PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Chanouri
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering (CBS.GPE), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, F06108, Nice, France
| | - Khalid Agayr
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering (CBS.GPE), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, F06108, Nice, France
| | | | - Rachid Benhida
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering (CBS.GPE), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, F06108, Nice, France
| | - Khaoula Khaless
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering (CBS.GPE), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
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12
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Wang J, Deng X, Tan H, Guo H, Zhang J, Li M, Chen P, He X, Yang J, Jian S, Yang Z. The mechanical properties and sustainability of phosphogypsum-slag binder activated by nano-ettringite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166015. [PMID: 37579808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The cementitious material based on phosphogypsum (PG) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) demonstrates good economy and sustainability, whereas its drawback of ultra-slow strength development seems unacceptable. In this study, an attempt to drive the hydration of PG-GBFS and further facilitate the strength development by introducing nano-ettringite (NE) was carried out. The impact of 1- 5 % NE on the compressive strength, hydration process, dissolution behavior, and microstructure evolution of PG-GBFS were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of NE significantly increased the compressive strength of PG-GBFS. At 7 d, the strength grew from 0 MPa to a range of 7.6- 20.2 MPa, and at 28 d, it was enhanced from 22.9 MPa to a range of 45.6- 79.0 MPa. The reason was that the introduction of NE induced the formation of AFt, thereby accelerating the hydration process and promoting the development of the skeletal network, resulting in higher early strength. Besides, NE facilitated the formation of C-S(A)-H gel, which further refined the pore structure and led to continuous growth in later strength. Additionally, PG-GFBS with 5 % NE exhibited significantly lower total costs (35.0 % of NaOH-activated slag and 51.7 % of water glass-activated slag) and lower carbon emissions (30.8 % of NaOH-activated slag and 49.8 % of water glass-activated slag) at the same 28 d compressive strength, indicating its strong competitiveness in both sustainability and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technologies, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hongbo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Huiyong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technologies, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Maogao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Pian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xingyang He
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jin Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shouwei Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhuowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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13
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Meng X, Ding N, Lu B, Yang J. Integrated evaluation of the performance of phosphogypsum recycling technologies in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:599-609. [PMID: 37826900 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese government is implementing policies, such as the "Guidance on comprehensive utilization of bulk solid waste for the 14th Five-Year Plan period", to stimulate phosphogypsum (PG) reduction and recycling. Thus, the comprehensive evaluation of PG recycling technologies for sustainable development is crucial. This study proposes a novel multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method that considers the criteria of resources, environment, economy, and society and risk attitudes of decision-makers and integrates game theory (GT) and utility theory for criteria weighting and ranking to assess industrial-scale PG recycling technologies in China. The results demonstrate that GT provides more reasonable criteria weights than individual weighting methods. PG-based lightweight plaster is the top performer in the resource and environmental dimensions owing to its exceptional resource and energy efficiency. PG utilized for dry-mix mortar and organic fertilizer production exhibited the best utility performance of 0.74 and 0.73, respectively. Measures, such as subsidies and product publicity, should be implemented to promote these technologies. However, technologies with poor performance, such as PG used for the co-production of sulfuric acid and fertilizer or cement, may require optimization or substitution for the sustainable recycling of PG. The proposed MCDA method is robust and can serve as a reliable decision-making tool for other waste-recycling technologies. However, caution must be exercised when determining risk attitude using the MCDA method as it may vary with the number of technologies and affect the final rankings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Wu Y, Bian X, Liu J, Chi R, Chen X. Performance Improvement and Microstructure Characterization of Cement-Stabilized Roadbase Materials Containing Phosphogypsum/Recycled Concrete Aggregate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6607. [PMID: 37834744 PMCID: PMC10574210 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The proper reutilization of the phosphogypsum (PG) by-product derived from the production of phosphoric acid and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from waste concrete in roadbase materials is of great necessity and importance. This investigation tried seeking a new approach to reuse them to high quality, including turning PG into calcinated PG (CPG) via washing and calcination, as well as adopting sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (SMN) to strengthen the roadbase materials of cement-stabilized CPG and RCA. Upon the mix design, with a series of experiments including unconfined compressive strength, the wet-dry cycle, freeze-thaw cycle, and scanning electron microscopy, the comprehensive effects of PG treatment, the CPG to RCA mix ratio, SMN dosage, wet-dry cycle and freeze-thaw cycle on the road performance of roadbase materials were well evaluated, and the traffic bearing capacity and microstructure characteristics were also analyzed. The results demonstrate that the 7 d unconfined compressive strength of CPG/RCA roadbase materials can reach 5.34 MPa as the CPG and SMN dosage are 20% and 11%, respectively, which meets the requirements of an extremely and very heavy traffic grade. After five wet-dry cycles and freeze-thaw cycles, the resistance of the CPG/RCA roadbase materials to moisture and frost was significantly improved as 11% SMN was added. Meanwhile, SMN contributes to the reduction in crack width and densifies the microstructure of CPG/RCA roadbase materials. The research results can be used to provide new guidance for building more durable roadbase materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China; (Y.W.); (X.B.); (J.L.)
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Civil Engineering Materials and Structures, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xiaoya Bian
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China; (Y.W.); (X.B.); (J.L.)
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Civil Engineering Materials and Structures, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China; (Y.W.); (X.B.); (J.L.)
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Civil Engineering Materials and Structures, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Ruan Chi
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443000, China;
| | - Xuyong Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China; (Y.W.); (X.B.); (J.L.)
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Civil Engineering Materials and Structures, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
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15
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Zhou Y, Shi Y, Zhu Q. Control of Fluoride Pollution in Cemented Phosphogypsum Backfill by Citric Acid Pretreatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6493. [PMID: 37834630 PMCID: PMC10573572 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Using phosphogypsum (PG) as the aggregate of cemented backfill is an economical and effective method of PG utilization. However, the stability and performance of cemented backfill are challenged by the rich fluoride content in PG. In this study, the effects of citric acid pretreatment on PG defluorination, backfill performance and environmental behavior were investigated by washing PG with different concentrations of citric acid and washing times. The results showed that the citric acid pretreatment could significantly reduce the fluoride content in PG and promote the hydration reaction with the binder, thus greatly reducing the usage and cost of the binder in actual production. Considering the efficiency of defluorination, the optimal citric acid concentration and washing times were determined to be 4% and 7-8 times, respectively. In addition, after citric acid pretreatment, the viscosity and setting time of the backfill slurry and the porosity of the backfill reduced, and the strength of the backfill improved, which was conducive to slurry pipeline transportation and underground mine stability. Finally, a further analysis of environmental behavior was conducted and it was found that the citric acid washing greatly reduced the content of fluoride in the bleeding water of slurry and the backfill leachate, which met the integrated wastewater discharge standard in China. The results of this study can provide important guidance for the large-scale recycling and environmental management of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quanqi Zhu
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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16
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Yang G, Chen Z, Lv C, Deng L, Luo X, Li Y, He S, Liu Q. Preparation and Performance of H-PDMS/PMHS/OTS Hybrid Nanosilica Hydrophobic and Self-Cleaning Coatings on Phosphogypsum Surface. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3574. [PMID: 37688197 PMCID: PMC10490376 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemihydrate phosphogypsum, an industrial solid waste product of phosphoric acid production, is abundant and inexpensive. If the problem of poor water resistance is solved, this material could be substituted for cement and other traditional energy-consuming cementitious materials in the construction industry. This approach would confer important economic and environmental benefits while promoting the resource utilization of phosphogypsum (PG). In this study, hydrophobic and self-cleaning coatings of H-PDMS/PMHS/OTS hybrid nanosilica were prepared on a post-hydroxylated PG surface using sol-gel and impregnation methods. The water contact angle, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Three-dimensional surface morphology and roughness analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, surface abrasion tests, and tape adhesion tests were used to evaluate the hydrophobicity of the coatings. The results demonstrated that the in situ reaction produced a hydrophobic siloxane/nanosilica hybrid network that bonded to the PG surface via hydrogen bonding, making the otherwise completely hydrophilic PG hydrophobic (PGH-3, contact angle (CA) = 144.1°). The PGH-3 sample exhibited excellent chemical stability, maintaining a contact angle greater than 135° under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions. The contact angle remained at 123.7° after 50 tape-bonding tests. After 100 wear cycles, the contact angle remained at 121.9°. This study presents an environmentally friendly method and a straightforward application procedure to impart hydrophobicity to solid waste PG. Its potential is thus demonstrated in the field of PG-based construction materials and the comprehensive utilization of solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Y.)
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- Guizhou Phosphating Green Environmental Protection Industry Co., Ltd., Guiyang 551100, China
| | - Changwei Lv
- KZJ New Materials Group Guizhou Co., Ltd., Longli 551206, China
| | - Lei Deng
- KZJ New Materials Group Guizhou Co., Ltd., Longli 551206, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- KZJ New Materials Group Guizhou Co., Ltd., Longli 551206, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Y.)
| | - Songtao He
- Guizhou Phosphating Green Environmental Protection Industry Co., Ltd., Guiyang 551100, China
| | - Qibin Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Y.)
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17
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Liu Y, Yang Z, Luo H. Experimental Investigation of Eco-Friendly Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate Whisker and Waste Cooking Oil Compound Modified Asphalt Mixture. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2409. [PMID: 36984289 PMCID: PMC10056247 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, waste material recycling and reuse have attracted great interest as environmentally friendly modifiers to improve asphalt pavement performance. In this study, anhydrous calcium sulfate whiskers (ACSW), synthesized using phosphogypsum waste, and waste cooking oil (WCO), one of the most prevalent waste oils, were used together as modifiers to create an environmentally friendly asphalt mixture. In particular, WCO was used to compensate for the negative effects of ACSW on asphalt mixture performance at low temperatures. A variety of ACSW and WCO compound-modified asphalt mixtures were fabricated. High-temperature stability, medium-temperature fatigue, low-temperature anti-cracking, moisture susceptibility, repeated freeze-thaw, and long-term aging tests were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the pavement performance. Compared to the base asphalt mixture, the compound-modified asphalt mixtures were demonstrated to have better high- and low-temperature, moisture susceptibility, fatigue, anti-freezing, and anti-aging properties, especially for the 6%ACSW and 2%WCO compound-modified asphalt mixture. Therefore, the 6%ACSW and 2%WCO compound-modified asphalt mixture was ultimately selected for use in construction, as this mixture can meet the requirements for regions with cold winters and hot summers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Luo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-7216-0075
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18
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Laaboubi K, Bouargane B, Moreno SP, Bakiz B, Raya JPB, Atbir A. Continuous and simultaneous conversion of phosphogypsum waste to sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate using quaternary phase diagram. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37344-37356. [PMID: 36571681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this present work, the transformation of the Moroccan phosphogypsum (PG) waste, considered a potential source of sulfate, into potassium sulfate compound could help reduce environmental impact and create a new value chain for the phosphate industry. Generally, solid-liquid equilibria are frequently applied in chemical industries. They are a valuable aid in visualizing the precipitation, separation, and purification of a solid phase and the pathways by which crystallization can occur. This process aims to produce potassium sulfate (K2SO4), a high-value fertilizer, from sulfate solutions obtained after dissolving PG in a NaOH medium. The quaternary phase diagram Na+, K+//Cl-, SO42--H2O at 25 °C was especially used to determine the operating conditions and the design of a crystallization process during the PG conversion into K2SO4. The Jänecke representation of this system enables the determination of the optimal trajectory in the phase diagram for the double decomposition reaction. X-ray fluorescent (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were conducted to identify the crystalline phases formed during our process. In summary, the results of this study could contribute to the development of a sustainable valorization PG. Furthermore, K2SO4 represents a good alternative to potassium chloride for chloride-sensitive crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Laaboubi
- LGP, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr, University, B.P.: 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Brahim Bouargane
- LGP, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr, University, B.P.: 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Silvia Pérez Moreno
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen S/N, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Bahcine Bakiz
- LME, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, B.P.: 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Juan Pedro Bolívar Raya
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen S/N, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ali Atbir
- LGP, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr, University, B.P.: 8106, Agadir, Morocco.
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19
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Qi M, Peng W, Wang W, Cao Y, Fan G, Huang Y. Simple and efficient method for purification and recovery of gypsum from phosphogypsum: Reverse-direct flotation and mechanism. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Xiang J, Qiu J, Song Y, Miao Y, Gu X. Synergistic removal of phosphorus and fluorine impurities in phosphogypsum by enzyme-induced modified microbially induced carbonate precipitation method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116300. [PMID: 36174467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology is difficult to be used for phosphogypsum (PG) treatment because the pH of PG is too low to be suitable for the growth of some bacteria. When acidophilus bacteria are used to treat PG, their low mineralization rate leads to low removal of the impurities. Based on the above problems, this study reports a new method that uses enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) modified acidophilus bacteria solution to remove phosphorus (P) and fluorine (F) in PG. Five kinds of mixtures of MICP and EICP (ME) were used to leach the PG column, and its mechanism was discussed. The results show that when the ratio of MICP to EICP is 2:1, the removal ratio of P and F is the highest, which reaches 72.87-74.92%. Compared with the single traditional bacillus solution or single acidophilic bacteria solution, the impurity removal ratio of the ME21 (MICP:EICP=2:1) mixture is increased by about 13%. The good acid resistance of the urease enzyme and acidophilic bacteria improves their growth and activity, thus increasing the biomineralization rate by about 22%. Additionally, the ME treatment is 30% cheaper than the traditional binder treatment. Therefore, this new treatment is a low-cost and environmentally friendly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Xiang
- School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center of Smart Water and Resource Environment, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jingping Qiu
- School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center of Smart Water and Resource Environment, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yuying Song
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, 510450, China
| | - Yingyan Miao
- School of Civil Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Xiaowei Gu
- School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center of Smart Water and Resource Environment, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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21
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Zhou B, Liang YM, Bin J, Ding MJ, Yang M, Kang C. Rapid Determination of Phosphogypsum in Soil Based by Infrared (IR) and Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy with Multivariate Calibration. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2152829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan-Mei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Bin
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meng-Jiao Ding
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Surface-Treated Recycling Fibers from Wind Turbine Blades as Reinforcement for Waste Phosphogypsum. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248668. [PMID: 36557802 PMCID: PMC9785965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An attempt at the treatment of the waste fiber (WF) from the wind turbine blade (WTB) was made through the modifier of dopamine hydrochloride and the compound modifier of dopamine hydrochloride and 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid or 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid or 3,4-dihydroxy benzonitrile, corresponding to obtain four modified waste fibers (MWF1, MWF2, MWF3, and MWF4). The MWFs samples' microstructure properties were characterized using SEM, EDS, XPS, FTIR analyses, and water contact angle tests. The results revealed that all the MWF surfaces were wrapped by a distinct coating layer and had different elemental compositions and chemical groups, demonstrating the significant effect of the four modifications on the WF surfaces. The hydroxyl, amino, or nitrile groups were grafted onto the WF surfaces causing improvement of the hydrophilicity and reactivity. Furthermore, all the MWFs as the reinforced materials were incorporated into the industrial waste phosphogypsum (PG) to manufacture the phosphorous-building gypsum composites (PBGC). The effects on the micro-morphology and mechanical properties of the PBGC were evaluated. The results also show the improvement in flexural and compressive strength with the addition of MWFs into the PBGC, due to the enhancement of the compactness between the MWF and phosphogypsum matrix. In particular, the effects of three compound modifiers on the flexural and compressive strength are more significant. The highest flexural and compressive strength was contributed by the PBGC-MWF4 with 2% dosage using a compound modifier of dopamine hydrochloride and 3,4-dihydroxy benzonitrile, which were enhanced 61.04% and 25.97% compared with the PBG.
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23
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Chen Q, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Liu Y. Highly-efficient fluoride retention in on-site solidification/stabilization of phosphogypsum: Cemented paste backfill synergizes with poly-aluminum chloride activation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136652. [PMID: 36216108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a massively generated hazardous by-product in the phosphorus industry. Large-scale, efficient, profitable on-site recycling is an emerging topic for promoting sustainable phosphorus circularity and mitigating potential human exposure. In this work, we integrated a green and low-cost additive polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) into the binder design of PG immobilization. The overall experimental results illustrate that the incorporation of PAC can efficiently promote the cement hydration reaction, with amorphous phases increased from 25.9 wt% (control group) to 27.5 wt% (with 2 g/L PAC). The macro-investigations indicate that the PAC optimized the porosity and mechanical properties of specimens, facilitating a mechanically stable solidified matrix for extrapolating its field engineering application. The detailed micrographs and elemental mapping demonstrate that apart from co-existing with the hydration products, the PAC agent plays a role in the immobilization of fluoride. Herein, the combined optimization enhanced the fluoride retention capacity due to the precipitated additional hydration products, comparable encapsulation, and high adsorption ability of PAC agents. Therefore our design of PAC-augmented binders can open up a new field of PG on-site solidification/stabilization application that ensures efficient fluoride retention in a technically feasible and financially profitable methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusong Chen
- Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan, 24300, China; School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yunmin Wang
- Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan, 24300, China; School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qinli Zhang
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yikai Liu
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
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Pliaka M, Gaidajis G. Potential uses of phosphogypsum: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:746-763. [PMID: 35903962 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry that is produced during the phosphoric acid production process. Annual global PG production ranges between 100 to 300 Mt, with only 15% of that utilized while the rest is usually placed on large dumps with potential serious human and environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to give an overview and to evaluate the existing and potential uses of PG that extend from soil stabilization to cement and chemical industry and for agricultural to geotechnical, human impacts, and environmental applications. More specifically, PG can be used as a substitute in the cement industry, in building materials and in road construction, as a fertilizer for soil improvement, as a raw material for the production of some chemicals, and as a backfilling material for the rehabilitation of abandoned mines and quarries, while the recovery of gypsum and the extraction of rare earth elements signifies the potential importance of PG to cyclic economy. The paper offers an extensive overview of existing and potential uses of PG, discusses their adequacy, and reveals that PG can be widely used under certain conditions, rather than disposed as waste in stockpiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pliaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Management and Industrial Ecology, Department of Production and Management Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaidajis
- Laboratory of Environmental Management and Industrial Ecology, Department of Production and Management Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
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Removal of Fluoride from Phosphogypsum Leaching Solution with Phosphate Tailing Based Layered Double Hydroxides: Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherms. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ternary and quaternary layered double oxides (PTB-LDO3 and PTB-LDO4) based on phosphate tailings were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The as-prepared samples were characterized and applied to remove fluorine ions from a phosphogypsum leaching solution. The results indicated that both the precursor of PTB-LDO3 and PTB-LDO4 showed a layered structure with characteristic diffraction peaks of hydrotalcite. Compared with PTB-LDO4, PTB-LDO3 exhibited better adsorption performance at pH 5–6 and a dosage of 0.04 mg L−1. The adsorption kinetics results revealed that the adsorption of fluorine by PTB-LDO3 and PTB-LDO4 reached the adsorption equilibrium in about 3 h, and followed the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption data could be fitted better with the Langmuir isotherm with the maximum adsorption amounts of 26.03 mg g−1 and 15.66 mg g−1 for PTB-LDO3 and PTB-LDO4, respectively. The adsorption of fluorine by PTB-LDO3 and PTB-LDO4 were both spontaneous and exothermic, and exhibited excellent reusability and stability. This study provides a possibility for the combined treatment of phosphorus chemical solid waste (phosphorus tailings) and phosphorus chemical wastewater (phosphogypsum leaching liquid).
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