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Cai M, Park HR, Yang EJ. Hominis Placenta modulates PTSD-like behaviors in SPSS-induced PTSD mice: Regulating energy metabolism and neuronal activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117243. [PMID: 39121588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include re-experiencing trauma, avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in cognition and mood. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) and dysregulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems were shown during PTSD. Therefore, regulating hormonal change or glutamate energy metabolism are considered as a therapeutic approach to alleviate this condition. Herbal medicine may be effective in treating PTSD due to its ability to target multiple underlying mechanisms with various compounds. Hominis placenta (HP) is a traditional medicine widely used in East Asia for various conditions. However, the effect on PTSD has not been clarified. We aimed to investigate the effects of HP treatment in single-prolonged stress with shock (SPSS)-induced PTSD mice and explore its possible mechanisms. HP treatment at ST36 acupoints, combined with herbal medicine and acupuncture point stimulation, was applied three times/week for 2 weeks. HP treatment effectively alleviated anxiety and cognitive decline in SPSS-induced PTSD mice, as detected by Open field and the Y-maze test. Additionally, HP decreased the corticosterone levels and proinflammatory cytokines in the serum, modulated brain energy metabolism, and inhibited glutamate excitotoxicity, while regulating neuronal activity through modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, as demonstrated by western blot and immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry analyses. These findings reveal that HP treatment effectively alleviates PTSD-like behaviors by regulating energy metabolism and neuronal activity though modulation of the HPA-axis and BDNF levels in PTSD mice, indicating that HP treatment is a promising therapeutic approach for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Hee Ra Park
- Department of KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, South Korea.
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Zhuang Y, Du X, Yang L, Jiang Z, Yu B, Gu W, Cui W, Lu H. Drop to Gate Nasal Drops Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403564. [PMID: 38966875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Nasal administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier and directly deliver drugs to the brain, providing a non-invasive route for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Inspired by the appearance that a gate can block the outside world and the characteristics of the sol-gel transition can form a "gate" in the nasal cavity, a Drop to Gate nasal drop (DGND) is designed to set a gate in nose, which achieves protecting role from the influence of nasal environment. The DGND demonstrates the efficiency and application prospect of delivering drugs to the brain through the N-to-B. The effective concentration of single administration is increased through the hydrophobic interaction between C8-GelMA and SRT1720 (SA), and then cross-linked under UV to form nanogel, which can respond to MMP in the inflammatory microenvironment of sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction. Finally, the SA/nanogel is compounded into the thermogel, which can respond to the nasal cavity temperature to form DGND in situ, increasing the residence time and delivery efficiency of drugs in the nasal cavity. In vitro, the DGND alleviates lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced BV2 inflammation. In vivo, DGND effectively targets the nasal mucosa and deliver drugs to the brain, which activate Sirt1 to alleviate inflammation mediated by microglia and improve cognitive dysfunction in sepsis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xiyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 Yan'an West Road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoshun Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 Yan'an West Road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Buwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 Yan'an West Road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gan J, Gao Q, Yang L, Xu P, Jiang X. Inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with inhibitors, natural products and metabolites (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:111. [PMID: 37800614 PMCID: PMC10558228 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis poses a persistent obstacle to drug development. In recent times, neuroinflammation has emerged as a crucial pathogenic mechanism of AD, and the targeting of inflammation has become a viable approach for the prevention and management of AD. The present study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature between October 2012 and October 2022, identifying a total of 96 references, encompassing 91 distinct pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their potential impact on AD by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Research has shown that pharmaceuticals have the potential to ameliorate AD by reducing neuroinflammation mainly through regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3, PPARs, STAT3, CREB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and their respective signaling pathways. Among them, tanshinone IIA has been extensively studied for its anti‑inflammatory effects, which have shown significant pharmacological properties and can be applied clinically. Thus, it may hold promise as an effective drug for the treatment of AD. The present review elucidated the inflammatory signaling pathways of pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in AD and elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This underscores the auspicious potential of pharmaceuticals in ameliorating AD by impeding neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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Sun P, Li W, Guo J, Peng Q, Ye X, Hu S, Liu Y, Liu W, Chen H, Qiao J, Sun B. Ergosterol Isolated from Antrodia camphorata Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses in Microglia Cells and ICR Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:2406. [PMID: 36903649 PMCID: PMC10005213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by microglial activation is important in neurodegenerative diseases. In this research, we tried to identify safe and effective anti-neuroinflammatory agents by screening a natural compounds library and found that Ergosterol can inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of the activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in microglia cells. Ergosterol has been reported to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Nevertheless, the potential regulatory role of Ergosterol in neuroinflammatory responses has not been fully investigated. We further investigated the mechanism of Ergosterol that regulates LPS-induced microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Ergosterol can significantly decrease the pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 and HMC3 microglial cells, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB, protein kinase B (AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In addition, we treated Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice with a safe concentration of Ergosterol following LPS injection. Ergosterol treatment significantly decreased microglial activation-associated ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1), NF-κB phosphorylation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Moreover, Ergosterol pretreatment clearly reduced LPS-induced neuron damage by restoring the expression of synaptic proteins. Our data may provide insight into possible therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Weiling Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jiazheng Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiansheng Ye
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Song Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jialu Qiao
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Shen BD, Deng L, Liu Y, Li RS, Shen CY, Liu X, Li YC, Yuan HL. Effects of novel Fufang Biejia Ruangan Tablets with sheep placenta as substitute for hominis placenta on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 14:104-110. [PMID: 36120135 PMCID: PMC9476806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fufang Biejia Ruangan Tablet (FBRT) is widely used for the treatment of liver fibrosis. However, Hominis Placenta (HP), as an important adjuvant of FBRT, has been restricted for medicinal using due to the limited availability, ethical controversy and safety issues. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of novel FBRT (N-FBRT) with sheep placenta (SP) as substitute for HP on liver fibrosis and explore its possible mechanisms. Different dosages of SP in N-FBRT were also evaluated. Methods Rats were subcutaneously injected with CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis and then treated with N-FBRT and FBRT. The anti-hepatic fibrosis effect was determined based on biomarkers analysis of liver function and hepatic fibrosis, and the liver pathology was visualized by H&E staining and Masson staining. The oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were also detected. Immunohistochemical staining of α-SMA, real time PCR and Western blotting were performed to evaluate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Results N-FBRT and FBRT could ameliorate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and improve liver function, as evidenced by lowering serum biomarkers levels of liver function and hepatic fibrosis, and decreasing hepatic Hyp content and collagen deposition, and improving the hepatic morphology and architecture changes. Moreover, the anti-liver fibrosis effect was better when the dosage of SP used in N-FBRT was 1/2 of HP in FBRT. Administration of N-FBRT markedly alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited α-SMA expression. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of Col I, Col III, α-SMA and TGF-β1, and proteins expression of α-SMA, TGF-β1, Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 were significantly down-regulated by N-FBRT treatment. Conclusion SP can be used as substitute for HP to prepare N-FBRT for the treatment of liver fibrosis and the anti-liver fibrosis effect of N-FBRT is achieved by eliminating oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibiting HSCs activation and ECM production by blocking TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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He D, Fu S, Zhou A, Su Y, Gao X, Zhang Y, Huang B, Du J, Liu D. Camptothecin Regulates Microglia Polarization and Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via Activating AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 and Inhibiting NF-κB Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619761. [PMID: 33868235 PMCID: PMC8047064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the main immune cells in the brain, participate in the innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have shown that microglia can be polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. Accumulated evidence suggests that over-activated M1 microglia release pro-inflammatory mediators that damage neurons and lead to Parkinson's disease (PD). In contrast, M2 microglia release neuroprotective factors and exert the effects of neuroprotection. Camptothecin (CPT), an extract of the plant Camptotheca acuminate, has been reported to have anti-inflammation and antitumor effects. However, the effect of CPT on microglia polarization and microglia-mediated inflammation responses has not been reported. In our study we found that CPT improved motor performance of mice and reduced the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the midbrain in LPS-injected mice. In the mechanism study, we found that CPT inhibited M1 polarization of microglia and promotes M2 polarization via the AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signals. Furthermore, CPT protected the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and dopaminergic neuron cell line MN9D from damage mediated by microglia activation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CPT regulates the microglia polarization phenotype via activating AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting NF-κB pathways, inhibits neuro-inflammatory responses, and exerts neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dianfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Tebakari M, Daigo Y, Ishikawa H, Nakamura M, Kawashima J, Takano F. Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Water-Soluble Portion of Porcine Placental Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1251-1256. [PMID: 30068875 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine placental extract (PPE) is used as a nonprescription drug for analeptics and in health foods and cosmetics in Japan, Korea and China. It was reported that PPE has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities; however, the mechanisms and the responsible molecules involved in these activities are still unclear. Here, we investigated how enzymatically prepared PPE affects proinflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a cultured macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, when co-stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Enhanced production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by LPS was significantly reduced by the addition of PPE and these effects were dose dependent. Nitric oxide (NO) production induced in cultured macrophages by LPS was also inhibited by PPE. Real-time PCR after the reverse transcription of total RNAs isolated from cells treated with PPE revealed that the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and NO synthase (NOS)-2 were reduced. The necessary concentration of PPE prepared by enzymatic digestion to mediate anti-inflammatory effects compared with the reported value of that extracted by phosphate buffered saline without digestion was proportional to the amount of extracted materials from the same amount of placenta (about 10-fold). This suggests that the molecules responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity exists in the placenta and can be extracted by phosphate buffered saline, and thus might survive enzymatic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Daigo
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Snowden Co., Ltd
| | | | - Mika Nakamura
- Department of Kampo Medicines, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Fumihide Takano
- Department of Kampo Medicines, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
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Ding RR, Chen W, Guo CY, Liao WT, Yang X, Liao FE, Lin JM, Mei HF, Zeng Y. Dangguishaoyao-San attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:187-194. [PMID: 29857298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dangguishaoyao-San (DSS) is composed of six traditional Chinese medicines, including Angelica sinensis, Paeoniae radix, Rhizoma Ligusticum, Poria cocos, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Rhizoma Alismatis. DSS has been reported to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of DSS in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS BV-2 cells were pretreated with 0.58-1.16 mg/mL of DSS for 2 h and then treated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The protein expression levels were measured by Western blots. Inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The mRNA levels of inflammatory factors were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS DSS treatment at concentrations of 0.58-1.16 mg/mL resulted in no significant cytotoxicity. DSS attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), iNOS and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. DSS attenuated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TLR2, and TLR4 and decreased TLR4 and TLR protein levels as well as the phosphorylation of IκB in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. DSS also down-regulated the nuclear translocation of p65. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that DSS has a protective effect on neuroinflammation in LPS-induced BV-2 microglia cells through the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Ding
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Cong-Ying Guo
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Wei-Tao Liao
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Feng-Er Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing-Ming Lin
- Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Han-Fang Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yu Zeng
- State Administration of TCM, PR China; Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Bak DH, Na J, Choi MJ, Lee BC, Oh CT, Kim JY, Han HJ, Kim MJ, Kim TH, Kim BJ. Anti‑apoptotic effects of human placental hydrolysate against hepatocyte toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2569-2583. [PMID: 30132515 PMCID: PMC6192762 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and oxidative stress are essential for the pathogenesis of acute liver failure and fulminant hepatic failure. Human placental hydrolysate (hPH) has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the protective effects of hPH against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis were investigated in vivo. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic activities of hPH against D-GalN-induced cell death in vitro were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with D-GaIN/LPS with or without the administration of hPH. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after D-GaIN/LPS intraperitoneal injection, and the blood and liver samples were collected for future inflammation and hepatotoxicity analyses. Changes in cell viability, apoptosis protein expression, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species generation, and the levels of proteins and mRNA associated with a protective mechanism were determined in HepG2 cells pretreated with hPH for 2 h prior to D-GalN exposure. The findings suggested that hPH treatment effectively protected against D-GalN/LPS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and increasing the level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. It was also found that hPH inhibited the apoptotic cell death induced by D-GalN. hPH activated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, which were further upregulated by the Kelch-like ECH2-associated protein 1-p62-nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, a component of oxidative stress defense mechanisms. Furthermore, hPH markedly reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and rescued mitochondrial loss and dysfunction through the reduction of damage-regulated autophagy modulator, p53, and C/EBP homologous protein. Collectively, hPH exhibited a protective role in hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and maintaining cell homeostasis. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and minimization of the autophagy progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Bak
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungtae Na
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ji Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Taek Oh
- Research and Development Center, Green Cross WellBeing Corporation, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom-Yong Kim
- Research and Development Center, Green Cross WellBeing Corporation, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Han
- Research and Development Center, Green Cross WellBeing Corporation, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13595, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tae Ho Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon‑si, Gyeonggi 14647, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
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Kim TH, Choi JY, Kim KH, Kwun MJ, Han CW, Won R, Lee JJ, Kim JI, Joo M. Hominis placenta Suppresses Acute Lung Inflammation by Activating Nrf2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:801-817. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hominis placenta (HP), a dried human placenta, has been known to target liver, lung, or kidney meridians, improving the functions associated with these meridians in traditional Chinese or Asian medicine (TCM). Since recent studies implicate an HP extract in suppressing inflammation, we investigated whether an aqueous HP extract can ameliorate inflammation that occurred in the lungs. When administered with a single intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), C57BL/6 mice developed an acute neutrophilic lung inflammation along with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. However, this was diminished by the administration HP extract via an intraperitoneal route 2 h after LPS treatment. Western blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that while suppressing the activity of a proinflammatory factor NF-[Formula: see text]B marginally, the HP extract strongly activated an anti-inflammatory factor Nrf2, with concomitant expression of Nrf2-dependent genes. Mechanistically, the HP extract suppressed the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Nrf2, functioning similarly to a 26S proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Collectively, these results suggest that the HP extract suppresses inflammation in mouse lungs, which is in part related to the HP extract perturbing the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Nrf2 and thus increasing the function of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yong Choi
- Lung Cancer Clinic, Pulmonary Medicine Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Ha Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwun
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korean Medicine Hospital of Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ran Won
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Division of Health Sciences, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ju Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Kim
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Lee S, Kim DC, Baek HY, Lee KD, Kim YC, Oh H. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of tryptanthrin from Polygonum tinctorium Lour. in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Liu Y, Zhang R, Yan K, Chen F, Huang W, Lv B, Sun C, Xu L, Li F, Jiang X. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses of BV2 microglial cells through TSG-6. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:135. [PMID: 25088370 PMCID: PMC4128538 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immunocompetent cells in brain tissue and microglia-mediated inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of various neuronal disorders. Recently, many studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display a remarkable ability to modulate inflammatory and immune responses through the release of a variety of bioactive molecules, thereby protecting the central nervous system. Previously, we reported that MSCs have the ability to modulate inflammatory responses in a traumatic brain injury model and that the potential mechanisms may be partially attributed to upregulated TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) expression. However, whether TSG-6 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by affecting microglia is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs and TSG-6 in an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial activation model. We found that MSCs and TSG-6 significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in activated microglia. However, MSC effects on microglia were attenuated when TSG-6 expression was silenced. In addition, we found that the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells was significantly inhibited by TSG-6. Furthermore, we found that the presence of CD44 in BV2 microglial cells was essential for MSC- and TSG-6-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression and of NF-κB and MAPK activation in BV2 microglial cells. The results of this study suggest that MSCs can modulate microglia activation through TSG-6 and that TSG-6 attenuates the inflammatory cascade in activated microglia. Our study indicates that novel mechanisms are responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on microglia and that MSCs, as well as TSG-6, might be promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurotraumatic injuries or neuroinflammatory diseases associated with microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaodan Jiang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, the Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye Road, Guangzhou 510282, China.
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Park JY, Lee J, Jeong M, Min S, Kim SY, Lee H, Lim Y, Park HJ. Effect of Hominis Placenta on cutaneous wound healing in normal and diabetic mice. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:404-9. [PMID: 25110560 PMCID: PMC4122712 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The number of diabetic patients has recently shown a rapid increase, and delayed wound healing is a major clinical complication in diabetes. In this study, the wound healing effect of Hominis placenta (HP) treatment was investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Four full thickness wounds were created using a 4 mm biopsy punch on the dorsum. HP was injected subcutaneously at the middle region of the upper and lower wounds. Wounds were digitally photographed and wound size was measured every other day until the 14th day. Wound closure rate was analyzed using CANVAS 7SE software. Wound tissues were collected on days 2, 6, and 14 after wounding for H/E, immunohistochemistry for FGF2, and Masson's trichrome staining for collagen study. RESULTS Significantly faster wound closure rates were observed in the HP treated group than in normal and diabetes control mice on days 6 and 8. Treatment with HP resulted in reduced localization of inflammatory cells in wounded skin at day 6 in normal mice and at day 14 in diabetic mice (P < 0.01). Expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 showed a significant increase in the HP treated group on day 14 in both normal (P < 0.01) and diabetic mice (P < 0.05). In addition, HP treated groups showed a thicker collagen layer than no treatment groups, which was remarkable on the last day, day 14, in both normal and diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, HP treatment has a beneficial effect on acceleration of cutaneous wound healing via regulation of the entire wound healing process, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Park
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research, Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. ; Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research, Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Happy Kyung Hee Korean Medicine Clinic, Banrim-dong, Sungsan-gu, Changwon, Kyungbuk 642-180, Korea
| | - Seorim Min
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research, Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. ; Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research, Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research, Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. ; Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research, Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. ; Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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