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Akhgari A, Michel TM, Vafaee MS. Dendritic spines and their role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:489-502. [PMID: 38440811 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Since Cajal introduced dendritic spines in the 19th century, they have attained considerable attention, especially in neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders. Multiple roles of dendritic spine malfunction and pathology in the progression of various diseases have been reported. Thus, it is inevitable to consider these structures as new therapeutic targets for treating neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, dementia, Down syndrome, etc. Therefore, we attempted to prepare a narrative review of the literature regarding the role of dendritic spines in the pathogenesis of aforementioned diseases and to shed new light on their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisan Akhgari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Research Unit for Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Manouchehr Seyedi Vafaee
- Research Unit for Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
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2
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Mayfield JM, Hitefield NL, Czajewski I, Vanhye L, Holden L, Morava E, van Aalten DMF, Wells L. O-GlcNAc transferase congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG): Potential mechanistic targets revealed by evaluating the OGT interactome. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107599. [PMID: 39059494 PMCID: PMC11381892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for the post-translational modification of O-GlcNAc on thousands of target nucleocytoplasmic proteins. To date, nine variants of OGT that segregate with OGT Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (OGT-CDG) have been reported and characterized. Numerous additional variants have been associated with OGT-CDG, some of which are currently undergoing investigation. This disorder primarily presents with global developmental delay and intellectual disability (ID), alongside other variable neurological features and subtle facial dysmorphisms in patients. Several hypotheses aim to explain the etiology of OGT-CDG, with a prominent hypothesis attributing the pathophysiology of OGT-CDG to mutations segregating with this disorder disrupting the OGT interactome. The OGT interactome consists of thousands of proteins, including substrates as well as interactors that require noncatalytic functions of OGT. A key aim in the field is to identify which interactors and substrates contribute to the primarily neural-specific phenotype of OGT-CDG. In this review, we will discuss the heterogenous phenotypic features of OGT-CDG seen clinically, the variable biochemical effects of mutations associated with OGT-CDG, and the use of animal models to understand this disorder. Furthermore, we will discuss how previously identified OGT interactors causal for ID provide mechanistic targets for investigation that could explain the dysregulated gene expression seen in OGT-CDG models. Identifying shared or unique altered pathways impacted in OGT-CDG patients will provide a better understanding of the disorder as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Mayfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Naomi L Hitefield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Lotte Vanhye
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura Holden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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3
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Abedini SS, Akhavantabasi S, Liang Y, Heng JIT, Alizadehsani R, Dehzangi I, Bauer DC, Alinejad-Rokny H. A critical review of the impact of candidate copy number variants on autism spectrum disorder. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 794:108509. [PMID: 38977176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent advancements in genomic analysis have shed light on numerous genes associated with ASD, highlighting the significant role of both common and rare genetic mutations, as well as copy number variations (CNVs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and unique de novo variants. These genetic variations disrupt neurodevelopmental pathways, contributing to the disorder's complexity. Notably, CNVs are present in 10 %-20 % of individuals with autism, with 3 %-7 % detectable through cytogenetic methods. While the role of submicroscopic CNVs in ASD has been recently studied, their association with genomic loci and genes has not been thoroughly explored. In this review, we focus on 47 CNV regions linked to ASD, encompassing 1632 genes, including protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), of which 659 show significant brain expression. Using a list of ASD-associated genes from SFARI, we detect 17 regions harboring at least one known ASD-related protein-coding gene. Of the remaining 30 regions, we identify 24 regions containing at least one protein-coding gene with brain-enriched expression and a nervous system phenotype in mouse mutants, and one lncRNA with both brain-enriched expression and upregulation in iPSC to neuron differentiation. This review not only expands our understanding of the genetic diversity associated with ASD but also underscores the potential of lncRNAs in contributing to its etiology. Additionally, the discovered CNVs will be a valuable resource for future diagnostic, therapeutic, and research endeavors aimed at prioritizing genetic variations in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shiva Akhavantabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey; Ghiaseddin Jamshid Kashani University, Andisheh University Town, Danesh Blvd, 3441356611, Abyek, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Yuheng Liang
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Australia
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iman Dehzangi
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Denis C Bauer
- Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia; Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Tyree Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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4
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Sun X, Zhang T, Tong B, Cheng L, Jiang W, Sun Y. POGZ suppresses 2C transcriptional program and retrotransposable elements. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112867. [PMID: 37494184 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The POGZ gene has been found frequently mutated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). We have recently shown that POGZ maintains mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that POGZ plays an important role in the maintenance of ESCs by silencing Dux and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). POGZ maintains a silent chromatin state at Dux and ERVs by associating with and recruiting TRIM28 and SETDB1, and its loss leads to decreased levels of H3K9me3/H4K20me3, resulting in up-regulation of 2C transcripts and ESC transition to a 2C-like state. POGZ suppresses different classes of ERVs through direct (IAPEy, the intracisternal A-type particle elements) and indirect regulation (MERVL). Activation of POGZ-bound ERVs is associated with up-regulation of nearby neural disease genes such as Serpina3m. Our findings provide important insights into understanding the disease mechanism caused by POGZ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Tianzhe Zhang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
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5
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Eskici N, Madhusudan S, Vaaralahti K, Yellapragada V, Gomez-Sanchez C, Kärkinen J, Almusa H, Brandstack N, Miettinen PJ, Wang Y, Raivio T. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a patient with a de novo POGZ mutation. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:271-280. [PMID: 37619992 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous reproductive disorder caused by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Approximately half of CHH patients also have decreased or absent sense of smell, that is, Kallmann syndrome (KS). We describe a patient with White-Sutton syndrome (developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder) and KS due to a heterozygous de novo mutation in POGZ (c.2857C>T, p.(Gln953*)), a gene encoding pogo transposable element derived with zinc finger domain, which acts as a transcriptomic regulator of neuronal networks. DESIGN AND METHODS We modeled the role of POGZ in CHH by generating 2 clonal human pluripotent stem cell lines with CRISPR/Cas9, carrying either the heterozygous patient mutation (H11 line) or a homozygous mutation (c.2803-2906del; p.E935Kfs*7 encoding a truncated POGZ protein; F6del line). RESULTS During the differentiation to GnRH neurons, neural progenitors derived from F6del line displayed severe proliferation defect, delayed wound-healing capacity, downregulation of intermediate progenitor neuron genes TBR1 and TBR2, and immature neuron markers PAX6 and TUBB3 and gave rise to fewer neurons with shorter neurites and less neurite branch points compared to the WT and H11 lines (P < .005). Both lines, however, could be successfully differentiated to GnRH neurons. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this is the first report on the overlap between White-Sutton syndrome and CHH. POGZ mutations do not hinder GnRH neuron formation but may cause CHH/KS by affecting the size and motility of the anterior neural progenitor pool and neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Eskici
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Shrinidhi Madhusudan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Venkatram Yellapragada
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Celia Gomez-Sanchez
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Juho Kärkinen
- Helsinki University Hospital, New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Henrikki Almusa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Nina Brandstack
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Päivi J Miettinen
- Helsinki University Hospital, New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yafei Wang
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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6
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Duan J, Ye Y, Liao J, Chen L, Zhao X, Liu C, Wen J. White-Sutton syndrome and congenital heart disease: case report and literature review. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:158. [PMID: 37016333 PMCID: PMC10071667 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White-Sutton syndrome is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous mutation in POGZ (Pogo Transposable Element Derived with ZNF Domain). This syndrome is characterized by delayed psychomotor development apparent in infancy and abnormal facial features. To date, 80 cases have been reported in the literature; however, the phenotypic characterizations remain incomplete. CASE PRESENTATION We herein describe a 2-year-old girl harboring a novel frameshift de novo POGZ variant: c.2746del (p.Thr916ProfsTer12). This patient presented with multisystem abnormalities affecting the digestive tract and neurological functioning, as well as congenital heart disease, which involved an atrial septal defect (18 × 23 × 22 mm) with pulmonary arterial hypertension (42 mmHg). The relationship between congenital heart disease and White-Sutton syndrome as described in both the GeneReview and OMIM databases (#616,364) remains unclear. A review of the current literature revealed 18 cases of White-Sutton syndrome with POGZ variants and congenital heart disease, and we summarize their clinical features in this study. CONCLUSIONS Our findings based on the present case and those in the literature indicate a relationship between POGZ mutation and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Duan
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Futian District, Guangdong Province , 518038, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yuanzhen Ye
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Futian District, Guangdong Province , 518038, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Futian District, Guangdong Province , 518038, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Futian District, Guangdong Province , 518038, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Futian District, Guangdong Province , 518038, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Berry Genomics Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jialun Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Futian District, Guangdong Province , 518038, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Wang N, Lv L, Huang X, Shi M, Dai Y, Wei Y, Xu B, Fu C, Huang H, Shi H, Liu Y, Hu X, Qin D. Gene editing in monogenic autism spectrum disorder: animal models and gene therapies. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1043018. [PMID: 36590912 PMCID: PMC9794862 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1043018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disease, and its diagnosis is dependent on behavioral manifestation, such as impaired reciprocal social interactions, stereotyped repetitive behaviors, as well as restricted interests. However, ASD etiology has eluded researchers to date. In the past decades, based on strong genetic evidence including mutations in a single gene, gene editing technology has become an essential tool for exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms of ASD via constructing genetically modified animal models which validates the casual relationship between genetic risk factors and the development of ASD, thus contributing to developing ideal candidates for gene therapies. The present review discusses the progress in gene editing techniques and genetic research, animal models established by gene editing, as well as gene therapies in ASD. Future research should focus on improving the validity of animal models, and reliable DNA diagnostics and accurate prediction of the functional effects of the mutation will likely be equally crucial for the safe application of gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longbao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingqin Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youwu Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bonan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chenyang Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haoyu Huang
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongling Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Sun X, Cheng L, Sun Y. Autism-associated protein POGZ controls ESCs and ESC neural induction by association with esBAF. Mol Autism 2022; 13:24. [PMID: 35650610 PMCID: PMC9161502 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The POGZ gene has been found frequently mutated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). However, little is known about its roles in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural development and diseases. Methods We generated Pogz−/− ESCs and directed ESC differentiation toward a neural fate. We performed biochemistry, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, and bioinformatics analyses to understand the role of POGZ. Results We show that POGZ is required for the maintenance of ESC identity and the up-regulation of neural genes during ESC differentiation toward a neural fate. Genome-wide binding analysis shows that POGZ is primarily localized to gene promoter and enhancer regions. POGZ functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor, and its loss leads to deregulation of differentiation genes, including neural genes. POGZ physically associates with the SWI-SNF (esBAF) chromatin remodeler complex, and together they modulate enhancer activities via epigenetic modifications such as chromatin remodeling and histone modification. During ESC neural induction, POGZ-mediated recruitment of esBAF/BRG1 and H3K27ac are important for proper expression of neural progenitor genes. Limitations The genotype and allele relevant to human neurodevelopmental disorders is heterozygous loss of function. This work is designed to study the effects of loss of POGZ function on ESCs and during ESC neural induction. Also, this work lacks of in vivo validation using animal models. Conclusions The data suggest that POGZ is both a transcription factor and a genome regulator, and its loss leads to defects in neural induction and neurogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-022-00502-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Linxi Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Yuhua Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100010, China. .,Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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9
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Genotype-Phenotype Comparison in POGZ-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders by Using Clinical Scoring. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010154. [PMID: 35052493 PMCID: PMC8775410 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
POGZ-related disorders (also known as White-Sutton syndrome) encompass a wide range of neurocognitive abnormalities and other accompanying anomalies. Disease severity varies widely among POGZ patients and studies investigating genotype-phenotype association are scarce. Therefore, our aim was to collect data on previously unreported POGZ patients and perform a large-scale phenotype-genotype comparison from published data. Overall, 117 POGZ patients’ genotype and phenotype data were included in the analysis, including 12 novel patients. A severity scoring system was developed for the comparison. Mild and severe phenotypes were compared with the types and location of the variants and the predicted presence or absence of nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD). Missense variants were more often associated with mild phenotypes (p = 0.0421) and truncating variants predicted to escape NMD presented with more severe phenotypes (p < 0.0001). Within this group, variants in the prolin-rich region of the POGZ protein were associated with the most severe phenotypes (p = 0.0004). Our study suggests that gain-of-function or dominant negative effect through escaping NMD and the location of the variants in the prolin-rich domain of the protein may play an important role in the severity of manifestations of POGZ–associated neurodevelopmental disorders.
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10
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Heath J, Cheyou ES, Findlay S, Luo VM, Carpio EP, Lee J, Djerir B, Chen X, Morin T, Lebeau B, Karam M, Bagci H, Grapton D, Ursini‐Siegel J, Côté J, Witcher M, Richard S, Maréchal A, Orthwein A. POGZ promotes homology-directed DNA repair in an HP1-dependent manner. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e51041. [PMID: 34758190 PMCID: PMC8728601 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterochromatin protein HP1 plays a central role in the maintenance of genome stability but little is known about how HP1 is controlled. Here, we show that the zinc finger protein POGZ promotes the presence of HP1 at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human cells. POGZ depletion delays the resolution of DSBs and sensitizes cells to different DNA-damaging agents, including cisplatin and talazoparib. Mechanistically, POGZ promotes homology-directed DNA repair by retaining the BRCA1/BARD1 complex at DSBs in an HP1-dependent manner. In vivo CRISPR inactivation of Pogz is embryonically lethal. Pogz haploinsufficiency (Pogz+ /delta) results in developmental delay, impaired intellectual abilities, hyperactive behaviour and a compromised humoral immune response in mice, recapitulating the main clinical features of the White Sutton syndrome (WHSUS). Pogz+ /delta mice are further radiosensitive and accumulate DSBs in diverse tissues, including the spleen and brain. Altogether, our findings identify POGZ as an important player in homology-directed DNA repair both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Heath
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Estelle Simo Cheyou
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Steven Findlay
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Vincent M Luo
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Edgar Pinedo Carpio
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Jeesan Lee
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
| | - Billel Djerir
- Department of BiologyUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
| | - Théo Morin
- Department of BiologyUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Benjamin Lebeau
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Martin Karam
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Halil Bagci
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontrealQCCanada
- Département of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Present address:
Institute of BiochemistryETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Damien Grapton
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
| | - Josie Ursini‐Siegel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Jean‐Francois Côté
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontrealQCCanada
- Département of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine MoléculaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQCCanada
- Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire)Université de MontréalMontrealQCCanada
| | - Michael Witcher
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | | | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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11
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Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Binyameen F, Whalen S, Price J, Lim K, Ypsilanti AR, Catta-Preta R, Pai ELL, Mu X, Xu D, Pollard KS, Nord AS, State MW, Rubenstein JL. Autism risk gene POGZ promotes chromatin accessibility and expression of clustered synaptic genes. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110089. [PMID: 34879283 PMCID: PMC9512081 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleterious genetic variants in POGZ, which encodes the chromatin regulator Pogo Transposable Element with ZNF Domain protein, are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although it is a high-confidence ASD risk gene, the neurodevelopmental functions of POGZ remain unclear. Here we reveal the genomic binding of POGZ in the developing forebrain at euchromatic loci and gene regulatory elements (REs). We profile chromatin accessibility and gene expression in Pogz-/- mice and show that POGZ promotes the active chromatin state and transcription of clustered synaptic genes. We further demonstrate that POGZ forms a nuclear complex and co-occupies loci with ADNP, another high-confidence ASD risk gene, and provide evidence that POGZ regulates other neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes as well. Our results reveal a neurodevelopmental function of an ASD risk gene and identify molecular targets that may elucidate its function in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Markenscoff-Papadimitriou
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Fadya Binyameen
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean Whalen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James Price
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Athena R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rinaldo Catta-Preta
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emily Ling-Lin Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Quantitative Biology Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Trimarchi G, Caraffi SG, Radio FC, Barresi S, Contrò G, Pizzi S, Maini I, Pollazzon M, Fusco C, Sassi S, Nicoli D, Napoli M, Pascarella R, Gargano G, Zuffardi O, Tartaglia M, Garavelli L. Adducted Thumb and Peripheral Polyneuropathy: Diagnostic Supports in Suspecting White-Sutton Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070950. [PMID: 34206215 PMCID: PMC8303405 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the recently described syndromes emerging from the massive study of cohorts of undiagnosed patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and syndromic intellectual disability (ID) is White–Sutton syndrome (WHSUS) (MIM #616364), caused by variants in the POGZ gene (MIM *614787), located on the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q21.3). So far, more than 50 individuals have been reported worldwide, although phenotypic features and natural history have not been exhaustively characterized yet. The phenotypic spectrum of the WHSUS is broad and includes moderate to severe ID, microcephaly, variable cerebral malformations, short stature, brachydactyly, visual abnormalities, sensorineural hearing loss, hypotonia, sleep difficulties, autistic features, self-injurious behaviour, feeding difficulties, gastroesophageal reflux, and other less frequent features. Here, we report the case of a girl with microcephaly, brain malformations, developmental delay (DD), peripheral polyneuropathy, and adducted thumb—a remarkable clinical feature in the first years of life—and heterozygous for a previously unreported, de novo splicing variant in POGZ. This report contributes to strengthen and expand the knowledge of the clinical spectrum of WHSUS, pointing out the importance of less frequent clinical signs as diagnostic handles in suspecting this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Trimarchi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.T.); (S.G.C.); (G.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.T.); (S.G.C.); (G.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Gianluca Contrò
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.T.); (S.G.C.); (G.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (S.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Ilenia Maini
- Unità Operativa di Psichiatria e Psicologia dell’Infanzia e dell’Adolescenza, DAI-SMDP, AUSL Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.T.); (S.G.C.); (G.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Silvia Sassi
- Rehabilitation Pediatric Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Davide Nicoli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Manuela Napoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.N.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosario Pascarella
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.N.); (R.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Gargano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Rehabilitation Pediatric Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.T.); (S.G.C.); (G.C.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296244
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13
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Cunniff MM, Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Ostrowski J, Rubenstein JLR, Sohal VS. Altered hippocampal-prefrontal communication during anxiety-related avoidance in mice deficient for the autism-associated gene Pogz. eLife 2020; 9:e54835. [PMID: 33155545 PMCID: PMC7682992 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many genes have been linked to autism. However, it remains unclear what long-term changes in neural circuitry result from disruptions in these genes, and how these circuit changes might contribute to abnormal behaviors. To address these questions, we studied behavior and physiology in mice heterozygous for Pogz, a high confidence autism gene. Pogz+/- mice exhibit reduced anxiety-related avoidance in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Theta-frequency communication between the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be necessary for normal avoidance in the EPM. We found deficient theta-frequency synchronization between the vHPC and mPFC in vivo. When we examined vHPC-mPFC communication at higher resolution, vHPC input onto prefrontal GABAergic interneurons was specifically disrupted, whereas input onto pyramidal neurons remained intact. These findings illustrate how the loss of a high confidence autism gene can impair long-range communication by causing inhibitory circuit dysfunction within pathways important for specific behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Cunniff
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Eirene Markenscoff-Papadimitriou
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julia Ostrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - John LR Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Vikaas Singh Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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14
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Zhao G, Li K, Li B, Wang Z, Fang Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Luo T, Zhou Q, Wang L, Xie Y, Wang Y, Chen Q, Xia L, Tang Y, Tang B, Xia K, Li J. Gene4Denovo: an integrated database and analytic platform for de novo mutations in humans. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D913-D926. [PMID: 31642496 PMCID: PMC7145562 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo mutations (DNMs) significantly contribute to sporadic diseases, particularly in neuropsychiatric disorders. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provide effective methods for detecting DNMs and prioritizing candidate genes. However, it remains a challenge for scientists, clinicians, and biologists to conveniently access and analyse data regarding DNMs and candidate genes from scattered publications. To fill the unmet need, we integrated 580 799 DNMs, including 30 060 coding DNMs detected by WES/WGS from 23 951 individuals across 24 phenotypes and prioritized a list of candidate genes with different degrees of statistical evidence, including 346 genes with false discovery rates <0.05. We then developed a database called Gene4Denovo (http://www.genemed.tech/gene4denovo/), which allowed these genetic data to be conveniently catalogued, searched, browsed, and analysed. In addition, Gene4Denovo integrated data from >60 genomic sources to provide comprehensive variant-level and gene-level annotation and information regarding the DNMs and candidate genes. Furthermore, Gene4Denovo provides end-users with limited bioinformatics skills to analyse their own genetic data, perform comprehensive annotation, and prioritize candidate genes using custom parameters. In conclusion, Gene4Denovo conveniently allows for the accelerated interpretation of DNM pathogenicity and the clinical implication of DNMs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kuokuo Li
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenghuan Fang
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tengfei Luo
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Xie
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Tang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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