Licorice: Resources, applications in ancient and modern times

Isoglycyrrhizin supplementation of frozen goat semen-extender improves post-thaw sperm quality and in vitro fertilization rates

This study examined the effect of supplementation of freezing extender with isoglycyrrhizin (ISL), a natural antioxidant agent, on the quality and fertility potential of goat spermatozoa after cryopreservation. Forty ejaculates were collected from eight Chongming White rams and diluted with five concentrations of ISL: 0 (control group), 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL. The quality, motility parameters, antioxidant properties, mRNA expression of antioxidant and ferroptosis genes, and ability to induce fertilization, were evaluated following freezing/thawing. Total motility and progressive motility were significantly increased in spermatozoa following the addition of 150 and 200 μg/mL ISL. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities were enhanced in all ISL-supplemented groups compared to controls. Adding ISL decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). mRNA levels of ferroptosis-related genes, voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2 (VDAC2), voltage-dependent anion channel protein 3 (VDAC3), protein 53 (P53), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) tended to decrease after adding ISL, whereas the levels of antioxidant genes glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX5), tended to increase. The best spermatozoa quality and the strongest antioxidant properties were obtained after adding 150 μg/mL ISL. Therefore, fresh semen, frozen semen, and frozen semen with 150 μg/mL ISL was used for in vitro fertilization of oocytes. The cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly lower in frozen semen compared with fresh semen, whereas frozen semen containing 150 μg/mL ISL showed a significant increase in cleavage and blastocyst rates compared with frozen semen. In conclusion, ISL can be used as an antioxidant in goat semen cryodilution, and the addition of ISL can improve the quality and antioxidant properties of frozen and thawed spermatozoa. ISL can also protect the ability of spermatozoa to be fertilized and develop; 150 μg/mL ISL was the optimal concentration for addition.

Po-Ge-Jiu-Xin decoction alleviate sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy via regulating phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 /parkin-mediated mitophagy

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sepsis is a life-threatening systemic syndrome usually accompanied by myocardial dysfunction. Po-Ge-Jiu-Xin decoction (PGJXD), a traditional Chinese prescription medicine, has been used clinically to treat cardiovascular disease including heart failure, sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) and even septic shock. Previous clinical studies suggested PGJXD has shown promising results in improving cardiac function and treating heart failure in sepsis. However, more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying PGJXD's therapeutic effects in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Initially, we identified the major compounds of PGJXD through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology analysis. We established in a SIC rat model using cecal ligation and puncture(CLP) and treated by PGJXD and levosimendan. We evaluated pathological damage by hematoxylin and eosin staining and measured serum myocardial injury biomarkers. Myocardial apoptosis was detected by Tunel staining and quantifying specific biomarker protein levels. Subsequently, we evaluated myocardium mitochondrial quality using Transmission electron microscope (TEM), antioxidant stress indexes and tissue adenosine triphosphate(ATP) content. We detected the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin, LC3, and p62 using Western blotting and Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). (Lipopolysaccharides, LPS)-induced H9c2 cell model was established to further explore the mechanism of PGJXD on SIC. In addition to measuring cell viability, we measured mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 staining. Additionally, Parkin-siRNA transfected into H9c2 cells to validate whether PGJXD conducted protective effects against SIC through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that PGJXD reduced mortality in septic rat, contributed to ameliorating myocardium injury, suppressed inflammatory response and ameliorated the myocardial apoptosis. PGJXD could also alleviate mitochondrial structural abnormality, mitigated oxidative stress injury and promoted energy synthesis in CLP models. Western blotting and qRT-PCR have further confirmed that PGJXD can activate PINK1/parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy, resulting in preserving mitochondrial quality in the myocardium. Furthermore, Parkin siRNA partially reversed the beneficial effect of PGJXD on mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy in vitro. Therefore, the cardioprotective effect of PGJXD is achieved by inducing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the potential therapeutic effect of PGJXD on cardiac dysfunction during sepsis and support its mechanism of targeted induction of PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Discovery, Biomanufacture, and Derivatization of Licorice Triterpenoids

Triterpenoids are the major active constituents of licorice, a well-known traditional medicinal herb. Licorice triterpenoids, represented by glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, have a high structural diversity and are excellent lead compounds for the development of potent pharmaceuticals. However, their further application can be limited by insufficient activities, low bioavailability, and the presence of side effects, as well as the inefficiency of traditional plant extraction processes for compound production. To address these issues, researchers are focusing on rare triterpenoid components in the genus Glycyrrhiza and developing derivatives to preserve or enhance the original physiological activities with improved bioavailability and reduced side effects. At the same time, synthetic biology offers opportunities to shorten the production cycle, create eco-friendly manufacturing processes, and reduce the cost of producing licorice triterpenoids. Although much progress has been achieved in this field in recent years, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review to summarize the overall characteristics of licorice triterpenoids rather than glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Based on this, our review comprehensively outlines the structures, origins, and pharmacological activities of licorice triterpenoids and predicts their pharmacological activities using the drugCIPHER algorithm. Furthermore, this paper reviews the advances and strategies for the biomanufacturing of licorice triterpenoids using synthetic biology methods and outlines the perspectives and structure-activity relationships for the derivatization of licorice triterpenoids. This review provides new insights into the discovery and synthesis of pharmaceuticals derived from natural triterpenes.

The administration of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides mitigates liver injury in mice caused by mancozeb via the Keap1-Nrf2/NF-κB pathway

The extensive utilization of mancozeb (MCZ) poses environmental pollution risks, threatens human health, particularly hepatotoxicity. Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GP) exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of liver injury in mice exposed to MCZ and the protective effect of GP on alleviating MCZ induced liver injury. Initially, 70 female mice were divided into 7 groups, and the optimal dose of MCZ induced liver injury in mice was screened by oral administration different doses of MCZ (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg/kg MCZ). The results demonstrated that, compared to the blank control group, as the concentration of MCZ increased, several physiological and biochemical parameters were significantly affected. Specifically, body weight and liver index significantly decreased, while the activities of SOD and CAT also decreased. Additionally, the content of ROS increased, the levels of Keap1 and Nrf2 proteins increased, the mRNA levels of Gpx2 and HO-1decreased, and the mRNA levels of Gstt2, GcLc and NQO1 were upregulated. Based on the test data, select 100 mg/kg MCZ as the optimal modeling dose for experimental animals. Sixty female mice were divided into six groups and orally administered: control group A (0.2 mL deionized water), model group B (100 mg/kg MCZ), positive control group F (100 mg/kg MCZ+100 mg/kg VC), the high-dose GP group C (100mg/kgMCZ+200mg/kgGP), the medium-dose GP group D (100 mg/kg MCZ+150mg/kgGP) and the low-dose GP group E (100 mg/kg MCZ+100mg/kgGP). The results showed that compared to the model group, adding GP alleviated the effects of MCZ on body weight, liver index, CAT and SOD activity, MDA content, HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Additionally, the addition of GP decreased the expression of Keap1, Nrf2, NF-kB, and NQO1, GcLc, and Gstt2 mRNA. GP ameliorated liver vacuolar degeneration, steatosis and nuclear pyknosis ameliorate by MCZ. The results show that MCZ triggers hepatotoxicity via the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, whereas GP has the potential to mitigate liver damage caused by MCZ exposure by inhibiting this pathway.

Licochalcone A loaded multifunctional chitosan hyaluronic acid hydrogel with antibacterial and inflammatory regulating effects to promote wound healing

The wound healing process is characterized by persistent infection and long-term inflammation. The licochalcone A (LicA) has the potential for skin wound healing and needs a good drug-loading platform to apply its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the LicA@chitosan (CS) -hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory was developed for wound healing in mice. The SEM displayed that the hydrogel had an obvious porous structure and was very suitable to be used as a delivery carrier for LicA. The FTIR results suggested that the LicA can be effectively loaded in the CS-HA hydrogel. Variable strain scanning, frequency scanning and temperature scanning indicated that the LicA@CS-HA hydrogel can maintain the gel state. The LicA@CS-HA hydrogel had good biological safety, can inhibit the activity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and can release LicA stably. The LicA@CS-HA hydrogel also has good adhesion and hemostatic properties. Finally, the LicA@CS-HA hydrogel significantly accelerated wound healing in mice skin injury model, and reduced inflammation and orderly collagen deposition were observed by HE and Masson staining. The immunohistochemistry indicated that the LicA@CS-HA hydrogel induced the positive expression of CD31, VEGF, and HIF-1α promoted neovascularization. The LicA@CS-HA hydrogel also down-regulated the expression of M1 macrophage markers CD86, IL-6, and TNF-α, and increased the expression of M2 macrophage markers CD206, IL-4, and IL-10 proteins. The molecular docking demonstrated that the target proteins had better binding activity to LicA. Collectively, the LicA@CS-HA hydrogel has broad application prospects in promoting wound healing.

Jiawei Bai-Hu-decoction ameliorated heat stroke-induced brain injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signal and mitophagy of glial cell

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Jiawei Bai-Hu-Decoction (JWBHD), a prescription formulated with seven traditional Chinese medicinal material has demonstrated clinical efficacy in mitigating brain injury among heat stroke (HS) patients.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of JWBHD on rat model of HS and to explore its therapeutic mechanisms by integrating network pharmacology and pharmacodynamic methodologies, which major components were analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The network pharmacology analysis was firstly conducted to predict the potential active ingredients and therapeutic targets of JWBHD. The anti-HS effectiveness of JWBHD was then evaluated on rats experienced HS. Rat brain tissues were harvested for a comprehensive array of experiments, including Western blot, PCR, H&E staining, Nissl staining, ELISA, transmission electron microscope, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence to validate the protective effects of JWBHD against HS-induced brain damage. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of JWBHD on TLR4/NF-κB signal and mitophagy of glial were further verified on HS-challenged F98 cell line. Finally, the chemical compositions of the water extract of JWBHD were analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology has identified fifty core targets and numerous HS-related signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets of JWBHD. Analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) and GO suggests that JWBHD may suppress HS-induced inflammatory signals. In experiments conducted on HS-rats, JWBHD significantly reduced the core temperature, restored blood pressure and alleviated neurological defect. Furthermore, JWBHD downregulated the counts of white blood cells and monocytes, decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in peripheral blood, and suppressed the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the cerebral cortex of HS-rats. Besides, JWBHD inhibited the apoptosis of cortical cells and mitigated the damage to the cerebral cortex in HS group. Conversely, overactive mitophagy was observed in the cerebral cortex of HS-rats. However, JWBHD restored the mitochondrial membrane potential and downregulated expressions of mitophagic proteins including Pink1, Parkin, LC3B and Tom20. JWBHD reduced the co-localization of Pink1 and GFAP, a specific marker of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of HS-rats. In addition, the inhibitory effect of JWBHD on TLR4/NF-κB signaling and overactive mitophagy were further confirmed in F98 cells. Finally, UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the main components of JWBHD include isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Re, etc. CONCLUSIONS: JWBHD protected rats from HS and prevented HS-induced damage in the cerebral cortex by suppressing TLR4/NF-κB signaling and mitophagy of glial.

Effects of Licorice Functional Components Intakes on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and NETWORK Toxicology

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of licorice functional ingredient intake on blood pressure, explore its potential mechanisms of action, and provide safety information for personalized nutritional interventions in special populations and for the application of licorice-derived functional foods.

METHODS

PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 31 August 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the intake of licorice or its functional components were included. The range of continuous variables was assessed using the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Genes associated with hypertension were screened using an online database. Machine learning, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis, molecular docking, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were employed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying licorice-induced blood pressure fluctuations.

RESULTS

Eight RCTs (541 participants) were included in the meta-analysis, which indicated interventions containing glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as the main component increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (SBP: WMD [95% CI] = 3.48 [2.74, 4.21], p < 0.001; DBP: WMD [95% CI] = 1.27 [0.76, 1.78], p < 0.001). However, interventions dominated by licorice flavonoids(LF) had no significant effect on SBP or DBP (SBP: WMD [95% CI] = 0.58 [-1.15, 2.31], p = 0.511; DBP: WMD [95% CI] = 0.17 [-1.53, 1.88], p = 0.843). Three machine learning algorithms identified five biomarkers associated with hypertension: calmodulin 3 (CALM3), cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9), growth factor independence 1B transcriptional repressor (GFI1B), myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), and Ras suppressor-1 (RSU1). After removing biomarkers with lower validity and reliability, GFI1B, MYLK, and RSU1 were selected for subsequent analysis. The network toxicology results suggested that GA and its metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid may act on GFI1B, MYLK, and RSU1, influencing blood pressure fluctuations by modulating nitrogen metabolism signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

There were distinct differences in the effects of licorice functional components on blood pressure. Functional constituents dominated by GA were shown to increase both SBP and DBP, whereas those dominated by LF did not exhibit significant effects on blood pressure. The hypertensive mechanism of GA may involve the modulation of GFI1B, MYLK, and RSU1 to regulate nitrogen metabolic pathways.

Targeted Delivery of Celastrol by GA-Modified Liposomal Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles to Enhance Antitumor Efficacy Against Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Breast cancer, a leading health threat affecting millions worldwide, requires effective therapeutic interventions. Celastrol (CEL), despite its antitumor potential, is limited by poor solubility and stability. This study aimed to enhance CEL's efficacy by encapsulating it within glycyrrhizic acid (GA)-modified lipid calcium carbonate (LCC) nanoparticles for targeted breast cancer therapy.

METHODS

The 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells were used for the study. GA-LCC-CEL nanoparticles were prepared using a gas diffusion method and a thin-film dispersion method. GA-LCC-CEL were characterized using the zeta-potential, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The in vitro release behavior of nanoparticles was assessed using the in vitro dialysis diffusion method. Cellular uptake was examined using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Intracellular ROS and Rhodamine 123 levels were observed under fluorescence microscopy. MTT and colony formation assays assessed cytotoxicity and proliferation, and apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Wound healing and transwell assays evaluated migration, and Western blotting confirmed protein expression changes related to apoptosis and migration.

RESULTS

GA-LCC-CEL nanoparticles displayed a well-defined core-shell structure with a uniform size distribution. They showed enhanced anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against 4T1 cells and significantly reduced breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Additionally, GA-LCC-CEL modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expression, downregulating Snail and ZEB1, and upregulating E-cadherin.

CONCLUSIONS

GA-LCC-CEL nanoparticles represent a promising targeted drug delivery approach for breast cancer, enhancing CEL's antitumor efficacy and potentially inhibiting cancer progression by modulating EMT-related proteins.

Frequency-dependent dielectric spectroscopic analysis on phytochemical and antioxidant activities in Radix Glycyrrhizae extract

Radix Glycyrrhizae, the dried roots of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, is a popular Chinese herbal medicine known for its various health benefits. It is particularly effective in relieving respiratory problems like coughs, sore throats, bronchitis, and asthma. However, there is limited research on the electrical properties of Radix Glycyrrhizae, likely due to its complex composition of phytochemical and antioxidant activities. This research aims to investigate the potential of these active biological compounds and understand their electrochemical properties. In this study, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that Radix Glycyrrhizae decoction contains significant amounts of flavonoids and saponins, compounds known for their health benefits and therapeutic effects. Further analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified several functional groups, including phenols, alcohols, alkynes, alkenes, ethers, and glycosides, which contribute to the plant's medicinal potential and affect the impedance and dielectric properties of the extract. The antioxidant activity of Radix Glycyrrhizae decoction was also evaluated using DPPH assays, showing similar radical scavenging activity to gallic acid. Dielectric and impedance measurement of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract were performed using an Agilent vector network analyzer and a Hioki impedance analyzer. The dielectric constant measured was consistent across both analyzers. However, the loss factor showed different trends: the vector network analyzer indicated a decrease in the loss factor with increasing frequency in the range of 5 MHz-20 GHz, while the impedance analyzer showed the opposite trend in the frequency range of 4 Hz-5 MHz.

A synergistic mechanism of Liquiritin and Licochalcone B from Glycyrrhiza uralensis against COPD

BACKGROUND

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a refractory respiratory disease mainly attributed to multiple pathological factors such as oxidative stress, infectious inflammation, and idiopathic fibrosis for decades. The medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (ULE) was widely used to control respiratory diseases in China. However, the regulatory mechanism of scientific evidence to support the therapeutic benefits of ULE in the management of COPD is greatly limited.

PURPOSE

This study aims to discover the potential protection mechanism of ULE on COPD via a muti-targets strategy.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The present study set out to determine the potential protective effects of ULE on COPD through a multi-target strategy. In vivo and in vitro models of COPD were established using cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide to assess the protective effects of ULE. It was evaluated by measuring inflammatory cytokines and assessing pulmonary pathological changes. HPLC was used to verify the active compounds of the potential compounds that were collected and screened using HERB, works of literature, and ADME tools. The mechanisms of ULE in the treatment of COPD were explored using transcriptomics, connectivity-map, and network pharmacology approaches. The relevant targets were further investigated using RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The HCK inhibitor (iHCK-37) was used to evaluate the potential mechanism of ULE's active compounds in the prevention of COPD.

RESULTS

ULE effectively protected the lungs of COPD mice from oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis damage. After screening and verification using ADME properties and HPLC, 4 active compounds were identified in ULE: liquiritin (LQ), licochalcone B (LCB), licochalcone A (LCA), and echinatin (ET). Network pharmacology integrated with transcriptomics analysis showed that ULE mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in COPD by suppressing HCK. The combination of LCB and LQ was optimized for anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-fibrosis activities. The iHCK-37 further validated the preventive treatment of LCB and LQ on COPD by inhibiting HCK to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. The combination of LCB and LQ, in a 1:1 ratio, exerted synergistic antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects in the treatment of COPD by downregulating HCK.

CONCLUSION

The combination of LCB and LQ performed a significant anti-COPD effect via downregulating HCK.

Generation of a medicine food homology formula and its likely mechanism in treatment of microvascular angina

Microvascular angina (MVA) is the most common cause of cardiac ischemic chest pain in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and lacks of effective treatment means. Medicine food homology (MFH) involves substances with both nutritional and medicinal qualities that have the potential to improve MVA symptoms as medicines, dietary supplements. However, research on MFH formula (MFHF) for MVA is not available. The study aims to generate a core MFHF for MVA through data mining and offer scientific backing for the utilization of edible medications in the prevention and alleviation of MVA. 11 databases were utilized to construct a database of MFH drugs, and the MFHF was generated through frequency analysis, association rule analysis, and clustering analysis. The composition of the formula is Codonopsis Radix, Astragali Radix, Platycodonis Radix, Persicae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, and Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus. Through network pharmacology and molecular docking, we identified five major active components of MFHF: Adenosine, Nonanoic Acid, Lauric Acid, Caprylic Acid, and Enanthic Acid, along with nine core targets (NFKB1, ALB, AKT1, ACTB, TNF, IL6, ESR1, CASP3, and PTGS) for the improvement of MVA. These 5 active components have various biological activities, such as reducing oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, analgesia effect, inhibiting platelet aggregation, vasodilatation, vascular endothelial protection, and cardio-protection. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that MFHF mainly acted on the response to xenobiotic stimulus, integrative component of the plasma membrane, RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding, pathways in cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, human cytomegalovirus infection, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which are the main pathogenesis of MVA.

Wighteone, a prenylated flavonoid from licorice, inhibits growth of SW480 colorectal cancer cells by allosteric inhibition of Akt

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Licorice is a frequently used herbal medicine worldwide, and is used to treat cough, hepatitis, cancer and influenza in clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Modern pharmacological studies indicate that prenylated flavonoids play an important role in the anti-tumor activity of licorice, especially the tumors in stomach, lung, colon and liver. Wighteone is one of the main prenylated flavonoids in licorice, and its possible effect and target against colorectal cancer have not been investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the anti-colorectal cancer effect and underlying mechanism of wighteone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SW480 human colorectal cancer cells were used to evaluate the in vitro anti-colorectal cancer activity and Akt regulation effect of wighteone by flow cytometry, phosphoproteomic and Western blot analysis. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, molecular docking and dynamics simulation, and kinase activity assay were used to investigate the direct interaction between wighteone and Akt. A nude mouse xenograft model with SW480 cells was used to verify the in vivo anti-colorectal cancer activity of wighteone.

RESULTS

Wighteone inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream kinases in SW480 cells, which led to a reduction in cell viability. Wighteone had direct interaction with both PH and kinase domains of Akt, which locked Akt in a "closed" conformation with allosteric inhibition, and Gln79, Tyr272, Arg273 and Lys297 played the most critical role due to their hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions with wighteone. Based on Akt overexpression or activation in SW480 cells, further mechanistic studies suggested that wighteone-induced Akt inhibition led to cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagic death of SW480 cells. Moreover, wighteone exerted in vivo anti-colorectal cancer effect and Akt inhibition activity in the nude mouse xenograft model.

CONCLUSION

Wighteone could inhibit growth of SW480 cells through allosteric inhibition of Akt, which led to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagic death. The results contributed to understanding of the anti-tumor mechanism of licorice, and also provided a rationale to design novel Akt allosteric inhibitors for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Alleviation of Salt Stress and Changes in Glycyrrhizic Acid Accumulation by Dark Septate Endophytes in Glycyrrhiza glabra Grown under Salt Stress

This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which dark septate endophytes (DSE) regulate salt tolerance and the accumulation of bioactive constituents in licorice. First, the salt stress tolerance and resynthesis with the plant effect of isolated DSE from wild licorice were tested. Second, the performance of licorice inoculated with DSE, which had the best salt-tolerant and growth-promoting effects, was examined under salt stress. All isolated DSE showed salt tolerance and promoted plant growth, withCurvularia lunata D43 being the most effective. Under salt stress, C. lunata D43 could promote growth, increase antioxidant enzyme activities, enhance glycyrrhizic acid accumulation, improve key enzyme activities in the glycyrrhizic acid synthesis pathway, and induce the expression of the key enzyme gene and salt tolerance gene of licorice. The structural equation model demonstrated that DSE alleviate the negative effects of salt stress through direct and indirect pathways. Variations in key enzyme activities, gene expression, and bioactive constituent concentration can be attributed to the effects of DSE. These results contribute to revealing the value of DSE for cultivating medicinal plants in saline soils.

Detection of isoflavones and phytoestrogen-rich plant extracts binding to estrogen receptor β using a yeast-based fluorescent assay

Alchemilla vulgaris L., Trifolium pratense L. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. are important remedies in traditional medicine, known for many usages, including treating gynecological diseases. Despite folkloric use of the plant materials, there is a lack of scientific data to support their therapeutic application. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the relative binding affinities (RBAs) of plant-derived phytoestrogens for estrogen receptor β (ERβ) using fluorescent biosensor in yeast and to apply this assay for the assessment of the potential of plant materials towards ERs and treatment of estrogen-related disorders. Ligand-binding domain of ERβ fused with yellow fluorescent protein (ERβ LBD-YFP) was expressed in S. cerevisiae and fluorescence was detected by fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy. Structural basis for experimental results was explored by molecular docking. Yeast-based fluorescent assay was successfully optimized and applied for identification of natural phenolic compounds and phytoestrogen-rich plant extracts that interact with ERβ-LBD, making this biosensor a valuable tool for screening estrogenic potential of a variety of plant extracts. This assay can be used for preliminary testing of plant-derived or fungal extracts, but also other sources of environmental substances with ER-modulating activity in order to assess their possible effects on the female reproductive system.

18‑α‑glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis in gingival fibroblasts exposed to phenytoin

Phenytoin (PHT)-induced gingival overgrowth is caused by the increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts in inflammatory gingiva. Licorice has long been used as a component of therapeutic preparations. It inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis and has anti-inflammatory effects. 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA), the active compound in licorice, promotes apoptosis in various types of cells. The present study determined whether 18α-GA affects apoptosis in gingival fibroblasts exposed to PHT. The present study aimed to establish a basis for the therapeutic application of 18α-GA to treat the gingival overgrowth induced by PHT. Human gingival fibroblasts from healthy donors were cultured to semi-confluence and then stimulated in serum-free DMEM containing PHT with or without 18α-GA for subsequent experiments. Apoptotic cells were detected by ELISA. Analysis of the distribution of cell cycle phases and the apoptotic cell population was performed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of mRNAs and proteins of apoptotic regulators were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Caspase (CASP) activities were assessed by an ELISA. Treatment with 18α-GA markedly increased the number of apoptotic cells, reduced BCL2 mRNA expression, increased CASP2 and receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) domain containing adaptor with death domain, Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain, RIPK1, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily; member 1A, TNF receptor-associated factor 2, CASP2, CASP3 and CASP9 mRNA expression, and also upregulated the protein expression levels and activities of caspase-2, caspase-3 and caspase-9. These results demonstrated that 18α-GA induced apoptosis through the activation of the Fas and TNF pathways in the death receptor signaling pathway in gingival fibroblasts treated with PHT. 18α-GA exhibited therapeutic potential for the treatment of PHT-induced gingival overgrowth.

Three-dimensional fluorescence combined with alternating trilinear decomposition and random forest algorithm for the rapid prediction of species, geographical origin and main components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao)

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao) is a functional food whose quality varies significantly between distinct geographical sources owing to the influence of genetics and the geographical environment. This study employed three-dimensional fluorescence coupled with alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) and random forest (RF) algorithms to rapidly predict Gancao species, geographical origins, and primary constituents. Seven fluorescent components were resolved from the three-dimensional fluorescence of the ATLD for subsequent analysis. Results indicated that the RF model distinguished Gancao from various species and origins better than other algorithms, achieving an accuracy of 94.4 % and 88.9 %, respectively. Furthermore, the RF regressor algorithm was used to predict the concentrations of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in Gancao, with 96.4 % and 95.6 % prediction accuracies compared to HPLC, respectively. This approach offers a novel means of objectively evaluating the origin of food and holds substantial promise for food quality assessment.

Renshen Yangrong decoction for secondary malaise and fatigue: network pharmacology and Mendelian randomization study

Background

Renshen Yangrong decoction (RSYRD) has been shown therapeutic effects on secondary malaise and fatigue (SMF). However, to date, its bioactive ingredients and potential targets remain unclear.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to assess the potential ingredients and targets of RSYRD on SMF through a comprehensive strategy integrating network pharmacology, Mendelian randomization as well as molecular docking verification.

Methods

Search for potential active ingredients and corresponding protein targets of RSYRD on TCMSP and BATMAN-TCM for network pharmacology analysis. Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to find therapeutic targets for SMF. The eQTLGen Consortium (sample sizes: 31,684) provided data on cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL, exposure). The summary data on SMF (outcome) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were gathered from the MRC-IEU Consortium (sample sizes: 463,010). We built a target interaction network between the probable active ingredient targets of RSYRD and the therapeutic targets of SMF. We next used drug prediction and molecular docking to confirm the therapeutic value of the therapeutic targets.

Results

In RSYRD, network pharmacology investigations revealed 193 possible active compounds and 234 associated protein targets. The genetically predicted amounts of 176 proteins were related to SMF risk in the MR analysis. Thirty-seven overlapping targets for RSYRD in treating SMF, among which six (NOS3, GAA, IMPA1, P4HTM, RB1, and SLC16A1) were prioritized with the most convincing evidence. Finally, the 14 active ingredients of RSYRD were identified as potential drug molecules. The strong affinity between active components and putative protein targets was established by molecular docking.

Conclusion

This study revealed several active components and possible RSYRD protein targets for the therapy of SMF and provided novel insights into the feasibility of using Mendelian randomization for causal inference between Chinese medical formula and disease.

The State-of-the-Art Antibacterial Activities of Glycyrrhizin: A Comprehensive Review

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the family Fabaceae/Leguminosae and is a renowned natural herb with a long history of medicinal use dating back to ancient times. Glycyrrhizin (GLY), the main active component of licorice, serves as a widely utilized therapeutic agent in clinical practice. GLY exhibits diverse medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, intestinal environment maintenance, and liver protection effects. However, current research primarily emphasizes GLY's antiviral activity, while providing limited insight into its antibacterial properties. GLY demonstrates a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity via inhibiting the growth of bacteria by targeting bacterial enzymes, impacting cell membrane formation, and altering membrane permeability. Moreover, GLY can also bolster host immunity by activating pertinent immune pathways, thereby enhancing pathogen clearance. This paper reviews GLY's inhibitory mechanisms against various pathogenic bacteria-induced pathological changes, its role as a high-mobility group box 1 inhibitor in immune regulation, and its efficacy in combating diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, combining GLY with other antibiotics reduces the minimum inhibitory concentration, potentially aiding in the clinical development of combination therapies against drug-resistant bacteria. Sources of information were searched using PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and GreenMedical for the keywords "licorice", "Glycyrrhizin", "antibacterial", "anti-inflammatory", "HMGB1", and combinations thereof, mainly from articles published from 1979 to 2024, with no language restrictions. Screening was carried out by one author and supplemented by others. Papers with experimental flaws in their experimental design and papers that did not meet expectations (antifungal papers, etc.) were excluded.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid protects against deoxynivalenol-induced liver injury via modulating ferritinophagy and mitochondrial quality control

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a widespread mycotoxin, represents a substantial public health hazard due to its propensity to contaminate agricultural produce, leading to both acute and chronic health issues in humans and animals upon consumption. The role of ferroptosis in DON-induced hepatic damage remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the impact of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a prominent constituent of glycyrrhiza, on DON hepatotoxicity and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Our results indicate that GA effectively attenuates liver injury inflicted by DON. This was achieved by inhibiting nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy and ferroptosis, as well as by adjusting mitochondrial quality control (MQC). Specifically, GA curtails ferritinophagy by diminishing NCOA4 expression without affecting the autophagic flux. At a molecular level, GA binds to and stabilizes programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), thereby inhibiting its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. This stabilization of PDCD4 leads to the downregulation of NCOA4 via the JNK-Jun-NCOA4 axis. Knockdown of PDCD4 weakened GA's protective action against DON exposure. Furthermore, GA improved mitochondrial function and limited excessive mitophagy and mitochondrial division induced by DON. Disrupting GA's modulation of MQC nullified its anti-ferroptosis effects. Overall, GA offers protection against DON-induced ferroptosis by blocking ferritinophagy and managing MQC. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Food contamination from mycotoxins, is a problem for agricultural and food industries worldwide. Deoxynivalenol (DON), the most common mycotoxins in cereal commodities. A survey in 2023 showed that the positivity rate for DON contamination in food reached more than 70% globally. DON can damage the health of humans whether exposed to high doses for short periods of time or low doses for long periods of time. We have discovered 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a prominent constituent of glycyrrhiza. Liver damage caused by low-dose DON can be successfully treated with GA. This study will support the means of DON control, including antidotes.

Introducing the glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin rich genotypes from the cultivated Iranian licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) populations to exploit in production systems

Currently, the stable, uniform, and highly efficient production of raw materials for pharmaceutical companies has received special attention. To meet these criteria and reduce harvesting pressure on the natural habitats of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), cultivation of this valuable plant is inevitable. In the present study, to introduce the glycyrrhizic acid (GA)- and glabridin-rich genotypes from cultivated Iranian licorice, forty genotypes from eight high-potential wild populations were cultivated and evaluated under the same environmental conditions. The GA content varied from 5.00 ± 0.04 mg/g DW (TF2 genotype) to 23.13 ± 0.02 mg/g DW (I5 genotype). The highest and lowest glabridin content were found in the K2 (0.72 ± 0.021 mg/g DW) and M5 (0.02 ± 0.002 mg/g DW) genotypes, respectively. The rutin content in the leaves of the studied genotypes varied from 1.27 ± 0.02 mg/g DW in E4 to 3.24 ± 0.02 mg/g DW in BO5 genotypes. The genotypes from the Ilam population were characterized by higher vegetative growth and yield traits in the aerial parts and roots. The average root dry yield was 2.44 tons per hectare (t/ha) among the studied genotypes and a genotype from Ilam (I5) yielded the maximum value (3.08 ± 0.034 t/ha). The highest coefficient of variation among the genotypes was observed for leaf width (CV = 34.9%). The GA and glabridin-rich genotypes introduced in this study can be used in the future breeding programs to release new bred licorice cultivars.

Licorice flavonoid ameliorates ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats by suppressing apoptosis via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Licorice is the dry roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., which was first recorded in Shengnong's herbal classic. Licorice flavonoid (LF) is the main compound isolated from licorice with an indispensable action in treating gastric ulcer (GU). However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further explored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate and further elucidate the mechanisms of LF against ethanol-induced GU using an integrated approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-GU effects of LF were evaluated in an ethanol-induced gastric injury rat model. Then, the metabolomics approach was applied to explore the specific metabolites and metabolic pathways. Next, the network pharmacology combined with metabolomics strategy was employed to predict the targets and pathways of LF for GU. Finally, these predictions were validated by molecular docking, RT-qPCR, and western blotting.

RESULTS

LF had a positive impact on gastric injury and regulated the expression of GU-related factors. Upon serum metabolomics analysis, 25 metabolic biomarkers of LF in GU treatment were identified, which were primarily involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and other related processes. Subsequently, a "components-targets-metabolites" network was constructed, revealing six key targets (HSP90AA1, AKT1, MAPK1, EGFR, ESR1, PIK3CA) that may be associated with GU treatment. More importantly, KEGG analysis highlighted the importance of the PI3K/AKT pathway including key targets, as a critical route through which LF exerted its anti-GU effects. Molecular docking analyses confirmed that the core components of LF exhibited a strong affinity for key targets. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and western blotting results indicated that LF could reverse the expression of these targets, activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, and ultimately reduce apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

LF exerted a gastroprotective effect against gastric ulcer induced by ethanol, and the therapeutic mechanism may involve improving metabolism and suppressing apoptosis through the PI3K-AKT pathway.

A Comprehensive Review of Licorice: The Preparation, Chemical Composition, Bioactivities and Its Applications

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) is a medicinal and food homologue of perennial plants derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the legume family. In recent years, the comprehensive utilization of licorice resources has attracted people's attention. It is widely utilized to treat diseases, health food products, food production, and other industrial applications. Furthermore, numerous bioactive components of licorice are found using advanced extraction processes, which mainly include polyphenols (flavonoids, dihydrostilbenes, benzofurans, and coumarin), triterpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and volatile oils, all of which have been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressive, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antisex hormone, skin effects, anticariogenic, antitussive, and expectorant activities. Thereby, all of these compounds promote the development of novel and more effective licorice-derived products. This paper reviews the progress of research on extraction techniques, chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of licorice to provide a reference for further development and application of licorice in different areas.

Licochalcone A induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and interacts with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia

The management of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a challenge because of the complexity and heterogeneity of this malignancy. Despite the recent approval of several novel targeted drugs, resistance seems inevitable, and clinical outcomes are still suboptimal. Increasing evidence supports the use of natural plants as an important source of anti-leukemic therapeutics. Licochalcone A (LCA) is an active flavonoid isolated from the roots of licorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., possessing extensive anti-tumor activities. However, its effects on AML and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we showed that LCA decreased the viability of established human AML cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. LCA significantly induced mitochondrial apoptotic cell death, accompanied by the downregulation of MCL-1, upregulation of BIM, truncation of BID, and cleavage of PARP. A prominent decline in the phosphorylation of multiple critical molecules, including AKT, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), ERK, and P38 was observed upon LCA treatment, indicating PI3K and MAPK signals were suppressed. Both transcription and translation of c-Myc were also inhibited by LCA. In addition, LCA enhanced the cytotoxicity of the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. Furthermore, the anti-survival and pro-apoptotic effects were confirmed in primary blasts from 10 patients with de novo AML. Thus, our results expand the applications of LCA, which can be regarded as a valuable agent in treating AML.

Improving the geographical origin classification of Radix glycyrrhizae (licorice) through hyperspectral imaging assisted by U-Net fine structure recognition

Radix glycyrrhizae (licorice) is extensively employed in traditional Chinese medicine, and serves as a crucial raw material in industries such as food and cosmetics. The quality of licorice from different origins varies greatly, so classification of its geographical origin is particularly important. This study proposes a technique for fine structure recognition and segmentation of hyperspectral images of licorice using deep learning U-Net neural networks to segment the tissue structure patterns (phloem, xylem, and pith). Firstly, the three partitions were separately labeled using the Labelme tool, which was utilized to train the U-Net model. Secondly, the obtained optimal U-Net model was applied to predict three partitions of all samples. Lastly, various machine learning models (LDA, SVM, and PLS-DA) were trained based on segmented hyperspectral data. In addition, a threshold method and a circumcircle method were applied to segment licorice hyperspectral images for comparison. The results revealed that compared with the threshold segmentation method (which yielded SVM classifier accuracies of 99.17%, 91.15%, and 92.50% on the training set, validation set, and test set, respectively), the U-Net segmentation method significantly enhanced the accuracy of origin classification (99.06%, 94.72% and 96.07%). Conversely, the circumcircle segmentation method did not effectively improve the accuracy of origin classification (99.65%, 91.16% and 92.13%). By integrating Raman imaging of licorice, it can be inferred that the U-Net model, designed for region segmentation based on the inherent tissue structure of licorice, can effectively improve the accuracy origin classification, which has positive significance in the development of intelligence and information technology of Chinese medicine quality control.

Evaluation of the Effects of Gastro Protect as an Alternative Medicine on Gastritis and Other Gastrointestinal Symptoms

INTRODUCTION

The use of herbal medicine as a part of the Complementary and Alternative Medicine is increasing worldwide. Herbal remedies are used to better different conditions including gastritis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective randomized control clinical trial on a total sample of 72 patients with gastritis in order to examine the effects of the commercial herbal product Gastro Protect. After 6 weeks of conventional therapy the patients were divided into two groups with 36 patients each. As a continuation of the treatment, Group 1 received conventional therapy + Gastro Protect and Group 2 received conventional therapy + Placebo. We analyzed 14 selected gastrointestinal symptoms, five related to digestive problems, and nine related to stool and bowel problems. For assessing the selected symptoms we used seven point gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS).

RESULTS

The Gastro Protect group had a significantly lower GSRS score (better condition) compared to the Placebo group related to all five selected symptoms of digestive problems as: abdominal pain (p=0.0250), hunger pain (p=0.0276), nausea (p=0.0019), heartburn (p=0.00001), and acid reflux (p=0.0017). The Gastro Protect group, also had a significantly lower GSRS score (better condition) compared to the Placebo group related to three out of nine selected bowel symptoms: rumbling (p=0.0022), abdominal distension (p=0.0029), and gas or flatus (p=0.0039).

CONCLUSION

Gastro protect was effective in treating gastritis and other gastrointestinal symptoms. It was safe for usage and showed almost no side effects. In our study, Gastro Protect reduced the examined gastric symptoms and related examined intestinal symptoms.

LicochalconeB inhibits cGAS-STING signaling pathway and prevents autoimmunity diseases

Cytosolic DNA activates the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) signaling pathway to trigger interferon and inflammatory responses that protect against microbial infections and cancer. However, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) persistently activates the STING signaling pathway, which can lead to severe autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate herein that Licochalcone B (LicoB), the main component of traditional licorice, is an inhibitor of the STING signaling pathway. We observed that LicoB inhibited the activation of the STING signaling pathway in macrophages. Mechanically, LicoB affected the STING-TBK1-IRF3 signal axis and inhibited the activation of the STING downstream signaling pathway. Furthermore, LicoB inhibited the increase in type I interferon levels in mice induced by the STING agonist CMA. LicoB significantly reduced systemic inflammation in Trex1-/- mice. Our results show that LicoB, a STING signaling pathway inhibitor, is a promising candidate for the treatment of diseases related to STING signaling pathway activation.

Tonghua Liyan granules in the treatment of Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease with stagnation of phlegm and qi syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is an extraesophageal syndromic manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Despite the increasing incidence of and concern about LPRD, treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is unsatisfactory. Here, LPRD was treated with Tonghua Liyan (THLY) granules in combination with PPIs to evaluate treatment efficacy and possible adverse reactions. Methods: Seventy-six LPRD patients with stagnation of phlegm and qi syndrome (SPQS) were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received THLY granules combined with rabeprazole capsules. The control group received THLY granule placebo combined with rabeprazole capsules. A parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with these two groups. The treatment cycle was 8 weeks. The reflux symptom index (RSI), clinical symptom score, salivary pepsin content, reflux finding score (RFS) and gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GerdQ) were used to evaluate clinical efficacy. The final efficacy rate was evaluated according to the RSI and clinical symptom score. Results: Compared with those at baseline, all the indicators in the experimental group and control group significantly improved (p < 0.01). In terms of the RSI, clinical symptom score, and RFS, the experimental group had a higher degree of improvement (p < 0.05), and the overall efficacy rate was higher (p < 0.05). In terms of the salivary pepsin concentration and GerdQ, there was no significant difference between the test group and the control group (p > 0.05). Both groups of safety indicators showed no abnormalities and did not cause any allergic reactions in the body. Conclusion: Compared with PPIs alone, THLY granules combined with PPIs are more effective in the treatment of LPRD patients with SPQS in terms of symptoms and signs. This combination treatment, because of its higher clinical efficacy and lack of obvious adverse reactions, is worthy of clinical promotion and further in-depth study. Clinical Trial Registration: www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2100046614.

Effect of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides on growth performance, hepatic antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory capacity of broiler chickens

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of varying levels of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GPS) on the health status of broiler chickens. A total of 288 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to four groups with six replicates, consisting of 12 chickens in each replicate. The control group (CON) was provided with the basal diet, while the experimental groups were administered 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg of GPS in the basal diet for 42 days. The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in average daily gain (ADG) as a result of GPS supplementation (P < 0.05). The dietary GPS significantly elevated total antioxidation capability (T-AOC) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.05), while effectively reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and liver (P < 0.05). Administration of GPS notably inhibited the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway (P < 0.05), decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (P < 0.05), and increased IL-4 and IL-10 levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of crucial regulators involved in liver lipid metabolism, including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) was significantly enhanced in the GPS-supplemented groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of GPS positively influenced the growth performance, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of the liver, as well as liver lipid metabolism in broilers.

Efficacy and safety of the traditional herbal medication Chai-Ling-Tang (in China), Siryung-tang (in Republic of Korea) or Sairei-To (in Japan)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The herbal medicine designated Chai-Ling-Tang in China, Siryung-tang in South Korea, and Sairei-To (or Tsumura Saireito extract granules, TJ-114) in Japan is a complex polyherbal formulations with 12 plant components. It is used historically to treat Shaoyang syndrome, recorded in an ancient Chinese medical text "Treatise on Cold Damage Disorder" (Shanghan Lun). Chai-Ling-Tang formula combines two traditional Chinese herbal medicine prescriptions: Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang and Wu-Ling-San (known as Sho-Saiko-To and Goreisan in Japan, and So Shi Ho Tang and Oreonsang in Korea, respectively). These traditional Chinese/Korean medicines and Kampo medicine have been used for more than 2000 years in East Asia, notably as regulators of body fluid homeostasis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to evaluate clinical uses, pharmacological effects and unwanted effects of Sairei-To through a narrative literature survey. The main active phytoconstituents and their mechanism of actions are also collated based on the literature.

METHODS

Several databases including SciFinder and PubMed were searched in sourcing information using keywords corresponding to the medicinal treatment names and the corresponding plants and phytochemicals. Relevant textbooks, reviews, and digital documents (mostly in English) were consulted to collate all available scientific literature and to provide a complete science-based survey of the topic.

RESULTS

Sairei-To derives from ten plants and two fungi. The three major components are Bupleuri radix (Saiko), Pinelliae rhizoma (Hange), and Alismatis rhizoma (Takusha). The rest includes the species Scutellariae radix, Zizyphi fructus, Ginseng radix, Glycyrrhizae radix, Zingiberis rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex, Atractylodis lanceae rhizoma, Poria sclerotium, and Polyporus sclerotium. The therapeutic uses of Sairei-To are very diversified, ranging from the treatment of autoimmune diseases, intestinal inflammatory disorders, edema, intestinal and kidney diseases, cancers, inflammatory skin pathologies, and other conditions such as reproductive failure. Sairei-To is considered as a safe and efficient medication, with potential rare unwanted side effects, notably lung injuries (pneumonitis essentially). Marked anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects of Sairei-To have been reported, generally associated to the action of saponins (saikosaponins, glycyrrhizin), terpenoids (alisols) and flavonoids (baicalin, oroxylin A).

CONCLUSION

Sairei-To is commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases and appears efficient to decrease the side effects of corticosteroids. Its immune-regulatory action is well recognized and exploited to treat certain skin lesions and chemotherapy-related toxic effects. The activity of the Sairei-To product relies on the synergistic action of its individual ingredients. Further studies are warranted to quantify the synergy of action inherent to this interesting botanical medication.

Antioxidant Agriculture for Stress-Resilient Crop Production: Field Practice

Oxidative stress, resulting from the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, is a common and major cause of cellular damage in plants exposed to various abiotic stresses. To address this challenge, we introduce the concept of antioxidant agriculture as a comprehensive strategy to improve stress tolerance and thus crop productivity by minimizing oxidative stress levels in the field environment. This strategy encompasses a diverse range of approaches, including genetic engineering, the exogenous application of antioxidant agents, microbial inoculation, and agronomic practices, to reinforce the plant's intrinsic antioxidant defense system and mitigate oxidative stress. We present recent successful studies of antioxidant measures that have been validated in field conditions, along with our perspective on achieving antioxidant agriculture.

Interpreting the efficacy enhancement mechanism of Chinese medicine processing from a biopharmaceutic perspective

Chinese medicine processing (CMP) is a unique pharmaceutical technology that distinguishes it from natural medicines. Current research primarily focuses on changes in chemical components to understand the mechanisms behind efficacy enhancement in processing. However, this paper presents a novel perspective on the biopharmaceutics of CMP. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current research, emphasizing two crucial aspects: the role of 'heat' during processing and the utilization of processing adjuvants. The paper highlights the generation of easily absorbed components through the hydrolysis of glycosides by 'heat', as well as the facilitation of dissolution, absorption, and targeted distribution of active components through the utilization of processing adjuvants. From a biopharmaceutic perspective, this paper provides a lucid comprehension of the scientific foundation for augmenting the efficacy of CMP. Moreover, it proposes a three-dimensional research framework encompassing chemical reactions, phase transitions, and biopharmaceutical properties to further investigate the mechanisms involved in enhancing the efficacy of CMP.

In-depth analyses of lncRNA and circRNA expression in the hippocampus of LPS-induced AD mice by Byu d Mar 25

Byu d Mar 25 (BM25) has been verified to have neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the expression profiling of lncRNAs and circRNAs by microarray analysis. Six hippocampus from LPS-mediated AD mice model treated with (normal saline (NS) (n = 3) and AD mice model treated with BM25 (n = 3) were selected. Microarray analysis was performed to detect the expression profiles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in hippocampus. Differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, mRNAs and circRNAs were identified through scatter plot and volcano plot filtering with a threshold of fold-change ≥2 and P  ≤ 0.05. Co-expression network is analyzed by Circos software. Cis - and Trans - regulation were analyzed using RIsearch-2.0 and FEELNC softwares. LncRNA-transcription factors (TFs) and LncRNA-Target-TFs network were analyzed by Clusterprofiler software. The prediction of miRNAs bind to circRNAs were performed with miRNAbase. A total of 113 DElncRNAs, 117 DEmRNAs, and 4 DEcircRNAs were detected. The pathway analysis showed the mRNAs that correlated with lncRNAs were involved in apoptosis, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, NF-kappa B and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The lncRNA-TFs network analysis suggested the lncRNAs were mostly regulated by Ncoa1, Phf5a, Klf6, Lmx1b, and Pax3. Additionally, lncRNA-target-TFs network analysis indicated the GATA6, Junb, Smad1, Twist1, and Mafb mostly regulate the same lncRNAs: XR_001783430.1 and NR_051982.1. Furthermore, 480 miRNAs were predicted binding to 4 identified circRNAs. The BM25 may affect AD by regulating the expression of lncRNAs and circRNAs, which could regulate the expressions of mRNAs or miRNAs by LncRNA-Target-TFs network.

Glycyrrhizin protects against diosbulbin B-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the metabolic activation of diosbulbin B

Diosbulbin B (DIOB), isolated from herbal medicine Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DB), could induce severe liver injury, and its toxicology was closely associated with CYP3A4-mediated metabolic oxidation of furan moiety to the corresponding cis-enedial reactive metabolite. Glycyrrhizin (GL), the major bioactive ingredient in licorice, can inhibit the activity of CYP3A4. Thus, GL may ameliorate hepatotoxicity of DIOB when GL and DIOB are co-administrated. The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of GL on DIOB-induced hepatotoxicity and the underlying mechanism. Biochemical and histopathological analysis demonstrated that GL alleviated DIOB-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro study with mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) demonstrated that GL reduced the formation of metabolic activation-derived pyrrole-glutathione (GSH) conjugates from DIOB. Toxicokinetic studies showed that the pretreatment with GL caused the increase of AUCs and Cmax of DIOB in blood of mice, resulting in accelerating the accumulation of DIOB in the circulation. In addition, the pretreatment with GL alleviated DIOB-induced hepatic GSH depletion. In summary, GL ameliorated DIOB-induced hepatotoxicity, possibly related to the inhibition of the metabolic activation of DIOB. Thus, development of a standardized combination of DIOB with GL may protect patients from DIOB-induced liver injury.

Network Pharmacology Studies on the Molecular Mechanism of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Treated with Shutiao Qiji Decoction

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the number of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been increasing, and traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and combinations have been applied to treat Hashimoto's thyroiditis to increase efficacy and reduce side effects during the treatment process.

OBJECTIVE

Shutiao Qiji Decoction is one of the Chinese traditional medicine prescriptions, which is commonly used to treat cancer, tumor, etc. It is also used for thyroid-related diseases in the clinic. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease. In this study, the mechanism of Shutiao Qiji Decoction in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis was studied through network pharmacology and molecular docking verification.

METHOD

Each Chinese medicine ingredient of Shutiao Qiji Decoction was retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. The related genes of HT were searched from the UniProt and GeneCards databases. Meanwhile, we used Cytoscape to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) visual network analysis, and used the search tool to search the database of Interacting Genes (STRING) to build a PPI network. These key proteins were enriched and analyzed by molecular docking validation, Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Hashimoto's thyroiditis disease model was established in SD rats, and SQD was administered by gavage after the successful establishment of the model. After 6 weeks of continuous administration of the drug by gavage, tissue samples were collected and the thyroid and spleen tissues were visualized by HE staining to verify the therapeutic effect.

RESULTS

The results showed that there were 287 TCM active ingredients, 1920 HT-related disease targets, and 176 drug and disease targets in SQD. Through PPI analysis, GP analysis, and KEGG analysis of the common targets of drugs and diseases, we found their pathways of action to be mainly cancer action pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and T-cell action pathway. The active ingredients of the drugs in SQD, malvidin, stigmasterol, porin-5-en-3bta-ol, and chrysanthemum stigmasterol, were docked with the related target proteins, MAPK, GSK3β, TSHR, and NOTCH molecules. The best binding energies obtained from docking were mairin with TSHR, stigmasterol with TSHR, poriferast-5-en-3beta-ol with MAPK, and chryseriol with GSK3β, with binding energies of -6.84 kcal/mol, -6.53 kcal/mol, -5.03 kcal/mol, and -5.05 kcal/mol, respectively. HE staining sections of rat thyroid and spleen tissues showed that SQD had a therapeutic effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis and restored its immune function.

CONCLUSION

It is verified by molecular docking results that Shutiao Qiji Decoction has a potential therapeutic effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the MAPK/TSHR/NOTCH signal pathway, and that the main components, mairin, stigmasterol, poriferast-5-en-3beta-ol, and chryseriol play a role in it. SQD has been shown to have a good therapeutic effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Fabrication and characterization of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles using licorice protein isolate from Radix Glycyrrhizae

Licorice was widely used in food and herbal medicine. In its extract industry, a substantial amount of licorice protein was produced and discarded as waste. Herein, we extracted Licorice Protein Isolate (LPI) and explored its potential as a curcumin nanocarrier. Using a pH-driven method, we fabricated LPI-curcumin nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 129.30 ± 3.21 nm to 75.03 ± 1.19 nm, depending on the LPI/curcumin molar ratio. The formation of LPI-curcumin nanoparticles was primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions, with curcumin entrapped in LPI being in an amorphous form. These nanoparticles significantly enhanced curcumin properties in terms of solubility, photochemical stability, and stability under varying pH, storage, and physiological conditions. Moreover, the loaded curcumin exhibited a 2.58-fold increase in cellular antioxidant activity on RAW 264.7 cells and a 1.86-fold increase in antitumor activity against HepG2 cells compared to its free form. These findings suggested that LPI could potentially serve as a promising novel delivery material.

Screening potential treatments for mpox from Traditional Chinese Medicine by using a data-driven approach

Mpox (MPX) has escalated into a public health emergency of international concern, necessitating urgent prophylactic and therapeutic measures. The primary goal of this investigation was to systematically extract Wan Quan's expertise in treating smallpox, as documented in Exclusive Methods for Treating Pox (Dou Zhen Xin Fa in Chinese), with the aim of identifying potential prescriptions, herbs, and components for alternative MPX therapies or drugs. This research utilized data mining to identify high-frequency Chinese Medicines (CMs), high-frequency CM-pairs, and CM compatibility rules. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation were employed to reveal the potential molecular mechanisms of the core CM-pair. 119 prescriptions were extracted from Exclusive Methods for Treating Pox. We identified 25 high-frequency CMs and 23 high-frequency CM pairs among these prescriptions. Combined association rule mining analysis, Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Renshen (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), Danggui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Shengma (Cimicifuga foetida L.), and Zicao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc.) were selected as the core CM-pair for further investigation. Network pharmacology analysis yielded 131 active components and 348 candidate targets for the core CM-pair. Quercetin and celabenzine were chosen as ligands for molecular docking. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the core CM-pair could interact with targets involved in immune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Moreover, key mpox virus targets, F8-A22-E4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme and profilin-like protein A42R, were docked well with the selected core components. And molecular dynamic simulation indicated that the component (quercetin) could stably bind to the target (profilin-like protein A42R). Our findings identified potential prescriptions, herbs, and components that can offer potential therapies or drugs for addressing the MPX epidemic.

Dibenzoylmethane ameliorates adiposity-mediated neuroinflammatory response and inflammation-mediated neuronal cell death in mouse microglia and neuronal cells

Dibenzoylmethane (DBM), a licorice-derived component, has numerous health benefits. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of DBM on adiposity-induced neuroinflammatory/oxidative response and microglial activation-induced neuronal cell damage. For this research, BV2 and HT22 cells were cultured using adipcyte- and microglia-conditioned media, respectively. DBM effectively suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced productions in inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase2. Interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were also downregulated by DBM. In adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM)-cultured BV2 cells, DBM effectively decreased ACM-induced generation of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling and reducing nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. In BV2-conditioned medium (BVM)-cultured neuron cells, DBM recovered the BVM-induced reduction of neuronal cell viability, thereby regulating B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X (BAX), and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression. Taken together, DBM suppressed adiposity-induced inflammation/oxidative responses and inflammation-induced neuronal cell death.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Alleviates P. multocida-Induced Vascular Endothelial Inflammation by PARP1-Mediated NF-κB and HMGB1 Signalling Suppression in PIEC Cells

Background

At present, the treatment and prevention of Pasteurella multocida infections in pigs mainly rely on antibiotics and vaccines, but inflammatory injury cannot be eliminated. The compound 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. root (liquorice) and with a chemical structure similar to that of steroidal hormones, has become a research focus because of its anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, but its potential for the treatment of vascular endothelial inflammatory injury by P. multocida infections has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of GA intervention in the treatment of vascular endothelial inflammatory injury by P. multocida infections.

Materials and Methods

Putative targets of GA intervention in the treatment of vascular endothelial inflammatory injury by P. multocida infections were identified using network pharmacological screening and molecular docking simulation. The cell viability of PIEC cells was investigated via the CCK-8 assay. The mechanism of GA intervention in the treatment of vascular endothelial inflammatory injury by P. multocida infections were investigated using cell transfection and western blot.

Results

Through network pharmacological screening and molecular docking simulation, this study found that PARP1 may be a core target for GA to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Mechanistically, GA alleviates P. multocida-induced vascular endothelial inflammation by PARP1-mediated NF-κB and HMGB1 signalling suppression.

Conclusion

These findings, for the first time, demonstrate the potential therapeutic relationship among GA, PARP1 and inflammatory injury, providing a candidate drug, therapeutic targets and explanation for treating vascular endothelial inflammatory injury caused by P. multocida infection.

Exploring the effect and mechanism of Haizao Yuhu decoction containing three variants of glycyrrhiza on goiter using an integrated strategy of network pharmacology and RNA sequencing

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Haizao Yuhu decoction (HYD) is a classic Chinese herbal formula described in the surgical monographs of the Ming Dynasty "Waikezhengzong." It has been widely used to treat goiter for approximately 500 years and found to be particularly effective. HYD contains glycyrrhiza and sargassum. This pair of herbs belongs to "18 incompatible medicaments" of traditional Chinese medicine theory. Although these two herbs are opposite, our preliminary study proved that they have superior effect when added into HYD at 2 times the dose of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the species of glycyrrhiza in HYD that are the most effective have not been recorded in ancient Chinese medical texts. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, glycyrrhiza is divided into the following three species: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish., G. glabra L., and G. inflata Bat. The effect of HYD containing different species of glycyrrhiza and their mechanisms remain to be further explored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effect of HYD containing three species of glycyrrhiza on goiter, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism using network pharmacology combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A rat model of goiter was established by 14 days of intragastric gavage of propylthiouracil (PTU), and the rats were treated for 4 weeks with HYD containing three different species of glycyrrhiza. The body weight and rectal temperature of rats were tested weekly. At the end of the experiment, the serum and thyroid tissues of rats were collected. The effect of the three HYDs was assessed based on general observations (including body weight, rectal temperature, and living status of rats), absolute/relative thyroid weight, thyroid function (including triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels), and thyroid tissue pathology. Next, we explored their pharmacological mechanisms using network pharmacology combined with RNA-seq and validated key targets using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting (WB), and immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

RESULTS

The three HYDs reduced the absolute/relative weights of thyroid tissues and improved the pathological structure, thyroid function, and general findings of rats with goiter. Overall, the effect of HYD-G. uralensis Fish. (HYD-U) was better. Results from network pharmacology and RNA-seq jointly suggested that both the pathogenesis of goiter and the mechanism of action of HYD for goiter were related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) pathway. We validated the key targets in the pathway, namely, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, VEGF receptor 2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) and its encoded protein PI3K (p85), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), phospho-AKT and cyclin D1 using RT-qPCR, WB, and IF assays. The PI3K-Akt pathway was hyperactivated in rats with PTU-induced goiter, whereas the three HYDs could inhibit the pathway.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed the definite effect of the three HYDs in the treatment of goiter, and HYD-U was found to be more effective. The three HYDs inhibited angiogenesis and cell proliferation in goiter tissue by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma: The popular occurrence of herbal medicine applied in classical prescriptions

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is a well-known herbal medicine with a wide range of pharmacological functions that has been used throughout Chinese history. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to this herb and its classical prescriptions. The article discusses the resources and distribution of species, methods of authentication and determination chemical composition, quality control of the original plants and herbal medicines, dosages use, common classical prescriptions, indications, and relevant mechanisms of the active content. Pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity tests, clinical trials, and patent applications are discussed. The review will provide a good starting point for the research and development of classical prescriptions to develop herbal medicines for clinical use.

Glabridin Therapy Reduces Chronic Allodynia, Spinal Microgliosis, and Dendritic Spine Generation by Inhibiting Fractalkine-CX3CR1 Signaling in a Mouse Model of Tibial Fractures

Patients undergoing bone fractures frequently suffer from irritating chronic pain after orthopedic repairs. Chemokine-mediated interactions between neurons and microglia are important steps for neuroinflammation and excitatory synaptic plasticity during the spinal transmission of pathological pain. Recently, glabridin, the main bioactive component of licorice, has been shown to exhibit anti-nociceptive and neuroprotective properties for inflammatory pain. This present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of glabridin and its analgesic mechanisms using a mouse model of tibial fracture-associated chronic pain. Repetitive injections of glabridin were delivered spinally daily for 4 continuous days from days 3 to 6 after the fractures. Herein, we discovered that repeated administrations of glabridin (10 and 50 μg, but not 1 μg) could prevent prolonged cold allodynia and mechanical allodynia following bone fractures. A single intrathecal intervention with glabridin (50 μg) relieved an existing chronic allodynia two weeks following the fracture surgeries. Systemic therapies with glabridin (intraperitoneal; 50 mg kg^-1) were protective against long-lasting allodynia caused by fractures. Furthermore, glabridin restricted the fracture-caused spinal overexpressions of the chemokine fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1, as well as the elevated number of microglial cells and dendritic spines. Strikingly, glabridin induced the inhibition of pain behaviors, microgliosis, and spine generation, which were abolished with the co-administration of exogenous fractalkine. Meanwhile, the exogenous fractalkine-evoked acute pain was compensated after microglia inhibition. Additionally, spinal neutralization of fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling alleviated the intensity of postoperative allodynia after tibial fractures. These key findings identify that glabridin therapies confer protection against inducing and sustaining fracture-elicited chronic allodynia by suppressing fractalkine/CX3CR1-dependent spinal microgliosis and spine morphogenesis, suggesting that glabridin is a promising candidate in the translational development of chronic fracture pain control.

Fast and convenient delivery of fluidextracts liquorice through electrospun core-shell nanohybrids

Introduction: As an interdisciplinary field, drug delivery relies on the developments of modern science and technology. Correspondingly, how to upgrade the traditional dosage forms for a more efficacious, safer, and convenient drug delivery poses a continuous challenge to researchers. Methods, results and discussion: In this study, a proof-of-concept demonstration was conducted to convert a popular traditional liquid dosage form (a commercial oral compound solution prepared from an intermediate licorice fluidextract) into a solid dosage form. The oral commercial solution was successfully encapsulated into the core-shell nanohybrids, and the ethanol in the oral solution was removed. The SEM and TEM evaluations showed that the prepared nanofibers had linear morphologies without any discerned spindles or beads and an obvious core-shell nanostructure. The FTIR and XRD results verified that the active ingredients in the commercial solution were compatible with the polymeric matrices and were presented in the core section in an amorphous state. Three different types of methods were developed, and the fast dissolution of the electrospun core-shell nanofibers was verified. Conclusion: Coaxial electrospinning can act as a nano pharmaceutical technique to upgrade the traditional oral solution into fast-dissolving solid drug delivery films to retain the advantages of the liquid dosage forms and the solid dosage forms.

Review on the Diverse Biological Effects of Glabridin

Glabridin is a prenylated isoflavan from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linne and has posed great impact on the areas of drug development and medicine, due to various biological properties such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-microorganism, bone protection, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetes. Many signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, ERα/SRC-1, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK, have been implicated in the regulatory activities of glabridin. Interestingly, glabridin has been considered as an inhibitor of tyrosinase, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and CYP2E1 and an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), although their molecular regulating mechanisms still need further investigation. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability have greatly limited the clinical applications of glabridin. Hopefully, several effective strategies, such as nanoemulsions, microneedles, and smartPearls formulation, have been developed for improvement.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Qi-Invigorating Effects in Traditional Medicine: Network Pharmacology-Based Study on the Unique Functions of Qi-Invigorating Herb Group

Qi-invigorating herbs (QIHs) are a group of herbs that invigorate Qi, the most vital force for maintaining the physiological functions of the human body in traditional medicine. However, the mechanism underlying the Qi-invigorating effects remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the unique mechanisms of QIHs based on unique compounds, using a network pharmacology approach. QIHs and their compounds were identified using existing literature and the TCMSP database, respectively. Subsequently, a method was proposed to screen for unique compounds that are common in QIHs but rare in other traditional herbs. Unique compounds’ targets were predicted using the TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, and SwissTargetPrediction databases. Finally, enriched GO and KEGG pathways were obtained using DAVID to uncover the biomolecular functions and mechanisms. Thirteen unique compounds, mainly including amino acids and vitamins that participate in energy metabolism and improve Qi deficiency syndrome, were identified among the eight QIHs. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that these compounds commonly participate in neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction and the metabolism of amino acids, and are related to the components of mitochondria and neuronal cells. Our results appropriately reflect the characteristics of traditional Qi-invigorating effects; therefore, this study facilitates the scientific interpretation of Qi functions and provides evidence regarding the treatment effectiveness of QIHs.