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Shan Q, Yu W, Xu Q, Liu R, Ying S, Dong J, Bao Y, Lyu Q, Shi C, Xia J, Tang J, Kuang H, Wang K, Tian G, Cao G. Detoxification and underlying mechanisms towards toxic alkaloids by Traditional Chinese Medicine processing: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155623. [PMID: 38703661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaloids have attracted enduring interest worldwide due to their remarkable therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, thus offering a rich source for lead compound design and new drug discovery. However, some of these alkaloids possess intrinsic toxicity. Processing (Paozhi) is a pre-treatment step before the application of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has been employed for centuries to mitigate the toxicity of alkaloid-rich TCMs. PURPOSE To explore the toxicity phenotypes, chemical basis, mode of action, detoxification processing methods, and underlying mechanisms, we can gain crucial insights into the safe and rational use of these toxic alkaloid-rich herbs. Such insights have the great potential to offer new strategies for drug discovery and development, ultimately improving the quality of life for millions of people. METHODS Literatures published or early accessed until December 31, 2023, were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. The following keywords, such as "toxicity", "alkaloid", "detoxification", "processing", "traditional Chinese medicine", "medicinal plant", and "plant", were used in combination or separately for screening. RESULTS Toxicity of alkaloids in TCM includes hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and other forms of toxicity, primarily induced by pyrrolizidines, quinolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, pyridines, terpenoids, and amines. Factors such as whether the toxic-alkaloid enriched part is limited or heat-sensitive, and whether toxic alkaloids are also therapeutic components, are critical for choosing appropriate detoxification processing methods. Mechanisms of alkaloid detoxification includes physical removal, chemical decomposition or transformation, as well as biological modifications. CONCLUSION Through this exploration, we review toxic alkaloids and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, discuss methods to reduce toxicity, and unravel the intricate mechanisms behind detoxification. These offers insights into the quality control of herbs containing toxic alkaloids, safe and rational use of alkaloid-rich TCMs in clinics, new strategies for drug discovery and development, and ultimately helping improve the quality of life for millions of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongfang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jie Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yini Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haodan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Luo Y, Hu B, Ji H, Jing Y, Dang X, Zhang H, Li B, Zhang G, Yan Y, Yang B, Peng L. Comprehensive evaluation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity between crude and processed Polygalae radix based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27622. [PMID: 38515733 PMCID: PMC10955230 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Polygalae radix (PR) is a famous herbal medicine obtained by drying the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., one of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) that can be used for healthy food. There are three main processed methods of PR, including removing the xylem of roots (Polygalae Cortex, PC), frying PC with licorice (LP), and frying PC with honey (HP). While processing is believed to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity, it is crucial to understand the differences in chemical composition and biological activities between crude and processed PR. This study used ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis to analyze the chemical profiles and differences between the crude and processed products. Total polyphenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), total saponin contents (TSC) and antioxidant activity of the processed and crude PR were also investigated. A total of 131 chemical compounds, including 42 saponins, 44 oligosaccharide esters, 25 xanthones, 2 organic acids, 3 Carbohydrates, and 15 components detected in auxiliary materials, were detected in all samples. Notably, PC exhibited significant changes among the three processed products, with the content of 62 compounds being higher. Processing of licorice (LP) and honey (HP) decreased the content of several compounds due to temperature and moisture influences. Comprehensive comparison of the antioxidant capacity of crude and processed PR showed that the antioxidant capacity of PC was higher than that of PR, HP, and LP. Our results can provide a scientific basis for further developing and applying P. tenuifolia resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Luo
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Benxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade&Commerce, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyue Ji
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade&Commerce, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiyao Jing
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Dang
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade&Commerce, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingyue Yang
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
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Ren K, Zhang X, Wang R, Ren S, Hua H, Wang D, Pan Y, Liu X. The inhibitory effect of licorice on the hepatotoxicity induced by the metabolic activation of Euodiae Fructus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117233. [PMID: 37793580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Euodiae Fructus (EF), the dried, unripe, scented fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss, T.G.Hartley), is a traditional food and herb with mild toxicity. In Asia, it is processed with licorice (EFP), which has been used for centuries to alleviate pain and suppress cough. Pharmacological studies have reported that this herb could cause liver injury by activating the P450 3A enzyme, thus carrying the risk of clinical application. Processing with licorice is an effective method to reduce EF toxicity. It is urgent to explore the toxic components of EF and the attenuation mechanism of licorice. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to indicate the specific pathway of EF-induced damage and identify the mechanism of action of licorice in reducing P450 activation and resulting in reduced liver damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL-6 mice were used to investigate the toxicity of EF to the liver and determine the attenuation effect on P450 from licorice ingestion. Glutathione (GSH) was used to capture the metabolic activation intermediates of EF. The key component reducing the EF toxicity of licorice was investigated by comparing the differences in chemical components and inhibition on the EF metabolism of licorice from different habitats. RESULTS The intermediate product of evodiamine (EVO) in EF was found to be activated by the P450 enzyme during metabolism, causing liver injury and inflammation. Isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin in licorice produced by intestinal bacterial metabolism and glycyrrhizin inhibited the metabolic activation of EF. Glycosides in licorice are metabolized into aglycones by intestinal bacteria, inhibiting the metabolic activation of EF and alleviating hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS By combining with GSH, the electrophilic intermediates produced by the P450 enzyme's metabolic activation of the indole ring of EVO might cause hepatotoxicity. Glycyrrhizin from licorice and the liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin generated by intestinal bacterial metabolism play an attenuated function by inhibiting the P450 enzyme and preventing the metabolic activation of EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xuanmeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Shumeng Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Huiming Hua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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Song L, Wang J, Gong M, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Qin L, He Q, Ji L, Zhang T, Wu X, Wang Y. Investigation of the principle of concoction by using the processing excipient Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. juice to reduce the main toxicity of Dioscorea bulbifera L. and enhance its main efficacy as expectorant and cough suppressant. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117372. [PMID: 37913830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae; RDB) is commonly used as an expectorant and cough suppressant herb but is accompanied by severe hepatotoxicity. Using the juice of auxiliary herbs (such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; GRR) juice) in concocting poisonous Chinese medicine is a conventional method to reduce toxicity or increase effects. Our previous study found that concoction with GRR juice provided a detoxifying effect against the major toxic hepatotoxicity induced by RDB, but the principle for the detoxification of the concoction is unknown to date. AIM OF THE STUDY The principle of concoction was investigated by using the processing excipient GRR juice to reduce the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB, and the efficacy of RDB as an expectorant and cough suppressant was enhanced. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, common factors (RDB:GRR ratio, concocted temperature, and concocted time) in the concoction process were used for the preparation of each RDB concocted with GRR juice by using an orthogonal experimental design. We measured the content of the main toxic compound diosbulbin B (DB) and serum biochemical indicators and performed pathological analysis in liver tissues of mice to determine the best detoxification process of RDB concocted with GRR juice. On this basis, the biological mechanisms of target organs were detected by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the inflammation and apoptosis levels. Further, the effects of RDB on expectorant and cough suppressant with GRR juice were evaluated by the conventional tests of phenol red expectorant and concentrated ammonia-induced cough. Lastly, the major compounds in the GRR juice introduced to RDB concoction were determined. RESULTS RDB concocted with GRR juice significantly alleviated DB content, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase levels, and improved liver pathological damages. The best detoxification process was achieved by using an RDB:GRR ratio of 100:20 at 120 °C for 20 min. Further, RDB concocted with GRR juice down-regulated the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax) in the liver and enhanced the expectorant and cough suppressant effects of RDB. Finally, liquiritin (LQ) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the GRR juice were introduced to the RDB concoction. CONCLUSION Concoction with GRR juice not only effectively reduced the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB but also enhanced its main efficacy as an expectorant and cough suppressant, and that the rationale for the detoxification and/or potentiation of RDB was related to the reduction in the content of the main hepatotoxic compound, DB, the introduction of the hepatoprotective active compounds, LQ and GA, in the auxiliary GRR juice, as well as the inhibition of NF-κB/COX-2/Bax signaling-mediated inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Song
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Junming Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Mingzhu Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yaqian Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yamin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Lingyu Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Qingwen He
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Lijie Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Tianzhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Ren K, Zhang C, Liu M, Gao H, Ren S, Wang D, Yuan Z, Pan Y, Liu X. The attenuation effect of licorice on the hepatotoxicity of Euodiae Fructus by inhibiting the formation of protein conjugates and GSH depletion. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116307. [PMID: 36842722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicine and food, Euodiae Fructus (EF) is widely used in clinics to relieve pain and prevent vomiting and for making tea for more than a thousand years. In recent years, hepatotoxic reactions to EF have been reported. The intermediates produced by evodiamine and rutaecarpine metabolism in vitro were captured by glutathione (GSH), suggesting that the toxicity of EF may be related to metabolic activation. Whether licorice can inhibit the metabolic activation of EF has not been reported, which needed an effective strategy to clarify the correlation between protein conjugates and hepatotoxicity and the attenuation mechanism of licorice processing. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the toxic components and mechanisms of EF based on metabolic activation and the detoxification of licorice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The content and toxicity index of protein conjugates in the liver were determined by orally administering mice and rats with EF. The attenuation mechanism of licorice was examined in cell and enzymology experiments. RESULTS The change in evodiamine-cysteinylglycine (EVO-Cys-Gly) and evodiamine-cysteine (EVO-Cys) levels was consistent with the change in hepatotoxicity. Licorice inhibited the formation of the protein conjugates of EF and increased the content of GSH in L02 cells. CONCLUSION EF mediated by P450 enzymes produced toxic intermediates, which combined with cysteine residues in animal liver and inactivate them, leading to hepatotoxicity. Interestingly, licorice can alleviate the GSH depletion caused by EF and inhibit the production of protein conjugates by inhibiting P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Chuhao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Meihan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Shumeng Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhong Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
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Ren K, Wang R, Fang S, Ren S, Hua H, Wang D, Pan Y, Liu X. Effect of CYP3A inducer/inhibitor and licorice on hepatotoxicity and in vivo metabolism of main alkaloids of Euodiae Fructus based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:116005. [PMID: 36516906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicine, Euodiae Fructus (EF) has been used to treat stomachache, belching, and emesis for more than a thousand years. Ancient records and modern research have shown that EF has mild toxicity, which needs to be processed with licorice juice to reduce its toxicity. Research suggested that the toxicity of EF can be caused by in vivo metabolism, but whether its metabolites are related to hepatotoxicity and whether licorice can affect the metabolism of EF have not been reported, which needed an effective strategy to clarify the correlation between metabolites and toxicity and the attenuation mechanism of licorice processing. AIM OF THE STUDY The poisonous substances and metabolic pathways were clarified by comparing the mechanism in vivo process of the main alkaloids of EF in normal rats and rats treated with dexamethasone (DXMS), ketoconazole (KTC), and EF processed with licorice (EFP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were given EF and EFP by oral administration, respectively. The EF + DXMS and EF + KTC groups were pretreated with DXMS and KTC, respectively, by i. p. for seven days, and their toxicity differences were compared. The comprehensive strategy based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis was developed to compare the types and contents of metabolites and clarify the metabolic pathways of alkaloids among EF, EFP, EF + KTC, and EF + DXMS groups. RESULTS EF + DXMS group significantly increased the hepatotoxicity, whereas the EF + KTC and EFP groups reduced the hepatotoxicity compared with the EF group. One hundred and thirty-five metabolites were detected, and the metabolic pathways of the main alkaloid components related to toxicity were inferred in the plasma, urine, feces, and bile of rats. KTC and licorice similarly inhibited the production of toxic metabolites, changed metabolism in vivo, and produced many new II and a few phases I metabolites, while the contents of toxic metabolites increased in the DXMS group. CONCLUSION Licorice and KTC could inhibit the production of metabolites of EF related to toxicity, increase the production of other metabolites and promote the excretion of alkaloids, which may be why licorice and KTC can minimize EF toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Ruijie Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Shinuo Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Shumeng Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Huiming Hua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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Xiao SJ, Xu XK, Chen W, Xin JY, Yuan WL, Zu XP, Shen YH. Traditional Chinese medicine Euodiae Fructus: botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:6. [PMID: 36790599 PMCID: PMC9931992 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Euodiae Fructus, referred to as "Wuzhuyu" in Chinese, has been used as local and traditional herbal medicines in many regions, especially in China, Japan and Korea, for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, headache, emesis, aphtha, dermatophytosis, dysentery, etc. Substantial investigations into their chemical and pharmacological properties have been performed. Recently, interest in this plant has been focused on the different structural types of alkaloids like evodiamine, rutaecarpine, dehydroevodiamine and 1-methyl-2-undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone, which exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities in preclinical models, such as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cardiovascular disease, etc. This review summarizes the up-to-date and comprehensive information concerning the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology of Euodiae Fructus together with the toxicology and quality control, and discusses the possible direction and scope for future research on this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Xiao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xi-Ke Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jia-Yun Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wen-Lin Yuan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xian-Peng Zu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yun-Heng Shen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Shan Q, Tian G, Han X, Hui H, Yamamoto M, Hao M, Wang J, Wang K, Sang X, Qin L, Chen G, Cao G. Toxicity of Tetradium ruticarpum: Subacute Toxicity Assessment and Metabolomic Identification of Relevant Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:803855. [PMID: 35295336 PMCID: PMC8918793 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.803855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetradium ruticarpum (TR) is widely used in Asia to treat gastrointestinal disorders and pain. Stir-frying with licorice aqueous extract is a traditional processing procedure of TR formed in a long-term practice and performed before clinical application, and believed to reduce TR’s toxicity. However, its toxicity and possible toxicity attenuation approach are yet to be well investigated. Subacute toxicity and metabolomics studies were conducted to help understand the toxicity of TR. The subacute toxicity assessment indicated that 3 fold of the recommended therapeutic dose of TR did not show obvious subacute toxicity in rats. Although an extremely high dose (i.e., 60 fold of the recommended dose) may cause toxicity in rats, it reversed to normal after 2 weeks of recovery. Hepatocellular injury was the major toxic phenotype of TR-induced liver damage, indicating as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and liver index increasing, with histopathologic findings as local hepatocyte necrosis, focal inflammatory cell infiltration, slightly bile duct hyperplasia, and partial hepatocyte vacuolation. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of processing in toxicity. TR processed with licorice could effectively reduce drug-induced toxicity, which is a valuable step in TR pretreatment before clinical application. Metabolomics profiling revealed that primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism were mainly involved in profiling the toxicity metabolic regulatory network. The processing procedure could back-regulate these three pathways, and may be in an Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) dependent manner to alleviate the metabolic perturbations induced by TR. 7α-hydroxycholesterol, calcitriol, and taurocholic acid were screened and validated as the toxicity biomarkers of TR for potential clinical translation. Overall, the extensive subacute toxicity evaluation and metabolomic analysis would not only expand knowledge of the toxicity mechanisms of TR, but also provide scientific insight of traditional processing theory, and support clinical rational use of TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hui
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mai Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- The Public Platform of Medical Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Luping Qin, ; Guanqun Chen, ; Gang Cao,
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Luping Qin, ; Guanqun Chen, ; Gang Cao,
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Luping Qin, ; Guanqun Chen, ; Gang Cao,
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ZHOU L, JIANG C, ZHONG T, ZHU M. Entropy analysis and grey correlation coefficient cluster analysis of multiple indexes of 5 kinds of condiments. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.81122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libing ZHOU
- Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, China
| | - Caiyun JIANG
- Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, China
| | - Tin ZHONG
- Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, China
| | - Maohua ZHU
- Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, China
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