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Sun B, Tan B, Zhang P, Zhu L, Wei H, Huang T, Li C, Yang W. Iron deficiency anemia: a critical review on iron absorption, supplementation and its influence on gut microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:1144-1157. [PMID: 38235788 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04644c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) caused by micronutrient iron deficiency has attracted global attention due to its adverse health effects. The regulation of iron uptake and metabolism is finely controlled by various transporters and hormones in the body. Dietary iron intake and regulation are essential in maintaining human health and iron requirements. The review aims to investigate literature concerning dietary iron intake and systemic regulation. Besides, recent IDA treatment and dietary iron supplementation are discussed. Considering the importance of the gut microbiome, the interaction between bacteria and micronutrient iron in the gut is also a focus of this review. The iron absorption efficiency varies considerably according to iron type and dietary factors. Iron fortification remains the cost-effective strategy, although challenges exist in developing suitable iron fortificants and food vehicles regarding bioavailability and acceptability. Iron deficiency may alter the microbiome structure and promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, affecting immune balance and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Beibei Tan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Panxue Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lianlian Zhu
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huamao Wei
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Chao Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Wenge Yang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Silva CSS, Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Santos IS. Anaemia and its causes at the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data. Fam Pract 2023:cmad102. [PMID: 37951231 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most anaemia studies focus on children and women of childbearing age. We assessed the frequency and main aetiologies of anaemia according to sociodemographic characteristics at the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a cohort of middle-aged adults. METHODS The primary analyses included 15,051 participants aged 35-74 years with a valid blood cell count. We built logistic models to analyse the association between socioeconomic characteristics and anaemia diagnosis. We also described the main aetiologies in a subset (n = 209) of participants with anaemia. RESULTS Anaemia was present in 3.0% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.6-3.4%) of men and 7.4% (95%CI: 6.9-8.0%) of women. The frequency of anaemia diagnosis was higher in women in all subgroups except for the oldest age stratum (65-74 years). The frequency of anaemia was particularly high in Blacks (6.0% and 15.5% in men and women, respectively). The most common causes of anaemia were iron deficiency (in women), chronic kidney disease, and chronic inflammation (in men). The frequency of unexplained anaemia was respectively 33.3% and 34.2% for men and women, and this condition was more frequent among participants of Black or Mixed races. CONCLUSIONS Anaemia was associated with age, female sex, Black race, and low socioeconomic status. Unexplained anaemia was common and more frequent in individuals of Black and Mixed races. ELSA-Brasil follow-up data may provide further insight into the relevance of unexplained anaemia in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia S S Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itamar S Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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De Carli E, Verly E, Palchetti CZ, Sichieri R, Yokoo EM, Pereira RA, Marchioni DML. Dietary iron intake over two post-fortification periods in Brazil: data from the National Dietary Surveys 2008-2009 and 2017-2018. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1179-1189. [PMID: 36627814 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the dietary Fe intake and the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake over two post-fortification periods in Brazil. The intake was analysed according to sex, life stage, geographic region and stratum of family income per capita. Excluding pregnant and lactating women, this population-based study included 32 749 and 44 744 participants aged ≥ 10 years from the National Dietary Survey-Brazilian Household Budget Surveys 2008-2009 and 2017-2018, respectively. The National Cancer Institute method was used to predict usual dietary Fe intakes. The prevalence of Fe intake inadequacy was estimated following a probabilistic approach for women of childbearing age or with the Estimated Average Requirement cut-off point method. Over an interval of 10 years, the mean Fe intake remained almost unchanged for most sex-age groups, except for women of childbearing age. In this specific group, the prevalence of Fe intake inadequacy was > 20 % in 2008-2009 and have increased to > 25 % in 2017-2018, with the highest reductions in mean Fe intake found in the highest income strata and richest Brazilian regions. Meanwhile, the highest prevalence of Fe intake inadequacy (> 40 %) occurred among the poorest women aged 31-50 years from the lowest family income stratum, irrespective of the study period. Beans were the main Fe source, while fortified breads, pastas, pizzas, cakes and cookies contributed approximately 40 % of the Fe intake. The results provide important insights into the long-standing dietary impacts of food fortification, which can guide future (re)formulation of effective public health strategies to combat Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo De Carli
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Verly
- Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Zanin Palchetti
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edna Massae Yokoo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Alves Pereira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhang T, Cao Y, Chen M, Xie L. Recent advances in CNTs-based sensors for detecting the quality and safety of food and agro-product. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Man Y, Xu T, Adhikari B, Zhou C, Wang Y, Wang B. Iron supplementation and iron-fortified foods: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4504-4525. [PMID: 33506686 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1876623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
About one-third of the world population is suffering from iron deficiency. Delivery of iron through diet is a practical, economical, and sustainable approach. Clinical studies have shown that the consumption of iron-fortified foods is one of the most effective methods for the prevention of iron deficiency. However, supplementing iron through diet can cause undesirable side-effects. Thus, it is essential to develop new iron-rich ingredients, iron-fortified products with high bioavailability, better stability, and lower cost. It is also essential to develop newer processing technologies for more effective fortification. This review compared the iron supplementation strategies used to treat the highly iron-deficient population and the general public. We also reviewed the efficacy of functional (iron-rich) ingredients that can be incorporated into food materials to produce iron-fortified foods. The most commonly available foods, such as cereals, bakery products, dairy products, beverages, and condiments are still the best vehicles for iron fortification and delivery.Scope of reviewThe manuscript aims at providing a comprehensive review of the latest publications that cover three aspects: administration routes for iron supplementation, iron-rich ingredients used for iron supplementation, and iron-fortified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Man
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
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Grande F, Giuntini EB, Coelho KS, Purgatto E, Franco BDGDM, Lajolo FM, de Menezes EW. Biodiversity food dataset: Centralizing chemical composition data to allow the promotion of nutrient-rich foods in Brazil. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16 Suppl 3:e13005. [PMID: 33347721 PMCID: PMC7752125 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Centralizing chemical composition data for biodiverse foods is an important strategy in promoting their consumption. To support this strategy, a dataset of foods based on Brazilian biodiversity was created. The set was based on data for foods produced or commercialized in Brazil; these data were previously compiled for the Brazilian Food Composition Table (TBCA), according to international guidelines. Inclusion criteria were based on the following indicators: (i) foods with description below species level; (ii) wild foods; and (iii) underutilized foods. The dataset contains 1,305 food entries, and the majority correspond to raw plant foods. Nutrient content in foods identified below species level exhibited a wide range of values. Underutilized foods presented similar or higher selected nutrient contents than commonly consumed foods. For instance, depending on the cultivar of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), vitamin A content ranged from a negligible amount to high content (0.33- to 3,637-μg retinol equivalents per 100-g edible portion on a fresh weight basis [EP]). Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), a fruit from Amazon, was identified as the richest source of vitamin C (2,300 mg of ascorbic acid per 100-g EP), corresponding to 48-fold the content of orange. The dataset provides evidence to promote nutrient-rich foods that may be integrated into more effective programmes and policies on nutrition and food security in Brazil. It can be accessed online, free of charge on the TBCA platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Grande
- Post Graduate Program in Applied Human Nutrition (PRONUT/USP), FCF/FEA/FSPUniversity of São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP)São PauloBrazil
| | | | - Kristy Soraya Coelho
- Post Graduate Program in Applied Human Nutrition (PRONUT/USP), FCF/FEA/FSPUniversity of São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP)São PauloBrazil
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP)São PauloBrazil
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Franco Maria Lajolo
- Food Research Center (FoRC/CEPID/FAPESP)São PauloBrazil
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
- Coordinators of BRASILFOODSSão PauloBrazil
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