Bacosine isolated from aerial parts of Bacopa monnieri improves the neuronal dysfunction in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy

Cucurbita pepo seeds improve peripheral neuropathy in diabetic rats by modulating the inflammation and oxidative stress in rats

BACKGROUND

Cucurbita pepo (C. pepo) is cultivated and used traditionally as vegetable as well as medicine in different parts of the world. The aim of current study was to investigate the potential of C. pepo in attenuation of diabetic neuropathy via using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model in male wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diabetic neuropathy was induced by administration of STZ; 65 mg/kg, i.p. and Nicotinamide (NAD; 230 mg/kg i.p.) and assessed by measuring thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical hyperalgesia and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in experimental animals. Treatment with different doses of (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) petroleum ether extract of C. pepo (CPE) and hydroethanolic extract of C. pepo (CHE) was started from the 60th day of STZ/NAD administration and continued upto 90th day.

RESULTS

CPE and CHE significantly attenuated the behavioural changes including hyperalgesia, allodynia and MNCV linked to diabetic neuropathy. Moreover, the oxidative stress and level of TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-1β was found to be significantly attenuated in experimental animals.

CONCLUSION

Thus C. pepo might ameliorate the progression of diabetic neuropathy via modulation of chronic hyperglycemia and therefore and have therapeutic potential for treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain.

Thiadiazine-thione derivatives ameliorate STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy by regulating insulin and neuroinflammatory signaling

Diabetes Mellitus is accompanied by chronic hyperglycemia, inflammation, and related molecular processes, which leads to diabetic neuropathy. In this work, we tested Thiadiazine-thione (TDT) synthetic derivatives TDT1 and TDT2 against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathy. Sprague Dawley's rats, SH-SY5Y neuronal and BV2 microglial cells were employed in this work, followed by behavioral, biochemical, and morphological studies utilizing RT-qPCR, ELISA, Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence, and in silico analyses. TDT1 and TDT2 abolished STZ-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. Next, we examined IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling to assess TDT1 and TDT2's impact on diabetic neuropathy. STZ downregulated IRS1, PI3K, AKT mRNA and protein expression in rat spinal cord and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. TDT1 and TDT2 improved IRS1, PI3k, and AKT mRNA and protein expression. STZ elevated GSK3β mRNA and protein expression in vivo and in vitro, whereas TDT1 and TDT2 mitigated it. STZ increased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as p-NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2 in rat spinal cord lysates. TDT1 and TDT2 co-treatment with STZ decreased inflammatory cytokine expression by ameliorating astrocytosis (revealed by increased GFAP) and microgliosis (indicated by increased Iba1). TDT1 and TDT2 reduced STZ-induced JNK, Iba1, and COX-2 upregulation in BV2 microglial cells validating our in vivo findings. In silico molecular docking and MD simulations analyses suggested that TDT1 and TDT2 have IRS binding affinity, however, both compounds had an identical binding affinity, but distinct interaction pattern with IRS protein residues. Overall, these findings demonstrate that TDT derivatives mitigated STZ-induced neuropathy through modulating the insulin and inflammatory signaling pathways.

Investigation of Natural Compounds for Therapeutic Potential in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Neuroinflammation and Neuropathic Pain

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that impacts the nervous system. Several risk factors are involved in the progression and maintenance of DN-associated pain, such as higher expression of various inflammatory mediators, e.g., tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). The present research explores the neuroprotective potential of natural isolates, including berbamine, bergapten, and carveol, on the DM-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that cause neuropathic pain. The study utilized computerized techniques, including computational analysis (a docking assay and a molecular dynamic simulation) before moving to in vivo protocols. Diabetic neuropathy was induced by intraperitonial injection (IP) of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg), and the animal subjects (rats) were kept for 4 weeks for the development of DN. Once diabetic neuropathy was confirmed, the subjects were treated with berbamine, bergapten, and carveol until the sixth week (i.e., 2 weeks of treatment). At the sixth week, the rats were sacrificed, and the sciatic nerve and spinal cord of each was collected for further molecular investigation. Docking and a molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) delivered the information that the natural compounds (berbamine, bergapten, and carveol) were interacting with the selected target protein (i.e., mitogen-activated protein kinase). After IP, it was found that berbamine, bergapten, and carveol had ameliorated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia by the 28th day of the study (2 weeks after treatment) without affecting blood glucose levels. Berbamine, bergapten, and carveol markedly elevated the levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), in both the sciatic nerve and spinal cord, and also reduced lipid peroxidase (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO). The abovementioned natural isolates reduced pathologic alterations provoked through DN, a finding confirmed through histopathological assays (hematoxylin and eosin staining and immuno-histochemical analysis). Treatment down regulated higher expressions of the inflammatory mediatorcyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as confirmed by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The outcomes of berbamine, bergapten, and carveol are compared with those of pregabalin as a positive control group. Compared to pregabalin, treatment with the aforementioned three natural compounds improved nociception and reduced hyperalgesic effects, and consequently reduced pain perception and inflammation. Our results suggest the mechanism for the neuro-protective impact of berbamine, bergapten, and carveol might possibly be arbitrated via COX-2, TNF-α, and NF-κB, and regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase, ultimately ameliorating STZ-provoked, DM-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and associated neuropathic pain.

Biotechnology for propagation and secondary metabolite production in Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. or water hyssop commonly known as "Brahmi" is a small, creeping, succulent herb from the Plantaginaceae family. It is popularly employed in Ayurvedic medicine as a nerve tonic to improve memory and cognition. Of late, this plant has been reported extensively for its pharmacologically active phyto-constituents. The main phytochemicals are brahmine, alkaloids, herpestine, and saponins. The saponins include bacoside A, bacoside B, and betulic acid. Investigation into the pharmacological effect of this plant has thrived lately, encouraging its neuroprotective and memory supporting capacity among others. Besides, it possesses many other therapeutic activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective properties, etc. Because of its multipurpose therapeutic potential, it is overexploited owing to the prioritization of natural remedies over conventional ones, which compels us to conserve them. B. monnieri is confronting the danger of extinction from its natural habitat as it is a major cultivated medico-botanical and seed propagation is restricted due to less seed availability and viability. The ever-increasing demand for the plant can be dealt with mass propagation through plant tissue culture strategy. Micropropagation utilizing axillary meristems as well as de novo organogenesis have been widely investigated in this plant which has also been explored for its conservation and production of different types of secondary metabolites. Diverse in vitro methods such as organogenesis, cell suspension, and callus cultures have been accounted for with the aim of production and/or enhancement of bacosides. Direct shoot-organogenesis was initiated in excised leaf and internodal explants without any exogenous plant growth regulator(s) (PGRs), and the induction rate was improved when exogenous cytokinins and other supplements were used. Moreover, biotechnological toolkits like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the use of mutagens have been reported. Besides, the molecular marker-based studies demonstrated the clonal fidelity among the natural and in vitro generated plantlets also elucidating the inherent diversity among the natural populations. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system was mostly employed to optimize bacoside biosynthesis and heterologous expression of other genes. The present review aims at depicting the recent research outcomes of in vitro studies performed on B. monnieri which include root and shoot organogenesis, callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, production of secondary metabolites by in vitro propagation, acclimatization of the in vitro raised plantlets, genetic transformation, and molecular marker-based studies of clonal fidelity. KEY POINTS: • Critical and up to date records on in vitro propagation of Bacopa monnieri • In vitro propagation and elicitation of secondary metabolites from B. monnieri • Molecular markers and transgenic studies in B. monnieri.

Comparative binding studies of bacosine with human serum albumin and α-1-acid glycoprotein biophysical evaluation and computational approach

Bacosine (BAC) is a natural product isolated from a herb and used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is reported to have a wide array of biological activities, which has generated interest in its therapeutic potential. To better understand how BAC may operate as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic, we examined its anti-cancer properties in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. In order to get an idea of how it may behave in vivo, we also evaluated its interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) using fluorescence spectroscopy and in silico molecular modelling. Based on our in vitro studies, we found that BAC inhibited MCF-7 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ value of 9 µM. In addition, the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA and AGP was quenched by BAC, consistent with a static quenching mechanism. Fluorescence emission spectroscopy revealed a binding of 2.97 ± 0.01 × 10⁴ M^-1 for HSA-BAC which corresponded to a free energy change of - 6.07 kcal/mol at 25 °C. In addition, we found that BAC had a binding constant of 1.8 ± 0.02 × 10³ M^-1 to AGP which corresponded to a change in free energy - 4.42 kcal/mol at 25 °C. We also identified the site of BAC binding to the HSA protein using the site-specific marker, phenylbutazone, along with molecular docking studies. Circular dichroism spectra revealed partial changes in the secondary structure of HSA in the presence of BAC suggesting direct interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the HSA-BAC complex reaches an equilibration state at around 4 ns, suggesting that the HSA-BAC complex is quite stable. Our results provide evidence that serum proteins can act as a carrier protein for BAC, potentially impacting its development as an anti-cancer agent.

Securidaca inappendiculata Polyphenol Rich Extract Counteracts Cognitive Deficits, Neuropathy, Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Encephalopathic Rats via p38 MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways

Diabetic encephalopathy is one of the serious emerging complication of diabetes. Securidaca inappendiculata is an important medicinal plant with excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of S. inappendiculata polyphenol rich extract (SiPE) against diabetic encephalopathy in rats and elucidated the potential mechanisms of action. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced using high fructose solution/intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and the diabetic rats were treated with SiPE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Learning and memory functions were assessed using the Morris water and Y maze tests, depressive behaviour was evaluated using forced swimming and open field tests, while neuropathic pain assessment was assessed using hot plate, tail immersion and formalin tests. After the experiments, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), oxidative stress biomarkers and proinflammatory cytokines, caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) were determined by ELISA kits. In addition, the expression levels of p38, phospho-p38 (p-p38), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined by western blot analyses. The results indicated that SiPE administration significantly lowered blood glucose level, attenuated body weight loss, thermal/chemical hyperalgesia, improved behavioural deficit in the Morris water maze, Y maze test and reduced depressive-like behaviours. Furthermore, SiPE reduced AChE, caspase-3, NF-κB, malonaldehyde malondialdehyde levels and simultaneously increased antioxidant enzymes activity in the brain tissues of diabetic rats. SiPE administration also significantly suppressed p38 MAPK pathway and upregulated the Nrf2 pathway. The findings suggested that SiPE exerted antidiabetic encephalopathy effects via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols in the Management of Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common and serious diabetes-associated complication that primarily takes place because of neuronal dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Use of current therapeutic agents in DN treatment is quite challenging because of their severe adverse effects. Therefore, there is an increased need of identifying new safe and effective therapeutic agents. DN complications are associated with poor glycemic control and metabolic imbalances, primarily oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Various mediators and signaling pathways such as glutamate pathway, activation of channels, trophic factors, inflammation, OS, advanced glycation end products, and polyol pathway have a significant contribution to the progression and pathogenesis of DN. It has been indicated that polyphenols have the potential to affect DN pathogenesis and could be used as potential alternative therapy. Several polyphenols including kolaviron, resveratrol, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol, and curcumin have been administered in patients with DN. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid can provide protection against glutamate neurotoxicity via its hydrolysate, caffeoyl acid group, and caffeic acid through regulating the entry of calcium into neurons. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment can protect motor neurons by regulating the glutamate level. It has been demonstrated that these polyphenols can be promising in combating DN-associated damaging pathways. In this article, we have summarized DN-associated metabolic pathways and clinical manifestations. Finally, we have also focused on the roles of polyphenols in the treatment of DN.

Compound XiongShao Capsule ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats via inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative - nitrosative stress and advanced glycation end products

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Compound XiongShao Capsule (CXSC), a traditional herb formula, has been approved for using to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) by the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration, with significant efficacy in clinic.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the multidimensional pharmacological mechanisms and synergism of CXSC against DPN in rats.

METHODS

The quality analysis of CXSC was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography. Rats with DPNinduced by streptozotocin/high-fat diet for 4 weeks were treated with CXSC at three doses (1.2 g/kg, 0.36 g/kg, and 0.12 g/kg), or epalrestat (15 mg/kg) daily for 8 weeks continuously. During the treatment period, body weight, serum glucose levels, and nerve function, including nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were tested and assessed every 4 weeks. In the 13th week, the histopathological examination in the sciatic nerve was performed using a transmission electron microscope. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins of BAX, BCL2, and caspase-3 in the sciatic nerve was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative-nitrosative stress biomarkers of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured using a rat-specific ELISA kit.

RESULTS

CXSC had no significant effect on body weight or serum glucose levels (P > 0.05), but it significantly improved mechanical hyperalgesia (F_5,36 = 18.24, P < 0.0001), thermal hyperalgesia (F_5,36 = 8.45, P < 0.0001), and NCV (motor NCV: F_5,36 = 7.644, P < 0.0001, sensory NCV: F_5,36 = 12.83, P < 0.0001). Besides, it maintained myelin and axonal structure integrity, downregulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the sciatic nerve tissue, reduced AGEs and NOS levels, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme SOD activities in the serum.

CONCLUSION

CXSC exerted neuroprotective effects against rats with DPN through multidimensional pharmacological mechanisms including antiapoptotic activity in the sciatic nerve and downregulation of the level of serum NOS, SOD and AGEs.

Dammarane triterpenoid glycosides in Bacopa monnieri: A review on chemical diversity and bioactivity

Bacopa monnieri (L.) is a reputed medicinal herb in traditional system of medicine of India, where it is used as nervine tonic to sharpen intellect and memory. This review discusses chemical characterization of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides which are well accepted for improvement in memory and for potential pharmacological activities. In addition, this review provides information on the chemical composition of specialized metabolites of B. monnieri and in the formulations by different analytical techniques. This comprehensive review covers literature up to 2019 with an emphasis on structural characterization of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides by spectroscopic techniques, chemical composition by analytical methods and pharmacological activities.

A selection of eleven plants used as traditional Polynesian cosmetics and their development potential as anti-aging ingredients, hair growth promoters and whitening products

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In French Polynesia, embellishment of the hair and skin is an important cultural and everyday practice. Yet, little research has focused on traditional preparations used for beautification in this region and their potential development as innovative cosmetic ingredients.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this present study we aim to assess and compile the ethnocosmetic potential of plants of French Polynesia to select and further study plants showing the most promise to be developed as anti-aging, anti-blemish and hair care products.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature analysis of plants of the IECIC list, present in French Polynesia was conducted. The most interesting plants from a cosmetic development standpoint were selected based on four main criteria, i.e. their traditional use in Polynesian cosmetic-related preparations, their biogeographical status, their phytochemistry of cosmetic interest, and lastly their availability and absence from the UICN list. Furthermore, a preliminary screening of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities was also performed on several extracts obtained.

RESULTS

Eleven plants were chosen, and a compilation of multidisciplinary data emphasized each selected plant's potentiality. Traditional allegations showed uses ranging from dermatology such as wound healing or anti-inflammatory properties, to hair growth promoting preparations or even skin ligthening ones. Preliminary screenings were useful in narrowing the number of extracts to study. Literature-based data associated to traditional uses depicted how the remaining plants and plant parts could be developed for targeted cosmetic applications.

CONCLUSIONS

A prospective approach of plants used traditionally for cosmetic purposes in French Polynesia gave insight on their development potential when paired with the appropriate multidisciplinary data. The eleven plants presented show promise in being developed sustainably as natural anti-aging or hair care products and as skin brightening agents.

Polyphenols for diabetes associated neuropathy: Pharmacological targets and clinical perspective

OBJECTIVES

Diabetic neuropathy (DNP) is a widespread and debilitating complication with complex pathophysiology that is caused by neuronal dysfunction in diabetic patients. Conventional therapeutics for DNP are quite challenging due to their serious adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to investigate novel effective and safe options. The novelty of the present study was to provide available therapeutic approaches, emerging molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways and future directions of DNP as well as polyphenols' effect, which accordingly, give new insights for paving the way for novel treatments in DNP.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A comprehensive review was done in electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, national database (Irandoc and SID), and related articles regarding metabolic pathways on the pathogenesis of DNP as well as the polyphenols' effect. The keywords "diabetic neuropathy" and "diabetes mellitus" in the title/abstract and "polyphenol" in the whole text were used. Data were collected from inception until May 2019.

RESULTS

DNP complications is mostly related to a poor glycemic control and metabolic imbalances mainly inflammation and oxidative stress. Several signaling and molecular pathways play key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of DNP. Among natural entities, polyphenols are suggested as multi-target alternatives affecting most of these pathogenesis mechanisms in DNP.

CONCLUSION

The findings revealed novel pathogenicity signaling pathways of DNP and affirmed the auspicious role of polyphenols to tackle these destructive pathways in order to prevent, manage, and treat various diseases. Graphical Abstract .

Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects

Bacopa monnieri (L.) - (BM) is a perennial, creeping herb which is widely used in traditional ayurvedic medicine as a neural tonic to improve intelligence and memory. Research into the biological effects of this plant has burgeoned in recent years, promising its neuroprotective and memory boosting ability among others. In this context, an extensive literature survey allows an insight into the participation of numerous signaling pathways and oxidative mechanism involved in the mitigation of oxidative stress, along with other indirect mechanisms modulated by bioactive molecules of BM to improve the cognitive action by their synergistic potential and cellular multiplicity mechanism. This multi-faceted review describes the novel mechanisms that underlie the unfounded but long flaunted promises of BM and thereby direct a way to harness this acquired knowledge to develop innovative approaches to manipulate its intracellular pathways.

Ameliorative effect of Cephalandra indica homeopathic preparation in STZ induced diabetic nephropathy rats

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the foremost cause of morbidity and has become the most recurrent cause of end-stage renal disease among diabetic patients. Thus, agents having antidiabetic effect along with safety potential in the kidneys would have a higher remedial value.

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate possible protective effect of homeopathic preparation of Cephalandra indica Mother tincture, 6C and 30 C potencies on DN in Wistar rats.

Materials and methods

DN was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) 15 min after Nicotinamide (230 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 and 2 was kept normal control and diabetic control respectively whereas Groups 3–5 consist of diabetic nephropathy rats treated with different doses of C. indica Mother tincture, 6C and 30 C potencies for 45 days. Glimepride (10 mg/kg) was used as standard. DN was assessed by determining serum glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine level and tissue histological examination. Tissue antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, LPO) level was measured to assess the oxidative stress. Also, the level of advanced glycation end products in kidney was determined.

Results

Mother tincture, 6C and 30 C potencies of C. indica produced significant attenuation in the biochemical parameters used to assess diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, oxidative stress and AGE's level in kidney was also found to be significantly reduced.

Conclusion

We conclude that Mother tincture, 6C and 30 C potencies of C. indica confers protective effect against diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of Oxidative stress and AGE's.

Effect of Kaempferol isolated from seeds of Eruca sativa on changes of pain sensitivity in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy

Generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and cellular apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Present study was aimed to explore the effect of Eruca sativa and Kaempferol (KP) on hyperalgesia (thermal and mechanical); tactile allodynia, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and oxidative-nitrosative stress in streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental diabetes. Neuropathy developed in diabetic rats was evident from a marked hyperalgesia and allodynia; reduced MNCV associated with excess formation of AGEs and ROS. Chronic treatment with E. sativa hydroalcoholic extract (EHA; 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and KP (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 30 days starting from the 60th day of STZ administration significantly ameliorated behavioral and biochemical changes linked to diabetic neuropathy. Present study suggested that EHA and KP corrected hyperglycemia and reversed the pain response partially in diabetic rats along via modulating oxidative and nitrosative stress along with reduction of AGEs formation in diabetic rats. Thus E. sativa might be beneficial in chronic diabetes, ameliorate the progression of diabetic neuropathy and may also find application in diabetic neuropathic pain.

Chromane isolated from leaves of Dillenia indica improves the neuronal dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

According to the Indian traditional medicine, Dillenia indica L. has shown therapeutic efficacy in various diseases. Fruits and leaves of the plant possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Reactive oxygen species, formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of D. indica and its isolate, chromane (CR), on thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, allodynia, MNCV and oxidative-nitrosative stress in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Streptozotocin (STZ; 65mg/kg) for the development of diabetic neuropathy. Chronic treatment with DAE (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) and CR (5 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) for 30 days was started from the 60th day of STZ administration. Development of neuropathy was evident from a marked hyperalgesia and allodynia; reduced MNCV associated with increased formation of AGEs and reactive oxygen species.

RESULTS

significantly attenuated behavioral and biochemical changes associated with diabetic neuropathy. Present study suggested that DAE and CR ameliorated hyperglycemia and diabetic neuropathic pain via modulation of oxidative-nitrosative stress and reduction in AGEs formation in the diabetic rats.

CONCLUSION

Thus D. indica might be beneficial in chronic diabetics, ameliorate the progression of diabetic neuropathy and may also find application in diabetic neuropathic pain.

Dillenia indica L. attenuates diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of advanced glycation end products accumulation in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

The present study was aimed to evaluate advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibitory activity of alcohol and hydro-alcohol extract (DAE and DHE) of Dillenia indica L. (Family: Dilleniaceae) and its potential in treatment of diabetic nephropathy by targeting markers of oxidative stress. D. indica was evaluated for its in vitro inhibitory activity against formation of AGEs by using bovine serum albumin. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg i.p.) 15 min after nicotinamide (230 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Diabetic rats were treated with different doses of extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) to analyze their nephroprotective effect. Tissue antioxidant enzymes level was measured along with the formation of AGEs in kidney to assess the effect of D. indica in ameliorating oxidative stress. D. indica showed significant inhibition of AGEs formation in vitro. D. indica produced significant attenuation in the glycemic status, renal parameter, lipid profile and level of antioxidant enzymes proving efficacy in diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, D. indica produced significant reduction in the formation of AGEs in kidneys. The present study concludes that D. indica as a possible therapeutic agent against diabetic nephropathy.