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Ko SY. Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides on Bone Metabolism: A Review of Osteoporosis, Periodontal Disease and Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5828. [PMID: 38892015 PMCID: PMC11172997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, bioactive compounds from the genus Panax, have potential therapeutic effects on diverse ailments, including diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests their involvement in bone metabolism. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of ginsenosides on osteoporosis, periodontal disease, and osteoarthritis. Their mechanisms of action include effects on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), and chondrocytes, which are pivotal in maintaining bone, periodontal tissue, and cartilage homeostasis. Ginsenosides may exert their beneficial effects by enhancing PDLF and osteoblast activity, suppressing osteoclast function, augmenting chondrocyte synthesis in the cartilage matrix, and mitigating connective tissue degradation. Moreover, they possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-pyroptotic properties. Their efficacy in increasing bone density, ameliorating periodontitis, and alleviating osteoarthritis symptoms has been demonstrated in preclinical studies using animal models. In terms of their mechanism of action, ginsenosides modulate cellular differentiation, activity, and key signaling pathway molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), while also regulating various mediators. Furthermore, the symptomatic relief observed in animal models lends further credence to their therapeutic utility. However, to translate these preclinical findings into clinical practice, rigorous animal and clinical investigations are imperative to ascertain the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing regimens in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yle Ko
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Institute of Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Kim TH. Ginsenosides for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Therapeutic perspectives and mechanistic insights. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:276-285. [PMID: 38707641 PMCID: PMC11068994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic disorder of energy metabolism characterized by a sustained elevation of blood glucose in conjunction with impaired insulin action in multiple peripheral tissues (i.e., insulin resistance). Although extensive research has been conducted to identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of DM, its global prevalence and associated mortailty rates are still increasing, possibly because of challenges related to long-term adherence, limited efficacy, and undesirable side effects of currently available medications, implying an urgent need to develop effective and safe pharmacotherapies for DM. Phytochemicals have recently drawn attention as novel pharmacotherapies for DM based on their clinical relevance, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Ginsenosides, pharmacologically active ingredients primarily found in ginseng, have long been used as adjuvants to traditional medications in Asian countries and have been reported to exert promising therapeutic efficacy in various metabolic diseases, including hyperglycemia and diabetes. This review summarizes the current pharmacological effects of ginsenosides and their mechanistic insights for the treatment of insulin resistance and DM, providing comprehensive perspectives for the development of novel strategies to treat DM and related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Luo D, Zheng L, Zhao M. Anti-diabetic mechanism and potential bioactive peptides of casein hydrolysates in STZ/HFD-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2947-2958. [PMID: 38041433 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casein hydrolysates have attracted much interest as anti-diabetic food, but their hypoglycemic mechanism and biopeptides are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the anti-diabetic mechanism and potential biopeptides of casein hydrolysates in streptozotocin/high-fat-diet-induced diabetic rats and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Oral administration of casein hydrolysate prepared with papain-Flavourzyme combination (P-FCH) decreased fasting blood glucose, improved oral glucose tolerance, and reduced HbA1c values in diabetic rats. P-FCH was ineffective in alleviating insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment and insulin sensitivity index) and enhancing hepatic insulin signaling transduction (phosphorylated Akt, hexokinase activity, and pyruvate kinase activity) in diabetic rats. However, P-FCH significantly upregulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and glucose transporter-2 expression, inhibited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity, and elevated glycogen content in liver tissue of diabetic rats. Furthermore, P-FCH increased glucose consumption independently in normal and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells without the presence of insulin. The peptide composition of P-FCH was characterized. The potential biopeptides in P-FCH showed the sequence characteristic of a Val at the N-terminal or a Pro at the P2 position, and the hypoglycemic activity of Val-Pro-Leu-Gly (the most potential biopeptide in P-FCH) was verified by oral glucose tolerance test in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggested that activation of the non-insulin-mediated AMPK pathway might be the determinant mechanism of P-FCH on the hypoglycemic effect. The novel peptide Val-Pro-Leu-Gly in P-FCH was effective in reducing blood glucose levels when orally administered to mice. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Luo
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou, China
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Lu Z, Mao T, Chen K, Chai L, Dai Y, Liu K. Ginsenoside Rc: A potential intervention agent for metabolic syndrome. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1375-1387. [PMID: 38223453 PMCID: PMC10785250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc, a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin primarily derived from Panax ginseng, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review outlined the sources, putative biosynthetic pathways, extraction, and quantification techniques, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenoside Rc. Furthermore, this study explored the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rc against metabolic syndrome (MetS) across various phenotypes including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. It also highlighted the impact of ginsenoside Rc on multiple associated signaling molecules. In conclusion, the anti-MetS effect of ginsenoside Rc is characterized by its influence on multiple organs, multiple targets, and multiple ways. Although clinical investigations regarding the effects of ginsenoside Rc on MetS are limited, its proven safety and tolerability suggest its potential as an effective treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tongyun Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Longxin Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Li K, Wang M, Wang R, Wang X, Jiao H, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Li H, Lin H. Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscles via S-Sulfhydration of AMPK in Muscle Fiber Type-Dependent Way. J Nutr 2023; 153:2878-2892. [PMID: 37611831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on glucose homeostasis remains to be elucidated, especially in the state of insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to investigate H2S-regulated glucose uptake in the M. pectoralis major (PM) muscle (which mainly consists of fast-twitch glycolytic fibers) and M. biceps femoris (BF) muscle (which mainly consists of slow-twitch oxidative fibers) of the chicken, a potential model of insulin resistance. METHODS Chicks were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, 50 μmol/kg body mass/day) twice a day to explore glucose homeostasis. In vitro, myoblasts from PM and BF muscles were used to detect glucose uptake and utilization. Effects of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, AMPK S-sulfhydration, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway induction by NaHS were detected. RESULTS NaHS enhanced glucose uptake and utilization in chicks (P < 0.05). In myoblasts from PM muscle, NaHS (100 μM) increased glucose uptake by activating AMPK S-sulfhydration, AMPK phosphorylation, and the AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway (P < 0.05). However, NaHS decreased glucose uptake in myoblasts from BF muscle by suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway (P < 0.05). Moreover, NaHS increased S-sulfhydration and, in turn, the phosphorylation of AMPK (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the role of H2S in enhancing glucose uptake and utilization in chicks. The results suggest that NaHS is involved in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in a fiber type-dependent way. The AMPK/p38 pathway and protein S-sulfhydration promote glucose uptake in fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibers, which provides a muscle fiber-specific potential therapeutic target to ameliorate glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ruxia Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunlei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hai Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Jing J, Guo J, Dai R, Zhu C, Zhang Z. Targeting gut microbiota and immune crosstalk: potential mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1252907. [PMID: 37719851 PMCID: PMC10504665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1252907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory reaction that primarily affects large and medium-sized arteries. It is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The pathogenesis of AS involves specific structural and functional alterations in various populations of vascular cells at different stages of the disease. The immune response is involved throughout the entire developmental stage of AS, and targeting immune cells presents a promising avenue for its treatment. Over the past 2 decades, studies have shown that gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, have a significant impact on the progression of AS. Interestingly, it has also been reported that there are complex mechanisms of action between GM and their metabolites, immune responses, and natural products that can have an impact on AS. GM and its metabolites regulate the functional expression of immune cells and have potential impacts on AS. Natural products have a wide range of health properties, and researchers are increasingly focusing on their role in AS. Now, there is compelling evidence that natural products provide an alternative approach to improving immune function in the AS microenvironment by modulating the GM. Natural product metabolites such as resveratrol, berberine, curcumin, and quercetin may improve the intestinal microenvironment by modulating the relative abundance of GM, which in turn influences the accumulation of GM metabolites. Natural products can delay the progression of AS by regulating the metabolism of GM, inhibiting the migration of monocytes and macrophages, promoting the polarization of the M2 phenotype of macrophages, down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors, regulating the balance of Treg/Th17, and inhibiting the formation of foam cells. Based on the above, we describe recent advances in the use of natural products that target GM and immune cells crosstalk to treat AS, which may bring some insights to guide the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Jing
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Dai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaojun Zhu
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Chauhan S, Singh AP, Rana AC, Kumar S, Kumar R, Singh J, Jangra A, Kumar D. Natural activators of AMPK signaling: potential role in the management of type-2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:47-59. [PMID: 37255783 PMCID: PMC10225395 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase involved in the homeostasis of cellular energy. AMPK has developed as an appealing clinical target for the diagnosis of multiple metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that AMPK is needed in response to glucose deficiency, dietary restriction, and increased physical activity for preserving glucose homeostasis. After activation, AMPK influences metabolic mechanisms contributing to enhanced ATP production, thus growing processes that absorb ATP simultaneously. In this review, several natural products have been discussed which enhance the sensitivity of AMPK and alleviate sub complications or different pathways by which such AMPK triggers can be addressed. AMPK Natural products as potential AMPK activators can be developed as alternate pharmacological intervention to reverse metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyogita Chauhan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Aakash Partap Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Avtar Chand Rana
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Haryana 122502 Rewari, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031 Haryana India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, P.O. Mianpur, Ropar, 140108 Punjab India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031 India
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Bioactive compounds from Polygonatum genus as anti-diabetic agents with future perspectives. Food Chem 2023; 408:135183. [PMID: 36566543 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Species in the genus Polygonatum are traditional food and medicinal plants, which play an important role in controlling blood glucose. In this reveiw, we systematically summarized the traditional and modern applications of the genus Polygonatum in DM, focused on the material bases of polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins. We highlighted their mechanisms of action in preventing obese diabetes, improving insulin resistance, promoting insulin secretion, regulating intestinal microecology, inhibiting advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, suppressing carbohydrate digestion and obsorption and modulating gluconeogenesis. Based on the safety and efficacy of this 'medicinal food' and its utility in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, we proposed a research and development program that includs diet design (supplementary food), medical nutrition therapy and new drugs, which could provide new pathways for the use of natural plants in prevention and treatment of DM.
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Pan Z, Guo J, Tang K, Chen Y, Gong X, Chen Y, Zhong Y, Xiao X, Duan S, Cui T, Wu X, Zhong Y, Yang X, Shen C, Gao Y. Ginsenoside Rc Modulates SIRT6-NRF2 Interaction to Alleviate Alcoholic Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14220-14234. [PMID: 36300841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious worldwide health problem. Ginsenoside Rc is a major active ingredient isolated from Panax ginseng, whose pharmacological effects counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation. However, it is still unclear whether ginsenoside Rc might exert beneficial effects on alcohol-induced liver injury. To this aim, mice primary hepatocytes (MPHs) were challenged with alcohol to test ginsenoside Rc's effects on their intracellular alcohol metabolism. C57BL/6J mice or SIRT6alb-/- mice were chronically fed a diet with added alcohol or given a single gavage of alcohol with or without ginsenoside Rc. Analyses of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and RNaseq expression were conducted to explore potential targets exploited by ginsenoside Rc to protect against ALD. Our results showed that ginsenoside Rc attenuated alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. Ginsenoside Rc did increase the deacetylase activity of SIRT6, thereby lowering acetylated NRF2 levels, which elevated NRF2's stability, and subsequently exerting an antioxidant effect. In keeping with this, the hepatic knockout of SIRT6 almost abolished the hepatoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rc against ALD. Therefore, our results suggest that ginsenoside Rc attenuated hepatocytes' damage and oxidative stress in ALD by up-regulating the SIRT6/NRF2 pathway. Hence, ginsenoside Rc may be a promising drug to treat or relieve ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Guangdong Country Garden School, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yadi Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Siwei Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiumei Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yanhua Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture-Rehabilitation, Guangzhou-Liwan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
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Yang N, Zhang X, Li L, Xu T, Li M, Zhao Q, Yu J, Wang J, Liu Z. Ginsenoside Rc Promotes Bone Formation in Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis In Vivo and Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116187. [PMID: 35682866 PMCID: PMC9181096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc is one of the active components used in traditional Chinese medicine. We aim to explore how ginsenoside Rc can be used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Micro-CT demonstrated that the treatment of ovariectomized (OVX) mice with ginsenoside Rc significantly inhibited the decrease in bone mineral density, bone volumetric fraction, and trabecular number, and the increase in trabecular separation. Histological staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blot demonstrated that ginsenoside Rc enhances the microstructure of trabecular bone, and promotes the expression of bone formation-related genes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin Red staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting demonstrated that ginsenoside Rc dose-dependently promoted the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. A ginsenoside Rc-induced increase in the expression of β-catenin, p-GSK-3β, collagen-1, ALP, and RUNX-2 family transcription factor-2 was significantly attenuated upon 10 μM XAV-939 treatment, while the decrease in the expression of GSK-3β and p-β-catenin was significantly enhanced. Ginsenoside Rc promotes bone formation in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in vivo and promotes osteogenic differentiation in vitro via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhihui Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8879-6018
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A Comparative Study on Analysis of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Root Residue by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103071. [PMID: 35630548 PMCID: PMC9143245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), a popular herbal and nutritional supplement consumed worldwide, has been demonstrated to possess vital biological activities, which can be attributed to the presence of ginsenosides. However, the presence of ginsenosides in ginseng root residue, a by-product obtained during processing of ginseng beverage, remains unexplored. The objectives of this study were to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) and an ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS) method for the comparison of ginsenoside analysis in ginseng root residue. Results showed that by employing a Supelco Ascentis Express C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm ID, particle size 2.7 μm) and a gradient mobile phase of deionized water and acetonitrile with a flow rate at 1 mL/min and detection at 205 nm, a total of 10 ginsenosides, including internal standard saikosaponin A, were separated within 18 min and detected by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Whereas with UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS, all the 10 ginsenosides were separated within six minutes by using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm ID, particle size 1.7 μm, 130 Å) and a gradient mobile phase of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with column temperature at 50 °C, flow rate at 0.4 mL/min and detection by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. High accuracy and precision was shown, with limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.2−1.9 μg/g for HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and 0.269−6.640 ng/g for UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS. The contents of nine ginsenosides in the ginseng root residue ranged from <LOQ-26.39 mg/g by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and <LOQ-21.25 mg/g by UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS, with a total amount of 38.37 and 34.71 mg/g, respectively.
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Yang XY, Wang WX, Huang YX, Yue SJ, Zhang BY, Gao H, Zhang L, Yan D, Tang YP. Network Pharmacology-Based Dissection of the Active Ingredients and Protective Mechanism of the Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Panax Notoginseng Herb Pair against Insulin Resistance. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17276-17288. [PMID: 34278114 PMCID: PMC8280704 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng herb pair (DQ) has been widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for the longevity and for preventing and treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Often associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases are comorbidities such as insulin resistance. However, the protective mechanisms of DQ against insulin resistance remain not well understood. Through network pharmacology analysis, a total of 94 candidate active compounds selected from DQ (61 from S. miltiorrhiza Bunge and 33 from P. notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen) interacted with 52 corresponding insulin resistance-related targets, which mainly involved insulin resistance and the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, the contribution index calculation results indicated 25 compounds as the principal components of this herb pair against insulin resistance. Among them, ginsenoside F2, protocatechuic acid, and salvianolic acid B were selected and validated to promote glucose consumption through activating AMPK phosphorylation and upregulating GLUT4 in insulin-resistant cell model (HepG2/IR) cells. These findings indicated that DQ has the potential for repositioning in the treatment of insulin resistance mainly through the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Yang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling
for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Yu-Xi Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Bai-Yang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling
for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Capital
Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University
of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 712046, China
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13
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Kamga-Simo FDY, Kamatou GP, Ssemakalu C, Shai LJ. Cassia Abbreviata Enhances Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter 4 Translocation in C2C12 Mouse Skeletal Muscle Cells. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26:2515690X211006333. [PMID: 33788626 PMCID: PMC8020231 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211006333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study aim at assessing C. abbreviata aqueous extracts for its potential to exhibit anti-diabetic activity in skeletal muscle cells. In addition to the toxicological and glucose absorption studies, the action of C. abbreviata extracts on some major genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway was established. Methods. The in vitro cytotoxic effects C. abbreviata was evaluated on muscle cells using the MTT assay and the in vitro glucose uptake assay conducted using a modified glucose oxidase method described by Van de Venter et al. (2008). The amount of GLUT-4 on cell surfaces was estimated quantitatively using the flow cytometry technique. Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the expression of GLUT-4, IRS-1, PI3 K, Akt1, Akt2, PPAR-γ. Results. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that all extracts tested at various concentrations were non-toxic (LC50 > 5000). Aqueous extracts of leaves, bark and seeds resulted in a dose-dependent increase in glucose absorption by cells, after 1 h, 3 h and 6 h incubation period. Extracts of all three plant parts had the best effect after 3 h incubation, with the leaf extract showing the best activity across time (Glucose uptake of 29%, 56% and 42% higher than untreated control cells after treatment with 1 mg/ml extract at 1 h, 3 h and 6 h, respectively). All extracts, with the exception 500 µg/ml seed extract, induced a two-fold increase in GLUT-4 translocation while marginally inducing GLUT-10 translocation in the muscle cells. The indirect immunofluorescence confirmed that GLUT-4 translocation indeed occurred. There was an increased expression of GLUT-4, IRS1 and PI3 K in cells treated with insulin and bark extract as determined by the RT-qPCR. Conclusion. The study reveals that glucose uptake involves GLUT-4 translocation through a mechanism that is likely to involve the upstream effectors of the PI3-K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Y Kamga-Simo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G P Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C Ssemakalu
- Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L J Shai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag Pretoria, South Africa
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Huang Q, Su H, Qi B, Wang Y, Yan K, Wang X, Li X, Zhao D. A SIRT1 Activator, Ginsenoside Rc, Promotes Energy Metabolism in Cardiomyocytes and Neurons. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1416-1427. [PMID: 33439015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting SIRT1 signaling pathway could improve glucose aerobic metabolism and mitochondrial biosynthesis to resist cardiac and neurological injuries. Ginsenoside Rc has been identified for targeting mitochondrial function, but how ginsenoside Rc interacts with SIRT1 to regulate energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes and neurons under physiological or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured conditions has not been clearly investigated. Here, we confirm the interaction of Rc on the residue sites of SIRT1 in promoting its activity. Ginsenoside Rc significantly promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and increases the levels of electron-transport chain complex II-IV in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rc pretreatment increases ATP production, glucose uptake, and the levels of hexokinase I/II and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier I/II in both cell models. In addition, ginsenoside Rc activates the PGC1α pathway to induce mitochondrial biosynthesis. More importantly, ginsenoside Rc reduces mitochondrial damage and apoptosis through SIRT1 restoration-mediated reduction of PGC1α acetylation in the I/R-induced cardiac and neuronal models. Collectively, the in vitro and in vivo data indicate that ginsenoside Rc as a SIRT1 activator promotes energy metabolism to improve cardio- and neuroprotective functions under normal and I/R injury conditions, which provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rc as a protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xinglin Wang
- Guangdong Hanfang Health Research Institute, Guangzhou 510550, P. R. China
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15
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Liu L, Xu FR, Wang YZ. Traditional uses, chemical diversity and biological activities of Panax L. (Araliaceae): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:112792. [PMID: 32311488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax L. (Araliaceae) is globally-recognized plant resource suitable for the globalization of traditional Chinese medicines. It has traditionally been used as tonic agents in various ethnomedicinal systems of East Asia, especially in China. It is often used to regulate bodily functions and considered as adjuvant therapy for tumor, resuscitation of traumatic hemorrhagic shock, etc. AIM OF THIS REVIEW: This review systematically summarized the information on distributions, botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical components and biological activities of the genus Panax, in order to explore and exploit the therapeutic potential of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The available information about genus Panax was collected via the online search on Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Springer search. The keywords used include Panax, saponin, secondary metabolites, chemical components, biological activity, pharmacology, traditional medicinal uses, safety and other related words. The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist (www.catalogueoflife.org/col/) databases were used to provide the scientific names, subspecies classification and distribution information of Panax. RESULTS Panax is widely assessed concerning its phytochemistry and biological activities. To date, at least 748 chemical compounds from genus Panax were isolated, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, steroids and phenols. Among them, triterpenoid saponins and polysaccharides were the representative active ingredients of Panax plants, which have been widely investigated. Modern pharmacological studies showed that these compounds exhibited a wide range of biological activities in vitro and in vivo including antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, hepatorenal protective, neuroprotective, immunoregulatory, cardioprotective and antidiabetic activities. Many studies also confirmed that the mechanisms of organ-protective were closely related to molecular signaling pathways, the expression of related proteins and antioxidant reactions. To sum up, genus Panax has high medicinal and social value, deserving further investigation. CONCLUSIONS The genus Panax is very promising to be fully utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. However, there is a lack of in-depth studies on ethnomedicinal uses of Panax plants. In addition, further studies of single chemical component should be performed based on the diversity of chemical structure, significant biological activities and clinical application. If the bioactive molecules and multicomponent interactions are discovered, it will be of great significance to the clinical application of Panax plants. It is an urgent requirement to carry out detailed phytochemical, pharmacology and clinical research on Panax classical prescriptions for the establishment of modern medication guidelines. Exploring the molecular basis of herbal synergistic actions may provide a new understanding of the complex disease mechanisms and accelerate the process of pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Fu-Rong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.
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Energy Metabolism Mechanism of Anticardiogenic Shock Effect Component Ginsenoside Rc of Shenfu Injection on H9c2 Myocardial Injury Cells Induced by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1828629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shenfu Injection (SFI) is a common drug used to treat cardiovascular diseases and has a significant effect on cardiogenic shock. Ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) was an anticardiogenic shock effect component of SFI screened by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and multivariate statistical analysis and further selected by molecular docking experiment in our previous study. However, most studies on SFI in the treatment of cardiogenic shock focus on the overall efficacy, and little is known about its effective component on energy metabolism in hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) induced myocardial injury cells. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the dose-effect and time-effect relationship of G-Rc in protecting hypoxic injury of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, and its mechanism on the energy metabolism-related indicators, i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and creatine kinase (CK) activity of the myocardial cells, was explored. In this paper, a stable and reliable H/R model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes was established. Compared with the control group, the activity of cardiomyocytes in the H/R group was significantly reduced (P<0.01). The dose-effect and time-effect studies showed that G-Rc could significantly increase cell viability at certain point compared with the H/R group (P<0.01), and the optimum intervention dose and time was 3.33 μmol/L for 12 h. The results concerning energy metabolism mechanism demonstrated that G-Rc pretreatment could improve ATP content, attenuate the LDH leakage, and decrease CK activity and apoptosis rate of H/R cardiomyocytes. Taken together, our findings suggest that G-Rc pretreatment can significantly protect myocardial cells from H/R injury. In addition, G-Rc is able to improve the energy metabolism ability of the injury cardiomyocytes by direct synthesis of ATP and reducing the activity of LDH, CK, and apoptosis rate. These results indicate that G-Rc may be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular disease caused by myocardial H/R injury.
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17
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Zhao T, Yang Z, Mei X, Xu L, Fan Y. Metabolic disturbance in Korean red ginseng-induced "Shanghuo" (excessive heat). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112604. [PMID: 31972326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Northeast China is one of the Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) producing areas. As a health care product, KRG is popular amongst Chinese people. However, few studies have reported the side effects of overusing KRG. AIM OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG)-induced "Shanghuo" (excessive heat). MATERIALS AND METHODS After the baseline characteristics were evaluated, 30 healthy volunteers were administrated with 3g of KRG for 10-16 days and diagnosed with "Shanghuo". The volunteers prior to the administration of KRG were considered as the control group. The volunteers after being diagnosed with "Shanghuo" (excessive heat) were considered as "Shanghuo" group. The two groups were assessed by the tests of serum metabolic products, Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and mRNA expressions of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARG Coactivator 1 Alpha (PGC-1α) and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1). RESULTS Most of the serum metabolites in the "Shanghuo" group were increased compared with the control group, from high to low including serine, valine, heptacosane, xylose, glycerol 1-monostearate, d-glucose, 3-pyridinol, glyceryl palmitate, urea, phosphoric acid, glycerol, stearic acid, palmitic acid, cyclohexaneacetic acid. Only cholesterol was significantly reduced, The SDH activity and the mRNA expressions of AMPK, PGC-1α and NRF1 were significantly increased in the "Shanghuo" group. CONCLUSIONS Overconsumption of KRG could induce "Shanghuo", which has a close relationship with an accelerated TCA cycle and the increased AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China.
| | - Zi Yang
- The First Affiliated College of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China.
| | - Xianxian Mei
- The First Affiliated College of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China.
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- The First Affiliated College of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China.
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18
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Yang N, Liu D, Zhang X, Li J, Wang M, Xu T, Liu Z. Effects of ginsenosides on bone remodelling for novel drug applications: a review. Chin Med 2020; 15:42. [PMID: 32391072 PMCID: PMC7201946 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are pharmacologically active compounds that are often extracted from the Panax plant for their medicinal properties. Ginsenosides have multiple effects, including antitumor effects which have been widely studied. In recent years, studies have found that ginsenosides promote proliferation and osteogenesis of osteoblast-related cells, as well as inhibit the activity of osteoclasts. MAIN BODY We briefly introduces the molecules and BMP, WNT, and RANKL signalling pathways involved in bone formation and bone resorption. Next, recent studies on the mechanism of action of ginsenosides in bone remodelling are reviewed from three perspectives: the effects on proliferation of osteoblast-related cells, effects on osteogenesis and effects on osteoclasts. To expedite the development of drugs containing ginsenosides, we summarize the multiple beneficial roles of various types of ginsenosides in bone remodelling; including the promotion of bone formation, inhibition of bone resorption, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. CONCLUSION Many ginsenosides can promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, such as Rb1, Rb2 and Re. Ginsenosides have the potential to be new drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, promote fracture healing and are strong candidates for cytokines in the tissue-engineered bone. This review provides a theoretical basis for clinical drug applications and proposes several future directions for exploring the beneficial role of ginseng compounds in bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Dingkun Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
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Kim AR, Kim SW, Lee BW, Kim KH, Kim WH, Seok H, Lee JH, Um J, Yim SH, Ahn Y, Jin SW, Jung DW, Oh WK, Williams DR. Screening ginseng saponins in progenitor cells identifies 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh 2 as an enhancer of skeletal and cardiac muscle regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4967. [PMID: 32188912 PMCID: PMC7080739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased prevalence of skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders, such as sarcopenia and cardiac infarction. In this study, we constructed a compendium of purified ginsenoside compounds from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, which is a traditional Korean medicinal plant used to treat for muscle weakness. Skeletal muscle progenitor cell-based screening identified three compounds that enhance cell viability, of which 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 showed the most robust response. 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 increased viability in myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, but not fibroblasts or disease-related cells. The cellular mechanism was identified as downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) via upregulation of Akt1/PKB phosphorylation at serine 473, with the orientation of the 20 carbon epimer being crucially important for biological activity. In zebrafish and mammalian models, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 enhanced muscle cell proliferation and accelerated recovery from degeneration. Thus, we have identified 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 as a p27Kip1 inhibitor that may be developed as a natural therapeutic for muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ra Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Wook Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba-Wool Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk-Hwa Kim
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Hee Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - JungIn Um
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ho Yim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Cell Regeneration Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital/Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Darren R Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Im DS. Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Panax ginseng. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030444. [PMID: 32183094 PMCID: PMC7175368 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is a famous medicinal plant used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) are the main class of active constituents of ginseng. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts were proven with purified ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh2, as well as compound K. The negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enzyme expressions (iNOS and COX-2) was found as the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenosides in M1-polarized macrophages and microglia. Recently, another action mechanism emerged explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng. This is a pro-resolution of inflammation derived by M2-polarized macrophages. Direct and indirect evidence supports how several ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg3, Rb1, and Rg1) induce the M2 polarization of macrophages and microglia, and how these M2-polarized cells contribute to the suppression of inflammation progression and promotion of inflammation resolution. In this review, the new action mechanism of ginseng anti-inflammation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9377; Fax: +82-2-961-9580
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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21
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Jeon JH, Lee S, Lee W, Jin S, Kwon M, Shin CH, Choi MK, Song IS. Herb-Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:E622. [PMID: 32023909 PMCID: PMC7037682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the herb-drug interactions involving red ginseng extract (RGE) or ginsenoside Rc with valsartan, a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) transporters. In HEK293 cells overexpressing drug transporters, the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides- Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, compound K, and Rh2-inhibited human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters (IC50 values of 7.99-68.2 µM for OATP1B1; 1.36-30.8 µM for OATP1B3), suggesting the herb-drug interaction of PPD-type ginsenosides involving OATPs. Protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides-Re, Rg1, and Rh1-did not inhibit OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and all ginsenosides tested didn't inhibit OCT and OAT transporters. However, in rats, neither RGE nor Rc, a potent OATP inhibitor among PPD-type ginsenoside, changed in vivo pharmacokinetics of valsartan following repeated oral administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day for 7 days) or repeated intravenous injection of Rc (3 mg/kg for 5 days). The lack of in vivo herb-drug interaction between orally administered RGE and valsartan could be attributed to the low plasma concentration of PPD-type ginsenosides (5.3-48.4 nM). Even high plasma concentration of Rc did not effectively alter the pharmacokinetics of valsartan because of high protein binding and the limited liver distribution of Rc. The results, in conclusion, would provide useful information for herb-drug interaction between RGE or PPD-type ginsenosides and Oatp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Sowon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Wonpyo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Mihwa Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Chul Hwi Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
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Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides on diabetes: From hypoglycemic mechanism to clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lee H, Heo JK, Lee GH, Park SY, Jang SN, Kim HJ, Kwon MJ, Song IS, Liu KH. Ginsenoside Rc Is a New Selective UGT1A9 Inhibitor in Human Liver Microsomes and Recombinant Human UGT Isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1372-1379. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Song H, Song KW, Hong SP. Simultaneous quantification of six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:563-569. [PMID: 32617036 PMCID: PMC7322751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background White ginseng consists of the roots and rhizomes of the Panax species, and red ginseng is made by steaming and drying white ginseng. While red ginseng has both polar and nonpolar ginsenosides, previous studies showed white ginseng to have only polar ginsenosides. Because nonpolar ginsenosides are formed through the manufacture of red ginseng from white ginseng, researchers have generally thought that nonpolar ginsenosides do not exist in white ginseng. Methods We developed a simultaneous quantitative method for six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. The nonpolar ginsenosides of white ginseng were extracted for 4 h under reflux with 50% methanol. Results Using the gradient elution system, all target components were completely separated within 50 min. Nonpolar ginsenosides were determined in the rhizome head (RH), main root (MR), lateral root, and hairy root (HR) of 6-year-old white ginseng samples obtained from several regions (Geumsan, Punggi, and Kanghwa). The total content in the HR of white ginseng was 37.8–56.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng. The total content in the MR of white ginseng was 5.9–24.3% of that in the MR of red ginseng. In addition, the total content in the RH of white ginseng was 28.5–35.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng Conclusion It was confirmed that nonpolar ginsenosides known to be specific components of red ginseng were present at substantial concentrations in the HR or RH of white ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoung Song
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Song
- Department of Oral medicine, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Pyo Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ginsenosides: the need to move forward from bench to clinical trials. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:361-367. [PMID: 31308807 PMCID: PMC6606839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, known as Koran ginseng, one of the most commonly used traditional plants, has been demonstrated to show a wide range of pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides are the major active ingredients found in ginseng and are responsible for the biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation, antiinflammation, vasorelaxation, and anticancer actions. Existing studies have mostly focused on identifying and purifying single ginsenosides and investigating pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms in cells and animal models. However, ginsenoside studies based on clinical trials have been very limited. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the currently available clinical trials on ginsenosides and provide insights and future directions for developing ginsenosides as efficacious and safe drugs for human disease.
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Wilson WB, Sander LC. Method development for the certification of a ginsenoside calibration solution via liquid chromatography with absorbance and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1574:114-121. [PMID: 30220428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The research presented here describes the development of two analytical methods for use in the certification of a ginsenoside calibration solution Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3389 consisting of seven ginsenosides: Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd. The new methods utilized the liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of ginsenoside mixtures with absorbance detection (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS). Ginsenosides Rb3, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 were evaluated for use as internal standards for LC/MS measurements. The 12 ginsenosides were baseline resolved by gradient elution LC/UV, with an initial mobile phase composition of 22% acetonitrile and 78% water, flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, and column temperature of 25 °C. The work presented here includes a detailed investigation into the optimization of the chromatographic conditions to minimize measurement biases that result from unresolved constituents. Temperature and mobile phase composition are known to play a significant role in column selectivity; however, flow rate is expected to influence primarily the separation efficiency and detection sensitivity. In the current study, column selectivity changed with changes in flow rate and the relative retention of ginsenoside Rg2 and Rh1 changed as the flow rate increased from 0.6 mL/min to 1.0 mL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States.
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
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Anti-diabetic effect and mechanism of Kursi Wufarikun Ziyabit in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Oh Y, Lim HW, Park KH, Huang YH, Yoon JY, Kim K, Lim CJ. Ginsenoside Rc protects against UVB‑induced photooxidative damage in epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2907-2914. [PMID: 28713942 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc (Rc) is a major ginsenoside isolated from Panax ginseng, and has exhibited pharmacological effects on skin cells. The present study aimed to investigate the putative skin‑protective properties of Rc, including its anti‑photoaging and barrier function‑protective effects, in human HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation. The protective properties of Rc were evaluated through the assessment of keratinocyte viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, caspase‑14, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and ‑9 activity, and MMP‑2, MMP‑9 and filament aggregating protein (filaggrin) expression following UVB irradiation. Treatment with Rc was revealed to prevent the UVB‑induced increase in ROS production and pro‑MMP‑2 and ‑9 levels in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, treatment with Rc resulted in enriched GSH contents and enhanced SOD activity following exposure to UVB radiation. Furthermore, Rc treatment enhanced caspase‑14 activity and counteracted the UVB‑induced downregulation in filaggrin expression. However, no significant difference was identified between Rc‑treated and normal groups in terms of keratinocyte viability, regardless of exposure to radiation. The present findings suggested that Rc may exert anti‑photoaging and barrier function‑protective effects in keratinocytes, and thus protect the skin against photooxidative stress induced by exposure to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc., G‑Tech Village, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24398, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hark Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Hua Huang
- Shebah Biotech Inc., G‑Tech Village, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24398, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Yoon
- Jeonju AgroBio‑Materials Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc., G‑Tech Village, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24398, Republic of Korea
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Zhang L, Virgous C, Si H. Ginseng and obesity: observations and understanding in cultured cells, animals and humans. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 44:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kim S, Go GW, Imm JY. Promotion of Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes by Cereal Flavone Tricin and Its Underlying Molecular Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3819-3826. [PMID: 28474889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of tricin, a methylated flavone widely distributed in cereals, on glucose uptake and the underlying molecular mechanism was investigated using C2C12 myotubes. Tricin significantly increased glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes, regardless of the absence (1.4-fold at 20 μM) or presence (1.6-fold at 20 μM) of insulin. The GLUT4 expression on the plasma membrane was increased 1.6-fold after tricin treatment (20 μM) in the absence of insulin. Tricin treatment significantly activated the insulin-dependent cell signaling pathway, including the activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). The oral administration of tricin (64 and 160 mg kg-1 of body weight day-1) also significantly lowered blood glucose levels in glucose-loaded C57BL/6 mice (p < 0.05). These results suggest that tricin has great potential to be used as a functional agent for glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Gwang-Woong Go
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , 861-1, Jeongnung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
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Meng F, Su X, Li W, Zheng Y. Ginsenoside Rb3 strengthens the hypoglycemic effect through AMPK for inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2551-2557. [PMID: 28565878 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb3 is one of the major active components in protopanaxdiol type ginsenosides, and has demonstrated anti-diabetic activity. However, the mechanism of this action has yet to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gluconeogenesis pathway. The present study involved the use of HepG2 cells and western blot analysis to systematically evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rb3 on AMPK signaling proteins and key factors of gluconeogenesis [phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase, forkhead transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) and hepatic nuclear receptor 4α (HNF4α)]. The results indicated that 25 µM ginsenoside Rb3 significantly activated AMPK activity, increased the ratio of p-AMPK/total-AMPK, and had synergistic effects with the activator of AICAR on the activation of AMPK. Further analysis indicated that the expression of the transcription factor FOXO1 and HNF4α protein, two important factors in the pathway of HepG2 cell gluconeogenesis, was significantly suppressed by ginsenoside Rb3. PEPCK and G6Pase were subsequently inhibited, which led to the suppression of gluconeogenesis. These effects were partially blocked by the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, which indicated that the inhibition effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on hepatic gluconeogenesis were predominantly due to the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. These data suggested that ginsenoside Rb3 can suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis, at least partially through stimulation of AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Meng
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Liaoning Agricultural Technology College, Yingkou, Liaoning 115009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Su
- Department of Biological Technology, Liaoning Agricultural Technology College, Yingkou, Liaoning 115009, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
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Abstract
Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng’s effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans.
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Lee H, Li H, Noh M, Ryu JH. Bavachin from Psoralea corylifolia Improves Insulin-Dependent Glucose Uptake through Insulin Signaling and AMPK Activation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:527. [PMID: 27070585 PMCID: PMC4848983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fabaceae) (PC), known as "Bo-Gol-Zhee" in Korea has been used as traditional medicine. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of PC have an anti-hyperglycemic effect by increasing plasma insulin levels and decreasing blood glucose and total plasma cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetic rats. In this study, we purified six compounds from PC and investigated their anti-diabetic effect. Among the purified compounds, bavachin most potently accumulated lipids during adipocyte differentiation. Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil Red-O (ORO) cell staining to investigate the effect of compounds on adipogenesis. Consistently, bavachin activated gene expression of adipogenic transcriptional factors, proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα). Bavachin also increased adiponectin expression and secretion in adipocytes. Moreover, bavachin increased insulin-induced glucose uptake by differentiated adipocytes and myoblasts. In differentiated adipocytes, we found that bavachin enhanced glucose uptake via glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation by activating the Akt and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in the presence or absence of insulin. These results suggest that bavachin from Psoralea corylifolia might have therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes by activating insulin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwongil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea.
| | - Hua Li
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwongil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea.
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwongil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea.
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Kim SH, Choi KH, Lee DK, Oh JN, Hwang JY, Park CH, Lee CK. Ginsenoside Rg1 Improves In vitro-produced Embryo Quality by Increasing Glucose Uptake in Porcine Blastocysts. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:1095-101. [PMID: 26954154 PMCID: PMC4932562 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 is a natural compound with various efficacies and functions. It has beneficial effects on aging, diabetes, and immunity, as well as antioxidant and proliferative functions. However, its effect on porcine embryo development remains unknown. We investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the in vitro development of preimplantation porcine embryos after parthenogenetic activation in high-oxygen conditions. Ginsenoside treatment did not affect cleavage or blastocyst formation rates, but did increase the total cell number and reduced the rate of apoptosis. In addition, it had no effect on the expression of four apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Caspase 3, and tumor protein p53) or two metabolism-related genes (mechanistic target of rapamycin, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B), but increased the expression of Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), indicating that it may increase glucose uptake. In summary, treatment with the appropriate concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 (20 μg/mL) can increase glucose uptake, thereby improving the quality of embryos grown in high-oxygen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jong-Nam Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.,Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Chi-Hun Park
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea
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Ko SC, Kim JI, Park SJ, Jung WK, Jeon YJ. Antihypertensive peptide purified from Styela clava flesh tissue stimulates glucose uptake through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in skeletal muscle cells. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen J, Du B, Cai W, Xu B. Ginsenosides and amino acids in flavored ginseng chips as affected by food formulation and processing technology. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li KK, Gong XJ. A review on the medicinal potential of Panax ginseng saponins in diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes the anti-diabetic effects and mechanisms ofPanax ginsengsaponins and its active specific ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Li
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
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Kim Y, Lee J. Esculetin, a coumarin derivative, suppresses adipogenesis through modulation of the AMPK pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Interactions between herbs and antidiabetics: an overview of the mechanisms, evidence, importance, and management. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1281-98. [PMID: 25475096 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative therapies are quickly gaining importance because they are perceived to be free of side effects due to their natural origin. However, herbal remedies are complex mixtures of bioactive entities, which may interact with prescription drugs through pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms and sometimes result in life-threatening consequences. In particular, diabetes patients are often treated with multiple medications due to different comorbidities, and such patients use antidiabetic medications for their entire lives; thus, it is important to make the public aware of herb interactions with antidiabetic drugs. In this paper, we summarize the reports available on the interaction of herbal remedies with oral hypoglycemic agents and describe mechanisms, preclinical or clinical evidence, importance, and management strategies.
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Nazaruk J, Borzym-Kluczyk M. The role of triterpenes in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2014; 14:675-690. [PMID: 26213526 PMCID: PMC4513225 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-014-9369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which is a serious global problem. In 2010 an estimated 285 million people had diabetes and within the next 20 years this value is expected to almost double. Many antidiabetic therapies focus on improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production, and/or decreasing the level of blood glucose. Although a number of synthetic medicines are available, drugs of natural origin have aroused great interest. Triterpenes seem to demonstrate adequate properties. Many experiments have shown that these compounds have several antidiabetic mechanisms. They can inhibit enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, prevent the development of insulin resistance and normalize plasma glucose and insulin levels. These natural compounds, in contrast to synthetic drugs, apart from producing a hypoglycemic effect have also been found to manifest hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. Triterpenes are also promising agents in the prevention of diabetic complications. They have strong antioxidant activity and inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products, implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, embryopathy, neuropathy or impaired wound healing. Until now very few clinical studies have been concerned with the application of triterpenes in treating diabetes. However, due to their great therapeutic potential, these compounds deserve special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Nazaruk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a Str., 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - M. Borzym-Kluczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a Str., 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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Xing L, Xie L, Liang Y, Xing R, Rao T, Zhou L, Wang Q, Fu H, Ye W, Wang G. Evaluation of liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight hybrid mass spectrometry on the quantitative analysis for ginsenosides. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1003-10. [PMID: 24420027 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is ideal and desirable for a single instrument to meet the requirement of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of complicated components in pharmacokinetic research for herbal medicine. Liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) was recently confirmed as a very powerful tool for the qualitative analysis of both target and nontarget components in herbal medicines. The present study was designed to investigate the feasibility of LCMS-IT-TOF on quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in biological matrices. A simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure was followed by injection of the extracts onto a C₁₈ column with gradient elution and detection based on LCMS-IT-TOF system in negative scan mode. The developed method was validated with respect to the limit of quantification, linear dynamic range, precision, accuracy, matrix effects and stabilities. All the results suggested that the presently developed method was sufficiently sensitive and robust enough to simultaneously monitor 15 ginsenosides with diverse properties and a large range of concentration differences. Therefore, this method would be expected to be highly useful for comprehensive studies of ginsenosides in complicated matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Jeong KJ, Kim GW, Chung SH. AMP-activated protein kinase: An emerging target for ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:83-8. [PMID: 24748831 PMCID: PMC3986499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of cellular energy. Once activated, it switches on catabolic pathways generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), while switching off biosynthetic pathways consuming ATP. Pharmacological activation of AMPK by metformin holds a therapeutic potential to reverse metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, altered metabolism of tumor cells is widely recognized and AMPK is a potential target for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Panax ginseng is known to be useful for treatment and/or prevention of cancer and metabolic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. In this review, we discuss the ginseng extracts and ginsenosides that activate AMPK, we clarify the various mechanisms by which they achieve this, and we discuss the evidence that shows that ginseng or ginsenosides might be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Ju Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Go Woon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Capsaicin stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:66-70. [PMID: 23958300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin has been reported to regulate blood glucose levels and to ameliorate insulin resistance in obese mice. This study demonstrates that capsaicin increases glucose uptake directly by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in C2C12 muscle cells, which manifested as an attenuation of glucose uptake when compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, was co-administered with capsaicin. However, the insulin signaling molecules insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt were not affected by capsaicin. Additional results showed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is also involved in capsaicin-induced glucose transport downstream of AMPK because capsaicin increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation significantly and its specific inhibitor SB203580 inhibited capsaicin-mediated glucose uptake. Treatment with an AMPK inhibitor reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, but the p38 MAPK inhibitor had no effect on AMPK. Capsaicin stimulated ROS generation in C2C12 muscle cells, and when ROS were captured using the nonspecific antioxidant NAC, the increase in both capsaicin-induced AMPK phosphorylation and capsaicin-induced glucose uptake was attenuated, suggesting that ROS function as an upstream activator of AMPK. Taken together, these results suggest that capsaicin, independent of insulin, increases glucose uptake via ROS generation and consequent AMPK and p38 MAPK activations.
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Ginsenoside Rc modulates Akt/FoxO1 pathways and suppresses oxidative stress. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:813-20. [PMID: 23918648 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc (Rc), a protopanaxadiol type ginsenoside, is the active component mainly responsible for the therapeutic and pharmacologic properties of ginseng, which are derived from its suppression of superoxide-induced free radicals. Forkhead box O (FoxO1) regulates various genes involved in cellular metabolism related to cell death and response to oxidative stress, and Rc is known to prevent FoxO1 phosphorylation by activation of PI3K/Akt and subsequent inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cells exposed to tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP). In the current study, we attempted the mechanism of increased catalase expression by Rc through inhibition of FoxO1 activation resulting from t-BHP-induced production of reactive species (RS). We found that overexpression of catalase induced by Rc resulted in suppression of RS production in kidney human embryo kidney 293T cells (HEK293T) cells, and that oxidative stress induced activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition of the AMPK pathway and FoxO1 phosphorylation, leading to down-regulation of catalase, a FoxO1-targeting gene. In addition, treatment of HEK293T cells with Rc resulted in cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) regulated FoxO1 acetylation. Our results suggest that Rc modulates FoxO1 phosphorylation through activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition of AMPK and FoxO1 acetylation through interaction with CBP and SIRT1, and that this leads to upregulation of catalase under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Yuan HD, Kim JT, Kim SH, Chung SH. Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:27-39. [PMID: 23717101 PMCID: PMC3659569 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng exhibits pleiotropic beneficial effects on cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and immune system. In the last decade, numerous preclinical findings suggest ginseng as a promising therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. The mechanism of ginseng and its active components is complex and is demonstrated to either modulate insulin production/secretion, glucose metabolism and uptake, or inflammatory pathway in both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manners. However, human studies are remained obscure because of contradictory results. While more studies are warranted to further understand these contradictions, ginseng holds promise as a therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the evidences for the therapeutic potential of ginseng and ginsenosides from in vitro studies, animal studies and human clinical trials with a focus on diverse molecular targets including an AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Gu J, Li W, Xiao D, Wei S, Cui W, Chen W, Hu Y, Bi X, Kim Y, Li J, Du H, Zhang M, Chen L. Compound K, a final intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, enhances insulin secretion in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells by upregulation of GLUT2. Fitoterapia 2013; 87:84-8. [PMID: 23558203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is a final intestinal metabolite of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides from Panax ginseng and shows various bioactivities. Although it has also been found to have the property of anti-diabetes, the long-term effect of CK on insulin secretion in β-cells is still unclear. In this study, CK was prepared from ginsenoside Rd by snailase hydrolysis and its effect on the insulin secretion activity in MIN6 pancreatic β-cell lines in vitro was assessed. The expression of glucose transporter isoform-2 (GLUT2) and the cellular ATP content were also examined by western blot and HPLC analysis, respectively. The results showed that CK significantly enhanced insulin secretion, increased cellular ATP content, and upregulated the expression of GLUT2. These findings indicate that CK exerts prominent stimulatory effects on insulin secretion in the MIN6 cells partly via upregulating the expression of GLUT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Determination of ginsenoside Rc in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 919-920:75-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu Z, Li W, Li X, Zhang M, Chen L, Zheng YN, Sun GZ, Ruan CC. Antidiabetic effects of malonyl ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on type 2 diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:233-240. [PMID: 23147499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been recorded to treat 'Xiao-ke' (emaciation and thirst) symptom in many ancient Chinese medical literatures (such as 'Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing') for thousands of years. 'Xiao-ke' symptom, in general, indicates diabetes mellitus. AIM OF THE STUDY Malonyl ginsenosides (MGR) are natural ginsenosides which exist in both fresh and air-dried ginseng. The objective of this study is to determine the antidiabetic function of MGR on type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS High fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 50 and 100mg/kg/d of MGR or vehicle for 3 weeks. The effects of MGR on fasting blood glucose (FBG), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), serum insulin (SI), insulin tolerance test (ITT), body weight, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels in type 2 diabetic rats were measured. RESULTS After 3 weeks of treatment, MGR administration showed significantly lower FBG levels compared to the diabetic control group. In glucose tolerance test, IPGTT data showed that both MGR 50 and 100mg/kg groups significantly increased the glucose disposal after glucose load. The ITT also showed improvement of insulin sensitivity during 120 min of insulin treatment. In addition, MGR reduced TG and TC contents while showed no effect on body weight in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest that MGR can alleviate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Baque MA, Moh SH, Lee EJ, Zhong JJ, Paek KY. Production of biomass and useful compounds from adventitious roots of high-value added medicinal plants using bioreactor. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1255-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Antidiabetic Effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fermented by Cheonggukjang in KK-A(y) Diabetic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:163280. [PMID: 22969823 PMCID: PMC3434424 DOI: 10.1155/2012/163280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antidiabetic effects of Morinda citrifolia (aka Noni) fermented by Cheonggukjang (fast-fermented soybean paste) were evaluated using a T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) murine model. Six-week-old KK-Ay/TaJcl mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) the diabetic control (DC) group, provided with a normal mouse diet; (2) the positive control (PC) group, provided with a functional health food diet; (3) the M. citrifolia (MC) group, provided with an MC-based diet; (4) the fermented M. citrifolia (FMC) group, provided with an FMC-based diet. Over a testing period of 90 days, food and water intake decreased significantly in the FMC and PC groups compared with the DC group. Blood glucose levels in the FMC group were 211.60–252.20 mg/dL after 90 days, while those in the control group were over 400 mg/dL after 20 days. In addition, FMC supplementation reduced glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and significantly decreased serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, a fermented M. citrifolia 70% ethanolic extract (FMCE) activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(PPAR-) γ and stimulated glucose uptake via stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cultured C2C12 cells. These results suggest that FMC can be employed as a functional health food for T2DM management.
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