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Tateo A, Ricci-Bonot C, Felici M, Zappaterra M, Nanni Costa L, Houpt K, Padalino B. Litter Management Practices and House-Soiling in Italian Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2382. [PMID: 37508159 PMCID: PMC10376366 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There are about 10.1 million domestic cats in Italy, but information on cats' litter management and house-soiling prevalence is scant. This study described cats' and cat owners' profiles, litter management practices, and whether cats show house-soiling, also comparing between professionals (i.e., breeders) and amateurs (i.e., pet owners). A cross-sectional online survey sought respondents' housing, family, and cat details, as well as other pet details, litter details, and whether the cats showed house-soiling. Data for a total of 3106 cats were obtained. Italian cats lived mainly in apartments, along with other cats or dogs. Italians owned mostly adult European breed cats, to whom they provided covered litter boxes filled with clumping substrates, scooped daily, and completely replaced weekly. Litter cleaning was more frequent when cats were owned for financial purposes (i.e., breeders) rather than for companionship, but more space was provided for pets than for breeding cats. The recalled prevalence of elimination problems (16.7%) was lower compared to other studies, with cats mainly eliminating urine (54.6%) on objects in squatting posture (35.2%). Overall, this research increased our understanding of cat litter management in Italy. These findings could fill a gap in the knowledge regarding litter management and house-soiling incidences in Italy. Further studies to investigate possible risk factors for house-soiling are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tateo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claire Ricci-Bonot
- Animal Behaviour, Cognition and Welfare Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Martina Felici
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Katherine Houpt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 14850-9535, USA
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Barrios F, Suárez G, Udell MAR, Damián JP. Characterization of the Domestic Cat Population of Uruguay: Breeds, Coat Colors, Hair Length, Lifestyle, Sex and Spay/Neuter Status According to Guardian Report. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1963. [PMID: 37370473 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the domestic cat population of Uruguay in relation to breed, coat color, hair length, lifestyle (indoor vs. outdoor), age, sex, and spay/neuter status according to a survey completed by their owners or guardians. An online survey, distributed to residents of Uruguay, was completed in full by 2561 cat guardians. Descriptive statistics and Chi-squared tests were performed. The population of cats with guardians in Uruguay is characterized by the following data: higher frequency of female cats (53%), most of the cats were between two and six years old (49%), most of them were neutered (84%, mainly those older than one year of age), most of them have outdoor access (87%), a very low percentage (6%) are purebred (Siamese being the most frequent: 86%), and within the non-pure breeds, short hair cats were the most frequent (79%). This study, in addition to expanding the information on the characteristics of cats with guardians from other countries and continents, is the first study in Latin America to describe some key demographic aspects such as cat breeds, coat color, hair length, lifestyles, and frequency by age, sex, and spay/neuter status (spayed/neutered or not) at the country level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Barrios
- Departamento de Clínicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Suárez
- Departamento de Clínicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Monique A R Udell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Damián
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
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3
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Sepúlveda-García P, Alabi A, Álvarez K, Rojas L, Mella A, Gonçalves LR, André MR, Machado RZ, Müller A, Monti G. Bartonella spp. in households with cats: Risk factors for infection in cats and human exposure. One Health 2023; 16:100545. [PMID: 37363214 PMCID: PMC10288095 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of Bartonella spp. per household in cats and the risk factors for Bartonella spp. positivity in cats and their owners from Valdivia, Chile. A total of 464 cats (distributed within 324 households) and 326 humans (control group [n = 112] and cat owner [n = 214]) distributed in 262 households were sampled. From the cat owners (n = 214), 128 humans were in households where the cat was also sampled, totaling 84 households with dual sampling. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was used for Bartonella spp. detection in blood from cats and humans, and immunofluorescent immunoassay (IFA) anti-Bartonella henselae was performed in human serum samples. Out of the total of 324 households, 20.43% presented at least one Bartonella positive cat. From the households with dual sampling, 29.7% (25/84) presented at least one qPCR-Bartonella spp. positive cat. However, Bartonella DNA was not amplified in humans, and in 7.3% (6/82) of the households was found at least one of the cat's owners exposed to B. henselae. Cats younger than one year (Odds Ratio (OR) = 5.3), non-neutered (OR 3.46), sampled at home (OR 5.82), and with improper application of tick/flea control products (OR 3.13) showed a higher risk for Bartonella spp. presence. Humans with occupational exposure involving animal contact, were more likely to exhibit B. henselae seropositivity (OR 7.5). Bartonella spp. was present in the cats a moderate number of households, but Bartonella DNA was not detected in owners' blood, inferring that there is a low risk of recent human infection in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sepúlveda-García
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Amir Alabi
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Karla Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Lisbeth Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Armin Mella
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogerio André
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ananda Müller
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6702 PB, the Netherlands
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Davey IJL, Westman ME, Van der Saag D, Ma GC, Kennedy BPA. Spatial and Temporal Movements of Free-Roaming Cats and Wildlife in Two Local Government Areas in Greater Sydney, Australia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101711. [PMID: 37238141 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming cats pose a risk to their own health and welfare, as well as to the health and welfare of wildlife and humans. This study aimed to monitor and quantify area-specific free-roaming cat movement. Two local government areas (LGAs) in Greater Sydney were included, Campbelltown (CT) and the Blue Mountains (BM). Motion-capture cameras were installed on 100 volunteer properties (50 per LGA) to indirectly capture animal movements over two months. Transect drives were completed eight times (four per LGA) to directly observe roaming cats in residential areas. The cameras and transects both identified higher free-roaming cat numbers in CT (density of 0.31 cats per ha, resulting in an estimated abundance of 361 cats in the 1604 ha of residential area) than the BM (density of 0.21 cats per ha, resulting in an estimated abundance of 3365 cats in the 10,000 ha of residential area). More wildlife events were captured in the BM (total = 5580) than CT (total = 2697). However, there was no significant difference between CT and the BM for cat events (p = 0.11) or wildlife events (p = 0.32) observed via the cameras. Temporally, cats were observed via the cameras throughout the entire day with peaks at 9:30 am and 8:00 pm in the BM, and 7:00 am and 12:00 pm in CT. Overlaps in activity times were recorded for free-roaming cats with bandicoots (BM), possums (BM), and small mammals (BM and CT). This study demonstrates that camera monitoring on private property and transect drives are useful methods to quantify free-roaming cat abundance to inform cat management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella J L Davey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark E Westman
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominique Van der Saag
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gemma C Ma
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) NSW, Yagoona, NSW 2199, Australia
| | - Brooke P A Kennedy
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Ma GC, McLeod LJ. Understanding the Factors Influencing Cat Containment: Identifying Opportunities for Behaviour Change. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1630. [PMID: 37238060 PMCID: PMC10215893 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 5 million pet cats in Australia managed on a spectrum from fully indoors to completely outdoor free roaming. Roaming cats threaten biodiversity, can create a nuisance and are at risk of accidents and injury. Hence, there is substantial interest in behaviour change interventions to increase cat containment. An online questionnaire collected information on cat owner demographics, the number of cats owned, current containment behaviours and an agreement with 15 capability, opportunity and motivation (COM) items. Responses were received from 4482 cat owners. More than half (65%) indicated that they currently keep their cat(s) fully contained. Another 24% practiced a night curfew. Owners' psychological capability had the greatest influence on containment behaviour. Motivation (community- and cat welfare-framed), living in an apartment and renting were also associated with a greater likelihood of containment. Cat owners not currently containing their cats could be divided into six profiles who differed on agreement with COM themes, age, future intentions, current behaviour, location and gender. Understanding differences between cat owner segments can assist with designing behaviour change interventions. Increasing cat owners' psychological capability to contain their cats and encouraging the adoption of a night curfew as a first step towards 24 h containment are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C. Ma
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals New South Wales, Yagoona, NSW 2199, Australia
| | - Lynette J. McLeod
- School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand;
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Calver MC, Crawford HM, Scarff FR, Bradley JS, Dormon P, Boston S, Fleming PA. Intensive Adoption as a Management Strategy for Unowned, Urban Cats: A Case Study of 25 Years of Trap-Assess-Resolve (TAR) in Auckland, New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172301. [PMID: 36078020 PMCID: PMC9454951 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, unowned urban cats are a major concern because they may suffer from poor welfare and cause problems, including public health risks, nuisances, and urban wildlife predation. While management options are often presented as a choice between culling or trap−neuter−return (TNR), for 25 years, the Lonely Miaow (Inc.) charity in Auckland, New Zealand (hereafter LM), has used a third strategy—intensive adoption or trap−assess−resolve (TAR). As of 2019, of 14,611 unowned cats trapped, 64.2% were adopted, 22.2% were euthanized if unsocialised or in grave ill-health, 5.7% were neutered and returned to the site, and 7.9% had other outcomes, such as being transferred to other shelters. Adoption rates increased over this time, exceeding 80.0% in 2018 and 2019. The cost of processing each cat from capture to adoption rose from NZD 58 in 1999 to NZD 234 by 2017. Approximately 80% of colonies (sites where cats were trapped) were around residential areas. Approximately 22% of cats required veterinary treatment after capture; common ailments included respiratory infections, ringworm, dental problems, and trauma. Consistently, 52% of cats were young kittens (<10 weeks old), c. 80% of cats were <1 year old, and only c. 2% were estimated to be >5 years old. TAR avoids euthanasia where possible. Its effectiveness would be enhanced by fewer abandonments of owned cats and kittens, fitting within integrated strategies for the control of unowned cats involving community education. Cat adoptions improve the welfare of cats and, with appropriate husbandry, should alleviate concerns about nuisances, public health, and attacks on wildlife or the cats themselves, essentially benefitting the community and the cats. This case study is relevant to other cities around the world that are seeking to manage unowned cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Calver
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Heather M. Crawford
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Fiona R. Scarff
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - J. Stuart Bradley
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Peter Dormon
- Lonely Miaow Association, Lonely Miaow Association, 35a, Riddell Road, Glendowie, Auckland 1071, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Boston
- Lonely Miaow Association, Lonely Miaow Association, 35a, Riddell Road, Glendowie, Auckland 1071, New Zealand
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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van Lent D, Vernooij JCM, Stolting MM, Corbee RJ. Kittens That Nurse 7 Weeks or Longer Are Less Likely to Become Overweight Adult Cats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3434. [PMID: 34944211 PMCID: PMC8697871 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the suckling period length (SPL) on weight status among adult cats while taking into account putative risk factors. To this end, the body fat percentage of 69 client-owned cats was determined. A body fat percentage of >30% was used for overweight classification. Cat owners were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire to collect information about the SPL, age, breed, sex, feeding amount and frequency, daily playing and outdoor access. SPL was categorized into four groups (0-6, 7-11, 12-16, 17-24 weeks). Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between overweight and SPL after adjusting for identified risk factors. Of the 69 cats, 37 were overweight. The odds for overweight was three times lower in cats with a SPL > 6 weeks (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.10-0.99). This study identified a possible novel, modifiable early life risk factor for overweight in cats; the SPL. The results of this study indicate that allowing cats to nurse longer than 12 weeks might be a simple intervention to improve cat health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise van Lent
- Lekker in je Vacht, Feline Behavioral Health and Welfare Centre, Secretaris Runsinkbrink 6, 2731 AG Benthuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Ronald Jan Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Keiner M, Fuchs J, Bauer N, Moritz A. Evaluation of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RETIC-HGB) for the diagnosis of iron-limited erythropoiesis in cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 49:557-566. [PMID: 33617045 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) (Siemens ADVIA 2120) reflects iron-limited erythropoiesis (ILE). RETIC-HGB (IDEXX ProCyte Dx) is a novel marker of ILE for veterinary use. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate reference intervals (RIs) and the utility of RETIC-HGB and CHr in the diagnosis of feline ILE. MATERIALS AND METHODS RIs were established in 59 healthy cats. Intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) and correlations between RETIC-HGB and CHr were assessed. Two hundred and seventy-five cats were classified as having ILE or not based on low plasma iron or low transferrin saturation along with anemia and/or altered RBC indices. CHr, RETIC-HGB, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were compared between the groups. The sensitivity and specificity of RETIC-HGB and CHr to diagnose ILE were analyzed to determine the RI lower limits. RESULTS RIs for RETIC-HGB and CHr were 12.5-18.0 and 14.0-19.9 pg, respectively. The CV was 3% for both variables. RETIC-HGB and CHr were moderately correlated (rs = 0.59) with a bias of -1.2 picograms (pgs). Twenty of the 275 cats were classified as having ILE. Compared with non-ILE cats, ILE cats had significantly lower median RETIC-HGB (14.3 vs 15.2 pg, P = .0046) and mean CHr (14.7 vs 16.5 pg, P < .0001) values and significantly increased median SAA (44.6 vs 2.3 µg/dl, P < .0001) values. Using the lower RI limits resulted in a low sensitivity and relatively high specificity to diagnose ILE in cats. CONCLUSIONS ILE was characterized by decreased CHr and RETIC-HGB; however, sensitivity was low. The moderate correlation between RETIC-HGB and CHr is likely due to species differences and different methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Keiner
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jannika Fuchs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:211-233. [PMID: 33627003 PMCID: PMC10812130 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21993657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211-233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51-72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat's lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat's maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat's life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gowland
- DVM, DABVP, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force OVC Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hazel C Carney
- DVM, MS, DABVP, WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, Idaho, USA
| | - Theresa DePorter
- DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Plummer
- LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi Westropp
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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10
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Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021. [PMID: 33627003 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211-233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51-72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat's lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat's maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat's life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gowland
- DVM, DABVP, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force OVC Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hazel C Carney
- DVM, MS, DABVP, WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, Idaho, USA
| | - Theresa DePorter
- DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Plummer
- LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi Westropp
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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11
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Dodd SAS, Dewey C, Khosa D, Verbrugghe A. A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:53. [PMID: 33509191 PMCID: PMC7842014 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cats, being obligate carnivores, have unique dietary requirements for nutrients most commonly found in dietary ingredients of animal origin. As such, feeding a diet devoid of animal-derived ingredients has been postulated as a possible cause of nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes. A small proportion of cat owners feed strictly plant-based diets to the cats in their care, yet the health and wellness of cats fed these diets has not been well documented. Results A total of 1325 questionnaires were complete enough for inclusion. The only exclusion criterion was failure to answer all questions. Most cats, 65% (667/1026), represented in the survey were fed a meat-based diet and 18.2% (187/1026) were fed a plant-based diet, with the rest fed either a combination of plant-based with meat-based (69/1026, 6.7%) or indeterminable (103/1026, 10%). Cat age ranged from 4 months to 23 years, with a median of 7 years, and was not associated with diet type. No differences in reported lifespan were detected between diet types. Fewer cats fed plant-based diets reported to have gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Cats fed plant-based diets were reported to have more ideal body condition scores than cats fed a meat-based diet. More owners of cats fed plant-based diets reported their cat to be in very good health. Conclusions Cat owner perception of the health and wellness of cats does not appear to be adversely affected by being fed a plant-based diet. Contrary to expectations, owners perceived no body system or disorder to be at particular risk when feeding a plant-based diet to cats. This study collected information from cat owners and is subject to bias, as well as methodological limitations. Further research is warranted to determine if these results are replicable in a prospective investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A S Dodd
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cate Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Deep Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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12
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Foreman-Worsley R, Finka LR, Ward SJ, Farnworth MJ. Indoors or Outdoors? An International Exploration of Owner Demographics and Decision Making Associated with Lifestyle of Pet Cats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020253. [PMID: 33498511 PMCID: PMC7909512 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Owners may consider many factors when deciding whether to provide an indoor-only or indoor-outdoor lifestyle for their cats. These include safety, mental and physical health, exposure to parasites or disease, and depredation of wildlife. This international study used a series of online surveys to explore the factors cat owners consider when deciding what lifestyle to provide for their cat, alongside investigating if owner and cat features are associated with greater odds of cats having indoor-only or indoor-outdoor lifestyles. Ten variables were found to be significant predictors of lifestyle. Owner features predicting a greater likelihood of cats being kept as indoor-only were being 26–35 years old, having multiple cats, living in city centres or urban areas, and living in the United States, Canada, Australia, or New Zealand. For cats, these features included being junior, having health issues, being pedigree, or having unknown pedigree status. Owner features predicting a greater likelihood of cats being indoor-outdoor were owners being 46–55+ years old or 56+ years old and having children (17 years old or under) living at home. For cats, features included being male and being mature or senior. Road traffic accidents were the major concern for owners of indoor-only cats in all regions surveyed. Owners who provided outdoor access predominantly indicated they did so for the mental wellbeing of their cat. These findings are important in understanding the considerations owners give to their cat’s lifestyle and identifying management trends and cat populations potentially at risk of compromised welfare due to unsuitable lifestyles. Abstract Outdoor access for owned domestic cats (Felis catus) is a divisive issue. Cat safety, mental and physical wellbeing, infectious diseases, and wildlife depredation are cited as factors influencing owners; however, the degree of consideration each factor receives has not been quantified. This study (i) analysed which demographic variables are associated with greater odds of cats having indoor or outdoor lifestyles, (ii) identified which factors owners consider when making a choice on lifestyle and any regional variations, and (iii) identified if owners consider the different lifestyle options available and recognise their associated benefits. A series of online surveys were used for data collection. Binary logistic regression models were used to generate odds ratios assessing if demographic variables were significantly associated with cat lifestyle. Quantitative analysis of factors considered when deciding on cat lifestyle was accompanied by a thematic analysis of rich-text open-ended responses, providing nuanced insight into the rationale and elucidating additional factors considered. Of the demographic variables tested, 10/12 were significantly associated with lifestyle. Variables with higher odds of indoor-only lifestyles were owners being 26–35 years old, multi-cat households, junior cats, pedigree cats or unknown pedigree status, cats with health issues, living in city centres or urban areas, or living in the United States, Canada, Australia, or New Zealand. Variables with higher odds of indoor-outdoor lifestyles were owners being 46–55 years old or 56+ years old, households with residents 17 years old or under, male cats, and cats being mature or senior. Road traffic concerns were the most cited reason for keeping indoor-only cats across all global regions. The second-most cited reason varied regionally. For Europe, it was protection from people. For the USA and Canada, the reason was protection from wildlife, and for Australia and New Zealand, to prevent hunting. Indoor-outdoor cat owners cited most frequently the benefits to their cat’s mental health. Over two-thirds of owners did not consider the alternative lifestyle for their cat. These data give insight into the priorities of cat owners with regards to feline wellbeing, feline safety, and wildlife depredation, helpful for individuals or organisations working with human behaviour change. They provide evidence that the numbers of indoor-only cats are likely to rise with increasing urbanisation. Finally, the data identify cat populations who may be at risk of compromised welfare due to unsuitable, or under-researched, lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Foreman-Worsley
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (L.R.F.); (S.J.W.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lauren R. Finka
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (L.R.F.); (S.J.W.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Samantha J. Ward
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (L.R.F.); (S.J.W.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Mark J. Farnworth
- Brackenhurst Campus, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; (L.R.F.); (S.J.W.); (M.J.F.)
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Easter Bush Campus, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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13
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Black AF, Chur‐hansen A, Winefield HR. Australian psychologists' knowledge of and attitudes towards animal‐assisted therapy. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9552.2011.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Chur‐hansen
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Russell Winefield
- School of Psychology
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Lawson GT, Langford FM, Harvey AM. The environmental needs of many Australian pet cats are not being met. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:898-906. [PMID: 31841057 PMCID: PMC10814394 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19890189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether Australian cat owners are effectively meeting their cats' environmental needs and to identify areas of deficiency that may have an impact on the cats' health and welfare. METHODS An online survey investigating lifestyle factors and provision of environmental resources was distributed to Australian cat owners. RESULTS In total, 12,010 respondents, representing cat-owning households, completed the survey. Altogether, 45.5% were single-cat households and 54.5% were multi-cat households, with a mean number of two cats per household. In total, 46.3% of households contained indoor cats, 51.8% contained indoor-outdoor cats and 1.8% had mostly outdoor cats. Dry food was the predominant food type in 59% of households and few respondents fed their cats in a manner that stimulates natural predatory behaviours. Altogether, 17.1% of households reported cats with urinary problems such as haematuria or urethral obstruction, and 19.8% reported inappropriate urination outside of the litter tray. The incidence of urinary problems was found to be significantly increased in multi-cat households, those with a low number of litter trays, less frequent cleaning of the trays of faeces and the use of crystal type litter. The veterinary clinic was the most common place to obtain advice about feeding and toileting management. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE An increased number of Australian households now contain multiple cats that live restricted or indoor lifestyles. Despite the majority of respondents claiming to have a lot of knowledge about cats and obtaining veterinary advice, deficiencies were identified in toileting facilities and feeding practices, which raises significant welfare concerns. Urinary tract disorders are an important cause of morbidity, mortality and relinquishment and its presence was associated with inadequate toileting facilities. Ongoing education of cat owners and an increased effort by veterinarians to include basic husbandry in preventative care consultations is critical to improving the welfare of pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Lawson
- The Cat Clinic Hobart, Hobart, Australia
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fritha M Langford
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea M Harvey
- Independent Feline Specialist Consultant, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Prior MR, Mills DS. Cats vs. Dogs: The Efficacy of Feliway Friends TM and Adaptil TM Products in Multispecies Homes. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:399. [PMID: 32754622 PMCID: PMC7366870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven percent of UK households are estimated to own both a cat and a dog, despite a popular view that the two do not live well together. This is the first study to evaluate the effects of pheromone products Feliway FriendsTM and AdaptilTM on cat-dog interactions, in homes where owners perceived the potential for improvement in the relationship between their cat and dog. A blinded parallel randomized trial design over a 6-week period was used to evaluate the effect of each of the two products, with 17 participants in each group completing the trial. Owners reported weekly on the frequency of 10 specific undesirable interactions and seven specific desirable interactions. Total undesirable and desirable interaction scores both showed significant linear contrasts over time (undesirable score decreased; desirable score increased). Undesirable interaction scores were significantly lower (with a very large effect size) during treatment compared with baseline. There were no significant differences between the two pheromone products in relation to these outcome measures. AdaptilTM and Feliway FriendsTM were both associated with a significant decrease in: dog chasing cat/cat runs away; cat hiding from dog; cat/dog staring at the other; and dog barking at cat. With AdaptilTM a significant increase was also seen in: friendly greeting and times spent relaxed in the same room. From baseline (Week 2) to the end of the study (Week 6) there was a significant improvement in owners' perception of dog relaxation in those participants who received AdaptilTM and of cat relaxation in those participants who received Feliway FriendsTM. Similarity in the core chemical structure of the appeasing pheromones might explain the main effects, whilst different species-specific additions may explain the product-appropriate species-specific increases in relaxation scores. Specific behavioral improvements seen with AdaptilTM may reflect a greater calming of dogs in this group, reducing their interest in seeking interaction with cats in the same home and the tension in the cat as a result. In conclusion, both products appear to improve the cat-dog relationship and it would be beneficial to further study their use in combination and against placebo. If selecting one product AdaptilTM may be preferable, unless there is a particular need to increase the cat's relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rebecca Prior
- Animal Behaviour Cognition and Welfare Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Simon Mills
- Animal Behaviour Cognition and Welfare Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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16
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Dodd S, Cave N, Abood S, Shoveller AK, Adolphe J, Verbrugghe A. An observational study of pet feeding practices and how these have changed between 2008 and 2018. Vet Rec 2020; 186:643. [PMID: 32554799 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet owners have many feeding options, some may be considered unconventional by veterinary practitioners. Provision of appropriate nutrition is a basic requirement, with adverse health outcomes possible when a pet diet is inadequate. OBJECTIVE To capture dog and cat feeding practices, with a special focus on countries with large English-speaking populations, and to compare with data published over the previous 10 years. METHODS An electronic questionnaire was provided for dog and cat owners online. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, and comparisons made with data from nine peer-reviewed articles published over the previous 10 years. RESULTS Responses from 3673 English-speaking dog and cat owners in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA were included. In previous publications, conventional (commercial, heat-processed) products were the predominant method of feeding. In recent publications, feeding unconventional (raw, homemade, vegetarian) diets appeared more prevalent. In the present study, most (79 per cent dogs, 90 per cent cats) pets were offered conventional food. However a few (13 per cent dogs, 32 per cent cats) pets were fed conventional foods exclusively. Many pets were offered homemade (64 per cent dogs, 46 per cent cats) and/or raw (66 per cent dogs, 53 per cent cats) foods. Different feeding practices were associated with geographical location. CONCLUSION As an increased risk of nutrient insufficiency and associated conditions have been attributed to unconventional feeding practices, veterinarians must be aware of pet feeding trends and educate clients about the nutritional needs of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna-Kate Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JALML, Dhand NK. Positive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234190. [PMID: 32584825 PMCID: PMC7316328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity (O&O) is a risk factor for several health conditions and can result in a shorter lifespan for cats. The objectives of this study were to investigate (a) cat owners’ attitudes towards feline O&O and their associations with O&O in their cats; and (b) the risk factors for feline O&O and underweight, particularly those involving owner practice. An online survey comprising questions related to cat owners’ attitudes towards feline O&O, owner-reported body weight and body condition of their cat, and potential risk factors for feline O&O was conducted. Primarily targeting the Australian population, the survey attracted 1,390 valid responses. In response to ten attitude-related questions, more participants (percentage range among the ten questions: 39.1–76.6%) held a disapproving attitude towards feline O&O than a neutral (17.1–31.9%) or approving attitude (3.9–27.7%). A greater proportion of participants had a more disapproving attitude towards obesity than towards overweight. Cats belonging to owners with an approving attitude towards O&O were more likely to be overweight or obese than cats belonging to owners with a disapproving attitude towards O&O. The cats had particularly high odds of overweight or obesity if their owner agreed that ‘being chubby says that the cat has a quality life’ (OR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.41–5.82) and ‘being fat says that the cat has a quality life’ (OR: 4.98, 95%CI: 2.79–8.91). This study revealed, for the first time, that begging for food was a risk factor for O&O in cats. Other important feline risk factors for O&O identified included being middle-aged, being mixed-breed, dry food as the major diet, the amount of feed not being quantified, and frequently spending time indoors. Being over 11 years, receiving no dry food and receiving measured amounts of feed were associated with an increased odds of underweight in cats. As specific attitudes often lead to certain behaviours, reducing approving attitudes towards feline O&O may potentially reduce the frequency of O&O and the risks of O&O-related disorders in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendy T. Teng
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul D. McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann L. M. L. Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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18
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Shapiro A, Bosward K, Mathews K, Vincent G, Stenos J, Tadepalli M, Norris J. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in raw meat intended for pet consumption. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:443-452. [PMID: 32347659 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in cattery-confined breeding cats indicating prior or current exposure (Shapiro et al., 2015) prompted an investigation into possible sources of infection. One hypothesis was that raw meat diets containing reservoir species may provide a source of C. burnetii transmission. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether C. burnetii DNA was present in raw meat sold exclusively for companion animal consumption. The sample population consisted of raw meat packages (n = 58) of primarily kangaroo origin, with three to four aliquots (50-120 mg) randomly selected from each package. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole tissue in each of these aliquots using a modified protocol. Three quantitative PCR assays were used for the detection of C. burnetii targeting the IS1111 gene, the heat shock operon htpAB and the C. burnetii outer membrane protein-coding gene, com1. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in 25/58 samples (43%) using the IS1111, htpAB and/or com1 PCR assays and confirmed by DNA sequencing. All samples amplifying a product in the com1 assay also amplified a product in the htpAB and IS1111 assays. A total of 17/58 (29%) packets were positive with all three genes, 4/58 (7%) were positive with two genes (IS1111 and htpAB) and 4/58 (7%) were positive with the IS1111 gene only. Coxiella burnetii DNA was five times more likely to be found in offal than skeletal muscle meat samples. All meat samples in which C. burnetii DNA was found were from kangaroo tissues, while samples labelled as non-kangaroo meat (n = 4) were negative. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) identified three different genotypes of C. burnetii that have all been identified previously from Australian human clinical Q fever cases. Further investigations are required to determine the potential role of certain raw meats in the transmission of C. burnetii to cats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Shapiro
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Mathews
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gemma Vincent
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Mythili Tadepalli
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Crawford HM, Calver MC, Fleming PA. Subsidised by junk foods: factors influencing body condition in stray cats (Felis catus). JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDomestic cats (Felis catus) are one of the most widely distributed and successful carnivores globally. While cats are popular pets, many unowned, ‘stray’ cats live freely in anthropogenic environments at high densities where they make use of anthropogenic resources. These stray cats present a management challenge due to concerns about wildlife predation, pathogen transmission, public nuisance and threats to cat welfare (e.g. vehicle collisions). In Australia, there are few studies of strays compared with pet cats or feral cats (free-roaming cats in rural areas that are independent of resources provided by humans). To contribute original data about stray cat biology, the carcasses of 188 euthanised stray cats were collected from Perth, Western Australia. Cats were assessed for general health, age, reproduction, diet and gastrointestinal parasite biomass. The influence of cat demographics, collection location, season, parasite biomass, diet and history of supplemental feeding by people were tested against body condition. Overall, strays were physically healthy and reproductive, with few life-threatening injuries or macroscopic evidence of disease; however, helminths were extremely common (95% of cats) and pose a threat. Nearly 40% of strays consumed wildlife, including two species of endemic marsupial. Alarmingly, 57.5% of strays were scavenging vast amounts of refuse, including life-threatening items in volumes that blocked their gastrointestinal tracts. These findings illustrate that strays need to be removed from anthropogenic environments for their own health and welfare and to prevent continued breeding. Targeted control programmes should prioritise removal of cats from areas where refuse is common and where valued native fauna exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Crawford
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
| | - M C Calver
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
| | - P A Fleming
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
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20
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Brennan A, Hawley J, Dhand N, Boland L, Beatty JA, Lappin MR, Barrs VR. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Owned Domestic Cats in Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:275-280. [PMID: 31886739 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing surveillance of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and exposure risks in owned cats is important to identify effective mechanisms to decrease the prevalence of this global zoonotic parasite. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and risk factors for seropositivity in owned domestic cats in Australia. Sera, signalment data, postcode, and completed owner-questionnaires surveying diet composition and lifestyle factors were collected for cats presenting to 18 veterinary clinics across Australia. T. gondii-specific IgG was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate risk factors associated with positive T. gondii IgG serology. Among 417 cats, T. gondii seroprevalence was 39%. More than two-thirds of cats tested (69%) had outdoor access and 59% were fed a diet containing raw meat. Univariable analyses identified, age (>1 year, p < 0.001), a diet containing any raw meat (p = 0.001), raw kangaroo (p = 0.008), raw chicken (p = 0.012), or raw beef (p = 0.017), and hunting (p = 0.049) as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Age (>1 year, odds ratio [OR]: 7.15) and feeding of raw meat (OR: 2.23) remained significant risk factors (p < 0.001) in multivariable analyses. T. gondii seroprevalence did not differ between cats domiciled in urban and semiurban or rural areas. Pet cats in Australia are commonly infected with T. gondii. Feeding raw meat to cats, a common practice in Australia, is associated with T. gondii infection, highlighting the need for education about the health implications for cats from feeding a diet containing raw meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Brennan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lara Boland
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Hill K, Yates D, Dean R, Stavisky J. A novel approach to welfare interventions in problem multi-cat households. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:434. [PMID: 31796018 PMCID: PMC6891977 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of injured, stray and relinquished cats are received at the RSPCA Greater Manchester Animal Hospital each year. A significant and challenging proportion of these cats are confiscated from multicat households by RSPCA Inspectors, due to the owners' inability to care for them. These households share many characteristics of animal hoarding, including poor owner compliance with suggested welfare improvements and recidivism. The relatively poor adoption potential of animals from such households are a perennial problem for the charity. The aim of this study was to determine if offering female cat neutering assistance to multi-cat owners significantly improved colony welfare. RESULTS Ten multicat households with a history of public complaint to the RSPCA were recruited. An RSPCA veterinary surgeon (VS) initially assessed the overall welfare of each household's cat population, individual cat welfare and the living environment. All entire female cats aged over 8 weeks were neutered and basic animal care education provided. Follow up visits were completed two and 12 months later to reassess welfare parameters and population numbers. The total number of cats was 176 across ten households (range 7-33, median 16). All owners consented to having all entire female cats spayed. At the first visit, mean individual cat welfare scores ranged from 5.4-8.7/ 16 across the 10 households, where 16 represented best possible welfare. Overall household mean welfare scores were significantly improved at both the 2 month and 12 month revisits (p = 0.011 and p = 0.01 respectively) when compared to the initial visits. By the end of the study period, three out of the ten households had voluntarily relinquished all of their cats, and overall there was a 40% reduction in the number of cats. CONCLUSIONS Animal hoarding has previously been an intractable welfare concern with little evidence informing intervention techniques. These results show that positive veterinary engagement on site, focused on preventative care and population control, can yield significant improvement in welfare scoring systems in relatively short timescales. Promptly collecting and neutering all female cats at a site, combined with advice and support, show promise in improving welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Hill
- Greater Manchester Animal Hospital, 411 Eccles New Road, Salford, M5 5NN UK
| | - David Yates
- Greater Manchester Animal Hospital, 411 Eccles New Road, Salford, M5 5NN UK
| | - Rachel Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Jenny Stavisky
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
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Risk of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection in Pet Cats in Australia is Higher in Areas of Lower Socioeconomic Status. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090592. [PMID: 31438632 PMCID: PMC6769635 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some diseases are known to occur at a higher frequency in Australia in areas of social and economic disadvantage. Identification of these diseases is important for effective infection control strategies. We investigated whether an association existed between socioeconomic factors and three infectious diseases in cats (feline immunodeficiency virus, FIV; feline calicivirus, FCV; and feline herpesvirus-1, FHV-1) in Australia. Disease cases that were reported to a voluntary veterinary disease surveillance system (Disease WatchDog) between January 2010 and July 2017 were extracted and analysed. Postcodes of the owners of these cats were compared to four government-published indexes measuring socioeconomic disadvantage and advantage. An association between socioeconomic status and FIV infection, but not FCV and FHV-1 infection, was found. FIV infection was more commonly reported in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage according to all four indexes. Prevention strategies targeting lower socioeconomic communities may help to reduce the overall prevalence of FIV infection in Australia. Abstract Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) are common viral infections of domestic cats in Australia. A study was performed to investigate the possible effect of area-based socioeconomic factors on the occurrence of FIV, FCV, and FHV-1 infection in Australian client-owned cats. A total of 1044 cases, reported to a voluntary Australian online disease surveillance system between January 2010 and July 2017, were analysed with respect to their postcode-related socioeconomic factors using the Socio-Economic Indexes For Areas (SEIFA). SEIFA consists of four different indexes which describe different aspects of socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage. Signalment details including age, sex, neuter status, and breed were also considered. A significant correlation was observed between areas of lower socioeconomic status and a higher number of reported cases of FIV infection for all four SEIFA indexes (p ≤ 0.0002). Postcodes with SEIFA indexes below the Australian median (“disadvantaged” areas) were 1.6–2.3 times more likely to have reported cases of FIV infection than postcodes with SEIFA indexes above the median (“advantaged” areas). In contrast, no correlation was observed between the number of reported cases of FCV or FHV-1 infection and any of the four SEIFA indexes (p > 0.05). When signalment data were analysed for the three infections, FIV-infected cats were more likely to be older (p < 0.00001), male (p < 0.0001), neutered (p = 0.03), and non-pedigree (p < 0.0001) compared to FCV and FHV-1 infected cats. Results from this study suggest that area-based disease control strategies, particularly in areas of social disadvantage, might be effective in reducing the prevalence of FIV infection in pet cats in Australia.
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Gates MC, Walker J, Zito S, Dale A. Cross-sectional survey of pet ownership, veterinary service utilisation, and pet-related expenditures in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:306-314. [PMID: 31319781 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1645626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To describe the demographics of and predictors for pet ownership, reasons for visiting a veterinarian, and pet-related expenditure in pet owners in New Zealand. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from 18-22 June 2015 using a permission-based panel of New Zealand residents aged ≥18 years. Questions included demographics of respondents, number of pets and reasons for owning or not owning pets, number of visits and reasons for visiting a veterinarian, and pet-related expenditure. Results: Of the 1,572 respondents who completed the survey, 1,013 (64.4%) owned ≥1 pet. Of these, 443 owned dogs, 696 cats, 32 horses, 103 birds, 55 rabbits, and 159 owned fish. Companionship was the most common reason for getting dogs, cats, and birds; horses were mostly owned as a hobby, rabbits to provide fun for children, and fish as a source of relaxation. The majority of dog, cat, and rabbit owners considered their pets to be family members; horse owners almost equally considered their horses a hobby or a family member. The odds of pet ownership increased for respondents from a rural region, having a higher household income, having children and being female. Overall, 711/1,013 (70.2%) pet-owning respondents had taken ≥1 animal to the veterinarian in the previous year, with the most common reasons being for vaccination or annual check-ups or health issues. Respondents who considered their pets trusted companions, had a higher income, and owned dogs or cats compared with other species, were most likely to have taken their pet to a veterinarian. The greatest pet-related expenditure for all species was food. The median yearly veterinary expenditure was $200-499 by dog owners, $100-199 by cat owners, and <$100 by horse, bird, rabbit, and fish owners. The best source of information for pet-related issues was considered to be veterinarians by 724/1,001 (72.3%) owners, and the internet by 509/1,001 (50.8%) owners. Conclusions: Among survey respondents, pet ownership was common and pets filled a variety of roles in the household. Pet owners reported spending considerable amounts of money on their pets each year, but some of them may be underutilising veterinary services despite veterinarians being considered as valuable sources of information about pet-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - J Walker
- New Zealand Companion Animal Council , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - S Zito
- RNZSPCA , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - A Dale
- RNZSPCA , Auckland , New Zealand
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Ledesma-Feliciano C, Troyer RM, Zheng X, Miller C, Cianciolo R, Bordicchia M, Dannemiller N, Gagne R, Beatty J, Quimby J, Löchelt M, VandeWoude S. Feline Foamy Virus Infection: Characterization of Experimental Infection and Prevalence of Natural Infection in Domestic Cats with and without Chronic Kidney Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:E662. [PMID: 31330990 PMCID: PMC6669521 DOI: 10.3390/v11070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are globally prevalent retroviruses that establish apparently apathogenic lifelong infections. Feline FV (FFV) has been isolated from domestic cats with concurrent diseases, including urinary syndromes. We experimentally infected five cats with FFV to study viral kinetics and tropism, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype, urinary parameters, and histopathology. A persistent infection of primarily lymphoid tropism was detected with no evidence of immunological or hematologic perturbations. One cat with a significant negative correlation between lymphocytes and PBMC proviral load displayed an expanded FFV tissue tropism. Significantly increased blood urea nitrogen and ultrastructural kidney changes were noted in all experimentally infected cats, though chemistry parameters were not outside of normal ranges. Histopathological changes were observed in the brain, large intestine, and other tissues. In order to determine if there is an association of FFV with Chronic Kidney Disease, we additionally screened 125 Australian pet cats with and without CKD for FFV infection and found that FFV is highly prevalent in older cats, particularly in males with CKD, though this difference was not statistically significant compared to controls. Acute FFV infection was clinically silent, and while some measures indicated mild changes, there was no overt association of FFV infection with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matteo Bordicchia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dannemiller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Roderick Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Julia Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, 601 Vernon Tharpe Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Bruce SJ, Zito S, Gates MC, Aguilar G, Walker JK, Goldwater N, Dale A. Predation and Risk Behaviors of Free-Roaming Owned Cats in Auckland, New Zealand via the Use of Animal-Borne Cameras. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:205. [PMID: 31312639 PMCID: PMC6614195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming cats are at increased risk of injuring themselves as well as other domestic and fauna species, yet relatively little is known about the frequency at which risk and predation behaviors occur in a typical day. In this study, cat risk, and predation behavioral information was collected using animal-borne video cameras and global positioning system (GPS) units that were attached to break-free cat collars. The observation period was one to three consecutive days for 37 convenience sampled free-roaming owned cats in Auckland, New Zealand. Video footage was manually reviewed and all predation and risk behavior events were recorded. These included stalking, pursuing, and seizing prey as well as altercations with other cats, ingesting harmful substances, and venturing into hazardous locations such as roads and storm drains. During the observation period, 23 of the 37 cats (62.2%) engaged in a total of 121 predation events. Of these, 40 resulted in successful prey capture with 18 of the 40 captures involving New Zealand native fauna species. Invertebrates were the most common taxa preyed upon (n = 55; 46%), followed by skinks (n = 8; 7%). No mammalian, avian or amphibian prey were captured and no cat took prey back to their residence. A total of 326 risk behaviors were observed for 32 out of the 37 cats (86.5%) with the most common being cats venturing onto the road (n = 132; 41%). Younger cats (aged 1-6 six years) engaged in significantly more predation and risk behaviors than older cats (aged 7 years and above). Sex, breed, number of cats in a household, and geographic location were not found to be predictors of cats' participation in predation or risk behaviors. Given the high frequency of predation and risk behaviors in free-roaming owned cats, it may be beneficial to educate owners about strategies to minimize risk such as housing them indoors, containing them to their properties or monitoring their time spent outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bruce
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty, Auckland, New Zealand.,Research and Postgraduate Centre, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Zito
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Glenn Aguilar
- Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Arnja Dale
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Bastien BC, Gardner C, Satyaraj E. Influence of time and phenotype on salivary Fel d1 in domestic shorthair cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:867-874. [PMID: 31135257 PMCID: PMC6764004 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19850973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Fel d1 is a major allergen that may affect humans sensitive to cat allergens,
and it can be detected in the saliva and on the hair of cats. We studied the
variability of salivary Fel d1 in typical house cats (ie, neutered domestic
shorthair cats) and the factors that could be associated with that
variability. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 64 cats, twice daily, every other day, for
a year, at two locations (Missouri, USA, and Ontario, Canada). Salivary Fel
d1 levels were measured using an immunoassay. Correlations and linear
mixed-effects model analyses were run to assess which factors significantly
affected the Fel d1 levels. Results Salivary Fel d1 levels varied significantly both within and among cats. Cat
averages over the year ranged from 0.4–35 µg/ml, and a higher average
correlated with a higher SD (P <0.001). The first
collection of the day tended to be higher than the afternoon collection
(P <0.001). Sex, coat color or body size did not
relate to cats’ average Fel d1 production, but older cats tended to have
lower salivary Fel d1 levels (P <0.001). Fel d1 levels
from four samples were reliable in identifying cats producing stable low
levels of Fel d1. Conclusions and relevance We observed a wide and continuous range of salivary Fel d1 production in
domestic shorthair cats. In particular, a subset of cats had stable low
levels throughout the course of the year, and they can be identified by
analyzing a few saliva samples rather than their physical appearance.
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27
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Finka LR, Ward J, Farnworth MJ, Mills DS. Owner personality and the wellbeing of their cats share parallels with the parent-child relationship. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211862. [PMID: 30721257 PMCID: PMC6363285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human personality may substantially affect the nature of care provided to dependants. This link has been well researched in parents and children, however, relatively little is known about this dynamic with regards to humans’ relationships with non-human animals. Owner interactions with companion animals may provide valuable insight into the wider phenomenon of familial interactions, as owners usually adopt the role of primary caregiver and potentially surrogate parent. This study, using cats as an exemplar, explored the relationship between owner personality and the lifestyles to which cats are exposed. In addition, it explored owner personality as it related to reported cat behaviour and wellbeing. Cat owners (n = 3331) responded to an online survey examining their personality and the health, behaviour and management of their cats. Owner personality was measured using the Big Five Inventory (BFI) to assess: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Neuroticism and Openness. Owners also provided information concerning the physical health, breed type, management and behavioural styles of their cats. Generalised linear mixed models were used to identify relationships between owner personality and a range of factors that may have welfare implications for the wider companion animal population, and specifically, cats. Higher owner Neuroticism was associated with an increased likelihood of non-pedigree rather than pedigree cat ownership, a decreased likelihood of ad libitum access to the outdoors, cats being reported as having a ‘behavioural problem’, displaying more aggressive and anxious/fearful behavioural styles and more stress-related sickness behaviours, as well as having an ongoing medical condition and being overweight. Other owner personality traits were generally found to correlate more positively with various lifestyle, behaviour and welfare parameters. For example, higher owner Extroversion was associated with an increased likelihood that the cat would be provided ad libitum access to the outdoors; higher owner Agreeableness was associated with a higher level of owner reported satisfaction with their cat, and with a greater likelihood of owners reporting their cats as being of a normal weight. Finally higher owner Conscientiousness was associated with the cat displaying less anxious/fearful, aggressive, aloof/avoidant, but more gregarious behavioural styles. These findings demonstrate that the relationship between carer personality and the care received by a dependent, may extend beyond the human family to animal-owner relationships, with significant implications for the choice of management, behaviour and potentially the broader wellbeing of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Finka
- College of Life Sciences, Joseph Bank Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
- Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanna Ward
- College of Life Sciences, Joseph Bank Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Farnworth
- Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S. Mills
- College of Life Sciences, Joseph Bank Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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28
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Gehrig AC, Hartmann K, Günther F, Klima A, Habacher G, Bergmann M. A survey of vaccine history in German cats and owners' attitudes to vaccination. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:73-83. [PMID: 29529958 PMCID: PMC10814604 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18759838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination is the most important measure for prevention of feline infectious diseases. Cat owner compliance with vaccination recommendations has been investigated in the UK but not in other European countries. The aim of the present study was to determine cat owners' attitudes towards vaccination in cats in Germany, to identify factors that are associated with the vaccination status of their cats and to compare the results with those of the UK survey. METHODS The survey was conducted using an online questionnaire and was aimed at respondents throughout Germany. Respondents under 16 years of age, cats that were less than 9 weeks old and veterinarians were excluded. A total of 920 questionnaires were evaluated, and information about cats and respondents was assessed with respect to the current vaccination status of the cats using a linear logistic regression model. RESULTS The majority of cats (77.9%; n = 717) were vaccinated according to current guidelines; only 5.4% (n = 50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.00-9.00) of cats had never received a vaccine. Having visited a cattery, a cat show or travelled abroad in the past 12 months (n = 96/773; odds ratio [OR] 6.95; 95% CI 1.65-52.19) had the highest positive impact on the vaccination status of cats. In addition, detailed veterinary advice about vaccination had a positive impact (n = 275/773; OR 2.09; 95% CI 0.67-6.25) on the attitude of owners towards vaccinating their cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A history of travelling abroad or visiting cat shows or a cattery, and thus regulatory requirements, had the greatest positive impact on the current vaccination status of the cats. Veterinary consultation on preventive measures, including vaccination, is crucial for protecting the cat population against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Gehrig
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Crawford HM, Fontaine JB, Calver MC. Ultrasonic deterrents reduce nuisance cat (Felis catus) activity on suburban properties. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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30
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Johnston L, Szczepanski J, McDonagh P. Demographics, lifestyle and veterinary care of cats in Australia and New Zealand. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1199-1205. [PMID: 28169564 PMCID: PMC11104182 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16685677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this survey was to provide up-to-date information on the demographics, lifestyle and veterinary care of cats in Australia and New Zealand. Methods An online survey consisting of 19 questions was created using SurveyMonkey. Cat owners were invited to participate through advertisements in veterinary clinics and social media. Results The average number of cats in a household was two. The majority of cats lived in free-standing houses (78%) in the suburbs (66%). The majority of cats were desexed (94% [49% female neutered; 45% male neutered]). A total of 57% of cats had been strays or came from an animal shelter. A total of 40% of owners had intended not to let the cats outside when they first acquired them. A total of 63% of cats were described as indoor-outdoor cats. Although owners described 34% of cats as 'indoor only', 58% of those cats had access to the outdoors. The majority of respondents' cats were vaccinated annually (63%) and visited a vet at least annually (79%). The most common reasons to take a cat to the vet were vaccinations or the cat being unwell. The most common reasons not to regularly take the cat to the vet were that the cat was never unwell, cost or stress for the cat. Conclusions and relevance Consideration of the lifestyle of cats is important to optimise veterinary care. Cats across Australia and New Zealand have a variety of different and changing lifestyles. Therefore, careful owner questioning is required at each visit to maximise healthcare outcomes for cats.
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O’Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Candidatus 'Mycobacterium lepraefelis': Further clinical and molecular characterisation of eight previously reported cases and an additional 30 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:919-932. [PMID: 28838294 PMCID: PMC11128897 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper, the last in a series of three on 'feline leprosy', provides a detailed description of disease referable to the previously unnamed species, Candidatus 'Mycobacterium lepraefelis', a close relative of the human pathogens Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. METHODS Cases were sourced retrospectively and prospectively for this observational study, describing clinical, geographical and molecular microbiological data for cats definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' infection. RESULTS A total of 145 cases of feline leprosy were scrutinised; 114 'new' cases were sourced from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) records, veterinary pathology laboratories or veterinarians, and 31 cases were derived from six published studies. Thirty-eight cats were definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' infection. Typically, cats tended to be middle-aged or older when first infected, with a male predilection. Affected cats typically had widespread cutaneous lesions, in some cases after initially localised disease. Advanced cases were often systemically unwell. All cats had outdoor access. The histological picture was lepromatous in the majority of patients, although two cases had tuberculoid disease. In one case that underwent necropsy, lesions were evident in the liver, spleen and lungs. Treatment was varied, although most cats received a combination of oral clarithromycin and rifampicin. Prognosis for recovery was variable, but typically poor. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' typically causes high bacterial index (lepromatous) feline leprosy that in some cases progresses to systemic mycobacteriosis. The disease has a variable clinical course and prognosis. Many cases either died or were euthanased due to the infection. Multilocus sequence analysis reveals a heterogeneous picture and further analysis of draft genome sequencing may give clues to the taxonomy and epidemiology of this organism. Prospective treatment trials and/or additional drug susceptibility testing in specialised systems would further inform treatment recommendations. Comparative aspects: This paper finishes with a discussion of comparative aspects of infection caused by the three feline leproid disease agents that have been the subject of this series: Candidatus 'Mycobacterium tarwinense', Mycobacterium lepraemurium and Candidatus 'M lepraefelis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R O’Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - George Reppas
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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McDonald JL, Cleasby IR, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, O'Neill DG. Mortality due to trauma in cats attending veterinary practices in central and south-east England. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:570-576. [PMID: 28762508 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify important demographic and spatial factors associated with the risk of trauma and, more specifically, road traffic accident-related mortality, relative to other diagnoses in cats. METHODS A sample of 2738 cats with mortality data derived from the VetCompass primary-care veterinary database was selected for detailed study. Generalised linear models investigated risk factors for mortality due to trauma and due to road traffic accidents versus other causes. RESULTS A greater proportion of younger cats died through traumatic and road traffic accident-attributed causes relative to other causes of mortality. There was no apparent association of trauma- or road traffic accident-related death with urban environments or areas where there is increased human population density. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings highlight that veterinary advice which aims to reduce the likelihood of death through trauma, and specifically road traffic accidents, should focus on demographic attributes including age. All geographical locations should be considered as of equal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McDonald
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - I R Cleasby
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - D C Brodbelt
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D B Church
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D G O'Neill
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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O’Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Mycobacterium lepraemurium. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:737-746. [PMID: 28592223 PMCID: PMC11129200 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper, the second in a series of three on 'feline leprosy', provides a detailed description of disease referable to Mycobacterium lepraemurium, the most common cause of feline leprosy worldwide. METHODS Cases were sourced retrospectively and prospectively for this observational study, describing clinical, geographical and molecular microbiological data for cats definitively diagnosed with M lepraemurium infection. RESULTS A total of 145 cases of feline leprosy were scrutinised; 114 'new' cases were sourced from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory records, veterinary pathology laboratories or veterinarians, and 31 cases were derived from six published studies. Sixty-five cats were definitively diagnosed with M lepraemurium infection. Typically, cats were 1-3 years of age when first infected, with a male gender predilection. Affected cats were generally systemically well. All had outdoor access. Lesions tended to consist of one or more cutaneous/subcutaneous nodules, typically located on the head and/or forelimbs, possibly reflecting the most likely locations for a rodent bite as the site of inoculation for organisms. Nodules had the propensity to ulcerate at some stage in the clinical course. The cytological and histological picture varied from tuberculoid, with relatively low bacterial numbers, to lepromatous with moderate to high bacterial numbers. Treatment was varied, although most cats underwent surgical resection of lesions with adjunctive medical therapy, most often using a combination of oral clarithromycin and rifampicin. Prognosis for recovery was generally good, and in two cases there was spontaneous remission without the requirement for medical intervention. Untreated cats continued to enjoy an acceptable quality of life despite persistence of the disease, which extended locally but had no apparent tendency to disseminate to internal organs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE M lepraemurium causes high bacterial index (lepromatous) or low bacterial index (tuberculoid) feline leprosy. The infection typically causes nodules of the skin and/or subcutis (which tend towards ulceration) on the head and/or forelimbs. The disease usually has an indolent clinical course and infected cats have a generally favourable response to therapeutic interventions, with rare cases undergoing spontaneous resolution. Genomic analysis may yield clues as to the environmental niche and culture requirements of this elusive organism. Prospective treatment trials and/or additional drug susceptibility testing in specialised systems would further inform treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R O’Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - George Reppas
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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O’Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Candidatus 'Mycobacterium tarwinense':Further clinical and molecular characterisation of 15 previously reported cases and an additional 27 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:498-512. [PMID: 28438086 PMCID: PMC10816531 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper, the first in a series of three on 'feline leprosy', provides a detailed description of disease referable to Candidatus 'Mycobacterium tarwinense', the most common cause of feline leprosy in Victoria, Australia. METHODS Cases were sourced retrospectively and prospectively for this observational study, describing clinical, geographical and molecular microbiological data for cats definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M tarwinense' infection. RESULTS A total of 145 cases of feline leprosy were scrutinised; 114 'new' cases were sourced from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory records, veterinary pathology laboratories or veterinarians, and 31 cases were derived from six published studies. Forty-two cats were definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M tarwinense' infection. Typically, cats were between 3 and 11 years of age, with no gender predilection, and were generally systemically well. All had outdoor access. Most cats underwent surgical resection of lesions with adjunctive medical therapy, often utilising a combination of oral clarithromycin and rifampicin for at least 3 months. Prognosis for recovery was generally good. Resolution of lesions was not observed in the absence of treatment, but a number of untreated cats continued to enjoy an acceptable quality of life despite persistence of the disease, which extended locally but did not appear to disseminate to internal organs. Preliminary results of draft genome sequencing confirmed that the species is a member of the Mycobacterium simiae complex. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Candidatus 'M tarwinense', a fastidious member of the M simiae complex, is capable of causing feline leprosy with a tendency to produce lesions on the head, particularly involving the eyes and periocular skin. The disease has an indolent clinical course and generally responds favourably to therapy despite lesions often containing large numbers of organisms. Detailed genomic analysis may yield clues as to the environmental niche and culture requirement of this elusive organism. Prospective treatment trials and/or drug susceptibility testing in specialised systems would further inform treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R O’Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - George Reppas
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Dias Costa E, Martins CM, Cunha GR, Catapan DC, Ferreira F, Oliveira ST, Garcia RDCM, Biondo AW. Impact of a 3-year pet management program on pet population and owner's perception. Prev Vet Med 2017; 139:33-41. [PMID: 28364830 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although pet population management programs have been established worldwide, few reports on program evaluation have been carried out to date. Accordingly, a 3-year longitudinal study has been carried out in a 4000 household neighborhood located within the metropolitan area of Curitiba, the eighth most populated city of Brazil. Visits were conducted and questionnaires completed to estimate and characterize the local pet population (animal sex, reproductive and vaccination status, street access). Care provided by owners, community perception on stray dog management and the possible changes were compared in these variables over time (2010 and 2013) were evaluated, after the establishment of a city pet population management program. In addition, associations between having children, owning dogs and cats, responsible pet ownership education and owner's perception on stray dogs were statistically tested. A total of 354/4000 (8.9%) household families were interviewed in 2010 and 70/354 (19.8%) of the same families again in 2013. No significant changes were found in overall number of dogs and cats and average pet age, animal care and owner's perception on stray dogs following the 3-year population management program. In 2010, an average of 1.6 dogs and 0.3 cats were found per family, with slightly more females (51.3% dogs and 51.1% cats), adults (4.0±3.5years for dogs and 2.1±2.4 for cats), intact (not neutered; 94.2% dogs and 84.0% cats) and lacking regular visit to veterinarian (71.6%). Although more families (53.1%) had children under 12 years old, no association was found between having children and having dogs and cats. Questionnaires revealed that owners perceived neutering/spaying to be the best pet population control method (42.4%), with "society" (50%) and "government" (49.4%) as responsible for pet population management. A significant positive association has been found between education level and the best way to control stray dogs (p=0.03), between having dogs and in favor of neutering/spaying (p=0.04) and considering neutering/spaying as the best control method (p=0.02). The chances of thinking the best way to control stray dogs by neutering/spaying and adoption were almost 2.0 fold higher than other methods. In conclusion, the present study has provided indicators (education level, having dogs) for pet population control program assessment and effectiveness evaluation. Moreover, this study may serve as a warning on the real long-term effect of such programs, which should be periodically evaluated to identify necessary adjustments and/or improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dias Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Graziela Ribeiro Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Simone Tostes Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil.
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil.
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Andrew RL, Smith D, Gorrell JC, Janes JK. Voyage of discovery? A comment on Koch et al. "A voyage to Terra Australis: human-mediated dispersal of cats". BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:270. [PMID: 27927179 PMCID: PMC5142327 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins of feral cats in Australia may be understood with the help of molecular studies, but it is important that hypotheses be tested with appropriate sampling and methodology. We point out several shortcomings in the analysis by Koch et al. (BMC Evol Biol 15:262, 2015; A voyage to Terra Australis: human-mediated dispersal of cats. Dryad Digital Repository, 2015), present a reanalysis of part of the study and discuss the challenges of elucidating the early history of feral cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Deane Smith
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Jamieson C Gorrell
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Jasmine K Janes
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Day MJ. Cats are not small dogs: is there an immunological explanation for why cats are less affected by arthropod-borne disease than dogs? Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:507. [PMID: 27646278 PMCID: PMC5028948 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that cats appear to be less frequently affected by arthropod-borne infectious diseases than dogs and share fewer zoonotic pathogens with man. This impression is supported by the relative lack of scientific publications related to feline vector-borne infections. This review explores the possible reasons for the difference between the two most common small companion animal species, including the hypothesis that cats might have a genetically-determined immunological resistance to arthropod vectors or the microparasites they transmit. A number of simple possibilities might account for the lower prevalence of these diseases in cats, including factors related to the lifestyle and behaviour of the cat, lesser spend on preventative healthcare for cats and reduced opportunities for research funding for these animals. The dog and cat have substantially similar immune system components, but differences in immune function might in part account for the markedly distinct prevalence and clinicopathological appearance of autoimmune, allergic, idiopathic inflammatory, immunodeficiency, neoplastic and infectious diseases in the two species. Cats have greater genetic diversity than dogs with much lower linkage disequilibrium in feline compared with canine breed groups. Immune function is intrinsically related to the nature of the intestinal microbiome and subtle differences between the canine and feline microbial populations might also impact on immune function and disease resistance. The reasons for the apparent lesser susceptibility of cats to arthropod-borne infectious diseases are likely to be complex, but warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, BS40 5DU, UK.
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A Cross-Sectional Survey to Estimate the Cat Population and Ownership Profiles in a Semirural Area of Central Italy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3796872. [PMID: 27610373 PMCID: PMC5005761 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3796872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding animal population size and its demographic features is essential to address Public Health policies as well as to provide valuable information to pet industries and veterinary practitioners. Nevertheless, official data on feline population are not available worldwide. In the present study, the owned cat population size, its demographic attributes, and the ownership profiles have been investigated through a face-to-face questionnaire in a semirural area of Central Italy. The human : cat ratio was equal to 6.8 (95% CI: 5.7–7.5); 29.3% of households own at least one cat. The majority of cats were living in a rural area (67.8%) and outdoors, were neutered (70.5%), and were fed with commercial food (54.8%) and they visited a veterinarian 1-2 times a year (43.3%). The cat ownership was strongly associated with people living in a rural area and owning another pet. As the cat owned population was mainly kept outdoors in rural areas, the possible relation between the owned and the stray animals is worthy to be monitored in future researches. Our study revealed that the feline owned population was larger than expected and that social and economic human factors do not influence the cat ownership. Health Authorities and veterinary practitioners should promote responsible ownership to increase the veterinary care, to intensify the official identification, and to properly manage the outdoor lifestyle.
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Adler CJ, Malik R, Browne GV, Norris JM. Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27277498 PMCID: PMC4899902 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is highly prevalent amongst domestic cats, causing pain, gingival bleeding, reduced food intake, loss of teeth and possibly impacts on overall systemic health. Diet has been suggested to play a role in the development of periodontal disease in cats. There is a complete lack of information about how diet (composition and texture) affects the feline oral microbiome, the composition of which may influence oral health and the development of periodontal disease. We undertook a pilot study to assess if lifelong feeding of dry extruded kibble or wet (canned and/or fresh meat combinations) diets to cats (n = 10) with variable oral health affected the microbiome. RESULTS Oral microbiome composition was assessed by amplifying the V1-V3 region of the 16S gene from supragingival dental plaque DNA extracts. These amplicons were sequenced using Illumina technology. This deep sequencing revealed the feline oral microbiome to be diverse, containing 411 bacterial species from 14 phyla. We found that diet had a significant influence on the overall diversity and abundance of specific bacteria in the oral environment. Cats fed a dry diet exclusively had higher bacterial diversity in their oral microbiome than wet-food diet cats (p < 0.001). Amongst this higher diversity, cats on dry-food diets had a higher abundance of Porphyromonas spp. (p < 0.01) and Treponema spp. (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS While we observed differences in the oral microbiome between cats on the two diets assessed, the relationship between these differences and gingival health was unclear. Our preliminary results indicate that further analysis of the influence of dietary constituents and texture on the feline oral microbiome is required to reveal the relationship between diet, the oral microbiome and gingival health in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Adler
- Institute of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, B22 Regimental Drive, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Gina V Browne
- Institute of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, McMaster Building B14, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
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Howell TJ, Mornement K, Bennett PC. Pet cat management practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Westman ME, Paul A, Malik R, McDonagh P, Ward MP, Hall E, Norris JM. Seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus in Australia: risk factors for infection and geographical influences (2011-2013). JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116916646388. [PMID: 28491420 PMCID: PMC5362860 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916646388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to: (i) determine the current seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in three large cohorts of cats from Australia; and (ii) investigate potential risk factors for retroviral infection. METHODS Cohort 1 (n = 2151 for FIV, n = 2241 for FeLV) consisted of cats surrendered to a shelter on the west coast of Australia (Perth, Western Australia [WA]). Cohort 2 (n = 2083 for FIV, n = 2032 for FeLV) consisted of client-owned cats with outdoor access recruited from around Australia through participating veterinary clinics. Cohort 3 (n = 169 for FIV, n = 166 for FeLV) consisted of cats presenting to Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital for a variety of reasons. Fresh whole blood was collected and tested using a commercially available point-of-care lateral flow ELISA kit that detects p27 FeLV antigen and antibodies to FIV antigens (p15 and p24) (cohorts 1 and 2), or one of two lateral flow immunochromatography kits that detect p27 antigen and antibodies to FIV antigen (p24 and/or gp40) (cohort 3). Data recorded for cats in cohort 2 included signalment, presenting complaint and postcode, allowing investigation of risk factors for FIV or FeLV infection, as well as potential geographical 'hot spots' for infection. RESULTS The seroprevalence of FIV was 6% (cohort 1), 15% (cohort 2) and 14% (cohort 3), while the seroprevalence of FeLV was 1%, 2% and 4% in the same respective cohorts. Risk factors for FIV infection among cats in cohort 2 included age (>3 years), sex (male), neutering status (entire males) and location (WA had a significantly higher FIV seroprevalence compared with the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria). Risk factors for FeLV infection among cats in cohort 2 included health status ('sick') and location (WA cats were approximately three times more likely to be FeLV-infected compared with the rest of Australia). No geographical hot spots of FIV infection were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both FIV and FeLV remain important infections among Australian cats. WA has a higher seroprevalence of both feline retroviruses compared with the rest of Australia, which has been noted in previous studies. A lower neutering rate for client-owned male cats is likely responsible for the higher seroprevalence of FIV infection in WA cats, while the reason for the higher seroprevalence of FeLV in WA cats is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Westman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amanda Paul
- Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Hansen N, Foster SF, Burrows AK, Mackie J, Malik R. Cutaneous asthenia (Ehlers-Danlos-like syndrome) of Burmese cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:954-63. [PMID: 26486982 PMCID: PMC10816250 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15610683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OF CASES A 6-month-old Burmese kitten developed focal skin lesions following a routine ovariohysterectomy. These were eventually attributed to the patient struggling during catheter placement and induction of anaesthesia. The lesions were caused by fluid extravasation in the subcutis and ischaemic necrosis of the overlying dermis, giving rise to an eschar-like appearance. Such lesions have been seen previously in Burmese cats with cutaneous asthenia and it is thought that they arise due to poor collagenous support for dermal blood vessels. An increased skin extensibility index (>23%) supported a diagnosis of cutaneous asthenia (Ehlers-Danlos-like syndrome), which has been reported as an inherited condition of Burmese cats in Australia, New Zealand and Europe. An additional Burmese cat with cutaneous asthenia is presented in detail, with lifetime follow-up and further salient observations by the owner, a veterinarian. Photographs of three other affected Burmese cats are provided to illustrate the range of presentations encountered with this condition. All five affected cats were presented with eschars, atrophic alopecia and increased skin extensibility, while one cat also had skin ulcers. Routine histopathological examination, including use of special stains such as trichrome, was unhelpful in establishing the diagnosis. CLINICAL REVIEW The clinical features of this genetic disease of Burmese cats are reviewed, especially in relation to the postulated 'vasculopathy' that gives rise to characteristic skin lesions. Long term management of this condition is discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hansen
- Greencross Noosa Veterinary Clinic, 15 Hilton Terrace, Tewantin, QLD 4565, Australia
| | - Susan F Foster
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Amanda K Burrows
- Murdoch University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - John Mackie
- Vepalabs, 36 Balaclava St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Building B22, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
People who feed cats that they do not perceive they own (sometimes called semi-owners) are thought to make a considerable contribution to unwanted cat numbers because the cats they support are generally not sterilized. Understanding people’s perception of cat ownership and the psychology underlying cat semi-ownership could inform approaches to mitigate the negative effects of cat semi-ownership. The primary aims of this study were to investigate cat ownership perception and to examine its association with human-cat interactions and caretaking behaviours. A secondary aim was to evaluate a definition of cat semi-ownership (including an association time of ≥1 month and frequent feeding), revised from a previous definition proposed in the literature to distinguish cat semi-ownership from casual interactions with unowned cats. Cat owners and semi-owners displayed similar types of interactions and caretaking behaviours. Nevertheless, caretaking behaviours were more commonly displayed towards owned cats than semi-owned cats, and semi-owned cats were more likely to have produced kittens (p<0.01). All interactions and caretaking behaviours were more likely to be displayed towards cats in semi-ownership relationships compared to casual interaction relationships. Determinants of cat ownership perception were identified (p<0.05) and included association time, attachment, perceived cat friendliness and health, and feelings about unowned cats, including the acceptability of feeding unowned cats. Encouraging semi-owners to have the cats they care for sterilized may assist in reducing the number of unwanted kittens and could be a valuable alternative to trying to prevent semi-ownership entirely. Highly accessible semi-owner “gatekeepers” could help to deliver education messages and facilitate the provision of cat sterilization services to semi-owners. This research enabled semi-ownership to be distinguished from casual interaction relationships and can assist welfare and government agencies to identify cat semi-owners in order to develop strategies to address this source of unwanted cats.
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Smyth GB, East IJ, Wicks RM. Spatial and temporal evaluation of veterinarians and veterinary employers relative to human and domesticated animal populations in Australia 2002-2012. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:137-44. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GB Smyth
- Australian Government Department of Agriculture; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - IJ East
- Australian Government Department of Agriculture; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - RM Wicks
- Australian Government Department of Agriculture; Canberra ACT Australia
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H. Investigation of inherited diseases in cats: genetic and genomic strategies over three decades. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:405-15. [PMID: 25896240 PMCID: PMC10816245 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The health of the cat mirrors a complex interaction between its environment (nurture) and its genetics (nature). To date, over 70 genetic mutations (variants) have been defined in the cat; many involve diseases, structural anomalies, coat color and texture, including numerous that are clinically relevant. This trend will continue as more of the feline genome is deciphered. Genetic testing, and eventually whole-genome sequencing, should become routine diagnostic tools in feline healthcare within the foreseeable future. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Cat breeds have dispersed around the world. Thus, feline medicine clinicians should be aware of breeds common to their region and common mutations found within those regional populations. Random-bred populations of domestic cats can also have defined genetic characteristics and mutations, which are equally worthy of understanding by feline medicine clinicians. OUTLINE This article reviews the chronology and evolution of genetic and genomic tools pertinent to feline medicine. Possible strategies for mapping genetic traits and defects, and how these impact on feline health, are also discussed. The focus is on three historical periods: (1) research conducted before the availability of the cat genome; (2) research performed immediately after the availability of sequences of the cat genome; and (3) current research that goes beyond one cat genome and utilizes the genome sequences of many cats. EVIDENCE BASE The data presented are extracted from peer-reviewed publications pertaining to mutation identification, and relevant articles concerning heritable traits and/or diseases. The authors draw upon their personal experience and expertise in feline genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, W106 Vet Med Building, 1600 E Rollins St, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
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Linton M, Nimmo JS, Norris JM, Churcher R, Haynes S, Zoltowska A, Hughes S, Lessels NS, Wright M, Malik R. Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia: 13 cases and review of an emerging clinical entity. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:392-404. [PMID: 25896239 PMCID: PMC10816242 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14568170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF) is a recently described inflammatory disease of cats affecting stomach or intestines and draining regional lymph nodes. This study presents clinical and laboratory data on 13 newly described cases from Australia (11) and the UK (two). OBSERVATIONS The disease was most often observed in middle-aged cats (median 7 years of age; interquartile range 5-9 years). Ragdolls (7/13) and males (9/13) were overrepresented. Cats generally had a long history of vomiting and/or diarrhoea. Lesions were typically large, hard, non-painful, easily palpable and most commonly situated near the pylorus or ileocaecocolic junction. Lesions were heterogeneous ultrasonographically and on sectioning at celiotomy or necropsy. Masses were hard and 'gritty' on fine-needle aspiration due to internal trabeculae made up of mature collagen bundles. Bacteria were commonly detected within masses (9/13 cases) using either culture or conventional light microscopy and a panel of special stains, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), although detection often required a diligent search of multiple tissue sections. A consistent bacterial morphology could not be appreciated among the different cases. OUTCOME Patients were treated with a variable combination of cytoreduction (debulking and biopsy, to complete surgical resection), immunosuppressive therapy and antimicrobial agents. Many cats had a poor outcome, which was attributable to late diagnosis combined with suboptimal management. It is hoped that suggestions outlined in the discussion may improve clinical outcomes and long-term survival in future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linton
- Eastside Veterinary Emergency and Specialists, 10 Newcastle Street, Rose Bay, NSW, 2029, Australia
| | - Judith S Nimmo
- ASAP Pathology Laboratory, 53 Glenvale Crescent, Mulgrave, VIC, 3170, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Churcher
- North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Crows Nest, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Sophia Haynes
- Centre for Animal Referral and Emergency, Collingwood, VIC 3066, Australia
| | | | - Sunishka Hughes
- Leslie Street Veterinary Clinic, Umina, NSW, 2259, Australia
| | - Naomi S Lessels
- Leslie Street Veterinary Clinic, Umina, NSW, 2259, Australia
| | | | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:125-33. [PMID: 24925771 PMCID: PMC10816413 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14536176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced knowledge on longevity and mortality in cats should support improved breeding, husbandry, clinical care and disease prevention strategies. The VetCompass research database of primary care veterinary practice data offers an extensive resource of clinical health information on companion animals in the UK. This study aimed to characterise longevity and mortality in cats, and to identify important demographic risk factors for compromised longevity. Crossbred cats were hypothesised to live longer than purebred cats. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the deceased cats. Multivariable linear regression methods investigated risk factor association with longevity in cats that died at or after 5 years of age. From 118,016 cats attending 90 practices in England, 4009 cats with confirmed deaths were randomly selected for detailed study. Demographic characterisation showed that 3660 (91.7%) were crossbred, 2009 (50.7%) were female and 2599 (64.8%) were neutered. The most frequently attributed causes of mortality in cats of all ages were trauma (12.2%), renal disorder (12.1%), non-specific illness (11.2%), neoplasia (10.8%) and mass lesion disorders (10.2%). Overall, the median longevity was 14.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 9.0-17.0; range 0.0-26.7). Crossbred cats had a higher median longevity than purebred cats (median [IQR] 14.0 years [9.1-17.0] vs 12.5 years [6.1-16.4]; P <0.001), but individual purebred cat breeds varied substantially in longevity. In cats dying at or after 5 years (n = 3360), being crossbred, having a lower bodyweight, and being neutered and non-insured were associated with increased longevity. This study described longevity in cats and identified important causes of mortality and breed-related associations with compromised longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O'Neill
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - David B Church
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paul D McGreevy
- RMC Gunn Building (B19), Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- RMC Gunn Building (B19), Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David C Brodbelt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
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O'Neill D, Church D, McGreevy P, Thomson P, Brodbelt D. Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Vet J 2014; 202:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chang-Fung-Martel J, Gummow B, Burgess G, Fenton E, Squires R. A door-to-door prevalence study of feline immunodeficiency virus in an Australian suburb. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1070-8. [PMID: 23739036 PMCID: PMC10816465 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13491959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A door-to-door survey was conducted within the limits of the suburb of Douglas in northern Queensland, Australia, to determine the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the overall population of domestic cats. Previous FIV prevalence studies have relied on convenience sampling strategies, leaving out an important group of pet cats that do not receive regular veterinary attention. Saliva was selected for testing because collection was non-invasive and was likely to achieve a high rate of participation. Ninety-six cats were surveyed and tested for salivary antibodies against FIV and with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was considered to be the gold standard and a cat was considered to be FIV-positive if sequencing results on a PCR product of appropriate size matched previously published FIV genome sequences available in GenBank. Results showed 10/96 cats to be infected with FIV subtype A, indicating a prevalence of 10.4% (95% confidence interval: 4.4-16.4) in the area studied. High risk associations were established with the roaming lifestyle of the cat (P <0.002), presence of abscesses (P <0.03) and occurrence of bite wounds (P <0.10). This is the first known cross-sectional study of a population of urban northern Australian cats living in an affluent suburb and presenting saliva as a potential non-invasive sample for large-scale epidemiological surveys on FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Chang-Fung-Martel
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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