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Zheng W, Chen Y, Zhang J, Peng X, Xu P, Niu Y, Dong B. Control of chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water by combined nanofiltration process: A case study with trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142121. [PMID: 38677607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are prevalent contaminants in drinking water and are primarily linked to issues regarding water quality. These contaminants have been associated with various adverse health effects. Among different treatment processes, nanofiltration (NF) has demonstrated superior performance in effectively reducing the levels of DBPs compared to conventional processes and ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) processes. In this experiment, we systematically investigated the performance of three advanced membrane filtration treatment schemes, namely "sand filter + nanofiltration" (SF + NF), "sand filter + ozone-biological activated carbon + nanofiltration" (SF + O3-BAC + NF), and "ultrafiltration + nanofiltration" (UF + NF), in terms of their ability to control disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in treated water, analyzed the source and fate of DBP precursors during chlorination, and elucidated the role of precursor molecular weight distribution during membrane filtration in relation to DBP formation potential (DBPFP). The results indicated that each treatment process reduced DBPFP, as measured by trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP), with the SF + O3-BAC + NF process being the most effective (14.27 μg/L and 14.88 μg/L), followed by the SF + NF process (21.04 μg/L and 16.29 μg/L) and the UF + NF process (26.26 μg/L and 21.75 μg/L). Tyrosine, tryptophan, and soluble microbial products were identified as the major DBP precursors during chlorination, with their fluorescence intensity decreasing gradually as water treatment progressed. Additionally, while large molecular weight organics (60-100,000 KDa) played a minor role in DBPFP, small molecular weight organics (0.2-5 KDa) were highlighted as key contributors to DBPFP, and medium molecular weight organics (5-60 KDa) could adhere to the membrane surface and reduce DBPFP. Based on these findings, the combined NF process can be reasonably selected for controlling DBP formation, with potential long-term benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yalin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Bingzhi Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Chen H, Xie J, Huang C, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Ling Y, Wang L, Zheng Q, Yang X. Database and review of disinfection by-products since 1974: Constituent elements, molecular weights, and structures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132792. [PMID: 37856956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Since trihalomethanes were discovered in 1974, disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have attracted extensive attention. In 2011, more than 600 known DBPs were compiled; however, newly reported DBPs have not been integrated. The rapid development of mass spectrometry has led to a significant increase in the number of DBPs, therefore, there is a need to develop a database of all DBPs and their properties. Herein, a database including 6310 DBPs (651 confirmed, 1478 identified and 4142 proposed) reported between 1974 and 2022 was constructed and made available for public use at https://dbps.com.cn/main. This database can be a tool in screening new DBPs, comprehensively reviewing, and developing predictive models. In this paper, to demonstrate the functions of the database and provide useful information for this area, the origin of the collected DBPs was presented, and some basic information, including elemental composition, molecular weight, functional groups, and carbon frameworks, were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the proportion of DBPs verified by standard compounds and frequently detected in real water is less than 7.0%, and most of DBPs remained to be identified. Approximately 88% of DBPs contain halogens, and brominated -DBPs occupied a similar ratio to chlorinated -DBPs in real water. Acids were the main functional groups of DBPs, aliphatic and aromatic compounds are the two major carbon frameworks, and the molecular weights of most DBPs ranged from 200 to 400 Da. In addition, 4142 proposed DBPs as obtained using high-resolution mass spectrometry, were characterized based on the modified van Krevelen diagram and adjusted indexes with halogens. Most of the proposed DBPs featured lignin and tannin structures, and phenolic/highly unsaturated DBPs account for the majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jidao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China
| | | | - Yining Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuhua Ling
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Yuan Y, Li Q, Deng J, Ma X, Liao X, Zou J, Li G, Chen G, Dai H. Rainwater extracting characteristics and its potential impact on DBPs generation: A case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167282. [PMID: 37769737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Frequent extreme precipitation events due to global warming can lead to large amounts of pollutants entering source water bodies via surface runoff and wet deposition, thus posing a threat to water supply security. In order to better understand the source characteristics and leaching mechanisms of rainwater dissolved organic matter (DOM), as well as its disinfection by-products formation potential (DBPsFP) during disinfection processes, rainwater samples were collected and extracting experiments were conducted. Three components were identified in rainwater through Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, which were microbial humic-like component C1 (63.1 %), protein (tryptophan-like) component C2 (28.9 %), marine or terrestrial humic-like component C3 (8.1 %). The average molecular weight of rainwater fractions was ordered: hydrophobic neutral (HON) < hydrophobic bases (HOB) < hydrophobic acidic (HOA) < hydrophilic (HIS). The HOA and HON fractions of rainwater were the dominant precursors of trihalomethanes (THMs), while the rainwater HON fraction and hydrophilic fraction were the main precursor of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihloroacetonitrile (TCAN), respectively. Subsoil extracts had a higher concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) than topsoil extracts. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) demonstrated that the extraction temperature was the dominant factor affecting the abundance of DOM in the topsoil extracts (R2 = 0.28), while the extraction time accounted more for the abundance of fluorescence substance and physicochemical indices in the subsoil extracts (R2 = 0.23 and 0.32, respectively). These results provide key information for controlling the impacts of global warming, in particular the risk of water sources being heavily contaminated by request rainfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Yuan
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen City, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen City, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jing Zou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Guoyuan Chen
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Huilin Dai
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China
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Liao Y, Ji W, Wang Z, Tian Y, Peng J, Li W, Pan Y, Li A. Effects of alternative disinfection methods on the characteristics of effluent organic matter and the formation of disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122796. [PMID: 37879556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and the type of disinfection methods are closely related to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in reclaimed water. In this study, five disinfection methods, i.e., chlorination, ultraviolet (UV) followed by chlorination (UV + Cl), UV/chlorine (UV/Cl), chloramination, and chlorine dioxide (ClO2), were applied to investigate the changes in the properties of EfOM, the formation of DBPs, and the relationship between EfOM properties and DBP formation during the disinfection of four secondary biological effluents. The results showed that EfOM with medium molecular weight (MW) (0.5-6 kDa) was the dominant fraction for all WWTPs. From a fluorescence perspective, the EfOM of the AAO process was rich in humic matter, while the EfOM of the oxidation ditch (OD) process was rich in protein matter. Disinfectants tended to transfer EfOM with high molecular weight (MW) (>6 kDa) to those with low MW (<0.5 kDa). Chlorination, UV + Cl and UV/Cl were more reactive to humic matter, while chloramination and chlorine dioxide were more reactive to protein matter. The formation of known DBPs was mainly dependent on humic matter, while protein matter was more likely to generate unknown DBPs. N-DBPs only accounted for 5.7%-17.7% of the total DBPs, but contributed more than 70% of the calculated toxicity, among which bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and monobromoacetamide (MBAcAm) were the most important contributors to the calculated cytotoxicity. Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) and MBAcAm were the primary drivers of the calculated genotoxicity. Overall, UV + Cl was the suggested optimal disinfection method for WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yechao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiandong Peng
- Huai'an Water Supply Co., Ltd, Huai'an, 223001, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Keaonaborn D, Na-Phatthalung W, Keawchouy S, Jaichuedee J, Sinyoung S, Musikavong C. Emerging disinfection by-products formation of various molecular weight organic matter fractions in raw water contaminated with treated wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:831-843. [PMID: 37501342 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2238588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Combining dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw water (RW) with DOM in treated wastewater (TWW) can react with chlorine and pose emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study evaluated DOM based on the molecular weight (MW) size fractionation, trihalomethane, iodinated-trihalomethane, haloacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane formation potential (THMFP, I-THMFP, HANFP, and TCNMFP) of the RW from the U-Tapao Canal, Songkhla, Thailand and the RW mixed with TWW (RW + TWW) samples. The RW and RW + TWW were treated by coagulation with poly aluminum chloride. The DOM of RW and RW + TWW and their treated water was distributed most in the MW below 1 kDa. The MWs of 3-10 kDa and 1-3 kDa were the active DOM involved in the specific THMFP for the RW + TWW. The MW of < 1 kDa in the RW + TWW resulted in a slightly high specific I-THMFP and HANFP. The MW of 1 - 3 kDa in the coagulated samples had a high specific I-THMFP. The MW of > 10 kDa in the coagulated RW + TWW was a precursor for a particular HANFP. Monitoring systems for measuring the level of TWW mixed with RW and an effective process to enhance the efficiency of traditional water treatment must be set up to produce a consumer-safe water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dararat Keaonaborn
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Na-Phatthalung
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suthiwan Keawchouy
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Jaichuedee
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suthatip Sinyoung
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Charongpun Musikavong
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, Thailand
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Cai L, Huang H, Li Q, Deng J, Ma X, Zou J, Li G, Chen G. Formation characteristics and acute toxicity assessment of THMs and HAcAms from DOM and its different fractions in source water during chlorination and chloramination. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138696. [PMID: 37062392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation characteristics of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetamides (HAcAms) from dissolved organic matter and its fractions were investigated during chlorine-based disinfection processes. The relationships between water quality parameters, fluorescence parameters, and the formation levels of THMs and HAcAms were analyzed. The fractions contributing most to the acute toxicity were identified. The trichloromethane (TCM) generation level (72 h) generally followed the order of Cl2 > NH2Cl > NHCl2 process. The NHCl2 process was superior to the NH2Cl process in controlling TCM formation. Hydrophobic acidic substance (HOA), hydrophobic neutral substance (HON), and hydrophilic substance (HIS) were identified as primary precursors of 2,2-dichloroacetamide and trichloroacetamide during chlorination and chloramination. The formation of TCM mainly resulted from HOA, HON and HIS fractions relatively uniformly, while HOA and HIS fractions contributed more to the formation of bromodichloromethane and dibromomonochloromethane. UV254 could be used as an alternative indicator for the amount of ΣTHMs formed during chlorination and chloramination processes. Dissolved organic nitrogen was a potential precursor of 2,2-dichloroacetamide during chlorination process. The fractions with the highest potential acute toxicity after the chlorination were water-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Cai
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China; Fujian Metrology Institute, Fujian, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Huahan Huang
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Jing Zou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Guoyuan Chen
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Song J, Wang J, Wang D. Changes in the structural characteristics of EfOM during coagulation by aluminum chloride and the effect on the formation of disinfection byproducts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116850. [PMID: 36436437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of coagulation on the removal efficiency of different fractions of effluent organic matter (EfOM) from wastewater treatment plants were investigated to identify changes in their structural characteristics and the influences on trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP). The results indicated that coagulation performed better for the removal of hydrophobic base (HOB) and hydrophobic neutral (HON) fractions than hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic acid (HOA) fractions. The removal efficiency was higher under neutral than under acidic conditions for all fractions. As a result, lower levels of THMFP and HAAFP were detected at pH7. The excitation-emission matrix spectra indicated that the HI fraction contained humic acid-like substances that reacted with chlorine to form THMs. The HON fraction contained soluble microbial byproduct-like substances with a higher potential to create HAAs. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) of the raw and coagulated water indicated that a higher molecular weight, α-carbon, COOH, aromatic structures, and polysaccharides were associated with a higher production of disinfection byproducts (DBP). These results elucidate the coagulation efficiencies of EfOM fractions associated with different mechanisms and facilitate the prediction of DBP formation by each fraction based on specific structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Song
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China.
| | - Juncheng Wang
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China
| | - Dongyun Wang
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China
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Hu Q, Wang R, Gan Y, Zhang Y, Bao H, Zhang L, Qu G, Wang T. Chlorinated disinfection by-product formation during DOM removal by discharge plasma: Insights into DOC structure alterations. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Xu X, Wang B, Shen J, Kang J, Zhao S, Yan P, Chen Z. Characteristics and disinfection by-product formation potential of dissolved organic matter in reservoir water in cold area. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134769. [PMID: 35500634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The severe cold in winter with harsh natural conditions in Northeastern China seriously affect the water quality of the reservoir, showing the increased content and more complex types of organic matter, which brings severe challenges to the control of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treatment with reservoir water as the water source. In this study, the fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source water at before ice formation period (P1), ice-age period (P2), and ice begin to melt period (P3) were separated by membrane separation technology. Subsequently, the contributions of DOM fractions with different molecular weights (MW) to DOC, UV254, and SUVA254, and their disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) were evaluated. Although DOM with high MW (5-10 kDa) contributed the most to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254, but the contribution of DOM with low MW (0-1 kDa) to DBPs formation could not be ignored, especially during ice-age period. There was no significant difference in the total numbers of DOM formula belonged to low MW fraction at these three periods, mainly including lignin, followed by N-containing saturated compounds and tannins. Additionally, redundancy analysis revealed that DOC and UV254 as the predictors had good correlation with DBPFP, while SUVA254 could not be used as a single indicator to predict the generation potential of DBPs, and could be used as the prediction factors together with AImodwa parameter closely related to DBPFP. The study provided key information for controlling the DBPs formation of DOM in water, especially in the ice-age period, and provided the theoretical basis for water plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pengwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Dos Santos NDO, Teixeira LA, Zhou Q, Burke G, C Campos L. Fenton pre-oxidation of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment through the application of iron nails. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2590-2603. [PMID: 33577403 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1890838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated for the first time the efficiency of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) zero valent iron/hydrogen peroxide (ZVI/H2O2) employing iron nails for the removal of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) from natural water of Regent's Park lake, London, UK. The low cost of nails and their easy separation from the water after the treatment make this AOP attractive for water utilities in low- and middle-income countries. The process was investigated as a pre-oxidation step for drinking water treatment. Results showed that UV254 removal in the natural water was lower than that of simulated water containing commercial humic acid (HA), indicating a matrix effect. Statistical analysis confirmed the maximum removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural water depends on the initial pH (best at 4.5) and H2O2 dosage (best at 100% excess of stoichiometric dosage). DOC and UV254 removals under this operational condition were 51% and 89%, respectively. Molecular weight (MW) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) were significantly reduced to 74% and 78%, respectively. Formation of Chloroform THM in natural water sample after the ZVI/H2O2 process (initial pH 4.5) was below the limit for drinking water, and 48% less than the THM formation in the same water not subjected to pre-oxidation. Characterization of oxidation products on the iron-nail-ZVI surface after the ZVI/H2O2 treatment by SEM, XRD, and XPS identified the formation of magnetite and lepidocrocite. Results suggest that the investigated ZVI/H2O2 process is a promising technology for removing NOM and reducing THM formation during drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara de O Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luiz A Teixeira
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Peroxidos do Brasil Ltda - Solvay Group
| | - Qizhi Zhou
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Grace Burke
- Materials Performance Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Wang P, Ding S, Xiao R, An G, Fang C, Chu W. Enhanced coagulation for mitigation of disinfection by-product precursors: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 296:102518. [PMID: 34507242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The unintended formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) has received considerable attention as it may pose risks to human health. Coagulation is the most common process for removing particulates as well as dissolved organic matter (DOM) (i.e., DBP precursors) during drinking water and wastewater treatments. With the improvement of water quality standards and the increased fluctuation in source water quality, conventional coagulation becomes challenging. Thus, significant efforts have been made to enhance coagulation to promote the removal of DOM in source water and mitigate the formation of DBPs in drinking water. This review provides a brief summary of the properties of DBP precursors and summarizes the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation involving three types of coagulants (metal-based coagulants, organic polymers, and organic-inorganic hybrid coagulants) in controlling the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination disinfection. Metal-based coagulants can achieve a reduction in DBP formation potential of approximately 20%-60% in natural water under enhanced coagulation conditions. Both the organic polymers (used as coagulant aids) and novel hybrid coagulants increase the removal of DOM and exhibit high potential for mitigating DBP formation. In addition, integrated treatments combining coagulation with other treatment processes (e.g., oxidation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and adsorption) to enhance DBP precursor removal are evaluated in terms of performance, mechanisms, and features. Advanced treatments, such as membrane filtration and activated carbon adsorption, are effective coagulation-assisted processes, and can further control chlorinated DBPs; however, the elevated formation of bromate or highly brominated DBPs is of particular concern.
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12
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Pan Z, Zhu Y, Wei M, Zhang Y, Yu K. Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with sodium hypochlorite in bromide-containing synthetic water: Reaction kinetics and transformation pathways. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:170-184. [PMID: 33637242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven popular fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in synthetic marine aquaculture water were subject to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection scenario to investigate their reaction kinetics and transformation during chlorination. Reactivity of each FQ to NaClO was following the order of ofloxacin (OFL) > enrofloxacin (ENR) > lomefloxacin (LOM) > ciprofloxacin (CIP) ~ norfloxacin (NOR) >> pipemedic acid (PIP), while flumequine did not exhibit reactivity. The coexisting chlorine ions and sulfate ions in the water slightly facilitated the oxidation of FQs by NaClO, while humic acid was inhibitable to their degradation. The bromide ions promoted degradation of CIP and LOM, but restrained oxidation of OFL and ENR. By analysis of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), eight kinds of emerging brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) caused by FQS were primarily identified in the chlorinated synthetic marine culture water. Through density functional theory calculation, the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) characteristic as well as the charge distribution of the FQs were obtained to clarify transformation mechanisms. Their formation involved decarboxylation, ring-opening/closure, dealkylation and halogenation. Chlorine substitution occurred on the ortho-position of FQs's N4 and bromine substitution occurred on C8 position. The piperazine ring containing tertiary amine was comparatively stable, while this moiety with a secondary amine structure would break down during chlorination. Additionally, logKow and logBAF of transformation products were calculated by EPI-SuiteTM to analyze their bioaccumulation. The values indicated that Br-DBPs are easier to accumulate in the aquatic organism relative to their chloro-analogues and parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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13
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Wu L, Jin X, Zhao T, Wang H, Dai Z. Impact factors of the degradation of bisphenol A by nitrocellulose membrane under illumination. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:193-202. [PMID: 33279032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) can produce hydroxyl radicals under illumination, which promotes the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants. In this paper, NCM was used to oxidize bisphenol A (BPA) under simulated sunlight. The effects of pH, temperature, light intensity, anion and cation on the degradation of BPA were analyzed. The photodegradation process of BPA was discussed. The optimal photolysis rate was 0.031 min-1 when the temperature was 30°C, the light intensity was 2.67 × 104 Lux, and the pH value was 9.0. The alkaline environment, temperature and light intensity can promote the photodegradation of BPA. Except for nitrate ions, anions and cations can inhibit the photodegradation of BPA. Compared with cations, anions have a greater inhibitory effect on BPA degradation. The degradation products of BPA by NCM were analyzed by gas chromatographic/mass. This study may provide useful information for the BPA degradation by NCM in complex water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Coal-Bed Methane and Shale Gas of Henan, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Xinmiao Jin
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Tongqian Zhao
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
| | - Haipo Wang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Zhifeng Dai
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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Xiang W, Chang J, Qu R, Albasher G, Wang Z, Zhou D, Sun C. Transformation of bromophenols by aqueous chlorination and exploration of main reaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129112. [PMID: 33288278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are ubiquitous phenolic contaminants and typical halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are commonly detected in aquatic environments. The transformation of 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) during chlorination process was fully explored in this research. It was found that active chlorine can react with 2,4-DBP effectively in a wide pH range of 5.0-11.0, with an apparent second-order rate constant (kapp) varying from 0.8 M-1 s-1 to 110.3 M-1 s-1. The addition of 5 mM ammonium ions almost completely suppressed the reaction via competitive consumption of free chlorine. With the concentration of HA increasing from 1.0 to 10.0 mg L-1, the inhibition on the degradation of 2,4-DBP increased from 8.7% to 63.4%. By contrast, bromide ions at a concentration of 5 mM accelerated the process by about 4 times, due to the formation of hypobromous acid. On the basis of the eleven products (with eight nominal masses) identified by LC-TOF-MS, electrophilic substitution reactions and single-electron transfer reactions were mainly involved in the chlorination process. The concentration of primary chlorine-substituted products was about 4 times that of the dimer products, demonstrating that electrophilic substitution reaction was predominant during chlorination of 2,4-DBP. Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations revealed that HOCl is the dominant active oxidizing species for elimination of 2,4-DBP and coupling reaction occurs more easily at para and ortho position of hydroxyl group in the phenolic moiety. These findings could provide some new insights into the environmental fate of bromophenols during chlorine disinfection of water and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jingyi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Gadah Albasher
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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15
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Zhang S, Lin T, Chen H, Xu H, Chen W, Tao H. Precursors of typical nitrogenous disinfection byproducts: Characteristics, removal, and toxicity formation potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140566. [PMID: 32721729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) in drinking water has become a widespread concern. In this study, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dicholoacetamide (DCAcAm) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were chosen as representatives to clarify the characteristics of N-DBP precursors in the raw waters of Taihu Lake, the Yangtze River, and Gaoyou Lake. Removal of DCAN and DCAcAm precursors must focus on nonpolar and positively charged organics, but more attention should be paid to micromolecular, polar and non-positively charged organics as TCNM precursors. Compared to molecular weight (MW) and hydrophilicity fractionation, polarity and electrical classification have higher selectivity to intercept N-DBP precursors. The properties of N-DBP precursors are relatively fixed and traceable in water systems, which could contribute to their targeted removal. Based on investigation of their characteristics, the removal efficiency and preferences of organic precursors under different processes were studied in three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The TCNM precursors produced in preozonation can be effectively removed during coagulation. The cumulative removal efficiency of conventional processes on N-DBP precursors was approximately 20-30%, but O3/BAC process improved removal by about 40%. The key to improving the removal efficiency of N-DBP precursors by O3/BAC is that it can significantly remove low-MW, nonpolar, positively charged, hydrophilic and transphilic organics. In combined toxicity trials, both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity showed a synergistic effect when DCAN, DCAcAm, and TCNM coexisted, which means that low-level toxicity enhancement in the actual water merits attention. DCAN precursors dominated in the toxicity formation potential (TFP), followed by TCNM precursors. In addition, the removal rate of total N-DBP precursors may be higher than that of TFP, leading to overly optimistic evaluation of precursor removal in water treatment practice. Therefore, the removal effect on TFP must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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16
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Liu L, Tang Y, Yang W, Li W, Fang B, Zhong Y, Yin M, Chen Y, Yang H. Characteristics and disinfection byproducts formation potential of dissolved organic matter released from fast-growing Eucalyptus urophylla leaves. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126017. [PMID: 32035383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Every year, the harvesting of Eucalyptus generates a large amount of abandoned Eucalyptus leaves (ELs), which may release dissolved organic matter (DOM) when immersed in water. If these substances are carried by surface runoff directly to the source of drinking water, some components in the DOM tend to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) within the water-supply system, posing risk to human health. In this study, the characteristics of DOM released from leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla were studied and the potential of DBPs formation of the EL-released DOM during the chlorination process was investigated. The results showed that the EL-released DOM was mainly composed of small molecules and hydrophobic substances. Of the total EL-released DOM, the proportion with molecular weight less than 10 kDa accounted for over 80% and the hydrophobic substances took up over 62%. The DOM showed strong absorbance at UV254 and the fluorescence response corresponding to humic acid-like (HA-like) fractions, soluble microbial byproduct-like, aromatic protein and fulvic acid-like (FA-like) material, which have been considered to be related to the potential precursors of chlorinated DBPs. Non-targeted screening demonstrated the presence of phenolics, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The analysis of products generated in chlorination process revealed the formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and the total organic halogen (TOX). The present study fully confirms that the DOM released from Eucalyptus urophylla leaves has great potential for the generation of chlorinated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yankui Tang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wenlu Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yaxuan Zhong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Maozhong Yin
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Huiyi Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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17
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He J, Wang F, Zhao T, Liu S, Chu W. Characterization of dissolved organic matter derived from atmospheric dry deposition and its DBP formation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115368. [PMID: 31841956 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors can be regarded mainly from the drinking water sources and the water treatment processes. A recent study showed that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in atmosphere is an important precursor source of DBPs through atmospheric wet deposition. However, little information is available on the characteristics of DOM derived from dry deposition particulate matter (PM) and the impact of dry deposition on CX3R-type DBP formation. This study determined whether dry deposition directly contributed the production of DBPs during chlor (am)ination and investigated the mechanism behind the contribution based on the combination of the resin and membrane for fractionating DOM fractions. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction (HPI) contributed the most DOM and low molecular weight DOM (<10 kDa) was the main component of HPI. In addition, aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products-like compounds were the dominant fluorescent species in DOM derived from PM, and <10 kDa transphilic was the most abundant. The concentrations of C-DBPs and N-DBPs in disinfected PM solution were trihalomethanes (THMs) > haloacetic acids (HAAs) > haloaldehydes and haloacetamides > haloacetonitriles > halonitromethanes for both chlorination and chloramination. The main contributors of calculated toxicity are transphilic and hydrophobic in chlorination and chloramination respectively. Dry deposition PM was deduced to contribute DOM and DBP formation after chlorination in surface water, especially THMs and HAAs. These results presented herein provide key information for controlling DBPs from the perspectives of atmospheric dry deposition, especially in the case of heavy air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Shaogang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530008, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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18
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Xu B, Iskander SM, He Z. Dominant formation of unregulated disinfection by-products during electrocoagulation treatment of landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109006. [PMID: 31863939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of landfill leachate, the production of chlorine species may result in the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). This formation was investigated in the present study by monitoring five classes of DBPs (haloacetic acids-HAA, trihalomethanes-THM, haloacetonitriles-HAN, haloketones-HK, and halonitromethanes-HNM) in two leachate samples treated by EC. It was shown that the applied current has stimulated the formation of DBPs, which were dominated by unregulated DBPs. With a current density of 100 mA cm-2, the unregulated HK dominated the weight-based DBP concentration (96% in Leachate A and 44.3% in Leachate B), while the unregulated HAN contributed to >80% of the DBP additive toxicity in both leachates. The concentrations of regulated THM and HAA species were below US EPA regulations. The in situ generation of active chlorine has resulted in the DBP formation, as demonstrated in the scavenging test. Applying granular activated carbon as a post-treatment step could successfully reduce the total DBP concentration from 295.33 μg L-1 to 82.04 μg L-1 in Leachate A, leading to a total DBP removal of 72.2% and a toxicity removal of 50%. Given the dominant concentration and lack of toxicity information, the unregulated DBPs should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Syeed Md Iskander
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Wu H, Chen Z, Sheng F, Ling J, Jin X, Wang C, Gu C. Characterization for the transformation of dissolved organic matters during ultraviolet disinfection by differential absorbance spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125374. [PMID: 31759217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during various disinfection processes has raised great concerns due to the generation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is an effective method for drinking water disinfection, during which DOM undergoes changes in functional groups and molecular weight. In this study, the spectrophotometric titration and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) determination were employed to investigate the changes in oxygenated groups and weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of two typical DOM during UV irradiation. The differential absorbance spectra (DAS) of DOM could be deconvoluted into six Gaussian bands. The change of relative band intensity was attributed to the change of oxygenated groups (carboxylic and phenolic groups), which was confirmed by combining DAS data and revised Non-Ideal Competitive Adsorption -Donnan model. The GPC result demonstrated that the Mw of DOM decreased after UV disinfection. Moreover, a linear correlation between Mw and the intensity of deconvoluted Gaussian band from DAS was established, which might be served as an alternative approach to estimate Mw and predict the hydrophobicity and DBPs formation potential of DOM in drinking water treatment and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhanghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Feng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jingyi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Zhang A, Wang F, Chu W, Yang X, Pan Y, Zhu H. Integrated control of CX 3R-type DBP formation by coupling thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and chloramination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:304-312. [PMID: 31154128 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The alternative disinfectant chloramine can lower the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) but promote the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic. In this study, the combination of thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and post-chloramination (TA/PS-NH2Cl) was proposed to control the formation and reduce the toxicity of both C-DBPs and N-DBPs. The formation, speciation and toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes and haloacetamides, collectively defined as CX3R-type DBPs, under TA/PS-NH2Cl process were compared with processes of chlorination alone (Cl2), chloramination alone (NH2Cl) and coupled thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation with post-chlorination (TA/PS-Cl2). Results showed that chloramination could reduce formation of C-DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX) while increase N-DBP formation, and the introduction of TA/PS pretreatment process slightly increased the formation of C-DBPs and TOX but sharply reduced the formation of N-DBPs with higher toxicity as well as brominated CX3R-type DBPs that are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. By comprehensive toxicity calculation, an outright decline of both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity risk of CX3R-type DBPs was observed during TA/PS-NH2Cl process compared with Cl2, NH2Cl, and TA/PS-Cl2 processes. In summary, TA/PS-NH2Cl process was a potential effective method for integrally controlling the formation of CX3R-type DBPs and their toxicity and is suggested to be used to treat raw waters containing no bromide or low levels of bromide considering bromate caused by TA/PS pre-oxidation. The study may provide a feasible and economical method for DBP control on the background of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- Shanghai Municipal Water Supply Dispatching and Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200002, China
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Neale PA, Leusch FDL. Assessing the role of different dissolved organic carbon and bromide concentrations for disinfection by-product formation using chemical analysis and bioanalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17100-17109. [PMID: 31001769 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding disinfection by-product (DBP) formation during drinking water treatment have led water utilities to apply treatment processes to reduce the concentration of DBP precursor natural organic matter (NOM). However, these processes often do not remove bromide, leading to high bromide to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratios after treatment, which can increase the formation of more toxic brominated DBPs. In the current study, we investigated the formation and effect of DBPs in a matrix of synthetic water samples containing different concentrations of bromide and DOC after disinfection with chlorine. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were analysed by chemical analysis, while effect was evaluated using in vitro bioassays indicative of the oxidative stress response and bacterial toxicity. While the addition of increasing bromide concentrations did not alter the sum molar concentration of DBPs formed, the speciation changed, with greater bromine incorporation with an increasing Br:DOC ratio. However, the observed effect did not correlate with the Br:DOC ratio, but instead, effect increased with increasing DOC concentration. Water samples with low DOC and high bromide did not exceed the available oxidative stress response effect-based trigger value (EBT), while all samples with high DOC, irrespective of the bromide concentration, exceeded the EBT. This suggests that treatment processes that remove NOM can improve drinking water quality, even if they are unable to remove bromide. Further, iceberg modelling showed that detected DBPs only explained a small fraction of the oxidative stress response, supporting the application of both chemical analysis and bioanalysis for monitoring DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Zhang A, Gu Z, Chen W, Li Q, Jiang G. Removal of refractory organic pollutants in reverse-osmosis concentrated leachate by Microwave-Fenton process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28907-28916. [PMID: 30105675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A microwave-Fenton technology was applied to dispose of the reverse-osmosis concentrated leachate. Influential factors on the treatment of concentrated leachate with the pure Fenton and microwave-Fenton method were investigated. For the conventional Fenton process, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), UV254, and the color number (CN) reached 84%, 87%, and 96%, respectively, with the biodegradability (BOD5/CODCr) increased from 0.13 to 0.51 at an initial pH of 5.0, Fe2+ of 0.04 mol/L, a n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+) ratio of 8 after a reaction time of 3 h. When incorporating the Fenton process with microwave irradiation, a comparative CODCr and UV254, and the CN removal rate of 75%, 83%, and 95%, and a high BOD5/CODCr of 0.62 were achieved under a microwave power of 390 W and an extremely shortened reaction time of only 8 min. Meanwhile, sludge quantity showed a reduction of 24.7%, decreased from 8.50 g/L to 6.40 g/L after the participation of microwave. In addition, molecular-weight fraction (MWF), UV-visible spectrum (UV-vis), and 3D-EEM spectrum tests demonstrated that the macromolecular and complex organic compounds in the wastewater were significantly decomposed into small molecular matters. Our results found that microwave-Fenton is a promising technology for concentrated leachate treatment, with much shorter reaction time, lower sludge production, and enhanced biodegradability, as well as comparative organic matter removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Waste Water Treatment, Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Chemistry and Material Science of Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Zhepei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Special Waste Water Treatment, Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Chemistry and Material Science of Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Geosciences and Environmental Engineering of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Waste Water Treatment, Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Chemistry and Material Science of Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, Sichuan Province, China
- Geosciences and Environmental Engineering of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Guobin Jiang
- Geosciences and Environmental Engineering of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
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