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Fikri F, Hendrawan D, Wicaksono AP, Purnomo A, Khairani S, Chhetri S, Purnama MTE, Çalışkan H. Colic incidence, risk factors, and therapeutic management in a working horse population in Tuban, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:963-972. [PMID: 38911082 PMCID: PMC11188878 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.963-972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Colic is the primary problem affecting equestrian care worldwide. The primary cause of colic is digestive diseases; however, they can also affect organs from different systems in the abdominal region. In addition to a prior history of the disease and its treatment, risk factors may be assessed to determine the etiology of the disease in horses without or with a history of colic. This study aimed to present a summary of the incidence, risk factors, and medical procedures for colic in horses. Materials and Methods Based on owner reports, 223 horses in Tuban, Indonesia, suspected of having colic were investigated. During the investigation of clinical parameters, investigators went door-to-door with interested horse owners to gather information about potential risk factors related to equine colic. Information on horses diagnosed with colic was obtained from the medical records of treatment. A Chi-square test was used to investigate the potential association between the risk factors, medical protocol, and the outcome of colic in horses. Results Of the 187 cases, spasmodic colic was the most common (48.13%), but 17 (9.09%) had no definitive diagnosis. Poor body condition scores (χ2 = 58.73; p < 0.001), wheat bran feeding (χ2 = 26.79; p < 0.001), concentrate (χ2 = 10.66; p < 0.01), less access to water (χ2 = 128.24; p < 0.001), recurrence of colic (χ2 = 85.64; p < 0.001), no deworming program (χ2 = 54.76; p < 0.001), the presence of gastrointestinal parasites (χ2 = 56.79; p < 0.001), stressed physical activity (χ2 = 28.53; p < 0.001), and summer season (χ2 = 7.83; p < 0.01) were the risk factors for colic. We further reported that 185 (98.93%) patients who received the following medical interventions recovered: injection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was necessary, Vitamin B complex (χ2 = 39.98; p < 0.001), fluid therapy (χ2 = 92.99; p < 0.001), and gastric intubation (χ2 = 4.09; p < 0.05). Conclusion The importance of colic was demonstrated in 187 (83.86%) of the 223 horses investigated in Tuban, Indonesia, documented. In this study, recommendations for medical procedures when colic risk factors have been determined are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Fikri
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
| | - Dodit Hendrawan
- Animal Health Division, Indonesian Horse Veterinarian Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Purnomo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shafia Khairani
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Shekhar Chhetri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Punakha, Bhutan
| | - Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Hakan Çalışkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye
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Kwak YB, Yoo HH, Yoon J. The impact of the administration of red ginseng ( Panax ginseng) on lipid metabolism and free fatty acid profiles in healthy horses using a molecular networking approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1285000. [PMID: 38332753 PMCID: PMC10851614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1285000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential benefits of the administration of red ginseng (RG) on lipid metabolism and the profiles of individual free fatty acids (FFAs) in healthy horses. Eight healthy horses, raised under similar conditions, were randomly divided into two groups, each comprising four horses. The experimental group received powdered RG (600 mg/kg/day) mixed with a carrier, and the control group received only the carrier. The parameters associated with lipid metabolism and probable adverse effects were evaluated in both groups after 3 weeks. The computational molecular networking (MN) approach was applied to analyze the FFA profiles. The results indicated that RG administration significantly reduced blood triglyceride levels in the experimental group. Analysis of the FFAs using MN revealed significant decreases in specific types of FFAs (C12:0, dodecanoic acid; C14:0, myristric acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid). RG consumption did not produce significant adverse effects on the renal, hepatic, and immune functions. Thus, RG was found to effectively modulate lipid metabolism and the levels of individual FFAs. The application of the MN for the analysis of FFAs represents a novel approach and can be considered for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kwak
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Referral Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Kwak YB, Lee E, Choi H, Park T, Kim A, Kim J, Yoon J, Yoo HH. A pharmacokinetic study on red ginseng with furosemide in equine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1319998. [PMID: 38076549 PMCID: PMC10704239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1319998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) is a popular ingredient in traditional Korean medicine that has various health benefits. It is commonly taken orally as a dietary supplement; however, its potential interactions with concomitantly administered drugs are unclear. In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetic interaction between furosemide and RG in equine plasma. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to evaluate ginsenosides in the plasma of horses after feeding them RG and furosemide and validate the results. A single bolus of furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to female horses that had consumed RG (600 mg/kg/day) every morning for 3 weeks (experimental group), and blood samples were collected from 0 to 24 h, analyzed, and compared with those from female horses that did not consume RG (control group). Four (20s)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) were detected in the plasma. Rb1 and Rc individually showed a high concentration distribution in the plasma. The Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of furosemide was significantly increased in the experimental group (p < 0.05), while the CL, Vz, and Vss was decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These changes indicate the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between furosemide and RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kwak
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyu Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Choi
- Training Support Team, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungon Kim
- Management Team, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Beghelli D, Zallocco L, Angeloni C, Bistoni O, Ronci M, Cavallucci C, Mazzoni MR, Nuccitelli A, Catalano C, Hrelia S, Lucacchini A, Giusti L. Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata, Verbascum thapsus, and Curcuma longa in Show Jumping Horses: Effects on Serum Proteome, Antioxidant Status, and Anti-Inflammatory Gene Expression. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030750. [PMID: 36983904 PMCID: PMC10055707 DOI: 10.3390/life13030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense exercise can cause inflammation and oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species. These pathophysiological processes are interdependent, and each one can induce the other, creating a vicious circle. A placebo-controlled blind study was carried out in show jumping horses (n. 16) to evaluate the effects of a commercial dietary supplement (Dolhorse® N.B.F. Lanes srl, Milan, Italy) containing Verbascum thapsus leaf powder (1.42%), Curcuma longa (14.280 mg/kg), and Boswellia serrata (Roxb ex Colebr) (14.280 mg/kg) extracts. Before and after 10 days of dietary supplementation, blood samples were collected to evaluate the protein levels, antioxidants, and inflammatory responses by proteomic analysis or real-time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time RT-PCR). A total of 36 protein spots, connected to 29 proteins, were modulated by dietary supplementation, whereas real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1α (p < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (0.005), toll-like receptor 4 (p < 0.05), and IKBKB (p < 0.05) in supplemented sport horses. Immunoglobulin chains, gelsolin, plasminogen, vitamin D binding protein, apolipoprotein AIV, and filamin B were overexpressed, whereas haptoglobin, α-2-HS-glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, afamin, amine oxidase, 60S acidic ribosomal protein, and complement fragments 3, 4, and 7 were reduced. No effect was observed on the antioxidant defense systems. The present results suggest this phytotherapy may reinforce the innate immune responses, thus representing a valid adjuvant to alleviate inflammation, which is a pathophysiological process in sport horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Beghelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (L.G.); Tel.: +39-737-403201 (D.B.); +39-737-402916 (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Onelia Bistoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Nuccitelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (L.G.); Tel.: +39-737-403201 (D.B.); +39-737-402916 (L.G.)
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Dockalova H, Baholet D, Batik A, Zeman L, Horky P. Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes by Horses Subjected to Physical Exertion. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 113:103937. [PMID: 35318098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) provides several possible benefits for horses, namely anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Silybin exerts also pronounced effects on energy metabolism, that could be useful for sport horses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of milk thistle seed cakes (in the form of a granulated mixture with barley) on blood biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LDH, the total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TAG, BHB, NEFA, creatine kinase, lactate, glucose, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, cortisol, calcium, and phosphorus) to monitor the differences between the experimental (milk thistle in feed) and control horses after exposure of the monitored horses to heavy physical exercise (combined driving) total number of horses was 12 Czech Warmblood breed horses. The digestibility of silymarin (and its individual flavonolignans) and basic nutrients are also monitored in this study. Statistically significant differences (P < .05) were found mainly in plasma cortisol and NEFA levels. The results of this study confirmed the results of our previous studies. These results suggest that the feeding of milk thistle seed cakes has a possible positive effect on horse health and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Dockalova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Baholet
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Batik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Zeman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Zhang X, Liu X, Chang S, Zhang C, Du W, Hou F. Effect of Cistanche deserticola on Rumen Microbiota and Rumen Function in Grazing Sheep. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840725. [PMID: 35432287 PMCID: PMC9009397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, veterinary drugs and chemical additives have been widely used in livestock and poultry breeding to improve production performance. However, problems such as drug residues in food are causing serious concerns. The use of functional plants and their extracts to improve production performance is becoming increasingly popular. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cistanche deserticola in sheep feed on rumen flora and to analyze the causes to provide a theoretical basis for the future use of Cistanche deserticola as a functional substance to improve sheep production performance. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted using 24 six-month-old sheep males divided into four groups (six animals in each group) which were fed a basic diet composed of alfalfa and tall fescue grass. The C. deserticola feed was provided to sheep at different levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%) as experimental treatments. On the last day (Day 75), ruminal fluid was collected through a rumen tube for evaluating changes in rumen flora. The test results showed that Prevotella_1, Lactobacillus, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were the dominant species at the genus level in all samples. Lactobacillus, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Butyrivibrio_2, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group differed significantly in relative abundance among the treatment groups. The polysaccharides in C. deserticola was the major factor influencing the alteration in rumen flora abundance, and had the functions of improving rumen fermentation environment and regulating rumen flora structure, etc. Hence, C. deserticola can be used to regulate rumen fermentation in grazing sheep to improve production efficiency.
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Tilahun M, Zhao L, Guo Z, Shen Y, Ma L, Callaway TR, Xu J, Bu D. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fresh fruit as new feed source to enhance ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Triaux Z, Briard L, Petit O, Marchioni E, Julien-David D. Effect of simulated foregut digestion on the antioxidant capacity of plants naturally consumed by horses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dockalova H, Zeman L, Baholet D, Batik A, Skalickova S, Horky P. Dose Effect of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on the Digestibility of Nutrients, Flavonolignans and the Individual Components of the Silymarin Complex in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061687. [PMID: 34198877 PMCID: PMC8227783 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle seeds contain a mixture of flavonoids known as silymarin, which consists of silybin, isosilybin, silychristine, and silydianin. Until now, there has been no evidence of monitoring the digestibility of silymarin complex in horses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the digestibility of silymarin complex and the effect of nutrient digestibility in horses. Different daily feed doses (FD) of milk thistle expeller (0 g, 100 g, 200 g, 400 g, 700 g) were administered to five mares kept under the same conditions and at the same feed rations. Digestibility of silymarin complex was monitored by HPLC-UV. Digestible energy (DE), crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude ash, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were determined according ISO/IEC 17025:2017. The biochemical profile of blood plasma (total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triacyl glyceride (TAG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, urea, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant status (TAS), glucose, calcium, and inorganic phosphate) was investigated. Moreover, the flavonolignans of the silymarin complex in plasma were detected. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between daily doses of milk thistle expellers in digestibilities. Our findings showed the digestibility of flavonolignans increased with the daily dose and then stagnated with the dose of milk thistle seed cakes at 700 g/day.
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Chen PY, Chang HL, Ma M. Feeding Preference of Altica deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) for Leaves of Glycyrrhiza inflata and G. uralensis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190267. [PMID: 34076084 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A leaf-disc-test method was used under controlled laboratory conditions to determine the feeding preference of Altica deserticola Latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on leaves of two liquorice species, Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin and G. uralensis Fisch. ex DC. Leaf hardness and thickness, cuticle thickness, and nitrogen and tannin contents were compared between the two liquorices to explore their feeding resistance to A. deserticola. The larvae ate only G. uralensis leaves, while the adults fed on the leaves of both species but preferred those of G. inflata. The leaf hardness and thickness and cuticle thickness, as well as the nitrogen, total tannins, tannin chemicals contents in leaves, were significantly greater in G. inflata than in G. uralensis. The larvae having smaller chewing mouthparts could not feed on hard leaves with thick cuticle on both sides. The thicker cuticle and harder texture of G. inflata blades may be important physical traits for effective defence against larval phytophagy, while the higher tannin content in its leaves may be an important chemical trait determining their feeding preference. The larger adults, having stronger mouthparts, could consume nitrogen-richer G. inflata leaves to obtain the energy needed for flight and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng You Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Xinjiang 832003, the People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lei Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Xinjiang 832003, the People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Xinjiang 832003, the People's Republic of China
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Sarikurkcu C, Sarikurkcu RT, Tepe B. Campanula macrostachya: biological activity and identification of phenolics using a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21812-21822. [PMID: 33411305 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is known that some Campanula species are traditionally used because of their anti-allergic, spasmolytic, antiphlogistic, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. This study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, α-amylase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of Campanula macrostachya Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. Chemical compositions were analyzed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Antioxidant activities of the samples were tested by using five different test systems. Enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were also studied. As a result of the LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, and hyperoside were found to be the major compounds of the extracts, especially the MeOH extract (6559.59, 2499.22, and 2047.66 μg/g extract, respectively). Antioxidant activity tests have proven that MeOH extract showed higher activity than others (DPPH: 4.15 mg/mL, ABTS: 2.05 mg/mL, CUPRAC: 1.80 mg/mL, FRAP: 0.83 mg/mL, phosphomolybdenum: 1.69 mg/mL). Ferrous ion chelating activity of the water extract was 1.03 mg/mL. In α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory assays, EtOAc (IC50: 2.54 mg/mL) and MeOH (IC50: 1.51 mg/mL) extracts showed higher activity than the others did. In phosphomolybdenum, CUPRAC, FRAP, and tyrosinase inhibitory assays, the activity was strongly correlated with flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, and hyperoside. On the other hand, phenolic compounds have been found to contribute more to radical scavenging activity. Pearson correlation analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids were not responsible for the α-amylase inhibitory activity of EtOAc extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Rifat Tayyib Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bektas Tepe
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, 79000, Kilis, Turkey
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Zhang S, Zhao Q, Xue W, Li Y, Guo Y, Wu X, Huo S, Li Y, Li C. The isolation and identification of Candida glabrata from avian species and a study of the antibacterial activities of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101003. [PMID: 33676095 PMCID: PMC8046950 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a fungus was isolated from a diseased pigeon group clinically suspected of being infected with Candida. The fungus was subsequently identified as Candida glabrata using morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology testing methods. In the present study, to determine the controlling effects of Chinese herbal medicine for C. glabrata, the bacteriostatic effects of the ethanol extracts Acorus gramineus, Sophora flavescens, Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, Pulsatilla chinensis, Dandelion, and Cortex phellodendri on C. glabrata in vitro were analyzed. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC80) of Cortex phellodendri was 0.25 μg/μL. Meanwhile, that of S. flavescens was 32 μg/μL; C. obtusifolia was 56 μg/μL; A. gramineus and Polygonum hydropiper was 64 μg/μL; and P. chinensis was 112 μg/μL. However, MIC80 for Dandelion was undetectable. In addition, improved drug sensitivity tests revealed that colonies had grown after 24 h in the blank group, as well as the Polygonum hydropiper, P. chinensis, Dandelion, and ethanol groups. The colonies first appeared at the 48-hour point in the other drug-sensitive medium of Chinese herbal medicine. However, no colony growth was found in Cortex phellodendri medium, and the formation of the maximum colony diameter in that group was later than the blank group (e.g., 96 h in the blank group and 120 h in the Chinese herbal medicine group). It was observed that only 17 colony-forming units had grown in 125 μg/μL of the S. flavescens medium, which was significantly different from other groups. Also, the final colony diameter was significantly smaller than that of the other experimental groups. Therefore, it was determined that the A. gramineus, S. flavescens, Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, P. chinensis, and Cortex phellodendri had certain inhibitory effects on the growth of the C. glabrata. Among those, it was observed that the Cortex phellodendri had the strongest inhibitory effects, followed by the S. flavescens. In the future, these Chinese herbal medicines are expected to be used to treat the fungal infections related to C. glabrata in poultry to improve production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qianhui Zhao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wenhui Xue
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yurong Li
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yu Guo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shuying Huo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Yong Li
- The Dingnong Corporation of Hebei, Dingzhou County, Hebei 073000, China
| | - Chenyao Li
- The Dingnong Corporation of Hebei, Dingzhou County, Hebei 073000, China
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Influence of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on Biochemical Values of Equine Plasma Subjected to Physical Exertion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010210. [PMID: 33467154 PMCID: PMC7829787 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians can recommend milk thistle for the treatment of equine liver disease and laminitis. Milk thistle seed cakes were fed in the range of normal feed doses in this study. The milk thistle seed cakes were fed (twice a day) to the experimental group of the horses (n = 5) and biochemical blood markers (TP, Albumin, ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase), Bilirubin, Cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), TAG (triacylglycerol), BHB (beta-hydroxybutyric acid), NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids), creatine kinase, creatinine, Urea, GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), TAS (total antioxidant status), lactate, glucose, cortisol, Ca, Pi) were monitored. The control group of horses (n = 5), bred and trained in the same conditions, was used for comparison. The control group received the entire feed dose as accepted by the horses in the experimental group before the beginning of the experiment. The aim was to find out whether the preparation of milk thistle seed cakes could have positive effects on the health of the horses. All ten horses received one feeding form before the beginning of the experimental monitoring. All horses were exposed to heavy physical exercise (regular combined driving training) after 56 days of milk thistle seed cakes feeding (up to 400 g/day). Three blood samples were taken (before physical exercise; about 15 min and 60 min after physical exercise). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected in the values of AST, NEFA, cortisol and Pi in the experimental group. The exercise effect was detected in the values of albumin, lactate, cortisol, NEFA, and calcium. Our results suggest that the feeding of milk thistle seed cakes could have a positive effect on the health of the horses.
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Alvarado TD, Mariezcurrena Berasain MD, Salem AZM, Pinzón Martínez DL. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Two Medicinal Plants Cuphea aequipetala var. hispida (Cav.) Koehne and Eryngium comosum Delaroche F Against Bacteria Related to Equine Infections. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103269. [PMID: 33077075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional biocompounds beneficial for animals and humans are in Mexican folk herbs. Cuphea and Eryngium species presented antimicrobial potential. Natural antibiotic uses by ethnoveterinary research with medicinal plants in equine infection or digestive diseases need more scientific evidence. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis are etiological agents in horses responsible for stable infections, abortions, fetal or perinatal deaths, and resistant intrahospital infections. The main objective of the present research was to evaluate the potential of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of two Mexican medicinal plants Cuphea aequipetala var. hispida (Cav.) Koehne and Eryngium comosum Delaroche F over Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus sp., E. coli ATCC 25922, and S. enterica serotype Enteritidis ATCC 13076 bacterium reference strains related to equine infections. Determination of total phenol, saponins, antioxidant activity (ABTS), and antimicrobial activity with diffusion-sensitive discs was performed in triplicate. All the strains were sensitive for both extracts except for E. coli strain that was inhibited only by C. aequipetala. Staphylococcus sp. and S. enterica strains were inhibited equally by both extracts. E. comosum extracts tested have shown the highest effect over L. monocytogenes. In summary, antimicrobial activity was similar to the reported activity of Eryngium species extracts with other different solvents. Present extracts are suggested as a potential alternative antibiotic; definitely, more specific equine pathogen inhibition tests are needed in feed additives for horse nutrition research. In conclusion, antimicrobial activities of Cuphea aequipetala var. hispida (Cav.) Koehne and Eryngium comosum Delaroche F over reference strains related to equine infections suggested these medicinal plants as potential antibiotic sources for horse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonantzin Díaz Alvarado
- Maestria en Agroindustri Rural, Desarrollo Territorial y Turismo Agroalimentario, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Instituto Literario Avenue, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Instituto Literario Avenue, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Dora Luz Pinzón Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Instituto Literario Avenue, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
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Reddy PRK, Yasaswini D, Reddy PPR, Zeineldin M, Adegbeye MJ, Hyder I. Applications, challenges, and strategies in the use of nanoparticles as feed additives in equine nutrition. Vet World 2020; 13:1685-1696. [PMID: 33061246 PMCID: PMC7522939 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1685-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of nanotechnology has been transforming the food industry by increasing market share and expenditure. Although nanotechnology offers promising benefits as feed additives, their usage in equines is primarily geared toward immunotherapy, hyper-immunization techniques, drug delivery systems, grooming activities, and therapeutic purposes. Nanoparticles could be engaged as alternatives for antibiotic feed additives to prevent foal diarrhea. Gold nanoparticles are proved to provide beneficial effects for racehorses by healing joint and tendon injuries. Because of the poor bioavailability of micro-sized mineral salts, the usage of nano-minerals is highly encourageable to improve the performance of racehorses. Nano-Vitamin E and enzyme CoQ10 for equines are no longer a simple research topic because of the increased commercial availability. Employing nanotechnology-based preservatives may offer a promising alternative to other conventional preservatives in preserving the quality of equine feed items, even during an extended storage period. While nanoparticles as feed additives may provide multitudinous benefits on equines, they could elicit allergic or toxic responses in case of improper synthesis aids or inappropriate dosages. The safety of nano-feed additives remains uninvestigated and necessitates the additional risk assessment, especially during their usage for a prolonged period. To adopt nano-feed additives in horses, there is an extreme paucity of information regarding the validity of various levels or forms of nanoparticles. Further, the currently available toxicological database on the topic of nano-feed additives is not at all related to equines and even inadequate for other livestock species. This review aims to provide new insights into possible future research pertaining to the usage of nano-feed additives in equines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duvvuru Yasaswini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, India
| | - P Pandu Ranga Reddy
- Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mohamed Zeineldin
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.,Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - M J Adegbeye
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Neustadt, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Reddy PRK, Elghandour M, Salem A, Yasaswini D, Reddy PPR, Reddy AN, Hyder I. Plant secondary metabolites as feed additives in calves for antimicrobial stewardship. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Józefiak D, Komosa M, Maćkowiak P, Prószyńska - Oszmałek E, Kołodziejski P, Świątkiewicz S, Rawski M, Kierończyk B, Bedford M, Massey O'Neil HV. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes improve carbohydrate digestion in exercising horses. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/118207/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Influence of Corymbia citriodora leaf extract on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, plasma antioxidant activity and faecal bacteria in young calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S. Effect of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Groats-Based Mixed Feed Supplements on Diet Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Parameters of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020272. [PMID: 32050686 PMCID: PMC7070253 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, the effect of linseed groat-based fibrous feed supplements on diet digestibility was studied. In addition, possible detrimental health effects due to continuous feeding of such supplemental feeds containing linseed were examined by evaluating blood parameters. The supplemented diets had statistically significantly higher digestibility of crude protein compared to the control diet. In addition, the digestibility of fat (ether extract) was higher in the supplemented diets than in the basal feeding. There were no statistically significant differences or trends in the blood parameters between the treatments. It is concluded that linseed by-products (linseed groats 0.8 g/kg BW/d) combined with other fibre sources can be safely used, for example, in feeding strategies replacing grains in the horses’ rations in order to reduce the intake of starch. Abstract Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and its by-products are common supplements used in equine diets and are claimed to have beneficial health effects. In this study, the effect of linseed groat-based fibrous feed supplements on diet digestibility was studied. Also, possible detrimental health effects due to continuous feeding of supplemental feeds containing linseed were examined by evaluating blood parameters. The experimental design was arranged as two balanced 3 × 3 Latin Squares. The horses were individually fed at the maintenance energy level, the forage-to-concentrate ratio being 70:30, with three diets: (A) Control diet consisting of dried hay and whole oats; (B) Control diet + Feed 1; and (C) Control diet + Feed 2. Feed 1 contained 70% of linseed groats, 15% dried carrot, 10% dried garlic and 5% molasses. Feed 2 contained 65% linseed groats, 15% molassed sugar-beet pulp, 10% dried garlic, 5% dried carrot and 5% molasses. Digestibility data were obtained by using chromium mordanted straw as an indigestible external marker for the estimation of apparent digestibility. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at the end of each feeding period to evaluate the possible effects of the supplemented diets B and C on the health of the horses. Diets B and C had a higher digestibility of crude protein compared to the control diet A (p < 0.05). In addition, the digestibility of ether extract was higher in the supplemented diets than in the basal feeding (p < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences or trends (p > 0.05) in the blood parameters between the treatments. It is concluded that linseed groat-based supplements (offering approximately 6.3%–6.7% linseed groats in the diet’s dry matter (DM), or 0.8 g/kg BW/d), and feed containing soluble fibre sources (sugar-beet pulp, dehydrated carrot), improved the crude protein and fat digestibility of hay-oats diets of horses, and can be used, for example, in feeding strategies replacing grains in the horse rations in order to reduce the intake of starch without any adverse effects on the blood parameters and health of the horses.
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Adegbeye MJ, Elghandour MMMY, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Monroy JC, Mellado M, Ravi Kanth Reddy P, Salem AZM. Nanoparticles in Equine Nutrition: Mechanism of Action and Application as Feed Additives. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:29-37. [PMID: 31203981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several concerns exist regarding horse rearing such as environmental pollution, antibiotics resistance, digestive disorders, mycotoxins contamination of animal feed, gut health management, and improvement of feed efficiency. Nanoparticles have the potential to address these issues and thus could be used as feed additive. Citrate reduces and stabilizes gold nanoparticles, alongside biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have the potential to prolong and improve digestive enzyme activity, which would enhance starch digestibility in the stomach. Zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles could be used to improve feed digestibility and volatile fatty acids production. Magnesium oxide, silver, and copper nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes and weaken the biofilm formation of the microbial community. Calcium, zinc, and silver nanoparticles could be used to prevent periodontal disease in horses. In addition, silver nanoparticles may be applied as antifasciolitics and potentially against other gastrointestinal parasites. Environmental concern of equines could be addressed by using cerium oxide, silver, and cobalt nanoparticles to reduce methane emission and zinc oxide could help to reduce fecal mineral output. Fullerol C60[OH]24, a honey-derived silver nanoparticle and zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit attractive antibacterial properties because of increased specific surface area as the reduced particle enhance unit surface reactivity. Gut health management of equines could be solved with nanoparticles because of the ability of ferrous oxide and copper nanoparticles to improve microbial growth, whereas zinc oxide improves villus height, crypt depth, and villous surface area. It is required to explore in depth the beneficial effects of these nanoparticles as a novel area in the equine industry's both in vitro and in vivo before recommendation to equine owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyosore J Adegbeye
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ilesha, Nigeria
| | - Mona M M Y Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | | | - José Cedillo Monroy
- Centro Universitario UAEM-Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | - Miguel Mellado
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Antonio Narro, Saltillo, México
| | | | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México.
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Garlic ( Allium Sativum) Supplementation Improves Respiratory Health but Has Increased Risk of Lower Hematologic Values in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9010013. [PMID: 30609743 PMCID: PMC6356413 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The hypotheses of this study were that garlic supplementation may help to clear mucus in the airways, but also causes declining hematologic values in prolonged feeding. The results show that long-term supplementation of dried garlic on the level of 32 mg/kg BW improved respiratory health in terms of reduced amount of tracheal symptoms and accumulation of tracheal exudates. However, the garlic supplemented horses showed slightly declining hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HcT) and red blood cells (RBC) values. Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum) is claimed to have numerous beneficial properties to the health of humans and animals. It is commonly used for example to treat respiratory diseases and infections in horses’ lungs. However, in addition to its possible positive influences, garlic may also have adverse health effects. The hypotheses of this study were that garlic supplementation may help to clear mucus in the airways, but also causes declining hematologic values in prolonged feeding. To our knowledge, this is the first organized study in controlled conditions to show the health effects of garlic supplementation for horses so far. The results show that long-term supplementation of dried garlic on the level of 32 mg/kg BW seemed to reduce the amount of tracheal symptoms and accumulation of tracheal exudates. Additionally, the number of neutrophil cells in the tracheal mucus was numerically smaller in the garlic supplemented horses. However, the garlic supplemented horses showed slightly declining Hb, HcT and RBC values during an 83-day study period. Consequently, it is possible that even low garlic supplementation levels can be detrimental to the horse’s hematology when the supplementation period is long.
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Elghandour MMMY, Adegbeye MJ, Barbabosa-Pilego A, Perez NR, Hernández SR, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Salem AZM. Equine Contribution in Methane Emission and Its Mitigation Strategies. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:56-63. [PMID: 30929784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Greenhouses gas emission mitigation is a very important aspect of earth sustainability with greenhouse gasses reduction, a focus of agricultural and petrochemical industries. Methane is produced in nonruminant herbivores such as horses because they undergo hindgut fermentation. Although equine produce less methane than ruminant, increasing population of horses might increase their contribution to the present 1.2 to 1.7 Tg, estimate. Diet, feeding frequency, season, genome, and protozoa population influence methane production equine. In population, Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales, and Methanoplasmatales are the clade identified in equine. Methanocorpusculum labreanum is common among hindgut fermenters like horses and termite. Naturally, acetogenesis and interrelationship between the host and the immune-anatomical interaction are responsible for the reduced methane output in horses. However, to reduce methane output in equine, and increase energy derived from feed intake, the use of biochar, increase in acetogens, inclusion of fibre enzymes and plant extract, and recycling of fecal energy through anaerobic gas fermentation. These might be feasible ways to reducing methane contribution from horse and could be applied to ruminants too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M M Y Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ilesha, Nigeria
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pilego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Nallely Rivero Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Saúl Rojas Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México.
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