Buyang Huanwu Decoction promotes growth and differentiation of neural progenitor cells: using a serum pharmacological method

Evidence mapping of traditional Chinese medicine in diabetic peripheral neuropathy treatment

Objective: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) stands as a crucial complication of diabetes, significantly affecting patients' quality of life. This study aims to elucidate the evidence distribution from clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on DPN treatment with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) through evidence mapping. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted from January 2017 to October 2022 in databases such as Wanfang (China Online Journals), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (China Science and Technology Journal Database), SinoMed (Chinese Biomedical Literature Database), PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Literature related to the treatment of DPN with TCM was selected. From the 1,229 RCTs identified over the past 6 years, relevant data were extracted. The evidence mapping approach was utilized, and trends in publications, study scales, intervention types, and evaluation indicators were analyzed using descriptive text combined with tables and bubble charts. Results: Research on the treatment of DPN with TCM is extensive. The publication trend remains relatively stable with predominantly smaller sample sizes. The main treatments encompass oral Chinese medicine and traditional external treatments. The most common evaluation indicators are neurophysiological, efficiency rate, symptom signs, neuropathy scores, and traditional Chinese symptoms, with less focus on psychological status and the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Conclusion: Shedding light on contemporary research, this study explores the current RCTs evaluating TCM's efficacy in treating DPN. The findings not only highlight the potential role of TCM in addressing diabetic complications but also underscore areas that could benefit from refined research approaches, expanded intervention methods, and broader assessment criteria. Our observations aim to inform and inspire future research directions and clinical practices concerning TCM's role in managing diabetes-associated complications.

The potential mechanism of qinghua quyu jianpi decoction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Following the idea of herbal property and compatibility, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula consists of a number of TCM herbs. Qinghua Quyu Jianpi Decoction (QQJD) has been clinically proven to be effective in treating UC, however, its therapeutic mechanism has not been fully elucidated.

AIM OF STUDY

Here, we used network pharmacology analysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to predict the mechanism of action of QQJD, and then validated our predictions through in vivo and in vitro experiments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, based on a number of datasets, relationship network diagrams between QQJD and UC were created. The target network for the QQJD-UC intersection genes was then built, and KEGG analysis was carried out to identify a potential pharmacological mechanism. Finally, the results of the previous prediction were validated in dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced UC mice and a cellular inflammatory model.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology results suggested that QQJD may play a role in repairing intestinal mucosa by activating Wnt pathway. In vivo experiments have shown that QQJD can significantly reduce weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, improve colon length, and effectively repair the tissue morphology of UC mice. In addition, we also found that QQJD can activate the Wnt pathway to promote epithelial cell renewal, reduce apoptosis, and repair the mucosal barrier. To further understand how QQJD promotes cell proliferation in DSS-induced Caco-2 cells, we performed a study in vitro experiment. We were surprised to find that QQJD activated the Wnt pathway by inducing nuclear translocation of β-catenin, accelerating the cell cycle and promoting cell proliferation in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, network pharmacology and experiments showed that QQJD achieves mucosal healing and restores the colonic epithelium barrier by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, regulating cell cycle progression, and promoting the proliferation of epithelial cells.

The potential of plant extracts in cell therapy

Cell therapy is the frontier technology of biotechnology innovation and the most promising method for the treatment of refractory diseases such as tumours. However, cell therapy has disadvantages, such as toxicity and poor therapeutic effects. Plant extracts are natural, widely available, and contain active small molecule ingredients that are widely used in the treatment of various diseases. By studying the effect of plant extracts on cell therapy, active plant extracts that have positive significance in cell therapy can be discovered, and certain contributions to solving the current problems of attenuation and adjuvant therapy in cell therapy can be made. Therefore, this article reviews the currently reported effects of plant extracts in stem cell therapy and immune cell therapy, especially the effects of plant extracts on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and nerve stem cells and the potential role of plant extracts in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T) and T-cell receptor modified T-cell immunotherapy (TCR-T), in the hope of encouraging further research and clinical application of plant extracts in cell therapy.

Proteomics-Guided Study on Buyang Huanwu Decoction for Its Neuroprotective and Neurogenic Mechanisms for Transient Ischemic Stroke: Involvements of EGFR/PI3K/Akt/Bad/14-3-3 and Jak2/Stat3/Cyclin D1 Signaling Cascades

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been used for recovering neurological dysfunctions and treating post-stroke disability in China for 200 years. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BHD on inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, promoting proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurite formation and enhancing learning and memory functional recovery in an experimental rat ischemic stroke model. BHD significantly reduced infarct volume and decreased cell apoptosis in the ischemic brain. BHD enhanced neuronal cell viability in vitro. BHD dose-dependently promoted the proliferation of NSCs in ischemic rat brains in vivo. Moreover, BHD promoted neuronal and astrocyte differentiation in primary cultured NSCs in vitro. Water maze test revealed that BHD promoted the recovery of learning function but not memory functions in the transient ischemic rats. We then investigated the changes of the cellular signaling molecules by using two-dimension (2D) gel electrophoresis and focused on the PI3K/Akt/Bad and Jak2/Stat3/cyclin D1signaling pathway to uncover its underlying mechanisms for its neuroprotective and neurogenetic effects. BHD significantly upregulated the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-Bad as well as the expression of p-Jak, p-Stat3, and cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, BHD upregulated Hes1 and downregulated cav-1 in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that BHD has neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis-promoting effects via activating PI3K/Akt/Bad and Jak2/Stat3/Cyclin D1 signaling pathways. Graphical Abstract Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) activates the PI3K-AKT-BAD pathway in the ischemic brain for neuroprotection. BHD also activates JAK2/STAT3/Cyclin D1 signaling cascades for promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus of post-ischemic brains. Moreover, BHD inhibits the expression of caveolin-1 and increases the expression of HES1 for promoting neuronal differentiation. The neuroprotective and neurogenesis-promoting effects in the hippocampus of post-ischemic brains promote learning ability.

Understanding the multi-herbal composition of Buyang Huanwu Decoction: A review for better clinical use

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) is a multi-herbal composition commonly prescribed in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. Although studies have been conducted at the cellular (in vitro), animal and human (in vivo) level, there was no detailed analysis on how the composition and proportion of BHD is modified according to target diseases.

AIM OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the composition and proportion of each herb in BHD to summarize how the original BHD was modified according to the target disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Electronic literature searches were performed in three databases, collecting sixty-eight studies for the final analysis. The studies were divided into three types: cell studies, animal experiments and clinical trial. In the analysis, the decoction formula including the composition and the weight proportion of the herbs in BHD used in the studies and the target diseases were examined.

RESULTS

The result showed that in cell studies, the targets were mostly cell differentiation, cell injury and immune activation. In animal studies, cerebrovascular diseases such as cerebral ischemia were the most identified target diseases followed by nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. While the proportions of the herbs in BHD used in these studies were in general similar to the original formula, some studies reduced the amount of Astragali Radix to half of the original amount. Modified BHDs were used in four studies for cerebrovascular and peripheral nerve diseases. However, no significant correlation has been observed between the target diseases and the change of the proportion of the herbs in BHD.

CONCLUSIONS

The most commonly used formula was the original composition of BHD, and modified BHDs were reported to be used to treat cerebrovascular and nervous diseases. Further studies about the effects of BHD by composition and proportion of herbs are needed in the future.

Acupuncture combined with Buyang Huanwu decoction in treatment of patients with ischemic stroke

Objective

This study was performed to investigate the effect of acupuncture combined with Buyang Huanwu decoction in patients with ischemic stroke.

Methods

In total, 115 patients with ischemic stroke were recruited and divided into 3 groups. The control group received normal treatment, the acupuncture group received additional acupuncture treatment, and the combined group received additional acupuncture combined with Buyang Huanwu decoction treatment. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Chinese Stroke Scale (CSS) were used to evaluate the stroke condition, and the Barthel index (BI) was used to measure life quality. Blood lipids and recurrence were also analyzed.

Results

The CSS and NIHSS scores were significantly lower in the acupuncture group and combined group than in the control group; however, the BI score was significantly higher in the acupuncture group and combined group. Similarly, the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein were all significantly increased, while the level of high-density lipoprotein showed no significant difference in all groups. The recurrence rate was significantly lower in the combined group than in the other two groups.

Conclusion

Acupuncture combined with Buyang Huanwu decoction could improve the clinical outcomes and reduce the recurrence rates in patients with ischemic stroke.

The Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are special types of cells with the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation. NSCs are regulated by multiple pathways and pathway related transcription factors during the process of proliferation and differentiation. Numerous studies have shown that the compound medicinal preparations, single herbs, and herb extracts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have specific roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In this study, we investigate the markers of NSCs in various stages of differentiation, the related pathways regulating the proliferation and differentiation, and the corresponding transcription factors in the pathways. We also review the influence of TCM on NSC proliferation and differentiation, to facilitate the development of TCM in neural regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.

Protective effects of Oviductus Ranae-containing serum on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in rat ovarian granulosa cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Oviductus Ranae (OR) is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from Rana temporaria chensinensis David, and is known to have a wide variety of pharmacological effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the function and mechanism of OR-containing serum in protecting rat ovarian granulosa cells from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

H₂O₂-treated granulosa cells were pretreated with OR-containing serum, and viability and proliferation assays were carried out using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Apoptotic granulosa cells were observed microscopically using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and the apoptotic ratio was quantified via Annexin V/ propidium iodide (PI) staining combined with flow cytometry. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in the cells were measured using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and rhodamine 123, respectively, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, and other apoptosis-related proteins (p53, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3), were detected by western blot analysis, and the related mRNA levels were detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

The results revealed that treatment with OR-containing serum reduced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane damage in H₂O₂-treated granulosa cells. The OR-containing serum interfered with H₂O₂-induced intracellular generation of ROS and loss of ΔΨm, which typically lead to apoptosis. Furthermore, the OR-containing serum down-regulated pro-apoptotic proteins such as p53, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3, while up-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Finally, the OR-containing serum increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and reduced JNK and p38 phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

OR-containing serum protected rat ovarian granulosa cells against H₂O₂-induced apoptosis, by reducing ROS production and improving mitochondrial membrane potential, through down-regulation of negative regulators of proliferation, activation of ERK1/2, and inhibition of the activity of JNK and p38.

Upregulation of glutamate metabolism by BYHWD in cultured astrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in part depends on the activation of p38 MAPK

Recent studies have demonstrated that Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) decreased glutamate levels subsequent to cerebral ischemia. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS), which are located in astrocytes, mainly contribute to glutamate transportation, thus reducing glutamate concentration. BYHWD has previously been demonstrated to upregulate GLT-1 and GS following ischemia in vivo. However, whether BYHWD can directly influence astrocytic GLT-1/GS levels remains unknown. In the present study, the effect of BYHWD containing serum (BYHWD-CS) on GLT-1/GS levels in astrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was investigated. The results revealed that BYHWD-CS enhanced the expression levels of GLT-1 and GS in cultured astrocytes, which reduced glutamate concentration in the culture medium. Meanwhile, increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was phosphorylated (activation form) by BYHWD-CS in cultured astrocytes, and the specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocked the increase of GLT-1/GS accompanied by decreased cell viability. Furthermore, SB203580 suppressed the effect of BYHWD-CS on the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (an astrocytic marker), thus confirming that astrocytes are directly involved in the protective role of BYHWD after OGD/R. These findings suggest that BYHWD upregulates GLT-1 and GS via p38 MAPK activation, and protects cultured astrocytes from death caused by OGD/R (typical in vitro model), which complemented the role of astrocytes in the protective effect of BYHWD.

Locally and traditionally used Ligusticum species - A review of their phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ligusticum species (Umbelliferae) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, Korean folk medicine and Native American medicine for their medicinal and nutritional value. Decoctions of the rhizomes are used in treatment and prophylaxis of migraine, anemia and cardiovascular conditions including stroke.

AIM OF STUDY

This review is intended to fully compile the constituents of locally and traditionally used Ligusticum species, present their bioactivities and highlight potential leads for future drug design, and thus, provide a reference for further research and application of these species. Emphasis is also placed on current trends in the pharmacokinetic studies of the major constituents.

METHODS

The literature discussed is derived from readily accessible papers spanning the early 1990s to the end of 2015. Information was collected from journals, books and online searches (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Springerlink and CNKI).

RESULTS

The major phytoconstituents, 154 of which are presented in this review, include alkaloids, phthalides and phenolic acids. The crude extracts and isolated constituents have exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic effects, including cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. The bioactive alkaloid tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has attracted the most attention for its potent effect on calcium channels, anti-platelet as well as anti-inflammatory effects. Pharmacokinetic studies of major constituents have also been summarized.

CONCLUSION

The pthalides, organic acids and alkaloids of Ligusticum species have emerged as a good source of traditional medicines for the management of cardio- and cerebrovascular conditions, inflammation and neurogenerative disorders. The species discussed in this review have demonstrated wide pharmacological actions and have great potential to yield multipotent drugs if challenges such as poor bioavailability, solubility and toxicological profiles are addressed. Apart from the rhizomes, pharmacological activities of other botanical parts also need to be studied further. Expansion of research to cover other species in the Ligusticum genus would provide more opportunities for the discovery of new bioactive principles.

Enhanced axonal regeneration of the injured sciatic nerve by administration of Buyang Huanwu decoction

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and neurological symptoms, and recent experimental studies have begun to provide evidence showing its protective effects on neural cells. Yet, its function for the regenerative responses of axons in the peripheral nerve after injury is not known.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of the present study was to explore that BYHWD is involved in growth-promoting activity of the peripheral nerve axons after injury. We further examined whether the effect of BYHWD exerted directly on regrowing axons or Schwann cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sciatic nerves in rats were given crush injury, and BYHWD was injected by oral administration. Sciatic nerves or DRG tissues were prepared for immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. Levels of axonal regeneration were quantified by retrograde tracing technique. Cultured DRG sensory neurons and Schwann cells were prepared from rats and used to examine the effects of BYHWD on the neurite outgrowth. Behavioral analysis on functional recovery after nerve injury was assessed in mice by pin prick test, adhesive removal test, and toe-spreading reflex.

RESULTS

Immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing analyses showed that the distal extension of the sciatic nerve axons was significantly improved by BYHWD treatment. Levels of axonal growth-associated protein GAP-43 were upregulated by BYHWD treatment in the sciatic nerve after injury and in the neurites of cultured DRG neurons. In vivo administration of BYHWD in rats upregulated the induction level of cell division cycle 2 (Cdc2) and its phosphorylation of vimentin in Schwann cells from injured sciatic nerve. Coculture of DRG neurons with Schwann cells prepared from preinjured sciatic nerves in animals administered with BYHWD led to the enhancement in neurite outgrowth. Behavioral tests in mice given sciatic nerve injury showed a significant improvement in sensorimotor activity by BYHWD administration.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that BYHWD administration into animals given sciatic nerve injury facilitates axonal regeneration by acting on both the axons undergoing regeneration and neighboring Schwann cells and improves functional recovery.

Effects of Xiaoshuan enteric-coated capsule on neurovascular functions assessed by quantitative multiparametric MRI in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia

Background

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula for treating stroke-induced disability. Xiaoshuan enteric-coated capsule (XSECC), derived from the formula BYHWD, is a drug approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for stroke management. To further investigate the potential protective effects of XSECC on neurovascular functions, we endeavour to monitor the neurovascular functions using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and evaluated histopathological changes of neurovascular unit (NVU) after stroke.

Methods

Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). XSECC (420 mg/kg) was orally administered 2 h after stroke and daily thereafter. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), T2 relaxometry mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to measure cerebral infarct volume, edema and white matter fiber integrity, respectively. Neurochemical metabolite levels were monitored by ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS). Arterial spin labeling (ASL) – cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements and structural magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images provided real-time and dynamic information about vascular hemodynamic dysfunction on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days after pMCAO. At the last imaging time point, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to test the microscopic and ultrastructural changes of NVU.

Results

T2WI, T2 relaxometry mapping and Fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI showed that XSECC significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, relieved edema and alleviated nerve fiber injuries, respectively. ¹H-MRS provided information about improvement of neuronal/glial metabolism after XSECC treatment. Moreover, ASL – CBF measurements combined with MRA showed that XSECC significantly increased CBF and vascular signal strength and alleviated ischemia-induced morphological changes of arteries in ischemic hemisphere within 14 days after stroke. In addition, neuron specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD34 staining and TEM detection indicated that XSECC not only ameliorated neuronal injury, but also reduced endothelial damage and inhibited astrocyte proliferation.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that XSECC has multi-target neurovascular protective effects on ischemic stroke, which may be closely correlated with the improvement of cerebral blood supply and neuronal/glial metabolism.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction Vigorously Rescues PC12 Cells Against 6-OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity via Akt/GSK3β Pathway Based on Serum Pharmacology Methodology

Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD), as a popular traditional Chinese medicine formula, was widely used for treating ischemic diseases. However, in the area of neurodegenerative diseases, the researches focused on BYHWD are rare but promising, and molecular mechanisms underlying are largely elusive. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a dopaminergic-specific neurotoxin, is extensively used to establish neurotoxic model in vivo and in vitro. In our present study, we prepared drug-containing serum of BYHWD (Buyang Huanwu drug-containing serum [BYHWS]) based on serum pharmacology methodology. Neurotoxic model in vitro was established in PC12 cells, and innovative experimental grouping method was adopted to investigate neuroprotective effects of BYHWS on neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA exposure. Remarkably, BYHWS vigorously rescued PC12 cells from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity even to surpass 100% in cell viability. Moreover, Hoechst/propidium iodide (PI) staining revealed that cell apoptotic rate was reduced significantly after incubation of BYHWS. Besides, BYHWS effectively restored the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and attenuated the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species level caused by 6-OHDA insult. Furthermore, BYHWS remarkably reversed the dephosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) evoked by 6-OHDA. The above protective effects were attenuated by coculturing with Akt inhibitor LY294002. In summary, we concluded that the BYHWS vigorously blocked 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity via Akt/GSK3β pathway and provided a novel insight into roles of BYHWD in the clinical practices on neurodegenerative diseases.

Chinese Herbal Products for Ischemic Stroke

Traditional Chinese herbal products (CHPs) have been described in ancient medicine systems as treatments for various stroke-associated ailments. This study is aimed to investigate the prescription patterns and combinations of CHPs for ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Prescriptions of CHPs for ischemic stroke were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. Every prescription with a leading diagnosis of ischemic stroke made during 2000-2010 was analyzed. Descriptive statistics were applied to the pattern of co-prescriptions. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess demographic and risk factors that are correlated with CHP use. The dataset of inpatient claims data contained information on 15,896 subjects who experienced ischemic stroke from 2000 to 2010. There was an average of 5.82 CHPs in a single prescription for subjects with ischemic stroke. Bu-yang-huan-wu-tang (BYHWT) (40.32%) was by far the most frequently prescribed formula CHP for ischemic stroke, and the most commonly used combination of two-formula-CHP was BYHWT with Shu-jin-huo-xue-tang (SJHXT) (4.40%). Dan Shen (16.50%) was the most commonly used single CHP for ischemic stroke, and the most commonly used combination of two single CHPs was Shi Chang Pua with Yuan Zhi (4.79%). We found that BYHWT and Dan Shen were the most frequently prescribed formula and single CHP for ischemic stroke, respectively. These results provide information about individualized therapy and may contribute to further pharmacologic experiments and clinical trials.

Anti-metastatic effect and mechanisms of Wenshen Zhuanggu Formula in human breast cancer cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Wenshen Zhuanggu Formula (WSZG), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) empirical prescription, has been used to treat the patients with breast cancer bone metastasis as an adjuvant in clinical practice. To explore the anti-metastatic activity and potential mechanisms of WSZG-containing serum (WSZG-CS) on highly bone-metastatic human breast cancer MDA-MB-231BO cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MDA-MB-231BO cells were cultured alone or co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Invasion assays were carried out in Matrigel-coated Transwell chambers. CC chemokine 5 (CCL5) and interleukin (IL)-17B secretion levels were detected by ELISA. CCR5 and IL-17BR protein expression levels were determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Compared with control serum, WSZG-CS significantly inhibited BMSC induced MDA-MB-231BO breast cancer cell invasion, reduced CCL5 and IL-17B levels in co-culture supernatants, and downregulated CCR5 and IL-17BR protein expression in breast cancer cells co-cultured with BMSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

WSZG-CS exerts an anti-metastatic activity against MDA-MB-231BO breast cancer cells, due to its ability to mitigate the interaction between BMSCs and breast cancer cells mediated via the CCL5/CCR5 and IL-17B/IL-17BR signaling pathways.

Synergistic effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction and embryonic neural stem cell transplantation on the recovery of neurological function in a rat model of spinal cord injury

The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of a combined treatment of Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD), a well-known formula of traditional Chinese medicine, and neural stem cells (NSCs) on spinal cord injury (SCI) and the associated underlying mechanisms. A SCI model was established by surgery via a complete transection of the T10 vertebra of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Gelatin sponges were used to absorb NSCs labeled with the thymidine analog, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and were transferred into the transected spinal cords. BYHWD was administered once a day by introgastric infusion. Motor functions of the hind limbs were evaluated using the 21-point locomotor rating scale developed by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB). The fate of the transplanted NSCs under the various conditions was examined by double immunofluorescence staining, using markers for neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, with BrdU. Ultrastructural changes of the SCI site following the various treatments were examined under a transmission electron microscope. The number of double positive cells for glial fibrillary acidic protein and BrdU in the BYHWD + NSC group was significantly decreased when compared with that in the NSC group (P<0.05). However, the number of cells that were labeled double positive for myelin basic protein and BrdU, as well as neuron specific enolase and BrdU, was greater in the BYHWD + NSC group when compared with the NSC group. Electron microscopy demonstrated that treatment with BYHWD combined with NSCs significantly alleviated demyelination. Results from the BBB motor function test exhibited a significant improvement in the BYHWD + NSC group when compared with the SCI, BYHWD and NSC only groups. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the traditional Chinese medicine formula, BYHWD, exerted an effect on the differentiation and migration of NSCs. Combining the administration of BYHWD with NSCs was shown to have a synergistic effect on the recovery of neurological function, mitigating the progress of demyelination or ameliorating the recovery of myelination.

Neuroprotective effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction on cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage

Among the various treatment methods for stroke, increasing attention has been paid to traditional Chinese medicines. Buyang Huanwu decoction is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke. This paper summarizes the active components of the Chinese herb, which is composed of Huangqi (Radix Astragali seu Hedysari), Danggui (Radix Angelica sinensis), Chishao (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), Chuanxiong (Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong), Honghua (Flos Carthami), Taoren (Semen Persicae) and Dilong (Pheretima), and identifies the therapeutic targets and underlying mechanisms that contribute to the neuroprotective properties of Buyang Huanwu decoction.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating the inflammatory response and cellular apoptosis

Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction extracted from Buyang Huanwu Decoction contains saponins of Astragalus, total paeony glycoside and safflower flavones. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction on ischemic injury both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo experiments showed that 50-200 mg/kg Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction reduced infarct volume and pathological injury in ischemia/reperfusion rats, markedly inhibited expression of nuclear factor-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α and promoted nestin protein expression in brain tissue. Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction (200 mg/kg) exhibited significant effects, which were similar to those of 100 mg/kg Ginkgo biloba extract. In vitro experimental results demonstrated that 10-100 mg/L Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction significantly improved cell viability, decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde levels, and inhibited the rate of apoptosis in HT22 cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation. Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction (100 mg/L) exhibited significant effects, which were similar to those of 100 mg/L Ginkgo biloba extract. These findings suggest that Buyang Huanwu Decoction fraction may represent a novel, protective strategy against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage in HT22 cells in vitro by attenuating the inflammatory response and cellular apoptosis.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction regulates neural stem cell behavior in ischemic brain

The traditional Chinese medicine Buyang Huanwu Decoction has been shown to improve the neu-rological function of patients with stroke. However, the precise mechanisms underlying its effect remain poorly understood. In this study, we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion and intragastrically administered 5 g/kg Buyang Huanwu Decoction, once per day, for 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after cerebral ischemia. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a number of cells positive for the neural stem cell marker nestin in the cerebral cortex, the subven-tricular zone and the ipsilateral hippocampal dentate gyrus in rat models of cerebral ischemia. Buyang Huanwu Decoction significantly increased the number of cells positive for 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a cell proliferation-related marker, microtubule-associated protein-2, a marker of neuronal differentiation, and growth-associated protein 43, a marker of synaptic plasticity in the ischemic rat cerebral regions. The number of positive cells peaked at 14 and 28 days after intragastric administration of Buyang Huanwu Decoction. These findings suggest that Buyang Huanwu Decoction can promote the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and hance synaptic plasticity in ischemic rat brain tissue.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction () reduces infarct volume and enhances estradiol and estradiol receptor concentration in ovariectomized rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction (, BYHWD) on estradiol (E2) and estradiol receptor (ER) in serum and brain in ovariectomized rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

METHODS

Adult female rats were ovariectomized and focal cerebral ischemic was induced by MCAO. Rats were randomly divided into normal, ovariectomy (OVX), MCAO, OVX+MCAO, OVX+MCAO+E2, and OVX+MCAO+BYHWD group. Rats were administered BYHWD 5 g/kg daily, estradiol valerate 500 μg/kg per day or distilled water for 7 consecutive days. Neuronal function and infarct volume were measured on day 7 after artery occlusion, and E2 and ER concentration in serum and brain were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

BYHWD significantly improved the neurological behavior, reduced the infarction volume, increased E2 concentration in serum and brain, and increased ER concentration in the brain in ovariectomized rats after MCAO.

CONCLUSION

The neuroprotective effects of BYHWD are associated with estrogen and its receptor.

Neuroprotective effect of buyang huanwu decoction on rat ischemic/reperfusion brain damage by promoting migration of neural precursor cells

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is a classic formula widely used for treating stroke-induced disability, the highest morbidity of neurological disorders in China. However, the mechanism of its neuroprotection has not been fully clarified. Previous reports indicated that BYHWD may promote growth and differentiation of neural precursor cells (NPCs). The present study focused on the effects of BYHWD on migration of NPCs in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were treated with different doses of BYHWD (12 and 24 grams/kg) from day 1 to day 21 after model building. BYHWD could increase the survival rate and decrease neurological scores and infarct volume as compared with the vehicle-treated MCAO rats. Moreover, BYHWD treatment significantly increased 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), subgranular zone (SGZ), and corpus striatum (CS) of the infarct brain. Interestingly, BYHWD could markedly enhance BrdU(+)/doublecortin(+) cells not only in the SVZ and SGZ but also in CS, by up-regulating the protein expression of migration activators, including stromal cell derived factor-1, CXC chemokine receptor 4, vascular endothelial growth factor, Reelin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the ipsilateral infarct area after MCAO. In addition, BYHWD treatment was able to promote the neuronal differentiation, which was closely related to the migratory process of NPCs in MCAO rats. These findings offer evidence for the first time that BYHWD may exert its neuroprotective effects partially by promotion of NPCs migration to ischemic brain areas.

Study on the antiviral activity of San Huang Yi Gan Capsule against hepatitis B virus with seropharmacological method

Background

Seropharmacology arising recently is a novel method of in vitro pharmacological study on Chinese herb using drug-containing animal serum. As seropharmacology possesses the advantages of experiments in vitro and in vivo, it is increasingly applied in pharmacological research on Chinese medicine. However, some issues of seropharmacology remain controversial and need to be clearly defined. San Huang Yi Gan Capsule (SHYGC) is a Chinese herbal formula with antiviral property against hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the mechanism underlying its anti-HBV activity. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the action mechanism of SHYGC using seropharmacological method and systematically address the methodology of preparing drug-containing serum.

Methods

New Zealand rabbits were orally administrated SHYGC with various regimens, followed by preparation of SHYGC-containing rabbit sera with a variety of methods. After HBV-producing HepG2 2.2.15 cells were treated with SHYGC-containing sera or entecavir for 9 days, the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA and the activity of DNA Polymerase were determined in HepG2 2.2.15 cells-conditioned media.

Results

An optimally standardized method of preparing drug-containing serum was raised for seropharmacology, with which SHYGC was demonstrated to suppress HBsAg expression, HBV DNA replication and DNA Polymerase activity in a dose-dependent fashion.

Conclusions

This seropharmacological study shows SHYGC is a potentially powerful anti-HBV agent. Additionally, seropharmacology is a promising pharmacological method with a broad range of advantages, and it can be widely used in biomedical research, if combined with pharmacokinetics.

Anti-diabetic activities of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GGQLD) is one of the well-known traditional Chinese medicines. Recently, it was reported that GGQLD had good clinical effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, few studies have confirmed in detail the anti-diabetic activities of GGQLD in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the anti-diabetic effects of GGQLD in high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The present results suggested GGQLD (4.95, 11.55 and 18.15 g/kg) decreased significantly fasting blood glucose, glycosylated serum protein, and glycosylated hemoglobin of diabetic rats (p<0.05), and GGQLD (4.95 and 18.15 g/kg) decreased significantly fasting serum insulin levels of diabetic rats (p<0.05); in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Gegen Qinlian Decoction-containing serum (GGQLD-CS) (4%, 8% and 16%) enhanced glucose consumption, triglyceride (TG) content, adiponectin protein concentration and the mRNA expression of adiponectin. Adiponectin contributes to the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and can play a critical role in the development of diabetes mellitus; the mechanisms of action of GGQLD might be related to augmentation of adiponectin protein concentration and up-regulation of the mRNA expression of adiponectin. However, the multi-target mechanisms of action of GGQLD need to be clarified further. The present study further validated the beneficial effects of GGQLD as an anti-diabetic agent. These findings provide a new insight into the anti-diabetic application for GGQLD in clinic and display the potential of GGQLD as a new drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of buyang huanwu decoction in animal model of focal cerebral ischemia

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) is a well-known Chinese herbal prescription for ischemic stroke. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to provide the current evidence for neuroprotective effects of BHD and its possible mechanisms in animal models of focal ischemia. A systematic literature search, through October 2012, was performed using six databases. The outcome measures assessed were infarct size and/or neurological score. Fifty-six studies with 1270 animals that met the inclusion criteria were identified. The median score for methodological quality was 3 with a range of 2 to 6. Compared with vehicle or no treatment controls, BHD gave a 37% improvement in outcome for all doses ranging from 1.0 g/kg to 60 g/kg at each time point that BHD was administered (P < 0.01). Efficacy was higher in mouse models that utilized suture occlusion and temporary ischemia. The neuroprotective effects of BHD are involved in multiple mechanisms and act upon multiple cell types. In conclusion, BHD possesses substantial neuroprotective effects in experimental stroke probably as a result of the multitarget therapy strategy typically utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. Future research should examine the presence of possible experimental bias and an in-depth study of herbal compound preparations.

Clinical efficacy and safety of buyang huanwu decoction for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal prescription for treating stroke-induced disability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BHD for acute ischemic stroke. A systematic literature search was performed in 6 databases until February 2012. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that evaluate efficacy and safety of BHD for acute ischemic stroke were included. Nineteen RCTs with 1580 individuals were identified. The studies were generally of low methodological quality. Only one of the trial included death or dependency as a primary outcome measure. Only 4 trials reported adverse events. Meta-analysis showed the clinical effective rate of neurological deficit improvement favoring BHD when compared with western conventional medicines (WCM), P < 0.001. There is significant difference in the neurologic deficit score between the BHD treatment group and the WCM control group, P < 0.001. In Conclusion, BHD appears to improve neurological deficit and seems generally safe in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the current evidence is insufficient to support a routine use of BHD for acute ischemic stroke due to the poor methodological quality and lack of adequate safety data of the included studies. Further rigorously designed trials are required.

Buyang Huanwu decoction enhances cell membrane fluidity in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

After bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes and reperfusion for 2 hours, distinct pathological changes presented in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats. Compared with normal rats, nerve cell membrane fluidity significantly decreased in ischemia/reperfusion rats as detected by spin-labeling electron spin resonance, consistent with order parameter S and rotational correlation time τc measurements. Brain nerve cells from rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury were cultured with 1–100 mg/mL Buyang Huanwu decoction. Results showed that Buyang Huanwu decoction gradually increased membrane fluidity dose-dependently to normal levels, and eliminated hydroxide (OH^·) and superoxide ( O₂^·) free radicals dose-dependently. These findings suggest that Buyang Huanwu decoction can protect against cell membrane fluidity changes in rats with ischemia/ reperfusion injury by scavenging free radicals.

Neuroprotective effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats--time window and mechanism

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buyang Huanwu Decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, consists of different herbal medicines, and has been traditionally used for centuries to treat paralysis and stroke. However, its optimal therapeutic time window and the mechanism are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to explore the therapeutic time window and mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Middle cerebral artery occlusion was conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and 40g/kg of Buyang Huanwu Decoction was intragastrically infused at different time points, and the same dose was infused every 24h for 3 days. The level of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid and the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 RNA in striatum were detected before, during, and after ischemia/reperfusion. Neurological deficit scores and brain infarction volumes were measured at 72h after reperfusion.

RESULT

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion resulted in significant neurological deficit and extensive cerebral infarct volume, associated with a large amount of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid and elevation of metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 RNA expression. Buyang Huanwu Decoction significantly suppressed the release of glutamate, and reduced the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 RNA. The neurological defect score and infarction volume were significantly improved by administration of Buyang Huanwu Decoction, when compared with the Ischemia group.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of Buyang Huanwu Decoction, within 4h of post-transient focal stroke, reduced significant cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage. The neuroprotective mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction is, in part, associated with the down-regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 RNA and inhibition of glutamate release resulting from cerebral ischemia.

Neuroprotective effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative injury in Schwann cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine and can be used to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. However the regenerative mechanism of BYHWD remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective mechanisms of BYHWD in Schwann cells damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Schwann cells which were derived from neonatal sciatic nerves of rats were used in subsequent experiments. Schwann cells were injured by various concentrations of H(2)O(2) (0.25, 0.5 and 1mM final concentration). BYHWD (600 μg/ml final concentration) was added to the medium either simultaneously or 1h later after the addition of H(2)O(2). Subsequently, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also examined after 12h. The expression of Caspase 3 and the concentration of intercellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) were also determined.

RESULTS

Among three concentrations of H(2)O(2), 0.5mM H(2)O(2) induced Schwann cells swelled and neuritis disappeared after 12h. In the presence of BYHWD, MTT assay showed that more cells were viable in comparison with the H(2)O(2) injury group. Moreover, the addition of BYHWD has also increased the SOD activity with decreased in MDA level. Furthermore, the concentration of [Ca(2+)]i and expression of Caspase 3 were decreased with the addition of BYHWD in culture.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that BYHWD protected Schwann cells from oxidative injury. The mechanism of BYHWD promoting neural regeneration possibly associated with its anti-oxidative activity.

Neuroprotective effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on spinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, on spinal ischemia/reperfusion injury and explore the possible mechanism of the protective effect.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The spinal ischemia/reperfusion injury model was conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and 40 g/kg Buyang Huanwu Decoction was administered by introgastric infusion. Motor function of hind limbs and apoptosis index were measured 72 h after reperfusion was started. The expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase was examined at 6h and at 24h after reperfusion.

RESULTS

Motor function scores and apoptosis indices were significantly improved in the Buyang Huanwu Decoction group, as compared to the saline-infused control group. Spinal ischemia/reperfusion injury resulted in a decrease in the expression of thioredoxin, while Buyang Huanwu Decoction administration greatly elevated the expression of thioredoxin-1/thioredoxin-2 mRNA and thioredoxin reductase-1/thioredoxin reductase-2 mRNA.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that administration of Buyang Huanwu Decoction may reduce spinal ischemia/reperfusion damage. This neuroprotective effect may be mediated, in part, by an increase in the transcription of thioredoxin.

Microfluidics: a new cosset for neurobiology

Recently, microfluidic systems have shown great potential in the study of molecular and cellular biology. With its excellent properties, such as miniaturization, integration and automation, to name just a few, microfluidics creates new opportunities for the spatial and temporal control of cell growth and environmental stimuli in vitro. In the field of neuroscience, microfluidic devices offer precise control of the microenvironment surrounding individual cells, and the delivery of biochemical or physical cues to neural networks or single neurons. The intent of this review is to outline recent advances in microfluidic-based applications in neurobiology, with emphasis on neuron culture, neuron manipulation, neural stem cell differentiation, neuropharmacology, neuroelectrophysiology, and neuron biosensors. It also aims to stimulate development of microfluidic-based applications in neurobiology by involving scientists from various disciplines, especially neurobiology and microtechnology.

Effects of a traditional Chinese herbal preparation on osteoblasts and osteoclasts

BACKGROUND

Bone formation and resorption is a balanced and continuous process. When osteoclastic bone resorption exceeds osteoblastic bone formation, bone density decreases, which can lead to osteoporosis. Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW), a famous traditional Chinese formulation, has been developed as a restorative formula for hundreds of years, which contains two herbs viz. Herba Ecliptae and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi. EZW is widely used to prevent and treat various kidney diseases for its actions of nourishing the kidney yin and strengthening tendon and bone. The objective of current study was to investigate the effects of EZW on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro using a serum pharmacological method.

METHODS

The rats were orally administered EZW (0.45, 1.8 and 7.2gkg(-1)) for total seven doses and twice a day, and then the different concentrations of EZW-containing serum were prepared. The proliferation of primary cultural osteoblasts, UMR106 and RAW264.7 cells and differentiation of osteoclasts were determined after these cells were treated with different concentrations of EZW-containing serum for a period of time.

RESULTS

The serum from rats treated with EZW for 4 days did not facilitate proliferation of primary cultural osteoblasts and UMR106 cells, but evidently inhibited both proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and differentiation of osteoclasts from RAW264.7 cells induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANK-L) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF).

CONCLUSION

Antiosteoporotic activity of EZW is carried out mainly via restraint of osteoclastic bone resorption, which is in accordance with the traditional Chinese medicine theory on nourishing the kidney yin. Therefore EZW has favorable potency to develop a new anti-osteoporotic agent in clinic.