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De Gaetano S, Midiri A, Mancuso G, Avola MG, Biondo C. Candida auris Outbreaks: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2024; 12:927. [PMID: 38792757 PMCID: PMC11123812 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a critical priority pathogen on its latest list of fungi. C. auris infections are reported in the bloodstream and less commonly in the cerebrospinal fluid and abdomen, with mortality rates that range between 30% and 72%. However, no large-scale epidemiology studies have been reported until now. The diagnosis of C. auris infections can be challenging, particularly when employing conventional techniques. This can impede the early detection of outbreaks and the implementation of appropriate control measures. The yeast can easily spread between patients and in healthcare settings through contaminated environments or equipment, where it can survive for extended periods. Therefore, it would be desirable to screen patients for C. auris colonisation. This would allow facilities to identify patients with the disease and take appropriate prevention and control measures. It is frequently unsusceptible to drugs, with varying patterns of resistance observed among clades and geographical regions. This review provides updates on C. auris, including epidemiology, clinical characteristics, genomic analysis, evolution, colonisation, infection, identification, resistance profiles, therapeutic options, prevention, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmelo Biondo
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (M.G.A.)
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2
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Ahmady L, Gothwal M, Mukkoli MM, Bari VK. Antifungal drug resistance in Candida: a special emphasis on amphotericin B. APMIS 2024; 132:291-316. [PMID: 38465406 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans caused by several Candida species, increased considerably in immunocompromised or critically ill patients, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans is the most prevalent species, although the frequency of these organisms varies greatly according to geographic region. Infections with C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species have become more common, especially in the past 20 years, as a result of aging, immunosuppressive medication use, endocrine disorders, malnourishment, extended use of medical equipment, and an increase in immunogenic diseases. Despite C. albicans being the species most frequently associated with human infections, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei also have been identified. Several antifungal drugs with different modes of action are approved for use in clinical settings to treat fungal infections. However, due to the common eukaryotic structure of humans and fungi, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available for therapeutic use. Furthermore, drug resistance in Candida species has emerged as a result of the growing use of currently available antifungal drugs against fungal infections. Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene class of antifungal drugs, is mainly used for the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections. AmB interacts with fungal plasma membrane ergosterol, triggering cellular ion leakage via pore formation, or extracting the ergosterol from the plasma membrane inducing cellular death. AmB resistance is primarily caused by changes in the content or structure of ergosterol. This review summarizes the antifungal drug resistance exhibited by Candida species, with a special focus on AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailema Ahmady
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Manisha Gothwal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Vinay Kumar Bari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Husni R, Bou Zerdan M, Samaha N, Helou M, Mahfouz Y, Saniour R, Hourani S, Kolanjian H, Afif C, Azar E, El Jisr T, Mokhbat J, Abboud E, Feghali R, Abboud E, Matta H, Karayakouboglo G, Matar M, Moghnieh R, Daoud Z. Characterization and susceptibility of non-albicans Candida isolated from various clinical specimens in Lebanese hospitals. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1115055. [PMID: 36969669 PMCID: PMC10036786 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInvasive fungal infections have presented a challenge in treatment. In the past, it was known that the frontrunner in such infections is Candida albicans with little emphasis placed on non-albicans Candida species (NAC). Studies worldwide have shown a rise in fungal infections attributed to non-albicans Candida species. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of NAC infections along with an overview of resistance in Lebanese hospitals.MethodsThis is a two-year observational multi-central descriptive study. Between September 2016 and May of 2018, a total of 1000 isolates were collected from 10 different hospitals distributed all over the country. For the culture, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was used. Antifungal Susceptibility was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in broth (microdilution) of the different antifungal treatments.ResultsOut of the 1000 collected isolates, Candida glabrata, being the most isolated species (40.8%), followed by Candida tropicalis: 231(23.1%), Candida parapsilosis: 103(10.3%), and other NAC species at lower percentage. Most of these isolates (88.67%) were susceptible to posaconazole, 98.22% were susceptible to micafungin, and 10% were susceptible to caspofungin.ConclusionThe change of etiology of fungal infections involving a significant increase in NAC cases is alarming due to the different antifungal susceptibility patterns and the lack of local guidelines to guide the treatment. In this context, proper identification of such organisms is of utmost importance. The data presented here can help in establishing guidelines for the treatment of candida infections to decrease morbidity and mortality. Future surveillance data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Husni
- Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Rola Husni
| | - Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Nadia Samaha
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mariana Helou
- Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Mahfouz
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rim Saniour
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Sawsan Hourani
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Harout Kolanjian
- Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Claude Afif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint George Hospital-University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eid Azar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint George Hospital-University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tamima El Jisr
- Department of Laboratory, Makased General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jacques Mokhbat
- Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emma Abboud
- Department of Laboratory, Mount Liban Hospital, Hazmiyeh, Lebanon
| | - Rita Feghali
- Department of Laboratory, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Edmond Abboud
- Department of Laboratory, The Middle East Institute of Health University Hospital, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Hiam Matta
- Saint Georges Ajaltoun Hospital, Ajaltoun, Lebanon
| | | | - Madonna Matar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Notre Dame de Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Rima Moghnieh
- Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Daoud
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI, United States
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Michigan Health Clinics, Saginaw, MI, United States
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Lower Concentrations of Amphotericin B Combined with Ent-Hardwickiic Acid Are Effective against Candida Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030509. [PMID: 36978378 PMCID: PMC10044661 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening Candida infections have increased with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the already limited arsenal of antifungal drugs has become even more restricted due to its side effects associated with complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Drug combination strategies have the potential to reduce the risk of side effects without loss of therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of ent-hardwickiic acid with low concentrations of amphotericin B against Candida strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for amphotericin B and ent-hardwickiic acid as isolated compounds and for 77 combinations of amphotericin B and ent-hardwickiic acid concentrations that were assessed by using the checkerboard microdilution method. Time–kill assays were performed in order to assess the fungistatic or fungicidal nature of the different combinations. The strategy of combining both compounds markedly reduced the MIC values from 16 µg/mL to 1 µg/mL of amphotericin B and from 12.5 µg/mL to 6.25 µg/mL of ent-hardwickiic acid, from isolated to combined, against C. albicans resistant to azoles. The combination of 1 µg/mL of amphotericin B with 6.25 µg/mL of ent-hardwickiic acid killed all the cells of the same strain within four hours of incubation.
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Martins Leal Schrekker C, Sokolovicz YCA, Raucci MG, Leal CAM, Ambrosio L, Lettieri Teixeira M, Meneghello Fuentefria A, Schrekker HS. Imidazolium Salts for Candida spp. Antibiofilm High-Density Polyethylene-Based Biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051259. [PMID: 36904500 PMCID: PMC10007465 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The species of Candida present good capability to form fungal biofilms on polymeric surfaces and are related to several human diseases since many of the employed medical devices are designed using polymers, especially high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Herein, HDPE films containing 0; 0.125; 0.250 or 0.500 wt% of 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C16MImCl) or its analog 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (C16MImMeS) were obtained by melt blending and posteriorly mechanically pressurized into films. This approach resulted in more flexible and less brittle films, which impeded the Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis biofilm formation on their surfaces. The employed imidazolium salt (IS) concentrations did not present any significant cytotoxic effect, and the good cell adhesion/proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells on the HDPE-IS films indicated good biocompatibility. These outcomes combined with the absence of microscopic lesions in pig skin after contact with HDPE-IS films demonstrated their potential as biomaterials for the development of effective medical device tools that reduce the risk of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Martins Leal Schrekker
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Yuri Clemente Andrade Sokolovicz
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Grazia Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Viale John Fitzgerald Kennedy 54, Mostra d’Oltremare Padiglione 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Alberto Martins Leal
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Viale John Fitzgerald Kennedy 54, Mostra d’Oltremare Padiglione 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Mário Lettieri Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Rodovia SC 283—km 17, Concórdia 89703-720, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.M.F.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.M.F.); (H.S.S.)
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Serafim MS, Rodrigues DM, Ribeiro VP, Ccana-Ccapatinta GV, Groppo M, Martins CHG, Ambrósio SR, Bastos ANDJK. Eucalyptus botryoides' resin and its new 2- O-galloyl-1,6- O-di- trans- p-coumaroyl- β-D-glycopyranoside compound display good antimicrobial activity. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:618-627. [PMID: 35514129 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2065486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal resistance to different therapeutic drugs has become a growing challenge. This crucial health problem requires new effective drug alternatives. Herein, we report the study of Eucalyptus botryoides' resin used in folk medicine as antimicrobial. Thus, E. botryoides' resin was extracted with aqueous-ethanol and fractionated using Sephadex chromatography, furnishing its major compounds. The crude extracts and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts. The crude extract displayed MIC of 25 μg/mL against S. salivarius, and for C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis the MIC were between 2.9 and 5.9 μg/mL. The 7-O-Methyl-aromadendrin was the most effective against C. glabrata and C. krusei (MIC = 1.6 μg/mL). 2-O-Galloyl-1,6-O-di-trans-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glycopyranoside, first time reported, showed MIC of 3.1 μg/mL against C. glabrata and C. krusei. Overall, this work gave promising results, indicating that Eucalyptus botryoides' resin and its compounds have the potential for developing anti-yeast products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sayegh Serafim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Munhoz Rodrigues
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Pena Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Groppo
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - A N D Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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de Almeida Campos L, Fin MT, Santos KS, de Lima Gualque MW, Freire Cabral AKL, Khalil NM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mainardes RM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Voriconazole Delivery Applied to Invasive Fungal Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010266. [PMID: 36678893 PMCID: PMC9863752 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections increase mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. The treatment of these infections is still limited due to the low bioavailability and toxicity, requiring therapeutic monitoring, especially in the most severe cases. Voriconazole is an azole widely used to treat invasive aspergillosis, other hyaline molds, many dematiaceous molds, Candida spp., including those resistant to fluconazole, and for infections caused by endemic mycoses, in addition to those that occur in the central nervous system. However, despite its broad activity, using voriconazole has limitations related to its non-linear pharmacokinetics, leading to supratherapeutic doses and increased toxicity according to individual polymorphisms during its metabolism. In this sense, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have successfully improved the physicochemical and biological aspects of different classes of drugs, including antifungals. In this review, we highlighted recent work that has applied nanotechnology to deliver voriconazole. These systems allowed increased permeation and deposition of voriconazole in target tissues from a controlled and sustained release in different routes of administration such as ocular, pulmonary, oral, topical, and parenteral. Thus, nanotechnology application aiming to delivery voriconazole becomes a more effective and safer therapeutic alternative in the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís de Almeida Campos
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Midwest State University (UNICENTRO), Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia St, 838, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
| | - Margani Taise Fin
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Midwest State University (UNICENTRO), Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia St, 838, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
| | - Kelvin Sousa Santos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos William de Lima Gualque
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Karla Lima Freire Cabral
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Najeh Maissar Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Midwest State University (UNICENTRO), Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia St, 838, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubiana Mara Mainardes
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Midwest State University (UNICENTRO), Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia St, 838, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.M.M.); (M.J.S.M.-G.)
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.M.M.); (M.J.S.M.-G.)
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Photoinactivation of Planktonic Cells, Pseudohyphae, and Biofilms of Candida albicans Sensitized by a Free-Base Chlorin and Its Metal Complexes with Zn(II) and Pd(II). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010105. [PMID: 36671307 PMCID: PMC9854949 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and its occurrence is increasing due to the growing complexity of patients. In particular, Candida albicans exhibits several virulence factors that facilitate yeast colonization in humans. In this sense, the photodynamic inactivation of yeasts is a promising new alternative to eliminate fungal infections. Herein, the photodynamic activity sensitized by a free-base chlorin (TPCF16) and its complexes with Zn(II) (ZnTPCF16) and Pd(II) (PdTPCF16) was investigated in order to eliminate C. albicans under different forms of cell cultures. A decrease in cell survival of more than 5 log was found in planktonic cells incubated with 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 upon 15 min of white-light irradiation. The mechanism of action mainly involved a type II pathway in the inactivation of C. albicans cells. In addition, the photodynamic action induced by these chlorins was able to suppress the growth of C. albicans in a culture medium. These photosensitizers were also effective to photoinactivate C. albicans pseudohyphae suspended in PBS. Furthermore, the biofilms of C. albicans that incorporated the chlorins during the proliferation stage were completely eradicated using 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 after 60 min of light irradiation. The studies indicated that these chlorins are effective photosensitizing agents to eliminate C. albicans as planktonic cells, pseudohyphae, and biofilms.
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3,5-Dinitrobenzoate and 3,5-Dinitrobenzamide Derivatives: Mechanistic, Antifungal, and In Silico Studies. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2336175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections, including those caused by Candida spp., are recognized in immunocompromised individuals for their high rates of morbidity and mortality. Microorganism resistance to conventional drugs compromises treatment effectiveness and yet also reveals the need to develop new drugs. In many compounds, nitro groups contribute to antimicrobial activity; thus, the inhibitory activity of a collection of twenty esters and amides (derived from 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) against Candida spp. was elucidated using microdilution methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC), as well as probable mechanisms of action. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Of the tested derivatives, ten presented fungicidal activity against at least one of the tested strains. Ethyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (2) exhibited the most potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MIC = 125 µg/mL; 0.52 mM), Candida krusei (MIC = 100 µg/mL; 4.16 mM), and Candida tropicalis (MIC = 500 µg/ml; 2.08 mM). The structure of the second most potent derivative (propyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (3) reveals that esters with short alkyl side chains exhibit better biological activity profiles. Compounds 2 and 3 presented a mechanism of action involving the fungal cell membrane. Though compound 2 modeling against C. albicans revealed a multitarget antifungal mechanism of action, involving various cellular processes, interference in the synthesis of ergosterol was observed. Our results demonstrate that certain ester derivatives containing aromatic ring nitro groups may be useful in the search for new antifungal drugs.
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Chen T, Yang D, Lei S, Liu J, Song Y, Zhao H, Zeng X, Dan H, Chen Q. Photodynamic therapy-a promising treatment of oral mucosal infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103010. [PMID: 35820633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of oral mucosal infections is increasingly challenging owing to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial strategies are urgently required. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted attention for the treatment of oral mucosal infections because of its ability to effectively inactivate drug-resistant bacteria, completely heal clinical infectious lesions and usually offers only mild adverse reactions. This review briefly summarizes relevant scientific data and published papers and discusses the potential mechanism and application of PDT in the treatment of oral mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yansong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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Buakaew W, Pankla Sranujit R, Noysang C, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Thongsri Y, Potup P, Daowtak K, Usuwanthim K. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Proteins Involved in the Mode of Action of β-Citronellol Identified From Citrus hystrix DC. Leaf Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894637. [PMID: 35677908 PMCID: PMC9168680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungus that lives primarily on the mucosal surfaces of healthy humans, such as the oral cavity, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract. This commensal organism can be controlled by other microbiota, while certain conditions can increase the risk of C. albicans outgrowth and cause disease. Prevalence of the drug-resistant phenotype, as well as the severity of C. albicans infection in immunocompromised patients, presents a challenge for scientists to develop novel, effective treatment, and prevention strategies. β-Citronellol is an intriguing active compound of several plants that has been linked to antifungal activity, but data on the mechanism of action in terms of proteomic profiling are lacking. Here, β-citronellol identified from Citrus hystrix DC. leaf against C. albicans were evaluated. A proteomic approach was used to identify potential target proteins involved in the mode of action of β-citronellol. This study identified and discussed three protein groups based on the 126 major proteins that were altered in response to β-citronellol treatment, 46 of which were downregulated and 80 of which were upregulated. Significant protein groups include cell wall proteins (e.g., Als2p, Rbt1p, and Pga4p), cellular stress response enzymes (e.g., Sod1p, Gst2p, and Ddr48p), and ATP synthesis-associated proteins (e.g., Atp3p, Atp7p, Cox1p, and Cobp). Results demonstrated the complexities of protein interactions influenced by β-citronellol treatment and highlighted the potential of antifungal activity for future clinical and drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watunyoo Buakaew
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chanai Noysang
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Yordhathai Thongsri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pachuen Potup
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Krai Daowtak
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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12
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Andrade JT, Lima WG, Barbosa CS, Gonçalves AMMN, Silva MKP, Morais FB, Palumbo JMC, Viana GHR, Ferreira JMS. Antifungal activity of a novel 3-Alkylpyridine analog derived from Marine sponge alkaloids. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200944. [PMID: 34817035 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. is considered an important cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. Currently, the emergence and spread of resistant Candida isolates are being increasingly reported, making the development of new agents urgently needed. In this study, we showed the in vitro anti-Candida activity of seven synthetic 3-alkylpyridine alkaloid analogs. Among them, alkaloid 1 presented a potent antifungal effect, which was independent of its capacity of binding with the fungal membrane ergosterol or cell wall. Analog 1 showed fungistatic and fungicidal effects against C. albicans (MIC 7.8 μg/mL and MFC 62.5 μg/mL), C. glabrata, C. krusei (MIC and MFC 31.2 μg/mL), and C. tropicalis (MIC 31.2 μg/mL and MFC 125 μg/mL). The time kill-curve study showed that compound 1 has a potent fungicidal effect in vitro, eliminating C. albicans cells. Furthermore, an in vitro synergistic effect with ketoconazole was observed for compound 1. This compound also eliminated the yeast-to-hypha transition. However, it showed high cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Taken together, these findings support the use of compound 1 as a prototype to develop new anti-Candida agents, but molecular modifications should be done to minimize the high cytotoxicity obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica T Andrade
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - William G Lima
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 34096-830 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila S Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M M N Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Mayra K P Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Morais
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana M C Palumbo
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H R Viana
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline M S Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei/UFSJ, Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
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13
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2095-2113. [PMID: 33556223 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions aetiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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15
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Holešová S, Čech Barabaszová K, Hundáková M, Plevová E, Kalendová A. Novel
LDPE
/vermiculite/ciclopiroxolamine hybrid nanocomposites: Structure, surface properties, and antifungal activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Holešová
- Nanotechnology Centre VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | | | - Marianna Hundáková
- Nanotechnology Centre VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Eva Plevová
- Institute of Geonics Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (AS CR) Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kalendová
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology Tomas Bata University in Zlín Zlín Czech Republic
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16
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Demin KA, Refeld AG, Bogdanova AA, Prazdnova EV, Popov IV, Kutsevalova OY, Ermakov AM, Bren AB, Rudoy DV, Chistyakov VA, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Mechanisms of Candida Resistance to Antimycotics and Promising Ways to Overcome It: The Role of Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:926-948. [PMID: 33738706 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Candida and infections caused by those species are now considered as a serious threat to public health. The treatment of candidiasis is significantly complicated by the increasing resistance of pathogenic strains to current treatments and the stagnant development of new antimycotic drugs. Many species, such as Candida auris, have a wide range of resistance mechanisms. Among the currently used synthetic and semi-synthetic antifungal drugs, the most effective are azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, nucleotide analogs, and their combinations. However, the use of probiotic microorganisms and/or the compounds they produce is quite promising, although underestimated by modern pharmacology, to control the spread of pathogenic Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Aleksandr G Refeld
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anna A Bogdanova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Evgenya V Prazdnova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Alexey M Ermakov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anzhelica B Bren
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Rudoy
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Chistyakov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. .,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Franco PHC, Vieira JG, Ramos CADO, Johann S, de Oliveira RB, César IC. Stability-indicating method for the novel antifungal compound RI76: Characterization and in vitro antifungal activity of its active degradation product. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5014. [PMID: 33119961 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RI76 is a novel 2-thiazolylhydrazone compound with reported antifungal activity. In preclinical drug development, it is fundamental to know the impurity profile and to understand degradation mechanisms of the molecule. In our study, RI76 was subjected to forced degradation conditions, and a stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated. Separation was carried out on a C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) maintained at 40°C using a 1 mL/min flow rate of 2 mM ammonium acetate with 0.1% formic acid (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile in gradient mode. The method was linear in the range of 0.7-91 μg/mL for RI76 and 0.7-25 μg/mL for its degradation product PD76. The formation of a major degradation product was quickly observed when RI76 was in aqueous solution. The chemical structure of this product, named PD76, was proposed based on LC-UV-MS experiments, synthesized in-house, and confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and chromatographic analysis. In vitro antifungal activity assays demonstrated that this resultant product shows a promising activity against clinically important Candida and Cryptococcus strains, matching or surpassing the activity of its precursor and of well-established antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Geraldi Vieira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Susana Johann
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabela Costa César
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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18
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Quiroga ED, Cordero P, Mora SJ, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. Mechanistic aspects in the photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans sensitized by a dimethylaminopropoxy porphyrin and its equivalent with cationic intrinsic charges. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101877. [PMID: 32534247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photocytotoxic effect induced by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylaminepropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP+4) was examined in Candida albicans to obtain information on the mechanism of photodynamic action and cell damage. For this purpose, the photokilling of the yeast was investigated under anoxic conditions and cell suspensions in D2O. Moreover, photoinactivation of C. albicans was evaluated in presence of reactive oxygen species scavengers, such as sodium azide and d-mannitol. The results indicated that singlet molecular oxygen was the main reactive species involved in cell damage. On the other hand, the binding and distribution of these porphyrins in the cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Morphological damage was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), indicating modifications in the cell envelopment. Furthermore, deformed cells were observed after photoinactivation of C. albicans by toluidine blue staining. In addition, modifications in the cell envelope due to the photodynamic activity was found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Similar photodamage was observed with both porphyrin, which mainly produced alterations in the cell barriers that lead to the photoinactivation of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel D Quiroga
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Cordero
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S Jimena Mora
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Alvarez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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19
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Cárdenas Parra LY, Perez Cárdenas JE. Mecanismos de resistencia a fluconazol expresados por Candida glabrata: una situación para considerar en la terapéutica. INVESTIGACIÓN EN ENFERMERÍA: IMAGEN Y DESARROLLO 2020. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.ie22.mrfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: Los esfuerzos terapéuticos orientados a atender las micosis por Candida spp. se han enfocado en el empleo de azoles; sin embargo, en la literatura científica se discute su beneficio, por los amplios y descritos mecanismos de resistencia. Objetivo: Describir los mecanismos de resistencia al fluconazol expresados por la especie Candida glabrata, con la intención de que sean considerados dentro de las variables de elegibilidad para la intervención. Método: Se realizó una revisión integrativa utilizando la pregunta orientadora: ¿cuáles son los mecanismos de resistencia al fluconazol expresados por la especie Candida glabrata? Veintinueve estudios obtenidos de la base de datos PubMed cumplieron los criterios del análisis crítico propuesto por el instrumento PRISMA, utilizado para la selección de los artículos incluidos para su revisión en este manuscrito. Las categorías bajo las cuales se organizaron los elementos de análisis fueron: sobrexpresión de bombas de eflujo y modificaciones en la enzima lanosterol 14-alfa-desmetilasa. Resultados: Los mecanismos de resistencia al fluconazol expresados por Candida glabrata están determinados principalmente por la regulación a la alza de bombas de adenosina-trifosfato Binding Cassette (ABC) y por la modificación del punto de unión con su blanco farmacológico: la enzima lanosterol 14-alfa-desmetilasa. Conclusión: Los mecanismos de resistencia expresados por Candida glabrata se asocian con la modificación estructural de la diana farmacológica y la sobreexpresión de bombas de eflujo de manera diferencial a otras especies. Se sugiere que Candida glabrata es intrínsecamente menos susceptible al fluconazol.
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Gupta R, Thakur J, Pal S, Mishra D, Rani P, Kumar S, Saini A, Singh A, Yadav K, Srivastava A, Prasad R, Gupta S, Bajaj A. Cholic-Acid-Derived Amphiphiles Can Prevent and Degrade Fungal Biofilms. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:7332-7341. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Gupta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Pal
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Deepakkumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Parul Rani
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Archana Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology,
South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Kavita Yadav
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Siddhi Gupta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
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21
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Yeast Engineering for New Antifungal Compounds: A Contextualized Overview. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Pippi B, Joaquim A, Lopes W, Machado G, Bergamo V, Giuliani L, Abegg M, Cruz L, Vainstein M, Fuentefria A, Andrade S. 8‐Hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonamides are promising antifungal candidates for the topical treatment of dermatomycosis. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1038-1049. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pippi
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A.R. Joaquim
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - W. Lopes
- Centro de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - G.R.M. Machado
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - V.Z. Bergamo
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - L.M. Giuliani
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - M.A. Abegg
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas Itacoatiara AM Brazil
| | - L. Cruz
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - M.H. Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A.M. Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - S.F. Andrade
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Chromatographic methods for echinocandin antifungal drugs determination in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1217-1228. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of fungal resistance to drugs, such as azole family, gave rise to the development of new antifungals. In this context, echinocandins emerged as a promising alternative for antifungal therapies. Following the commercialization of caspofungin in 2001, echinocandins became the first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis in different patient populations. The quantification of these drugs has gained importance since pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and resistance studies are a paramount concern. This fact has led us to exhaustively examine the methodologies used for the analysis of echinocandins in biological fluids, which are mainly based on LC coupled to different detection techniques. In this review, we summarize the analytical methods for the quantification of echinocandins focusing on sample treatment, chromatographic separation and detection methods.
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Han Q, Wang N, Yao G, Mu C, Wang Y, Sang J. Blocking β-1,6-glucan synthesis by deleting KRE6 and SKN1 attenuates the virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:604-620. [PMID: 30507002 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-1,6-glucan is an important component of the fungal cell wall. The β-1,6-glucan synthase gene KRE6 was thought to be essential in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because it could not be deleted in previous efforts. Also, the role of its homolog SKN1 was unclear because its deletion caused no defects. Here, we report the construction and characterization of kre6Δ/Δ, skn1Δ/Δ and kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutants in C. albicans. While deleting KRE6 or SKN1 had no obvious phenotypic consequence, deleting both caused slow growth, cell separation failure, cell wall abnormalities, diminished hyphal growth, poor biofilm formation and loss of virulence in mice. Furthermore, the GPI-linked cell surface proteins Hwp1 and the invasin Als3 or Ssa1 were not detected in kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutant. In GMM medium, RT-qPCR and western blotting revealed a constitutive expression of KRE6 and growth conditions-associated activation of SKN1. Like many hypha-specific genes, SKN1 is repressed by Nrg1, but its activation does not involve the transcription factor Efg1. Dysregulation of SKN1 reduces C. albicans ability to damage epithelial and endothelial cells and attenuates its virulence. Given the vital role of β-1,6-glucan synthesis in C. albicans physiology and virulence, Kre6 and Skn1 are worthy targets for developing antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Mu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Depatment of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianli Sang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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In Vitro Effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Essential Oil on Candida spp. Involved in Oral Infections. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4045013. [PMID: 30416530 PMCID: PMC6207861 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4045013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the antifungal potential of chemically characterized essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume on Candida spp. biofilm and establishes its mode of action, effect on fungal growth kinetics, and cytotoxicity to human cells. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values varied from 62.5 to 1,000 μg/mL, and the effect seems to be due to interference with cell wall biosynthesis. The kinetics assay showed that EO at MICx2 (500 μg/mL) induced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of the fungal growth after exposure for 8 h. At this concentration, the EO was also able to hinder biofilm formation and reduce Candida spp. monospecies and multispecies in mature biofilm at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.05). A protective effect on human red blood cells was detected with the EO at concentrations up to 750 μg/mL, as well as an absence of a significant reduction (p > 0.05) in the viability of human red blood cells at concentrations up to 1,000 μg/mL. Phytochemical analysis identified eugenol as the main component (68.96%) of the EO. C. zeylanicum Blume EO shows antifungal activity, action on the yeast cell wall, and a deleterious effect on Candida spp. biofilms. This natural product did not show evidence of cytotoxicity toward human cells.
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Baigorria E, Reynoso E, Alvarez MG, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Silica nanoparticles embedded with water insoluble phthalocyanines for the photoinactivation of microorganisms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:261-269. [PMID: 29964223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) embedded with Zn(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(methoxy)phthalocyanine (SiNPZnPcOCH3), Zn(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(4-pyridyloxy) phthalocyanine (SiNPZnPcOPy) and Zn(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(t-butyl) phthalocyanine (SiNPZnPctBu) were synthesized in the nonpolar core of AOT/1-butanol/water micelles using triethoxyvinylsilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. These SiNPs-Pc presented an average diameter of about 20-25 nm. UV-vis absorption spectra presented the characteristic Soret and Q bands of phthalocyanines embedded into the nanoparticles. Moreover, red fluorescence emission of SiNPs bearing phthalocyanines was detected in water. The SiNPs-Pc produced the photodecomposition of 2,2'-(anthracene-9,10-diyl)bis(methylmalonic acid), which was used to sense the singlet molecular oxygen O2(1Δg) generation in aqueous medium. Also, the formation of superoxide anion radical was detected by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction in the presence of NADH. Photoinactivation of microorganisms was investigated in Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. In vitro experiments showed that photosensitized inactivation induced by SiNPZnPcOCH3 and SiNPZnPctBu improved with an increase of irradiation times. After 30 min irradiation, over 7 log reduction was found for S. aureus. Also, these SiNPs-Pc produced a decrease of 2.5 log in C. albicans after 60 min irradiation. In both cases, a lower photoinactivation activity was found for SiNPZnPcOPy. Studies of photodynamic action mechanism showed that the photokilling of microbial cells was protected in the presence of sodium azide and diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Also, a reduction on the cell photodamage was found with the addition of D-mannitol. Therefore, the photodynamic activity sensitized by SiNPZnPcOCH3 and SiNPZnPctBu in microbial cells was mediated by a contribution of both type I and type II photooxidative mechanisms. Thus, silica nanoparticles are interesting materials to vehicle ZnPcOCH3 and ZnPctBu in aqueous media to photoeradicate microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Baigorria
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Reynoso
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Elisa Milanesio
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Van Dijck P, Sjollema J, Cammue BPA, Lagrou K, Berman J, d’Enfert C, Andes DR, Arendrup MC, Brakhage AA, Calderone R, Cantón E, Coenye T, Cos P, Cowen LE, Edgerton M, Espinel-Ingroff A, Filler SG, Ghannoum M, Gow NA, Haas H, Jabra-Rizk MA, Johnson EM, Lockhart SR, Lopez-Ribot JL, Maertens J, Munro CA, Nett JE, Nobile CJ, Pfaller MA, Ramage G, Sanglard D, Sanguinetti M, Spriet I, Verweij PE, Warris A, Wauters J, Yeaman MR, Zaat SA, Thevissen K. Methodologies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm agents and surface coatings against fungal biofilms. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:300-326. [PMID: 29992128 PMCID: PMC6035839 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.07.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails, which are the most common fungal diseases in humans, invasive fungal infections carry high morbidity and mortality, particularly those associated with biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices. Therapeutic management of these complex diseases is often complicated by the rise in resistance to the commonly used antifungal agents. Therefore, the availability of accurate susceptibility testing methods for determining antifungal resistance, as well as discovery of novel antifungal and antibiofilm agents, are key priorities in medical mycology research. To direct advancements in this field, here we present an overview of the methods currently available for determining (i) the susceptibility or resistance of fungal isolates or biofilms to antifungal or antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; (ii) the in vivo efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; and (iii) the in vitro and in vivo performance of anti-infective coatings and materials to prevent fungal biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of BioMedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Berman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maiken C. Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emilia Cantón
- Severe Infection Research Group: Medical Research Institute La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Re-serve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Biocenter - Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Clinical Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Munro
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, USA
| | - Michael A. Pfaller
- Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA
| | - Gordon Ramage
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS-Fondazione Policlinico "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Dpt, University Hospitals Leuven and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Dpt. of Pharmaceutical and Pharma-cological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (omit "Nijmegen" in Radboud University Medical Center)
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joost Wauters
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Har-bor-UCLA Medical Center, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Sebastian A.J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Am-sterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mechanistic Basis of pH-Dependent 5-Flucytosine Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02593-17. [PMID: 29610197 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02593-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal drug 5-flucytosine (5FC), a derivative of the nucleobase cytosine, is licensed for the treatment of fungal diseases; however, it is rarely used as a monotherapeutic to treat Aspergillus infection. Despite being potent against other fungal pathogens, 5FC has limited activity against Aspergillus fumigatus when standard in vitro assays are used to determine susceptibility. However, in modified in vitro assays where the pH is set to pH 5, the activity of 5FC increases significantly. Here we provide evidence that fcyB, a gene that encodes a purine-cytosine permease orthologous to known 5FC importers, is downregulated at pH 7 and is the primary factor responsible for the low efficacy of 5FC at pH 7. We also uncover two transcriptional regulators that are responsible for the repression of fcyB and, consequently, mediators of 5FC resistance, the CCAAT binding complex (CBC) and the pH regulatory protein PacC. We propose that the activity of 5FC might be enhanced by the perturbation of factors that repress fcyB expression, such as PacC or other components of the pH-sensing machinery.
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Savanur HM, Naik KN, Ganapathi SM, Kim KM, Kalkhambkar RG. Click Chemistry Inspired Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Coumarin, Quinolinone Linked 1,2,3‐Triazoles as Promising Anti‐Microbial Agents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemantkumar M. Savanur
- Department of ChemistryKarnatak University's Karnatak Science College Dharwad Karnatak 580001 India
| | - Krishna N. Naik
- Department of ChemistryKarnatak University's Karnatak Science College Dharwad Karnatak 580001 India
| | - Shailaja M. Ganapathi
- Department of BiotechnologyKarnatak University'sKarnatak Science College Dharwad. Karnatak 580001 India
| | - Kang Min Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical science and technologyKyungsung University Busan 608–736 Korea
| | - Rajesh G. Kalkhambkar
- Department of ChemistryKarnatak University's Karnatak Science College Dharwad Karnatak 580001 India
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Patil S, Majumdar B, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Awan KH. Oropharyngeal Candidosis in HIV-Infected Patients-An Update. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:980. [PMID: 29867882 PMCID: PMC5962761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidosis (OPC) is an opportunistic fungal infection that is commonly found in HIV-infected patients, even in the twenty-first century. Candida albicans is the main pathogen, but other Candida species have been isolated. OPC usually presents months or years before other severe opportunistic infections and may indicate the presence or progression of HIV disease. The concept of OPC as a biofilm infection has changed our understanding of its pathobiology. Various anti-fungal agents (both topical and systemic) are available to treat OPC. However, anti-fungal resistance as a result of the long-term use of anti-fungal agents and recurrent oropharyngeal infection in AIDS patients require alternative anti-fungal therapies. In addition, both identifying the causative Candida species and conducting anti-fungal vulnerability testing can improve a clinician's ability to prescribe effective anti-fungal agents. The present review focuses on the current findings and therapeutic challenges for HIV-infected patients with OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Barnali Majumdar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College & Hospital, Baddi, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, India
| | - Kamran H Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
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31
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Zhou S, Sun Z, Ye Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Xing L, Qiu H, Huang N, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Gu Y. In vitro photodynamic inactivation effects of benzylidene cyclopentanone photosensitizers on clinical fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:178-186. [PMID: 29626527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of Candida infections has increased for various reasons, including, the more frequent use of immunosuppresants or broad-spectrum antibiotics. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising approach for treating localized Candida infections. METHODS The PDI efficacies of three benzylidene cyclopentanone-based (BCB) photosensitizers (PSs: P1, P2 and Y1) against three fluconazole-resistant C. albicans (cal-1, cal-2, and cal-3) and one control C. albicans (ATCC 90028), respectively, were evaluated using an established plate dilution method. The binding of PSs to C. albicans was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The mechanism of antifungal PDI was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Three BCB PSs all bound rapidly to C. albicans. After incubation with PSs for 30 min and irradiation with a 532 nm laser for 10 min (40 mW cm-2, 24 J cm-2), the fungicidal activity was achieved as 7.5 μM for P1 and P2, and 25 μM for Y1. CLSM confirmed that P1 and Y1 were located in intracellular components, including mitochondria, while P2 bound to the protoplast exterior and failed to enter the cells. TEM revealed the damage of mitochondria ultrastructures after P1- or Y1-mediated PDI, consistenting with the CLSM results. However, most cells became edematous, enlarged or deformation after P2-mediated PDI. CONCLUSIONS The three BCB PSs all have remarkable PDI effects on C. albicans. The best effect is obtained by P1, which has one cationic charge with a proper lipophilicity. The respective subcellular localization of the three PSs led to different PDI mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Zhou
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zulin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Leili Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Limei Xing
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Naiyan Huang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yanping Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Defosse TA, Le Govic Y, Courdavault V, Clastre M, Vandeputte P, Chabasse D, Bouchara JP, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Papon N. [Yeasts from the CTG clade (Candida clade): Biology, impact in human health, and biotechnological applications]. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:257-268. [PMID: 29545121 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among the subdivision of Saccharomycotina (ascomycetes budding yeasts), the CTG clade (formerly the Candida clade) includes species that display a particular genetic code. In these yeasts, the CTG codon is predominantly translated as a serine instead of a leucine residue. It is now well-known that some CTG clade species have a major impact on human and its activities. Some of them are recognized as opportunistic agents of fungal infections termed candidiasis. In addition, another series of species belonging to the CTG clade draws the attention of some research groups because they exhibit a strong potential in various areas of biotechnology such as biological control, bioremediation, but also in the production of valuable biocompounds (biofuel, vitamins, sweeteners, industrial enzymes). Here we provide an overview of recent advances concerning the biology, clinical relevance, and currently tested biotechnological applications of species of the CTG clade. Future directions for scientific research on these particular yeasts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Defosse
- Groupe d'étude des interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR interactions cellulaires et applications thérapeutiques, université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France; EA 2106, université de Tours, biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales, Tours, France
| | - Y Le Govic
- Groupe d'étude des interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR interactions cellulaires et applications thérapeutiques, université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France; Laboratoire de parasitologie - mycologie, centre hospitalier universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - V Courdavault
- EA 2106, université de Tours, biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales, Tours, France
| | - M Clastre
- EA 2106, université de Tours, biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales, Tours, France
| | - P Vandeputte
- Groupe d'étude des interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR interactions cellulaires et applications thérapeutiques, université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France; Laboratoire de parasitologie - mycologie, centre hospitalier universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - D Chabasse
- Groupe d'étude des interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR interactions cellulaires et applications thérapeutiques, université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France; Laboratoire de parasitologie - mycologie, centre hospitalier universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - J-P Bouchara
- Groupe d'étude des interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR interactions cellulaires et applications thérapeutiques, université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France; Laboratoire de parasitologie - mycologie, centre hospitalier universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - N Giglioli-Guivarc'h
- EA 2106, université de Tours, biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales, Tours, France
| | - N Papon
- Groupe d'étude des interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), SFR interactions cellulaires et applications thérapeutiques, université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France.
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Zheng S, Chang W, Zhang M, Shi H, Lou H. Chiloscyphenol A derived from Chinese liverworts exerts fungicidal action by eliciting both mitochondrial dysfunction and plasma membrane destruction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:326. [PMID: 29321629 PMCID: PMC5762906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the antifungal effects of chiloscyphenol A (CA), a natural small molecule isolated from Chinese liverworts, and investigate its mode of action. CA was effective against five tested Candida species with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8-32 μg/ml and exhibited fungicidal activity against Candida albicans in both the planktonic state and mature biofilms. The in vivo study using Caenorhabditis elegans showed that CA prolonged the survival of C. albicans infected worms. Further investigations revealed that CA resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction as indicated by mtΔψ hyperpolarization, increased ATP production and intracellular ROS accumulation, and aggregated distribution of Tom70. In addition, CA caused perturbation of the cell membrane and increased membrane permeability, as demonstrated by specific staining and confocal microscopic and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and by calcein-leakage measurements. This conclusion was further confirmed by the decreased cell size of CA-treated cells via three-dimensional contour-plot analysis using flow cytometry. Taken together, these results suggest that CA exerts fungicidal activity by eliciting both mitochondrial dysfunction and plasma membrane destruction in C. albicans. The elucidated mechanism supports the potential application of CA against clinical fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zheng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongzhuo Shi
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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Durantini AM, Heredia DA, Durantini JE, Durantini EN. BODIPYs to the rescue: Potential applications in photodynamic inactivation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:651-661. [PMID: 29289888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
4,4-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) derivatives have been proposed in several potential biomedical applications. BODIPYs absorb strongly in blue-green region with high fluorescence emission, properties that convert them in effective fluorophores in the field of biological labeling. However, BODIPY structures can be conveniently modified by heavy atoms substitution to obtain photosensitizers with applications in photodynamic therapy. Also, external heavy atoms effect can be used to increase the photodynamic activity of these compounds. In recent years, BODIPYs have been proposed as phototherapeutic agents for the photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms. Therefore, BODIPY structures need to be optimized to produce an efficient photocytotoxic activity. In this way, amphiphilic cationic BODIPYs can selectively bind to microbial cells, inducing an effective photokilling of pathogenic microbial cells. This review summarizes the attributes of BODIPY derivatives for applications as antimicrobial photosensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Heredia
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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35
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Huseyin CE, O'Toole PW, Cotter PD, Scanlan PD. Forgotten fungi-the gut mycobiome in human health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:479-511. [PMID: 28430946 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is home to a complex and diverse microbial ecosystem that plays a central role in host health. This includes a diversity of fungal species that is collectively referred to as our 'mycobiome'. Although research into the mycobiome is still in its infancy, its potential role in human disease is increasingly recognised. Here we review the existing literature available on the human mycobiota with an emphasis on the gut mycobiome, including how fungi interact with the human host and other microbes. In doing so, we provide a comprehensive critique of the methodologies available to research the human mycobiota as well as highlighting the latest research findings from mycological surveys of different groups of interest including infants, obese and inflammatory bowel disease cohorts. This in turn provides new insights and directions for future studies in this burgeoning research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Huseyin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20 Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20 Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20 Ireland
| | - Pauline D Scanlan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20 Ireland
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36
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Soliman S, Alnajdy D, El-Keblawy AA, Mosa KA, Khoder G, Noreddin AM. Plants' Natural Products as Alternative Promising Anti- Candida Drugs. Pharmacogn Rev 2017; 11:104-122. [PMID: 28989245 PMCID: PMC5628516 DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida is a serious life-threatening pathogen, particularly with immunocompromised patients. Candida infections are considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in a broad range of immunocompromised patients. Candida infections are common in hospitalized patients and elderly people. The difficulty to eradicate Candida infections is owing to its unique switch between yeast and hyphae forms and more likely to biofilm formations that render resistance to antifungal therapy. Plants are known sources of natural medicines. Several plants show significant anti-Candida activities and some of them have lower minimum inhibitory concentration, making them promising candidates for anti-Candida therapy. However, none of these plant products is marketed for anti-Candida therapy because of lack of sufficient information about their efficacy, toxicity, and kinetics. This review revises major plants that have been tested for anti-Candida activities with recommendations for further use of some of these plants for more investigation and in vivo testing including the use of nanostructure lipid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Soliman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Dina Alnajdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali A. El-Keblawy
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kareem A. Mosa
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghalia Khoder
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman M. Noreddin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, USA
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37
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Costa MDCMFD, Silva AGD, Silva APSD, Lima VLDM, Bezerra-Silva PC, Rocha SKLD, Navarro DMDAF, Correia MTDS, Napoleão TH, Silva MVD, Paiva PMG. Essential Oils from Leaves of Medicinal Plants of Brazilian Flora: Chemical Composition and Activity against Candida Species. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4020027. [PMID: 28930242 PMCID: PMC5590063 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The biotechnological potential of medicinal plants from Brazilian Caatinga and the Atlantic Forest has not been extensively studied. Thus, screening programs are important in prospecting for compounds for developing new drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the anti-Candida activity of essential oils from leaves of Hymenaea courbaril var. courbaril, Myroxylon peruiferum, and Vismia guianensis. Methods: The oils were extracted through hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei was evaluated by determining the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations. Results: The major compounds of the oils were caryophyllene oxide and trans-caryophyllene for H. courbaril; spathulenol, α-pinene, and caryophyllene oxide for M. peruiferum; and caryophyllene oxide and humulene epoxide II for V. guianensis oil. The oils showed antifungal activity against all the strains tested, and the MIC values ranged between 0.625 and 1.25 μL/mL and MFC from 0.625 to 2.5 μL/mL. Conclusion: The essential oils from the species studied have the potential to be evaluated as clinical applications in the treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Sant'Anna da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Cristina Bezerra-Silva
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Suyana Karolyne Lino da Rocha
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Tereza Dos Santos Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Vanusa da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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38
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Caneschi CA, Almeida AMD, Martins FJ, Hyaric ML, Oliveira MME, Macedo GC, Almeida MVD, Raposo NRB. In vitro antifungal activity of organic compounds derived from amino alcohols against onychomycosis. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:476-482. [PMID: 28237676 PMCID: PMC5498441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail caused by high densities of filamentous fungi and yeasts. Treatment for this illness is long-term, and recurrences are frequently detected. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of 12 organic compounds derived from amino alcohols against standard fungal strains, such as Trichophyton rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The antifungal compounds were synthesized from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4a–4f) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9a–9f). Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols M38-A2, M27-A3, and M27-S4. The amine series 4b–4e, mainly 4c and 4e compounds, were effective against filamentous fungi and yeast (MIC from 7.8 to 312 μg/mL). On the other hand, the amide series (9a–9f) did not present inhibitory effect against fungi, except amide 9c, which demonstrated activity only against C. albicans. This allowed us to infer that the presence of amine group and intermediate carbon number (8C–11C) in its aliphatic side chain seems to be important for antifungal activity. Although these compounds present cytotoxic activity on macrophages J774, our results suggest that these aromatic compounds might constitute potential as leader molecules in the development of more effective and less toxic analogs that could have considerable implications for future therapies of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Caneschi
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Farmácia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Angelina Maria de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Francislene Juliana Martins
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Farmácia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Mireille Le Hyaric
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Vieira de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Nádia Rezende Barbosa Raposo
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Farmácia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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39
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Streekstra H, Verkennis AE, Jacobs R, Dekker A, Stark J, Dijksterhuis J. Fungal strains and the development of tolerance against natamycin. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Wang H, Xu YC, Hsueh PR. Epidemiology of candidemia and antifungal susceptibility in invasive Candida species in the Asia-Pacific region. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1461-1477. [PMID: 27750452 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Asia-Pacific region, Candida albicans is the predominant Candida species causing invasive candidiasis/candidemia in Australia, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand whereas C. tropicalis is the most frequently encountered Candida species in Pakistan and India. Invasive isolates of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis complex and C. tropicalis remain highly susceptible to fluconazole (>90% susceptible). Fluconazole resistance (6.8-15%), isolates with the non-wild-type phenotype for itraconazole susceptibility (3.9-10%) and voriconazole (5-17.8%), and echinocandin resistance (2.1-2.2% in anidulafungin and 2.2% in micafungin) among invasive C. glabrata complex isolates are increasing in prevalence. Moreover, not all isolates of C. tropicalis have been shown to be susceptible to fluconazole (nonsusceptible rate, 5.7-11.6% in China) or voriconazole (nonsusceptible rate, 5.7-9.6% in China).
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Schrekker CML, Sokolovicz YCA, Raucci MG, Selukar BS, Klitzke JS, Lopes W, Leal CAM, de Souza IOP, Galland GB, Dos Santos JHZ, Mauler RS, Kol M, Dagorne S, Ambrosio L, Teixeira ML, Morais J, Landers R, Fuentefria AM, Schrekker HS. Multitask Imidazolium Salt Additives for Innovative Poly(l-lactide) Biomaterials: Morphology Control, Candida spp. Biofilm Inhibition, Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biocompatibility, and Skin Tolerance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21163-21176. [PMID: 27486827 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida species have great ability to colonize and form biofilms on medical devices, causing infections in human hosts. In this study, poly(l-lactide) films with different imidazolium salt (1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C16MImCl) and 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (C16MImMeS)) contents were prepared, using the solvent casting process. Poly(l-lactide)-imidazolium salt films were obtained with different surface morphologies (spherical and directional), and the presence of the imidazolium salt in the surface was confirmed. These films with different concentrations of the imidazolium salts C16MImCl and C16MImMeS presented antibiofilm activity against isolates of Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans. The minor antibiofilm concentration assay enabled one to determine that an increasing imidazolium salt content promoted, in general, an increase in the inhibition percentage of biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs confirmed the effective prevention of biofilm formation on the imidazolium salt containing biomaterials. Lower concentrations of the imidazolium salts showed no cytotoxicity, and the poly(l-lactide)-imidazolium salt films presented good cell adhesion and proliferation percentages with human mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, no acute microscopic lesions were identified in the histopathological evaluation after contact between the films and pig ear skin. In combination with the good morphological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties, these poly(l-lactide)-based materials with imidazolium salt additives can be considered as promising biomaterials for use in the manufacturing of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria G Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy , Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moshe Kol
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Samuel Dagorne
- Laboratoire DECOMET, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Mário L Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Instituto Federal Catarinense , Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Landers
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP , Campinas, SP, Brazil
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42
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Durantini EN. New insights into the antimicrobial blue light inactivation of Candida albicans. Virulence 2016; 7:493-4. [PMID: 26950053 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1160194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo N Durantini
- a Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina
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43
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Ferreyra DD, Reynoso E, Cordero P, Spesia MB, Alvarez MG, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Synthesis and properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl] chlorin as potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:243-51. [PMID: 26994333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]chlorin (TAPC) was synthesized by reduction of the corresponding porphyrin TAPP with p-toluenesulfonhydrazide, followed by selective oxidation with o-chloranil. Spectroscopic properties and the photodynamic activity of these photosensitizers were compared in N,N-dimethylformamide. An increase in the absorption band at 650nm was found for the chlorin derivative with respect to TAPP. These photosensitizers emit red fluorescence with quantum yields of 0.15. Both compounds were able to photosensitize singlet molecular oxygen with quantum yields of about 0.5. Also, the formation of superoxide anion radical was detected in the presence of TAPC or TAPP and NADH. Photodynamic inactivation was investigated on a Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and a fungal yeast Candida albicans cells. In vitro experiments showed that TAPC or TAPP were rapidly bound to microbial cells at short incubation periods. These photosensitizers, without intrinsic positive charges, contain four basic amino groups. These substituents can be protonated at physiological pH, increasing the interaction with the cell envelopment. Photosensitized inactivation improved with an increase of both photosensitizer concentrations and irradiation times. After 15min irradiation, a 7 log reduction of S. aureus was found for treated with 1μM photosensitizer. Similar result was obtained with E. coli after using 5μM photosensitizer and 30min irradiation. Also, the last conditions produced a decrease of 5 log in C. albicans cells. Therefore, TAPC was highly effective as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío D Ferreyra
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Reynoso
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Cordero
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana B Spesia
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Elisa Milanesio
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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González-Calderón D, Mejía-Dionicio MG, Morales-Reza MA, Ramírez-Villalva A, Morales-Rodríguez M, Jauregui-Rodríguez B, Díaz-Torres E, González-Romero C, Fuentes-Benítes A. Azide-enolate 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the synthesis of novel triazole-based miconazole analogues as promising antifungal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 112:60-65. [PMID: 26890112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven miconazole analogs involving 1,4,5-tri and 1,5-disubstituted triazole moieties were synthesized by azide-enolate 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The antifungal activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro against four filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichosporon cutaneum, Rhizopus oryzae, and Mucor hiemalis as well as three species of Candida spp. as yeast specimens. These pre-clinical studies suggest that compounds 4b, 4d and 7b can be considered as drug candidates for future complementary biological studies due to their good/excellent antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davir González-Calderón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico.
| | - María G Mejía-Dionicio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Marco A Morales-Reza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ramírez-Villalva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Macario Morales-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Bertha Jauregui-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Díaz-Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Carlos González-Romero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico
| | - Aydeé Fuentes-Benítes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, Mexico.
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Pulya S, Kommagalla Y, Sant DG, Jorwekar SU, Tupe SG, Deshpande MV, Ramana CV. Re-engineering of PIP3-antagonist triazole PITENIN's chemical scaffold: development of novel antifungal leads. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 4-(1-phenyl-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole was designed by integrating the structural features of triazole PITENIN anticancer agents and the azole class of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Pulya
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Yadagiri Kommagalla
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Duhita G. Sant
- Biochemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Shweta U. Jorwekar
- Biochemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Santosh G. Tupe
- Biochemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Mukund V. Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Chepuri V. Ramana
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
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Photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans by a tetracationic tentacle porphyrin and its analogue without intrinsic charges in presence of fluconazole. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:334-340. [PMID: 26498876 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic inactivation mediated by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylaminepropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP(4+)) were compared in Candida albicans cells. A strong binding affinity was found between these porphyrins and the yeast cells. Photosensitized inactivation of C. albicans increased with both photosensitizer concentration and irradiation time. After 30 min irradiation, a high photoinactivation (∼5 log) was found for C. albicans treated with 5 μM porphyrin. Also, the photoinactivation of yeast cells was still elevated after two washing steps. However, the photocytotoxicity decreases with an increase in the cell density from 10(6) to 10(8) cells/mL. The high photodynamic activity of these porphyrins was also established by growth delay experiments. This C. albicans strain was susceptible to fluconazole with a MIC of 1.0 μg/mL. The effect of photosensitization and the action of fluconazole were combined to eradicate C. albicans. After a PDI treatment with 1 μM porphyrin and 30 min irradiation, the value of MIC decreased to 0.25 μg/mL. In addition, a complete arrest in cell growth was found by combining both effects. TAPP was similarly effective to photoinactivate C. albicans than TAPP(4+). This porphyrin without intrinsic positive charges contains basic amino groups, which can be protonated at physiological pH. Moreover, an enhancement in the antifungal action was found using both therapies because lower doses of the agents were required to achieve cell death.
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