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Oh S, Kim H, Kim M, Jin X, Zheng S, Yi TH. The effects of Jawoongo soap on skin improvement. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:1862-1874. [PMID: 38275088 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jawoongo is used to treat and prevent skin issues such as dry and keratinization disorders, burns, trauma, pigmentation, scarring, and inflammatory skin conditions. In this study, the efficacy and safety of 0.47% Jawoongo extract-containing soap (JAUN-CS) were assessed in terms of skin improvement effects such as cleansing, moisturizing, sebum secretion management, and skin elasticity enhancement. METHODS Twenty healthy adult men and women aged 20-60 years old took part in the study. Before and after using JAUN-CS, the participants were divided into groups, and various skin improvement effects were measured utilizing machines such as the Corneometer, Tewameter TM 300, and Visioscan. A dermatologist analyzed the product's safety in accordance with Frosch & Kligman and the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA) rules. RESULTS Using JAUN reduced the amount of base and point makeup by 25.7% and 76.7%, respectively. Also, JAUN showed a great facial exfoliation effect by removing the old and lifted skin keratins by 84.7% and 20.3%, respectively. Impurities in facial pores decreased by 58%, too. Furthermore, JAUN increased the moisture content of deep skin and skin surface by 3.5% and 74.0%, and skin elasticity by 2.8%. Skin tone, skin texture, skin radiance, and skin barrier all showed improvements of 3.3%, 20.0%, 15.0%, and 115.2%, respectively. Lastly, cleansing with JAUN successfully enhanced the condition of the youth triangle by 7.6%, while TEWL significantly decreased by 52.7%. Neither the JAUN nor the control group soap showed any adverse reactions, such as erythema or allergies, during the testing period. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that JAUN is safe for human use and has various skin-improving properties, making Jawoongo a promising natural material for the development of functional cosmetics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang Oh
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeong-gi-do, Korea
- Snowwhitefactory Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongyong Kim
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeong-gi-do, Korea
| | - Myeongju Kim
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeong-gi-do, Korea
| | - Xiangji Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shengdao Zheng
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeong-gi-do, Korea
- Snowwhitefactory Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeong-gi-do, Korea
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Patil N, Dhariwal R, Mohammed A, Wei LS, Jain M. Network pharmacology-based approach to elucidate the pharmacologic mechanisms of natural compounds from Dictyostelium discoideum for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28852. [PMID: 38644825 PMCID: PMC11033062 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly becoming a major public health concern in our society. While many studies have explored the use of natural polyketides, alkaloids, and other chemical components in AD treatment, there is an urgent need to clarify the concept of multi-target treatment for AD. This study focuses on using network pharmacology approach to elucidate how secondary metabolites from Dictyostelium discoideum affect AD through multi-target or indirect mechanisms. The secondary metabolites produced by D. discoideum during their development were obtained from literature sources and PubChem. Disease targets were selected using GeneCards, DisGeNET, and CTD databases, while compound-based targets were identified through Swiss target prediction and Venn diagrams were used to find intersections between these targets. A network depicting the interplay among disease, drugs, active ingredients, and key target proteins (PPI network) was formed utilizing the STRING (Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis) database. To anticipate the function and mechanism of the screened compounds, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were conducted and visually presented using graphs and bubble charts. After the screening phase, the top interacting targets in the PPI network and the compound with the most active target were chosen for subsequent molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies. This study identified nearly 50 potential targeting genes for each of the screened compounds and revealed multiple signaling pathways. Among these pathways, the inflammatory pathway stood out. COX-2, a receptor associated with neuroinflammation, showed differential expression in various stages of AD, particularly in pyramidal neurons during the early stages of the disease. This increase in COX-2 expression is likely induce by higher levels of IL-1, which is associated with neuritic plaques and microglial cells in AD. Molecular docking investigations demonstrated a strong binding interaction between the terpene compound PQA-11 and the neuroinflammatory receptor COX2, with a substantial binding affinity of -8.4 kcal/mol. Subsequently, a thorough analysis of the docked complex (COX2-PQA11) through Molecular Dynamics Simulation showed lower RMSD, minimal RMSF fluctuations, and a reduced total energy of -291.35 kJ/mol compared to the standard drug. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of PQA-11 operates through the inflammatory pathway, laying the groundwork for further in-depth research into the role of secondary metabolites in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Patil
- Cell & Developmental Biology Lab, Research & Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Rupal Dhariwal
- Cell & Developmental Biology Lab, Research & Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, 17600, Malaysia
| | - Lee Seong Wei
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, 17600, Malaysia
| | - Mukul Jain
- Cell & Developmental Biology Lab, Research & Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
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Shin HJ, Lim YG, Ha JS, Yang G, Yook TH. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test of Verbenalin. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:364-368. [PMID: 36628351 PMCID: PMC9806159 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.4.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Verbenalin is a compound found in herbs such as Cornus officinalis and Verbena officinalis. This study investigated whether verbenalin is safe by analyzing its mutagenicity. Methods To examine the mutagenic potential of verbenalin, a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) was conducted with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains. Experiments with and without metabolic activity were performed. Results The mean colony number was less than double that of the control. Growth inhibition and precipitation of verbenalin were not apparent in all strains at different concentrations regardless of metabolic activity. Conclusion Verbenalin did not show any signs of mutagenicity in this study. Additional toxicity studies including repeated oral toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity tests are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Gun Lim
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Ha
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsik Yang
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Han Yook
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author Tae Han Yook, Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, 61 Seonneomeo 3-gil, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54986, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-63-220-8625, E-mail:
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Dhamodharan J, Sekhar G, Muthuraman A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Ameliorates β-Amyloid Oligomer-Induced Alzheimer Disease in Swiss Albino Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165182. [PMID: 36014421 PMCID: PMC9412386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders, and its incidence increases globally every year. Currently, available AD drugs symptomatically treat AD with multiple adverse effects. Gefitinib (GE) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor. EGFR is the preferred target for the treatment of AD, whereas the effect of GE in AD conditions is limited. The present study was designed to explore the ameliorative potential of GE in Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in AD mice. AD was induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 oligomer (4 μg/4 μL) into the lateral ventricles of the mouse brain. The test compound, i.e., GE (2 and 4 mg/kg of body weight), was administered orally on days 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28, and the reference drug, i.e., donepezil (DP, 2 mg/kg), was administered orally from the 10th to 28th days. The behavioral changes were screened by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Furthermore, biomarkers i.e., brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were estimated from brain samples. The AD-associated histopathological changes were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The administration of GE significantly ameliorated the AD-associated behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological changes. The ameliorative effect of GE against the Aβ1-42 oligomer-associated neurotoxicity was due to its potent inhibition of EGFR kinase activation, as well as its antioxidant and antilipid peroxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Dhamodharan
- Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ganthimathy Sekhar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Lü J, Jiang C, Schell TD, Joshi M, Raman JD, Xing C. Angelica gigas: Signature Compounds, In Vivo Anticancer, Analgesic, Neuroprotective and Other Activities, and the Clinical Translation Challenges. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1475-1527. [PMID: 35876033 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2250063x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root is a medicinal herbal widely used in traditional medicine in Korea. AGN root ethanolic extract dietary supplements are marketed in the United States for memory health and pain management. We comprehensively reviewed the anticancer, analgesic, pro-memory and other bio-activities of AGN extract and its signature phytochemicals decursin, decursinol angelate, and decursinol a decade ago in 2012 and updated their anticancer activities in 2015. In the last decade, significant progress has been made for understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolism of these compounds in animal models and single dose human PK studies have been published by us and others. In addition to increased knowledge of the known bioactivities, new bioactivities with potential novel health benefits have been reported in animal models of cerebral ischemia/stroke, anxiety, sleep disorder, epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and even male infertility. Herein, we will update PK and metabolism of pyranocoumarins, review in vivo bioactivities from animal models and human studies, and critically appraise the relevant active compounds, the cellular and molecular pharmacodynamic targets, and pertinent mechanisms of action. Knowledge gaps include whether human pyranocoumarin PK metrics are AGN dose dependent and subjected to metabolic ceiling, or metabolic adaptation after repeated use. Critical clinical translation challenges include sourcing of AGN extracts, product consistency and quality control, and AGN dose optimization for different health conditions and disease indications. Future research directions are articulated to fill knowledge gaps and address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Lü
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Monika Joshi
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Boiangiu RS, Bagci E, Dumitru G, Hritcu L, Todirascu-Ciornea E. Angelica purpurascens (Avé-Lall.) Gilli. Essential Oil Improved Brain Function via Cholinergic Modulation and Antioxidant Effects in the Scopolamine-Induced Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1096. [PMID: 35448824 PMCID: PMC9030736 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Angelica purpurascens (Avé-Lall.) Gilli. is a medicinal plant that displays antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and neuroprotective properties. The effect of A. purpurascens essential oil (APO) on memory impairments and brain oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio) treated with scopolamine (Sco), as well as the underlying mechanism involved, were investigated in this study. Exposure to Sco (100 μM) resulted in anxiety in zebrafish, as assessed by the novel tank diving test (NTT), whereas spatial memory and novelty response dysfunctions, as evidenced by the Y-maze test and novel object recognition test (NOR), were noticed. When zebrafish were given Sco and simultaneously given APO (25 and 150 μL/L, once daily for 13 days), the deficits were averted. An increase in brain antioxidant enzymes, a reduction of lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation were linked to this impact. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly reduced in the brains of APO-treated zebrafish. The main detected components in the APO composition were β-phellandrene (33.80%), sabinene (6.80%), α-pinene (5.30%), germacrene-D (4.50%), α-phellandrene (4.20%), and p-cymene (3.80%) based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) investigations. Our findings show that APO's beneficial effect in a zebrafish model of Sco-induced memory impairment is mediated through multiple mechanisms, including the restoration of cholinergic system function and the improvement of the brain antioxidant state. As a result, APO could be employed as a potential source of bioactive molecules with useful biological properties and medicinal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Stefan Boiangiu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.S.B.); (E.T.-C.)
| | - Eyup Bagci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey;
| | - Gabriela Dumitru
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.S.B.); (E.T.-C.)
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.S.B.); (E.T.-C.)
| | - Elena Todirascu-Ciornea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.S.B.); (E.T.-C.)
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Han NR, Kim KC, Kim JS, Ko SG, Park HJ, Moon PD. The immune-enhancing effects of a mixture of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Angelica gigas Nakai, and Trichosanthes Kirilowii (Maxim.) or its active constituent nodakenin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114893. [PMID: 34875347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A mixture (SH003) of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Angelica gigas Nakai, and Trichosanthes Kirilowii (Maxim.) has beneficial effects against several carcinomas. There have been few reports on an immune-enhancing activity of SH003 and its active constituent nodakenin. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at identifying the immune-enhancing effect of SH003 and nodakenin. MATERIALS AND METHODS The immune-enhancing effect was evaluated using RAW264.7 macrophages, mouse primary splenocytes, and a cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression murine model. RESULTS The results show that SH003 or nodakenin stimulated the production levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO) and the expression levels of iNOS in RAW264.7 macrophages. SH003 or nodakenin also enhanced NF-κB p65 activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. SH003 or nodakenin stimulated the production levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, TNF-α, and NO and the expression levels of iNOS in splenocytes. SH003 or nodakenin increased the splenic lymphocyte proliferation and splenic NK cell activity. In addition, SH003 or nodakenin increased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in the serum and spleen of CP-treated mice, alleviating CP-induced immunosuppression. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results of this study show that SH003 improved immunosuppression through the activation of macrophages, splenocytes, and NK cells. These findings suggest that SH003 could be applied as a potential immunostimulatory agent for a variety of diseases caused or exacerbated by immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeoung-Cheol Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Sung Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Icarisid
II
rescues cognitive dysfunction via activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway promoting hippocampal neurogenesis in
APP
/
PS1
transgenic mice. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2095-2108. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nguyen P, Kim KY, Kim AY, Kang S, Osabutey AF, Jin H, Guo Y, Park H, Suh JW, Koh YH. The additive memory and healthspan enhancement effects by the combined treatment of mature silkworm powders and Korean angelica extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114520. [PMID: 34391862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Silkworm (Bombyx mori) and Korean angelica (KoAg; Angelica gigas Nakai) have been widely used as traditional oriental medicines in Korea, China, and Japan to treat various diseases such as anemia, cold, diabetes, palsy, stroke, etc. Steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm powder, also known as HongJam (HJ), and extracts of KoAg root (KoAgE) are currently sold in Korea as functional foods to improve memory, cognition, and liver functions. However, the molecular and pharmacological basis for the improvement of brain functions of HJ and KoAgE has not yet been elucidated. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis underlying the memory-enhancing effects of HJ and KoAgE and determine whether administration of HJ and KoAgE complexes (HJ+KoAgC) has additive memory and healthspan-enhancing effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MCI mouse models generated by intraperitoneal injection of Scopolamine (Sco-IP) were orally administered with HJ and KoAgE alone or as complexes. Their memory-enhancing effects were examined on spatial, fear-aggravated, and social memories and compared with control or Donepezil (Dp) treatment. The activities of mitochondria complex (MitoCom) I-IV and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the amounts of ATP in the mouse brains were examined. The Drosophila model was used to investigate lifespan- and healthspan-promoting effects of HJ+KoAgC. RESULTS Administration of HJ+KoAgC produced more memory-enhancing effects than administration of HJ or KoAgE alone or Dp. The increase in MitoCom I-IV activities and ATP amounts and the decrease in AChE activities in the mouse brains were the molecular basis for the memory enhancement. The greatest improvement in memory and mitochondrial function was observed when the mice were administered the 1:0.8 ratio of HJ+KoAgC. Administration of HJ+KoAgC to Drosophila prolonged the lifespan and the healthspan and increased the amounts of ATP. CONCLUSION HJ+KoAgC had superior effects on memory improvement and healthspan extension by increasing mitochondrial activities and ATP amounts in treated animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kee-Young Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - A-Young Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - SangKook Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Angelica F Osabutey
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Jin
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Yuanri Guo
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Hyunwoo Park
- HealthPark. 2502ho, Gangnamdaero 305, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SE, Lim C, Cho S. Angelica gigas root ameliorates ischaemic stroke-induced brain injury in mice by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:662-671. [PMID: 34062098 PMCID: PMC8172223 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1928241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Traditionally, the root of Angelica gigas Nakai (Umbelliferae), has long been used to treat ischaemic diseases and is considered safe in humans. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effects of a methanol extract of A. gigas root (AGmex) on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced brain injury in mice, and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hours of transient MCAO (tMCAO) was induced in C57BL/6 mice (MCAO control group and AGmex groups), AGmex was administered to the AGmex group at 300-3,000 mg/kg bw at 1, 1, and 24 h before tMCAO or at 1000 mg/kg bw at 1 h before and after tMCAO. Infarction volumes, tissue staining, and western blotting were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of AGmex. RESULTS The median effective dose (ED50) could not be measured because the AGmex treatment did not reduce the infarction volume caused by 2 h of tMCAO to within 50%; however, pre-treatment with AGmex twice at 1,000 mg/kg bw before tMCAO significantly reduced the infarction volumes. The proteins related to cell growth, differentiation, and death were upregulated by this treatment, and the major recovery mechanisms appeared to involve the attenuation of the mitochondrial function of Bcl-2/Bax and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways in ischaemic neurons. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence supporting the use of A. gigas root against ischaemic stroke and suggests a novel developmental starting point for the treatment of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Lee
- Research Institute for Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Republic of Korea
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Wang XF, Xiao HH, Wu YT, Kong L, Chen JC, Yang JX, Hu XL. Active constituent of Polygala tenuifolia attenuates cognitive deficits by rescuing hippocampal neurogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:267. [PMID: 34696749 PMCID: PMC8543956 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia worldwide, and there is still no satisfactory drug or therapeutic strategy. Polygala tenuifolia is a traditional Chinese medicine with multiple neuroprotective effects. In present study, we investigated the effects of three active constituents [3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose (DISS), onjisaponin B (OB) and tenuifolin (TEN)] of Polygala tenuifolia (PT) on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) to identify the potential active constituent of PT promoting hippocampal neurogenesis. METHODS NSCs were isolated from hippocampi of newborn C57BL/6 mice, and transfected with mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene to establish an AD cell model (APP-NSCs). 3-(4,5- Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were performed, and the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs were assessed by neurosphere formation assay, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay and immunofluorescence (IF) staining analysis. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were administrated with the potential active constituent DISS for 4 weeks. Morris water maze (MWM), Nissl staining assay and IF staining assays were carried out to evaluate the cognitive function, neural damages and hippocampal neurogenesis, respectively. RESULTS DISS exerted the optimal ability to strengthen APP-NSCs proliferation and neuronal differentiation, followed by OB and TEN. Furthermore, DISS treatment for 4 weeks strikingly rescued the cognitive deficits, neuronal injures, and neurogenesis disorder in adult APP/PS1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that DISS is the constituent of PT that triggers the most potent increase of hippocampal neurogenesis in our mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Center for Neuromedicine of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, 42 Xuegong Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-He Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Cong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-le Hu
- Center for Neuromedicine of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, 42 Xuegong Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116033, People's Republic of China.
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Zarini-Gakiye E, Amini J, Sanadgol N, Vaezi G, Parivar K. Recent Updates in the Alzheimer's Disease Etiopathology and Possible Treatment Approaches: A Narrative Review of Current Clinical Trials. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:273-294. [PMID: 32321414 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666200422090135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent subtype of incurable neurodegenerative dementias and its etiopathology is still not clearly elucidated. OBJECTIVE Outline the ongoing clinical trials (CTs) in the field of AD, in order to find novel master regulators. METHODS We strictly reviewed all scientific reports from Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed databases from January 2010 to January 2019. The search terms were "Alzheimer's disease" or "dementia" and "medicine" or "drug" or "treatment" and "clinical trials" and "interventions". Manuscripts that met the objective of this study were included for further evaluations. RESULTS Drug candidates have been categorized into two main groups including antibodies, peptides or hormones (such as Ponezumab, Interferon β-1a, Solanezumab, Filgrastim, Levemir, Apidra, and Estrogen), and naturally-derived ingredients or small molecules (such as Paracetamol, Ginkgo, Escitalopram, Simvastatin, Cilostazo, and Ritalin-SR). The majority of natural candidates acted as anti-inflammatory or/and anti-oxidant and antibodies exert their actions via increasing amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance or decreasing Tau aggregation. Among small molecules, most of them that are present in the last phases act as specific antagonists (Suvorexant, Idalopirdine, Intepirdine, Trazodone, Carvedilol, and Risperidone) or agonists (Dextromethorphan, Resveratrol, Brexpiprazole) and frequently ameliorate cognitive dysfunctions. CONCLUSION The presences of a small number of candidates in the last phase suggest that a large number of candidates have had an undesirable side effect or were unable to pass essential eligibility for future phases. Among successful treatment approaches, clearance of Aβ, recovery of cognitive deficits, and control of acute neuroinflammation are widely chosen. It is predicted that some FDA-approved drugs, such as Paracetamol, Risperidone, Escitalopram, Simvastatin, Cilostazoand, and Ritalin-SR, could also be used in off-label ways for AD. This review improves our ability to recognize novel treatments for AD and suggests approaches for the clinical trial design for this devastating disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Zarini-Gakiye
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Amini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gholamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Guo YR, Jin H, Kim M, Shin MB, Lee JH, Maeng S, Cha SY, Lee J, Koh YH, Kim KY, Kang S, Park H, Suh JW. Synergistic Neuroprotective Effects of Mature Silkworm and Angelica gigas Against Scopolamine-Induced Mild Cognitive Impairment in Mice and H 2O 2-Induced Cell Death in HT22 Mouse Hippocampal Neuronal Cells. J Med Food 2021; 24:505-516. [PMID: 34009025 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mature Bombyx mori silkworm (SW) ameliorated scopolamine (Sco)-induced amnesia, and Angelica gigas (AG) prevented cognitive impairment. SW is known for its gastroprotective effects such as improving liver function and alleviating the effects of Parkinson's disease. AG is known for its neuroprotective effects and for lowering the effects of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, the neuroprotective effect of combined SW and AG (SWA-1) treatment and the underlying molecular mechanism by which SWA-1 regulates neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. We evaluated the neuroprotective effect of SWA-1 against Sco-induced mild cognitive impairment in mice and H2O2-induced cell death in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. Morris water maze and Y-maze tests were performed to examine the learning and memory abilities of mice. The underlying molecular mechanism was investigated by using western blotting. We demonstrated that SWA-1 significantly protects against H2O2-induced cell death in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells. SWA-1 also significantly reversed Sco-induced spatial learning and memory impairment. Specifically, SWA-1 upregulates the protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk1/2) and phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase (p38). SWA-1 remarkably decreased the apoptotic index Bax/Bcl2 expression in the hippocampus of Sco-treated mice. Our results suggest that SWA-1 may be administered as alternative therapy for cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases and should be studied further in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ri Guo
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Minsang Kim
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Myeong Bae Shin
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeong Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Collage of Natural Science, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Cha
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jeonghun Lee
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kee-Young Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sangkuk Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | | | - Joo Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
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Xiao HH, Zhang MB, Xu JT, Deng Y, Li N, Gao P, Li Y, Kong L, Li WY, Chen JC, Li HY, Shan GS, Tai H, Yang JX. Icarisid II promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2773-2784. [PMID: 33455039 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive functions in mammals and human beings. Mobilization of hippocampal neurogenesis has been regarded as a promising therapeutic approach to restore injured neurons in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icarisid II (ICS II), an active ingredient derived from Epimedii Folium, has been reported to exhibit multiple neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ICS II on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and amyloid precusor protein (APP)-overexpressing NSCs (APP-NSCs) in vitro. Our results demonstrated that ICS II dose-dependently suppressed apoptosis and elevated viability of APP-NSCs. ICS II (1 μM) potently promoted proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs and APP-NSCs. ICS II (1 μM) significantly upregulated Wnt-3a expression, increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and enhanced the nuclear transfer of β-catenin. Moreover, ICS II also promoted astrocytes to secrete Wnt-3a, which positively modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate that ICS II promotes NSCs proliferation and neuronal differentiation partly by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-He Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ming-Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Jun-Ting Xu
- Psychiatry department, Dalian Seventh People' s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Visera-State Theory and Application, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Wan-Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ji-Cong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Guo-Shun Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - He Tai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Visera-State Theory and Application, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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15
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Therapeutic Effects of Decursin and Angelica gigas Nakai Root Extract in Gerbil Brain after Transient Ischemia via Protecting BBB Leakage and Astrocyte Endfeet Damage. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082161. [PMID: 33918660 PMCID: PMC8069195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai root contains decursin which exerts beneficial properties such as anti-amnesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Until now, however, the neuroprotective effects of decursin against transient ischemic injury in the forebrain have been insufficiently investigated. Here, we revealed that post-treatment with decursin and the root extract saved pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus following transient ischemia for 5 min in gerbil forebrain. Through high-performance liquid chromatography, we defined that decursin was contained in the extract as 7.3 ± 0.2%. Based on this, we post-treated with 350 mg/kg of extract, which is the corresponding dosage of 25 mg/kg of decursin that exerted neuroprotection in gerbil hippocampus against the ischemia. In addition, behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate ischemia-induced dysfunctions via tests of spatial memory (by the 8-arm radial maze test) and learning memory (by the passive avoidance test), and post-treatment with the extract and decursin attenuated ischemia-induced memory impairments. Furthermore, we carried out histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and double immunohistofluorescence. Pyramidal neurons located in the subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) among the hippocampal subfields were dead at 5 days after the ischemia; however, treatment with the extract and decursin saved the pyramidal neurons after ischemia. Immunoglobulin G (IgG, an indicator of extravasation), which is not found in the parenchyma in normal brain tissue, was apparently shown in CA1 parenchyma from 2 days after the ischemia, but IgG leakage was dramatically attenuated in the CA1 parenchyma treated with the extract and decursin. Furthermore, astrocyte endfeet, which are a component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), were severely damaged at 5 days after the ischemia; however, post-treatment with the extract and decursin dramatically attenuated the damage of the endfeet. In brief, therapeutic treatment of the extract of Angelica gigas Nakai root and decursin after 5 min transient forebrain ischemia protected hippocampal neurons from the ischemia, showing that ischemia-induced BBB leakage and damage of astrocyte endfeet was significantly attenuated by the extract and decursin. Based on these findings, we suggest that Angelica gigas Nakai root containing decursin can be employed as a pharmaceutical composition to develop a therapeutic strategy for brain ischemic injury.
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16
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Lee SE, Kim JH, Lim C, Cho S. Neuroprotective effect of Angelica gigas root in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury through MAPK signaling pathway regulation. Chin Med 2020; 15:101. [PMID: 32983252 PMCID: PMC7509924 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The root of Angelica gigas Nakai (Apiaceae) has been traditionally used as an important herbal medicine to treat blood-deficiency-related disorders in Eastern Asian countries, and recently, it has been recognized as a potential candidate for improving cardiovascular diseases. Methods In this study, the neuroprotective effect of a methanol extract of A. gigas root (RAGE) was investigated in a mouse stroke model induced by a 90 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Infarction volumes and morphological changes in brain tissues were measured using TTC, cresyl violet, and H&E staining. The neuroprotective mechanism of RAGE was elucidated through investigation of protein expression levels using western blotting, IHC, and ELISA assays. The plasma concentrations of decursin, a major compound in RAGE, were measured after oral administration of RAGE to SD rats. Results The infarction volumes in brain tissues were significantly reduced and the morphological deteriorations in the brain neuron cells were improved in tMCAO mice when pre-treated with RAGE at 1000 mg/(kg bw·d) for two consecutive days. The neuroprotective mechanism of RAGE was confirmed to attenuate ERK-related MAPK signaling pathways in the ipsilateral hippocampus hemisphere in mice. The concentrations of decursin in rat plasma samples showed peak absorption and elimination in vivo after oral administration of RAGE at 100 mg/rat. Conclusion Mice administered RAGE before the tMCAO operation had less neuronal cell death than those that were not administered RAGE prior to the operation, and this study provides preclinical evidence for use of A. gigas in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
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Xiao H, Li H, Song H, Kong L, Yan X, Li Y, Deng Y, Tai H, Wu Y, Ni Y, Li W, Chen J, Yang J. Shenzao jiannao oral liquid, an herbal formula, ameliorates cognitive impairments by rescuing neuronal death and triggering endogenous neurogenesis in AD-like mice induced by a combination of Aβ42 and scopolamine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112957. [PMID: 32416248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Alzheimer's disease (AD) is identified as "forgetfulness" or "dementia", and is mainly caused by "kidney essence deficiency" which ultimately induces "encephala reduction". Therefore, herbal formulas possessing the efficacy of nourishing kidney essence or replenishing brain marrow are commonly served as effective strategies for AD treatment. Shenzao jiannao oral liquid (SZJN), a traditional Chinese preparation approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), is used for the treatment of insomnia and mind fatigue at present for its efficacy of nourishing kidneys. In present study, we found that SZJN could improve cognitive function of AD-like mice. AIMS OF STUDY This study aims to investigate the effects of SJZN on ameliorating cognitive deficits of AD-like mouse model, and to illuminate the underlying mechanisms from the perspective of neuroprotection and neurogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Kunming mice (28 ± 2 g) were randomly allocated into seven groups: control, sham, model, donepezil and SZJN groups (low, middle and high). The AD mouse model was established by Aβ42 combined with scopolamine. SZJN were intragastrically administrated at doses of 0.3, 1.5 and 7.5 g/kg for 28 days. Morris water maze (MWM) test was applied to determine the cognitive function. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) and Nissl staining were carried out to evaluate pathological damages in the cortex and hippocampal tissues. To explore the protective effects of SZJN on multiple pathogenic factors of AD, protein levels of Aβ42, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, synaptophysin (SYP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurogenesis related proteins were assessed using Immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot analysis. In vitro, the AD cell model was established by transduction of APP695swe genes into Neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the hippocampal tissues of neonatal C57BL/6 mice. Cell viability assay and neurosphere formation assay were carried out to verify the efficacy of SZJN on proliferation of NSCs. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that SZJN (1.5 g/kg and 7.5 g/kg) treatment significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits of AD-like mice. SZJN (7.5 g/kg) treatment significantly retarded the pathological damages including neuronal degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, Aβ peptides aggregation and reaction of astrocytes in AD-like mice. In addition, SZJN (7.5 g/kg) increased the expression of BDNF and SYP, and restored the abnormal level of MDA and SOD in the brain of AD-like mice. Furthermore, SZJN treatment for 28 days remarkably increased the proliferation of NSCs evidenced by more Nestin+ and BrdU+ cells in the hippocampal DG regions, and increased the amount of mature neurons marked by NeuN both in the cortex and hippocampal DG regions. In vitro, SZJN treatement (16, 32, 64 mg/ml) promoted the proliferation of NSCs evidenced by the increased amount and enlarged size of the neurospheres (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that SZJN could ameliorate cognitive deficits by protecting neurons from death and triggering endogenous neurogenesis. Therefore, SZJN may be considered as a promising agent to restore neuronal loss and deter the deterioration in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghe Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Huipeng Song
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Liang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Xin Yan
- Diaoyutai Pharmaceutical Group Jilin Tianqiang Pharmaceutical co. LTD, 309 Renmin Street, Tonghua, 135300, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Yan Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - He Tai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Visera-State Theory and Application, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggu District Chongshan Road No. 79, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, PR China
| | - Yutong Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Yingnan Ni
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Wanyi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Jicong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Jingxian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although memory loss and other symptoms of dementia pose tremendous burdens on patients and societies, there is currently no cure for dementia. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the anti-dementia effects of Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS), which is derived from natural resources. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 2019. We searched PubMed, Embase, Korean databases (Research Information Service System and Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System), Chinese databases (China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database and Wanfang Database), and Japanese databases (CiNii and J-STAGE). Studies were included if they were a RCT, investigated the efficacy of DSS or its modified form, and included participants with dementia. Use of DSS with other treatment (eg, acupuncture, anti-dementia drugs, etc) was included. Items of each trial were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. Data were pooled by using random-effect models. RESULTS A total of 482 studies were identified, and 5 eligible studies for Alzheimer disease (AD) and 4 studies for vascular dementia (VD) were included in the final analysis, representing a total of 567 participants. As for AD, pooled results of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (mean differences [MD] 4.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.29, 4.91) and activities of daily living (MD 11.40; 95% CI 10.94, 11.86) favored DSS. DSS had synergistic effect with acupuncture over acupuncture alone in MMSE (MD 1.69; 95% CI 1.05, 2.34), Hasegawa Dementia Scale (MD.62; 95% CI -0.20, 1.44), and activities of daily living (MD 2.38; 95% CI 1.92, 2.85). In VD, pooled results showed a significant difference in the score of dementia scales such as MMSE and Hasegawa Dementia Scale compared with nootropic drugs. DSS significantly reduced symptoms (odds ratio 5.02, 95%, CI 2.76-9.11) in patients with VD. The respective size of each RCTs was small and some included studies were of low quality due to their limited description on methodological issues. CONCLUSION These estimates suggest that DSS provides clinically important reductions in symptoms of AD and VD and can be a promising anti-dementia drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Kim
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School
- College of Korean Medicine
- Research group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Cho
- College of Korean Medicine
- Research group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Du Q, Zhu X, Si J. Angelica polysaccharide ameliorates memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease rat through activating BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 245:1-10. [PMID: 31847588 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219894558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (ASP) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its underlying mechanisms. In our study, we build the AD model by injecting Aβ25–35. Morris water maze (MWM) was applied to investigate learning and memory. Moreover, neurotransmitters, free radical, and inflammatory factors were also measured. Pathological change and neuronal death in hippocampus CA1, CA3, and DG region were detected by HE staining and Nissl staining. The neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL. The expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The expressions of BDNF, TrkB, p-Akt, Akt, p-CREB, and CREB were measured by Western blot. Our results showed that ASP could ameliorate spatial learning and memory deficiency in AD rats. ASP decreased AchE level and increased the levels of Ach and chAT in AD rats. ASP could increase the activity of SOD and CAT, decrease MDA activity, and inhibit the expression levels of inflammatory factors and neurons apoptosis in AD rats. Pathological change of hippocampus CA1, CA3, and DG region was ameliorated by ASP. In addition, the effects of ASP were reversed by K252a (TrkB inhibitor). Our study demonstrated that ASP could ameliorate memory impairment in AD rat through activating BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway. Impact statement The present study demonstrated that ASP could ameliorate memory impairment through regulation of the balance of neurotransmitters, free radical metabolism, inflammation, and neurons apoptosis. Moreover, the mechanism of ASP on memory impairment may be related to BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway in AD. Our research provides an innovatively regulatory mechanism about the ASP in AD rat and points a new way to the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- Department of EEG Room, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, China
| | - Jieru Si
- Department of Cadre Health/General Medical, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province 252000, China
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Ma Y, Yang MW, Li XW, Yue JW, Chen JZ, Yang MW, Huang X, Zhu LL, Hong FF, Yang SL. Therapeutic Effects of Natural Drugs on Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1355. [PMID: 31866858 PMCID: PMC6904940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized as a chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with aging. The clinical manifestations of AD include latent episodes of memory and cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders, as well as limited activities in daily life. In developed countries, AD is now acknowledged as the third leading cause of death, following cardiovascular disease and cancer. The pathogenesis and mechanism of AD remain unclear, although some theories have been proposed to explain AD, such as the theory of β-amyloid, the theory of the abnormal metabolism of tau protein, the theory of free radical damage, the theory of the inflammatory response, the theory of cholinergic damage, etc. Effective methods to predict, prevent or reverse AD are unavailable, and thus the development of new, efficient therapeutic drugs has become a current research hot spot worldwide. The isolation and extraction of active components from natural drugs have great potential in treating AD. These drugs possess the advantages of multiple targets in multiple pathways, fewer side effects and a long duration of curative effects. This article summaries the latest research progress regarding the mechanisms of natural drugs in the treatment of AD, providing a review of the literature and a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Man-Wen Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-Wei Yue
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Zong Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mei-Wen Yang
- Department of Nurse, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lian-Lian Zhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fen-Fang Hong
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Bae HJ, Sowndhararajan K, Park HB, Kim SY, Kim S, Kim DH, Choi JW, Jang DS, Ryu JH, Park SJ. Danshensu attenuates scopolamine and amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairments through the activation of PKA-CREB signaling in mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104537. [PMID: 31425745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important chronic neurodegenerative disorder and is mainly associated with cognitive dysfunction. At present, bioactive compounds from traditional medicinal plants have received much attention for the enhancement of cognitive function. Danshensu, a phenolic acid isolated from herbal medicines, has various pharmacological activities in the central nervous system, including anxiolytic-like and neuroprotective properties. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorating effects of danshensu on scopolamine- and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Danshensu (3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) effectively ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice, as measured in passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks. In a mechanistic study, danshensu inhibited monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity but not MAO-B. Additionally, danshensu treatment increased the dopamine level and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), in the cortex of the brain. Furthermore, the ameliorating effect of danshensu against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment was fully blocked by H89, a PKA inhibitor. Finally, danshensu also ameliorated Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in an animal model of AD. The results revealed that danshensu treatment significantly improved scopolamine and Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in mice by facilitation of dopamine signaling cascade such as PKA and CREB due to MAO-A inhibition. Thus, danshensu could be used as a promising therapeutic agent for preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hyeon-Bae Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences and Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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Nazarizadeh H, Mohammad Hosseini S, Pourreza J. Effect of plant extracts derived from thyme and chamomile on the growth performance, gut morphology and immune system of broilers fed aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contaminated diets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1615851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Nazarizadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Javad Pourreza
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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He MT, Lee AY, Kim JH, Park CH, Shin YS, Cho EJ. Protective role of Cordyceps militaris in Aβ 1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease in vivo. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:865-872. [PMID: 31093445 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the "amyloid cascade hypothesis", amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein occupied one of the risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cordyceps militaris (CM) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective activities; however, its activity against cognitive dysfunction has not been studied yet. In this study, the CM ethanol extract was administered with a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg for 2 weeks, and behavioral assessments were performed for learning and memory function in Aβ1-42-induced AD mice models. Supplementation with CM extract enhanced new route consciousness and novel object recognition, and in the Morris water maze test, CM-administered groups showed less time to reach to the hidden platform compared with the control group. Moreover, the CM extract inhibited nitric oxide production and lipid peroxidation in the brain, liver, and kidney. The present study indicated that CM could have the protective role from cognitive impairment and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tong He
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Lee
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- 2Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Su Shin
- 2Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
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Carboplatin– Angelica gigas Nakai combination synergistically enhances apoptosis by suppressed Akt, Erk, and Stat3 expression in H460 human lung cancer cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218805343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower potency of low dose of carboplatin often requires combination with other drugs to improve its efficacy. Newer and more potent carboplatin-based combination therapies are investigated for treatment. We investigated whether paclitaxel, carboplatin, and Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) affect viability of H460 cells by MTT assay. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of various modulators, such as p-Stat3, p-Akt, and p-Erk. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and AGN affected the viability of H460 cells. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and AGN suppressed p-Akt, p-Erk, and p-Stat3 expression. AGN combined with carboplatin significantly decreased c-Jun, HIF-1α, and VEGF levels. AGN combined with carboplatin significantly increased p21 and p27 levels and suppressed cyclin D1 and cyclin E levels. AGN combined with carboplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing Bax and cleavage of caspase and Parp level and by suppressing Bcl-2 level. Our results clearly demonstrate that AGN combined with carboplatin could be a useful compound for treating lung cancer.
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang C, Li Z, Liu X, Zhang J, Lu J, Wang D. Pharmacological Basis for the Use of Evodiamine in Alzheimer's Disease: Antioxidation and Antiapoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051527. [PMID: 29883380 PMCID: PMC5983845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine (Evo), a major alkaloid compound isolated from the dry unripened fruit of Evodia fructus, has a wide range of pharmacological activities. The present study sought to explore the neuroprotective effects of Evo in l-glutamate (l-Glu)-induced apoptosis of HT22 cells, and in a d-galactose and aluminum trichloride-developed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model. Evo significantly enhanced cell viability, inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, ameliorated mitochondrial function, increased the B-cell lymphoma-2 protein content, and inhibited the high expression levels of Bax, Bad, and cleaved-caspase-3 and -8 in l-Glu-induced HT22 cells. Evo also enhanced the phosphorylation activities of protein kinase B and the mammalian target of rapamycin in the l-Glu-induced HT22 cells. In the AD mouse model, Evo reduced the aimless and chaotic movements, reduced the time spent in the central area in the open field test, and decreased the escape latency time in the Morris water maze test. Evo reduced the deposition of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) in the brain, and increased the serum level of Aβ42, but showed no significant effects on Aβ40. In addition, six weeks of Evo administration significantly suppressed oxidative stress by modulating the related enzyme levels. In the central cholinergic system of AD mice, Evo significantly increased the serum levels of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase and decreased the level of acetylcholinesterase in the serum, hypothalamus, and brain. Our results provide experimental evidence that Evo can serve as a neuroprotective candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chunyue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130006, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Changchun Shengjinnuo Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Natural Korean Medicine Dang-Gui: Biosynthesis, Effective Extraction and Formulations of Major Active Pyranocoumarins, Their Molecular Action Mechanism in Cancer, and Other Biological Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122170. [PMID: 29215592 PMCID: PMC6149795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a crucial oriental medicinal herb that grows especially in Korea and the Far-East countries. It contains chemically active compounds like pyranocoumarins, polyacetylenes and essential oils, which might be useful for treatment of several chronic diseases. It has been used for centuries as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asia, but in Western countries is used as a functional food and a major ingredient of several herbal products. The genus Angelica is also known as ‘female ginseng’ due to its critical therapeutic role in female afflictions, such as gynecological problems. However, it is well-documented that the AGN pyranocoumarins may play vital beneficial roles against cancer, neurodisorders, inflammation, osteoporosis, amnesia, allergies, depression, fungi, diabetes, ischemia, dermatitis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and androgen. Though numerous studies revealed the role of AGN pyranocoumarins as therapeutic agents, none of the reviews have published their molecular mechanism of action. To the best of our knowledge, this would be the first review that aims to appraise the biosynthesis of AGN’s major active pyranocoumarins, discuss effective extraction and formulation methods, and detail the molecular action mechanism of decursin (D), decursinol angelate (DA) and decursinol (DOH) in chronic diseases, which would further help extension of research in this area.
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Ferreira FL, Rodrigues VG, Silva FC, Matildes BL, Takahashi JA, Silva GD, Duarte LP, Oliveira DM, Filho SA. Maytenus distichophylla and Salacia crassifolia : source of products with potential acetylcholinesterase inhibition. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hassan FAM, Awad A. Impact of thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris L.) supplementation on gene expression profiles of cytokines and economic efficiency of broiler diets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15816-15826. [PMID: 28534268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in an attempt to evaluate the impact of thyme powder supplementation on broiler diets with respect to cytokine and mucin2 gene expressions. It was also our aim to evaluate the growth performance, blood biochemical and hematological profiles, and economic efficiency of the diet. A total of 120 1-day old chicks (Cobb 500) were divided into four groups on the basis of the diet. One group received a basal diet (control) while the others received a basal diet supplemented with 2, 5, or 8 g/kg of thyme powder. At 42 days of age, the chickens were weighed and euthanized, and then blood and tissue samples were collected for the purpose of analysis. Results obtained clearly indicated that thyme supplementation of the diet, especially at 5 g/kg, resulted in a significant increase in body weight and caused the increased body weight gain and feed intake (P ˂ 0.05) as well as augmented WBC and lymphocyte count and IgG and NO levels (P ˂ 0.001). The economic evaluation showed that birds fed on 8 g/kg thyme yielded the lowest net revenue and highest feed cost to produce 1 kg of live weight compared to the other treatments, while birds fed on 2 and 5 g/kg thyme did not differ significantly from values obtained for the controls. The lipid profile of the broilers was affected by thyme supplementation at 2 and 5 g/kg as represented by a significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels as well as low density lipoprotein levels, which is known to be associated with a corresponding increase in high-density lipoprotein (P ˂ 0.001). Furthermore, supplementation of thyme downregulated the pro-inflammatory mediators and increased the expression of mucin2 mRNA in the jejunum of chickens. It can be concluded that thyme supplementation in the diet of broilers at 5 g/kg has the potential to favorably influence productive performance via an improvement in the immune status of the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardos A M Hassan
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Awad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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Neuroprotective and Cognitive Enhancement Potentials of Angelica gigas Nakai Root: A Review. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:scipharm85020021. [PMID: 28452965 PMCID: PMC5489925 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai is an important medicinal plant with health promoting properties that is used to treat many disorders. In traditional herbal medicine, the root of this plant is used to promote blood flow, to treat anemia, and is used as sedative or tonic agent. The root contains various bioactive metabolites; in particular, decursin and decursinol (pyranocoumarin type components) have been reported to possess various pharmacological properties. Recently, several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that the crude extracts and isolated components from the root of A. gigas exhibited neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects. Neuronal damage or death is the most important factor for many neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, recent studies have clearly demonstrated the possible mechanisms behind the neuroprotective action of extracts/compounds from the root of A. gigas. In the present review, we summarized the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of extracts and individual compounds from A. gigas root.
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:178-216. [PMID: 28043897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
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Choi HS, Cho SG, Kim MK, Kim MS, Moon SH, Kim IH, Ko SG. Decursin in Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) Enhances Doxorubicin Chemosensitivity in NCI/ADR-RES Ovarian Cancer Cells via Inhibition of P-glycoprotein Expression. Phytother Res 2016; 30:2020-2026. [PMID: 27605402 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN, Korean Dang-gui) is traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. Here, we investigated multidrug-resistant phenotype-reversal activities of AGN and its compounds (decursin, ferulic acid, and nodakenin) in doxorubicin-resistant NCI/ADR-RES ovarian cancer cells. Our results showed that a combination of doxorubicin with either AGN or decursin inhibited a proliferation of NCI/ADR-RES cells. These combinations increased the number of cells at sub-G1 phase when cells were stained with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate. We also found that these combinations activated caspase-9, caspase-8, and caspase-3 and increased cleaved PARP level. Moreover, an inhibition of P-glycoprotein expression by either AGN or decursin resulted in a reduction of its activity in NCI/ADR-RES cells. Therefore, our data demonstrate that decursin in AGN inhibits doxorubicin-resistant ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in the presence of doxorubicin via blocking P-glycoprotein expression. Therefore, AGN would be a potentially novel treatment option for multidrug-resistant tumors by sensitizing to anticancer agents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Sim Choi
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Gook Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 University Rd, Jeungpyeong, Chungbuk, 368-701, Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Moon
- Department of Applied Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Il Hwan Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
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32
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Elsaey MA, Sallam AED, Hassaneen E, Zaghloul MS. Circadian phase modulates the enhancing effect of the Egyptian Moringa peregrinaextract on learning and memory in mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1183880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Lin SK, Yan SH, Lai JN, Tsai TH. Patterns of Chinese medicine use in prescriptions for treating Alzheimer's disease in Taiwan. Chin Med 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 27028311 PMCID: PMC4810525 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain Chinese medicine (CM) herbs and acupuncture may protect against Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is a lack of research regarding the use of CM in patients with AD. The aim of this study was to investigate CM usage patterns in patients with AD, and identify the Chinese herbal formulae most commonly used for AD. METHODS This retrospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study was conducted using a randomly sampled cohort of one million patients, selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database between 1997 and 2008 in Taiwan. CM use and the top ten most frequently prescribed formulae for treating AD were assessed, including average formulae dose and frequency of prescriptions. Demographic characteristics, including sex, age and insurance level were examined, together with geographic location. Existing medical conditions with the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, and medications associated with CM were also examined. Factors associated with CM use were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS The cohort included 1137 newly diagnosed AD patients, who were given conventional treatment for AD between 1997 and 2008. Among them, 78.2 % also used CM treatments, including Chinese herbal remedies, acupuncture and massage manipulation. Female patients (aOR 1.57 with 95 % CI 1.16-2.13) and those living in urban areas (aOR 3.00 with 95 % CI 1.83-4.90 in the middle of Taiwan) were more likely to use CM. After adjusting for demographic factors, AD patients suffering from the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were more likely to seek CM treatment than those with no symptoms (aOR 2.26 with 95 % CI 1.48-3.43 in patients suffering more than three symptoms). Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang and Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan were the two formulae most frequently prescribed by CM practitioners for treating AD. CONCLUSION Most people with AD who consumed herbal products used supplement qi, nourish the blood, and quiet the heart spirit therapy as complementary medicines to relieve AD-related symptoms, in addition to using standard anti-AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ku Lin
- />Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Hing Yan
- />Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Nien Lai
- />The Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- />School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- />Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lumbera WML, Dela Cruz J, Yang SH, Hwang SG. Heat Shock Protein Augmentation of Angelica gigas Nakai Root Hot Water Extract on Adipogenic Differentiation in Murine 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:419-27. [PMID: 26950875 PMCID: PMC4811795 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a high association of heat shock on the alteration of energy and lipid metabolism. The alterations associated with thermal stress are composed of gene expression changes and adaptation through biochemical responses. Previous study showed that Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root extract promoted adipogenic differentiation in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes under the normal temperature condition. However, its effect in heat shocked 3T3-L1 cells has not been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of AGN root hot water extract in the adipogenic differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes following heat shock and its possible mechanism of action. Thermal stress procedure was executed within the same stage of preadipocyte confluence (G0) through incubation at 42°C for one hour and then allowed to recover at normal incubation temperature of 37°C for another hour before AGN treatment for both cell viability assay and Oil Red O. Cell viability assay showed that AGN was able to dose dependently (0 to 400 μg/mL) increase cell proliferation under normal incubation temperature and also was able to prevent cytotoxicity due to heat shock accompanied by cell proliferation. Confluent preadipocytes were subjected into heat shock procedure, recovery and then AGN treatment prior to stimulation with the differentiation solution. Heat shocked preadipocytes exhibited reduced differentiation as supported by decreased amount of lipid accumulation in Oil Red O staining and triglyceride measurement. However, those heat shocked preadipocytes that then were given AGN extract showed a dose dependent increase in lipid accumulation as shown by both evaluation procedures. In line with these results, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis showed that AGN increased adipogenic differentiation by upregulating heat shock protection related genes and proteins together with the adipogenic markers. These findings imply the potential of AGN in heat shock amelioration among 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through heat shock factor and proteins augmentation and enhanced adipogenic marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Dela Cruz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Banos, 4030, Philippines
| | - Seung-Hak Yang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Banos, 4030, Philippines
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The Effects of Inhaled Pimpinella peregrina Essential Oil on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment, Anxiety, and Depression in Laboratory Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:6557-6567. [PMID: 26768430 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we identified the effects of inhaled Pimpinella peregrina essential oil (1 and 3 %, for 21 continuous days) on scopolamine-induced memory impairment, anxiety, and depression in laboratory rats. Y-maze and radial arm-maze tests were used for assessing memory processes. Also, the anxiety and depressive responses were studied by means of the elevated plus-maze and forced swimming tests. The scopolamine alone-treated rats exhibited the following: decrease of the spontaneous alternation percentage in Y-maze test, increase of the number of working and reference memory errors in radial arm-maze test, along with decrease of the exploratory activity, the percentage of the time spent and the number of entries in the open arm within elevated plus-maze test and decrease of swimming time and increase of immobility time within forced swimming test. Inhalation of the P. peregrina essential oil significantly improved memory formation and exhibited anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in scopolamine-treated rats. Our results suggest that the P. peregrina essential oil inhalation ameliorates scopolamine-induced memory impairment, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, studies on the P. peregrina essential oil may open a new therapeutic window for the prevention of neurological abnormalities closely related to Alzheimer's disease.
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Antiamnesic and Antioxidants Effects of Ferulago angulata Essential Oil Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Laboratory Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1799-809. [PMID: 26168780 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ferulago angulata (Apiaceae) is a shrub indigenous to western Iran, Turkey and Iraq. In traditional medicine, F. angulata is recommended for treating digestive pains, hemorrhoids, snake bite, ulcers and as sedative. In the present study, the effects of inhaled F. angulata essential oil (1 and 3%, daily, for 21 days) on spatial memory performance were assessed in scopolamine-treated rats. Scopolamine-induced memory impairments were observed, as measured by the Y-maze and radial arm-maze tasks. Decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase along with increase of acetylcholinesterase activity and decrease of total content of reduced glutathione were observed in the rat hippocampal homogenates of scopolamine-treated animals as compared with control. Production of protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde significantly increased in the rat hippocampal homogenates of scopolamine-treated animals as compared with control, as a consequence of impaired antioxidant enzymes activities. Additionally, in scopolamine-treated rats exposure to F. angulata essential oil significantly improved memory formation and decreased oxidative stress, suggesting memory-enhancing and antioxidant effects. Therefore, our results suggest that multiple exposures to F. angulata essential oil ameliorate scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment by attenuation of the oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus.
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Piao J, Lee JY, Weon JB, Ma CJ, Ko HJ, Kim DD, Kang WS, Cho HJ. Angelica gigas Nakai and Soluplus-Based Solid Formulations Prepared by Hot-Melting Extrusion: Oral Absorption Enhancing and Memory Ameliorating Effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124447. [PMID: 25915423 PMCID: PMC4411051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral solid formulations based on Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) and Soluplus were prepared by the hot-melting extrusion (HME) method. AGN was pulverized into coarse and ultrafine particles, and their particle size and morphology were investigated. Ultrafine AGN particles were used in the HME process with high shear to produce AGN-based formulations. In simulated gastrointestinal fluids (pH 1.2 and pH 6.8) and water, significantly higher amounts of the major active components of AGN, decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA), were extracted from the HME-processed AGN/Soluplus (F8) group than the AGN EtOH extract (ext) group (p < 0.05). Based on an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats, the relative oral bioavailability of decursinol (DOH), a hepatic metabolite of D and DA, in F8-administered mice was 8.75-fold higher than in AGN EtOH ext-treated group. In scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mice, F8 exhibited a more potent cognitive enhancing effect than AGN EtOH ext in both a Morris water maze test and a passive avoidance test. These findings suggest that HME-processed AGN/Soluplus formulation (F8) could be a promising therapeutic candidate for memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpei Piao
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Bae Weon
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Je Ma
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wie-Soo Kang
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (WSK); (HJC)
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (WSK); (HJC)
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Lim CY, Kim BY, Lim SH, Cho SI. Effect of co-administration of Angelicae gigantis radix and Lithospermi radix on rat hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:395-403. [PMID: 25829781 PMCID: PMC4378140 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.153095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-administration of Angelicae gigantis radix (AGR) and Lithospermi radix (LR) has been commonly applied to patients to treat cardiac and hepatic disorders. Individual bioactivities of these herbal medicines have been widely investigated, but the hepatoprotective effects of co-treatment of AGR and LR have yet to be clarified. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the protective effects of extracts of AGR and LR on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we measured the hepatoprotective activity of individual and co-treatment of the two herbal medicines on hepatic injury induced by CCl4 by measuring different biochemical parameters such as serum aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT). Microarray technology also used to compare ontological difference with individual and co-treatment of these two. RESULTS Combined treatment with AGR and LR (AGR + LR) decreased AST and ALT level in serum which demonstrate hepatoprotective effect of the therapy. When the effect of AGR and LR according to treatment conditions was measured, co-treatment showed the most prominent effect on hepatic injury by CCl4 rather than individual treatment condition. We further defined gene set that could be the molecular target of herbal effect on hepatic injury by CCl4 using bioinformatical analysis of interaction network. Highly recovered genes by treating AGR + LR play significant roles in response to hepatic injury induced by CCl4. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with AGR and LR showed synergistic protective effects on the CCl4-induced rat hepatic tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hyun Lim
- Department of Nursing, School of Public Health, Far East University, Chungbuk 369-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-In Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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Mira A, Yamashita S, Katakura Y, Shimizu K. In vitro neuroprotective activities of compounds from Angelica shikokiana Makino. Molecules 2015; 20:4813-32. [PMID: 25786165 PMCID: PMC6272295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelica shikokiana is widely marketed in Japan as a dietary food supplement. With a focus on neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, the aerial part was extracted and through bio-guided fractionation, fifteen compounds [α-glutinol, β-amyrin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, methyl chlorogenate, chlorogenic acid, hyuganin E, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde, β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside, adenosine (isolated for the first time from A. shikokiana), isoepoxypteryxin and isopteryxin] were isolated. Isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro neuroprotection using acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, protection against hydrogen peroxide and amyloid β peptide (Aβ25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in neuro-2A cells, scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species and thioflavin T assays. Quercetin showed the strongest AChE inhibition (IC50 value = 35.5 µM) through binding to His-440 and Tyr-70 residues at the catalytic and anionic sites of acetylcholine esterase, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, its methyl ester, quercetin and luteolin could significantly protect neuro-2A cells against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and scavenge hydroxyl radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species. Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoiside, hyuganin E and isoepoxypteryxin significantly decreased Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity and Th-T fluorescence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about neuroprotection of hyuganin E and isoepoxypteryxin against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mira
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of agroenvironmental sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shuntaro Yamashita
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental sciences, Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental sciences, Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of agroenvironmental sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
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Enhanced behavioral response by decreasing brain oxidative stress to 6-hydroxy-l-nicotine in Alzheimer’s disease rat model. Neurosci Lett 2015; 591:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhang J, Li L, Hale TW, Chee W, Xing C, Jiang C, Lü J. Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of decursin and decursinol angelate in healthy adult men and women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114992. [PMID: 25695490 PMCID: PMC4335020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ethanol extract of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root has promising anti-cancer and other bioactivities in rodent models. It is currently believed that the pyranocoumarin isomers decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA) contribute to these activities. We and others have documented that D and DA were rapidly converted to decursinol (DOH) in rodents. However, our in vitro metabolism studies suggested that D and DA might be metabolized differently in humans. To test this hypothesis and address a key question for human translatability of animal model studies of D and DA or AGN extract, we conducted a single oral dose human pharmacokinetic study of D and DA delivered through an AGN-based dietary supplement Cogni.Q (purchased from Quality of Life Labs, Purchase, NY) in twenty healthy subjects, i.e., 10 men and 10 women, each consuming 119 mg D and 77 mg DA from 4 vegicaps. Analyses of plasma samples using UHPLC-MS/MS showed mean time to peak concentration (Tmax) of 2.1, 2.4 and 3.3 h and mean peak concentration (Cmax) of 5.3, 48.1 and 2,480 nmol/L for D, DA and DOH, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) for D and DA was similar (17.4 and 19.3 h) and each was much longer than that of DOH (7.4 h). The mean area under the curve (AUC0-48h) for D, DA and DOH was estimated as 37, 335 and 27,579 h∙nmol/L, respectively. Gender-wise, men absorbed the parent compounds faster and took shorter time to reach DOH peak concentration. The human data supported an extensive conversion of D and DA to DOH, even though they metabolized DA slightly slower than rodents. Therefore, the data generated in rodent models concerning anti-cancer efficacy, safety, tissue distribution and pharmacodynamic biomarkers will likely be relevant for human translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JZ); (JL)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Hale
- Clinical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wayne Chee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junxuan Lü
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JZ); (JL)
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Hasanein P, Mahtaj AK. Ameliorative effect of rosmarinic acid on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 585:23-7. [PMID: 25445372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenol that exerts different biological activities, such as antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we hypothesized that administration of RA (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days would effect on scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction as an extensively used model of cognitive impairment. The rats were divided into 10 groups. The acquisition trial was done 1h after the last administration of RA. Animals were divided into control, RA (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg) and donepezil (2 mg/kg) treated controls, scopolamine, RA (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg), and donepezil (2 mg/kg) treated scopolamine groups. Memory impairment was induced by scopolamine treatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after the administration of RA, donepezil, or saline. Scopolamine administration caused cognition deficits in the PAL and memory paradigm. While orally RA administration (16 and 32 mg/kg) improved learning and memory in control rats, it reversed learning and memory deficits of scopolamine received groups. Administration of RA at the dose of 8 mg/kg did not alter cognitive function in control and scopolamine treated groups. The combination of anticholinesterase, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties of RA may all be responsible for the observed effects. These results indicate the beneficial effects of subchronic RA administration in passive avoidance learning and memory in control rats as well as in a pharmacological model of cholinergic deficit which continue to expand the knowledge base in creating new treatment strategies for cognition deficits and dementia. Of course, further studies are warranted for clinical use of RA in the management of demented subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hasanein
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Azam Kazemian Mahtaj
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Rabbani M, Ghannadi A, Malekian N. Evaluation of the effect of Cyperus rotundus L. in scopolamine-induced learning deficit in mice. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:217. [PMID: 25371874 PMCID: PMC4219216 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.143293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cyperus rotundus L. was used in traditional Iranian medicine to treat memory and cognition disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of the extract and essential oil of C. rotundus on memory dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Cognition was evaluated using the object recognition task that was composed of a square wooden open field box with different shape objects. The test was consisted of three sections: 15 min exploration, first trial for 12 min and second one for 5 min. In the second trial the difference in exploration between a previously seen object and novel one, was considered as an index of memory performance (recognition index). Memory deficit was induced by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) before injection of plant extracts and essential oil. Results: Rivastigmine at 0.6 mg/kg reversed the scopolamine induced memory dysfunction in mice (P < 0.05). On the contrary, neither the hydroalcholic extracts (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) nor the polyphenolic extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) and essential oil (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) of C. rotundus produced significant improvement of memory dysfunction. The fact that rivastigmine reversed the scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction confirms the validity of this memory paradigm. Conclusion: Using the current method of the memory evaluation, none of the tested doses of the plant extract or essential oil changed the memory status of the animals, indicating either a lack of effective ingredient or unsuitable method for evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghannadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Malekian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Berk C, Sabbagh MN. Successes and failures for drugs in late-stage development for Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging 2014; 30:783-92. [PMID: 23943247 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-013-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, symptomatic medications prevail as the mainstay of treatment options for Alzheimer's disease (AD). There have been tremendous investments made to increase the numbers of drugs approved and the targets engaged, in an effort to alter the disease course or pathophysiology of AD. Unfortunately, almost all studies have not met expectations and no new drug (beyond medical foods) has been approved for the treatment of AD in the last decade. This review is a comparison of novel AD therapies in the late phases of clinical testing, including recent high-profile clinical failures, and agents in development with relatively unexplored mechanisms of action, with a focus on their potential as therapeutic agents and their proposed advantages over the treatments currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camryn Berk
- The Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
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Lee B, Sur B, Kwon S, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Inhibitory effects ofAngelica gigasextract on memory deficits induced by chronic stress in the rat. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2013.879922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Peña ID, Yoon SY, Kim HJ, Park S, Hong EY, Ryu JH, Park IH, Cheong JH. Effects of ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and learning deficit in mice. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:1-7. [PMID: 24558303 PMCID: PMC3915335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although ginsenosides such as Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3 have shown promise as potential nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment, their use has been limited due to high production cost and low potency. In particular, the process of extracting pure Rg3 from ginseng is laborious and expensive. Methods We described the methods in preparing ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, and evaluated its effects on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Results Ginseol k-g3 (25–200 mg/kg) significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance, but not in Y-maze testing. Ginseol k-g3 (50 and 200 mg/kg) improved escape latency in training trials and increased swimming times within the target zone of the Morris water maze. The effect of ginseol k-g3 on the water maze task was more potent than that of Rg3 or Red ginseng. Acute or subchronic (6 d) treatment of ginseol k-g3 did not alter normal locomotor activity of mice in an open field. Ginseol k-g3 did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, unlike donezepil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Rg3 enrichment through the ginseol k-g3 fraction enhanced the efficacy of Rg3 in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice as demonstrated in the Morris water maze task. Conclusion The effects of ginseol k-g3 in ameliorating scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests indicate its specific influence on reference or long-term memory. The mechanism underlying the reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia by ginseol k-g3 is not yet known, but is not related to anticholinesterase-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Young Yoon
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sejin Park
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Hong
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Research & Development, Cheil Jedang (CJ) Corporation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author. Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea.
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Kumar H, Song SY, More SV, Kang SM, Kim BW, Kim IS, Choi DK. Traditional Korean East Asian medicines and herbal formulations for cognitive impairment. Molecules 2013; 18:14670-93. [PMID: 24287997 PMCID: PMC6270158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hanbang, the Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM), is an inseparable component of Korean culture both within the country, and further afield. Korean traditional herbs have been used medicinally to treat sickness and injury for thousands of years. Oriental medicine reflects our ancestor’s wisdom and experience, and as the elderly population in Korea is rapidly increasing, so is the importance of their health problems. The proportion of the population who are over 65 years of age is expected to increase to 24.3% by 2031. Cognitive impairment is common with increasing age, and efforts are made to retain and restore the cognition ability of the elderly. Herbal materials have been considered for this purpose because of their low adverse effects and their cognitive-enhancing or anti-dementia activities. Herbal materials are reported to contain several active compounds that have effects on cognitive function. Here, we enumerate evidence linking TKMs which have shown benefits in memory improvements. Moreover, we have also listed Korean herbal formulations which have been the subject of scientific reports relating to memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chung-ju 380-701, Korea.
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