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Ccanccapa-Cartagena A, Chavez-Gonzales FD, Paredes B, Vera C, Gutierrez G, Valencia R, Lucia Paz Alcázar A, Zyaykina NN, Filley TR, Jafvert CT. Seasonal differences in trace metal concentrations in the major rivers of the hyper-arid southwestern Andes basins of Peru. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118493. [PMID: 37494872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The southern rivers of Peru originate in the Andes Mountains and flow in a southwestern direction to the Pacific Ocean through one of the most hyper-arid regions of the world. During each sub-equatorial summer from December to February, rains and snow melt in the Andes increase the streamflow in these rivers, even as they pass through the 100 km arid zone to the ocean. This study quantified seasonal dynamics of 34 trace metal elements (TM) and other constituent concentrations in four southern river basins of Peru (Chili-Quilca, Tambo, Camana-Majes-Colca, and Ocoña) during 2019-2020. Consistent with previous studies, we observed that: (1) the river water in the southern basins had relatively high concentrations of B, As, Fe, Al, Mn, P, Pb and Ni, with As the most ubiquitous toxic TM in all the basins, often detected at concentrations surpassing Peruvian and USEPA regulated concentrations; and (2) basins with the most to least toxic TM contamination were the Tambo > Chili-Quilca > Camana-Majes-Colca > Ocoña. Seasonal streamflow strongly influenced the concentrations of twenty TM, with 15 TM (Al, Au, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Gd, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, Yb and Zr) consistently higher in the wet season, and with As, B, Ge, Li, and Pd higher in the dry season. Our results improve the understanding of seasonal variability and vulnerability in western Andes superficial water sources, which are highly influenced by both local geogenic and anthropogenic conditions. A Spanish translation of this paper is available in the online Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ccanccapa-Cartagena
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA; Escuela Profesional de Antropología, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Venezuela S/N, 04000, Arequipa, Peru.
| | - Francisco D Chavez-Gonzales
- Departamento de Química, Independencia Av. S/N, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, 04000, Peru; Autoridad Nacional del Agua del Peru, AAA Caplina-Ocoña, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Betty Paredes
- Departamento de Química, Independencia Av. S/N, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Corina Vera
- Departamento de Química, Independencia Av. S/N, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Guillermo Gutierrez
- Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Dirección Zonal 6, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Roland Valencia
- Autoridad Nacional del Agua del Peru, AAA Caplina-Ocoña, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | | | - Nadezhda N Zyaykina
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA; Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA
| | - Timothy R Filley
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA; Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA
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2
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Alam MA, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya P, Bundschuh J. An appraisal of the principal concerns and controlling factors for Arsenic contamination in Chile. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11168. [PMID: 37429943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although geogenic Arsenic (As) contamination is well-recognized in northern Chile, it is not restricted to this part of the country, as the geological conditions favoring As release to the human environment exist across the country as well, although not at the same level, based on comparatively fewer studies in central and southern Chile. The present work provides a critical evaluation of As sources, pathways, and controls with reports and case studies from across the country based on an exhaustive bibliographic review of its reported geogenic sources and processes that affect its occurrence, systematization, and critical revision of this information. Arc magmatism and associated geothermal activities, identified as the primary As sources, are present across the Chilean Andes, except for the Pampean Flat Slab and Patagonian Volcanic Gap. Metal sulfide ore zones, extending from the country's far north to the south-central part, are the second most important geogenic As source. While natural leaching of As-rich mineral deposits contaminates the water in contact, associated mining, and metallurgical activities result in additional As release into the human environment through mining waste and tailings. Moreover, crustal thickness has been suggested as a principal controlling factor for As release, whose southward decrease has been correlated with lower As values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ayaz Alam
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geoespacial y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Enrique Kirberg Baltiansky n° 03, Estación Central, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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Simon F, Gironás J, Rivera J, Vega A, Arce G, Molinos-Senante M, Jorquera H, Flamant G, Bustamante W, Greene M, Vargas I, Suárez F, Pastén P, Cortés S. Toward sustainability and resilience in Chilean cities: Lessons and recommendations for air, water, and soil issues. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18191. [PMID: 37519708 PMCID: PMC10372401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving sustainability and resilience depends on the conciliation of environmental, social, and economic issues integrated into a long-term perspective to ensure communities flourish. Many nations are transitioning toward both objectives, while at the same time addressing structural concerns that have not allowed them to look after the environment in the past. Chile is one of these nations dealing with such challenges within a particular administrative context, an increasing environmental awareness, and a set of unique and complex geophysical boundaries that impose a plethora of hazards for cities, ecosystems, and human health. This paper presents recent accomplishments and gaps, mostly from an environmental perspective, on issues related to air pollution, the urban water cycle, and soil contamination, in the path being followed by Chile toward urban sustainability and resilience. The focus is on the bonds between cities and their geophysical context, as well as the relationships between environmental issues, the built environment, and public health. The description and diagnosis are illustrated using two cities as case studies, Temuco and Copiapó, whose socioeconomic, geographical, and environmental attributes differ considerably. Particulate matter pollution produced by the residential sector, drinking water availability, wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and soil contamination from the mining industry are discussed for these cities. Overall, the case studies highlight how tackling these issues requires coordinated actions in multiple areas, including regulatory, information, and financial incentive measures. Finally, the policy analysis discusses frameworks and opportunities for Chilean cities, which may be of interest when conceiving transitional paths toward sustainability and resilience for other cities elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Simon
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gironás
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres (CIGIDEN), Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Cambio Global, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Rivera
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Vega
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Arce
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Molinos-Senante
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres (CIGIDEN), Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Jorquera
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gilles Flamant
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Waldo Bustamante
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Arquitectura, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Greene
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Arquitectura, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Vargas
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Suárez
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes (CEGA), Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Pastén
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Cortés
- Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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Díaz JA, Castillo D, Oyarzún R, Briso A, Montecinos M, Pastén P. The dynamics of arsenic and copper in solid and aqueous phases in reactive confluences receiving acid drainage: The role of turbidity and particle size. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121449. [PMID: 36963458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate of suspended solids in aqueous systems enriched with copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) is still poorly understood, especially in mildly acidic streams with natural turbidity. This study integrated field, laboratory, and modeling to determine how turbidity, particle size distribution, and the partition of Cu and As interact in two model river confluences in an Andean watershed (upper Elqui, North-Central Chile). The mildly acidic Toro River (4<pH<5; AsTOTAL>0.4 mgL-1; CuTOTAL>8 mgL-1) was diluted and neutralized at two consecutive confluences, resulting in dissolved As and Cu lower than 0.04 and 0.1 mgL-1, respectively. On-site laser scattering measurements showed that the size of suspended sediments was dominated by ultrafine (d<6 μm) and fine (6<d<63 μm) size modes, while larger modes (d>200 μm) were not observed, contrasting with other reactive Andean confluences that work as natural coagulation-flocculation reactors. Laboratory mixing experiments with filtered endmembers followed closely the trends observed in the field measurements. SEM observations and thermodynamic calculations, suggested that As-rich amorphous Fe minerals dominated the fine suspended solid inflow (d<15 μm) from the Toro River, while XRD did not reveal significant amounts of crystalline forms of Fe, As, or Cu minerals. Despite fresh precipitates that further associated dissolved As and Cu, the particles from the Toro River grew only slightly after the confluences, thus limiting particle settling potential and a significant metal-(loid)s removal. Consequently, the seasonal variation in the size and chemical nature of suspended solids in acid drainage inflows control the distinct physical and chemical fates of As and Cu after neutralization, as well as hydrodynamic or hydraulic conditions likely also constrain sediment deposition. The combined monitoring of chemical parameters and particle size distributions is a simple and cost-effective method to obtain information about the behavior of metal(loid)s and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Castillo
- Programa de Doctorado en Agua, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile
| | - R Oyarzún
- Departamento Ingeniería de Minas, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile; Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y la Minería (CRHIAM), Victoria 1295, Concepción, 4070411, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Av. Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - A Briso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Montecinos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Pastén
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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5
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Miranda Dos Santos CC, Rodrigues Nauar A, Azevedo Ferreira J, da Silva Montes C, Rovasi Adolfo F, Leal G, Moraes Reis G, Lapinsky J, Machado de Carvalho L, Amado LL. Multiple anthropogenic influences in the Pará River (Amazonia, Brazil): A spatial-temporal ecotoxicological monitoring in abiotic and biotic compartments. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138090. [PMID: 36791820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mineral wealth of the Amazon region is prone to intense exploration with consequent metals mobilization in ecosystems. Besides that, a number of other anthropogenic activities contribute to the imbalance of this important environment. The Pará River is an important water body in the Amazon basin and is under multiple anthropogenic influences, including disorderly urbanization, port activities and processing of minerals such as bauxite and kaolin. In this study, metals concentrations (Al, Cr, Pb, Ba, Ni, and Mn) in water, sediment and organisms (the fish Cheirocerus goeldii and the shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum) and biochemical biomarkers (total antioxidant capacity, ACAP and lipid peroxidation, LPO) were analyzed along five points in the Para River with different distances to a center of anthropogenic activity, in three seasonal periods (rainy, transition and dry). Metals concentrations were similar among sites in each seasonal period but Aluminium (Al) presented the highest concentrations among all analyzed metals both in sediment and water considering all sampling points and all seasonal periods. In the dissolved fraction, Al had values above those established by the local environmental agency, especially during the rainy season. In the biotic compartment, both fish and shrimps showed higher concentrations of metals (Al and Ba) in the rainy season compared to the other seasons. Shrimp was more responsive to metal accumulation than fish, showing an adaptive response of biomarkers. Fish showed an increase of LPO in gills for individuals from the point of greater anthropogenic interference during the rainy season, but no differences in metal accumulation. We conclude that there is a seasonal pattern of metals concentration in different environmental compartments. Metal concentration in organisms and biomarkers responses, showed the effect of anthropogenic influences, which was not evident in results from chemical analyses alone, due to the intensive hydrodynamics in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carolina Miranda Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia and Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Alana Rodrigues Nauar
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Oceanografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia and Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Johnata Azevedo Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia and Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroline da Silva Montes
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur, 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Franciele Rovasi Adolfo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Leal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moraes Reis
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Lapinsky
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Lílian Lund Amado
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Oceanografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia and Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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6
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Bonnail E, Díaz-García A, Cruces E, García A, Borrero-Santiago AR. Coastal uses and contaminant spread in the desert coastal region of Atacama. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132519. [PMID: 34637862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean contamination mostly comes from anthropogenic contamination in watercourses. However, what happens in desert areas where watercourses are few or nonexistent? Are these coastal areas exempt from contamination? Do the remote locations of desert areas enable pristine coastal areas? Atacama is widely known for its desert aridity and mining resources; however, human impacts in its coastal areas have not been widely studied. Coastal zone uses of this region of Chile were analyzed per province in relation to the population settlements and economic activities on the coastal edge. This study includes a review of the contamination in this desert coastal area in relation to the territorial organization, activities, and land uses. The results determined that most of the coastal edge was used for fishing and aquaculture (52%) and for conservation and protected areas (39%). However, 2% of the coastal edge was susceptible to conflicts due to shared uses. A strong lack of scientific research was detected despite environmental interest (Humboldt Current, diversity hot spots, desert blooming, algae kelps, protected areas, etc.) and economic development (impact of mining, agriculture and tourism) in the area. Most studies focused on metal concentrations in aquatic environments in the north part of the region. Studies on emerging contaminants have not been carried out in the area despite intense human settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Bonnail
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras-Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Atacama, Chile.
| | | | - Edgardo Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras-Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Atacama, Chile
| | - Ayón García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Atacama (IDICTEC-UDA), Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Chile
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Pincetti-Zúniga GP, Richards LA, Daniele L, Boyce AJ, Polya DA. Hydrochemical characterization, spatial distribution, and geochemical controls on arsenic and boron in waters from arid Arica and Parinacota, northern Chile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150206. [PMID: 34563905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The livelihood of inhabitants from rural agricultural valleys in the arid Arica and Parinacota Region, northernmost Chile, strongly depends on water from high altitude rainfall and runoff to lower elevation areas. However, elevated arsenic, boron, and other potentially harmful elements compromise water quality, especially in rural areas. Samples (n = 90) of surface, underground, cold, geothermal springs, and treated and raw tap water were studied to assess water quality and to determine the main geochemical controls on water composition, origin, and geochemical evolution along dominant flowpaths. Water from major river basins across the region (Lluta, San Jose, Codpa-Chaca, Camarones and Altiplanicas) were collected for hydrogeochemical analysis of a suite of major and trace elements, δD and δ18O. Our new dataset was supplemented by hydrochemical data (n > 1500 data points) from secondary sources. Results show that 72% of the collected samples had As >10 μg/L (WHO drinking water provisional guideline) and affected 44% of the studied waters used for drinking (n = 32). Based on Chilean irrigation guidelines, elevated salinity (EC > 0.75 mS/cm) affected 80% of sampled waters, which were also impacted by high B (89% > 0.75 mg/L), and As (31% > 50 μg/L). Water composition was strongly controlled by geothermal water and freshwater mixing in high altitude areas. Magnitude and fate of As and B concentration was determined by the geothermal input type. Highest As (~21 mg/L) was associated with circum-neutral Na-Cl waters in Camarones basin, while lower As (~5 mg/L) with acid SO4 waters in Lluta basin. Additionally, evaporative concentration and sediment-water interactions were shown to control the level of As in surface and groundwaters downstream. This works provides a comprehensive analysis and a conceptual model of geochemical controls on regional water compositions, contributing to better understanding the geochemical processes underpinning the water quality challenges in northern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Pincetti-Zúniga
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - L A Richards
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - L Daniele
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de Los Andes (CEGA), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A J Boyce
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - D A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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8
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Pizarro J, Vergara PM, Cerda S, Cordero RR, Castillo X, Rowe PM, Casassa G, Carrasco J, Damiani A, Llanillo PJ, Lambert F, Rondanelli R, Huneeus N, Fernandoy F, Alfonso J, Neshyba S. Contaminant emissions as indicators of chemical elements in the snow along a latitudinal gradient in southern Andes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14530. [PMID: 34267297 PMCID: PMC8282802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of snow provides insights on atmospheric transport of anthropogenic contaminants at different spatial scales. In this study, we assess how human activities influence the concentration of elements in the Andean mountain snow along a latitudinal transect throughout Chile. The concentration of seven elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn and Zn) was associated to gaseous and particulate contaminants emitted at different spatial scales. Our results indicate carbon monoxide (CO) averaged at 20 km and nitrogen oxide (NOx) at 40 km as the main indicators of the chemical elements analyzed. CO was found to be a significant predictor of most element concentrations while concentrations of Cu, Mn, Mg and Zn were positively associated to emissions of NOx. Emission of 2.5 μm and 10 μm particulate matter averaged at different spatial scales was positively associated to concentration of Li. Finally, the concentration of Zn was positively associated to volatile organic compounds (VOC) averaged at 40 km around sampling sites. The association between air contaminants and chemical composition of snow suggests that regions with intensive anthropogenic pollution face reduced quality of freshwater originated from glacier and snow melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Pizarro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Sergio Cerda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Penny M Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Alessandro Damiani
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Fabrice Lambert
- Department of Physical Geography, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Rondanelli
- Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Huneeus
- Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Alfonso
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Carretera Panamericana, Km 11, Altos de Pipe, Venezuela
| | - Steven Neshyba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA
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9
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Reizabal A, Costa CM, Saiz PG, Gonzalez B, Pérez-Álvarez L, Fernández de Luis R, Garcia A, Vilas-Vilela JL, Lanceros-Méndez S. Processing Strategies to Obtain Highly Porous Silk Fibroin Structures with Tailored Microstructure and Molecular Characteristics and Their Applicability in Water Remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123675. [PMID: 32846265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the control of silk fibroin (SF) porous structures performance through various processing methods. The study includes the analysis of two dissolving techniques (CaCl2/H2O/EtOH ternary and LiBr/H2O binary solutions), three regeneration methods (gelation, lyophilization and gas foaming) and one post-processing (EtOH). In all the cases, followed steps lead to SF structures with porosity values above 94% and large surface areas. Also, results about samples microstructure, secondary organization, crystallinity and water behavior, reveal a direct correlation between processing and SF properties. Thanks to the achieved progress, the SF varying porous structures were evaluated for metalloids (As5+ and As3+) and heavy metals (Cr6+ and Cr3+) adsorption, observing a direct relationship between samples processing and ionic species adsorption ability. Thus, it is shown that the control of the properties of SF based porous structures through processing, represents a suitable and ecofriendly approach for the development of bio-based materials for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reizabal
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - C M Costa
- Centro de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - P G Saiz
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - B Gonzalez
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago, 8370451, Chile
| | - L Pérez-Álvarez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, Spain
| | - R Fernández de Luis
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - A Garcia
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago, 8370451, Chile
| | - J L Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, Spain
| | - S Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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An ecofriendly nanocomposite of bacterial cellulose and hydroxyapatite efficiently removes lead from water. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2711-2720. [PMID: 33069824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly nanocomposite adsorbent composed of two renewable biomaterials, bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibrils and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals, was synthetized by an in situ wet chemical precipitation technique, using clam shell biowaste as feedstock. HA nanocrystals embedded in an ultrafine BC network were confirmed and characterized trough different instrumental techniques (SEM, FTIR, XRD, EDS, surface charge and BET analysis), describing its nanostructure, chemical composition and thermal stability. The adsorptive removal of lead ions by the nanocomposite was investigated through batch experiments conducted under different pH, contact times and Pb(II) initial concentrations, proving that the process was highly favorable according to the Langmuir isotherm model (monolayer adsorption) with chemisorption as the main mechanism and kinetic data obeying a nonlinear pseudo-second order kinetic model. The developed nanocomposite showed a strong removal capacity of Pb(II) both in batch experiments (192 mg/g) and packed-bed column systems (188 mg/g), placing this new nanocomposite among top-performing BC-based biomaterials for lead removal.
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11
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Montecinos M, Coquery M, Alsina MA, Bretier M, Gaillard JF, Dabrin A, Pastén P. Partitioning of copper at the confluences of Andean rivers. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127318. [PMID: 32593812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fate of copper (Cu) in rivers impacted by acid drainage remains poorly studied in waters with comparatively low Al and Fe concentrations. This work addresses the role of confluences in controlling the physical and chemical fate of Cu in a system with total molar ratio Cu/Al > 0.2 and Cu/Fe > 0.15. Two consecutive confluences were studied in the upper Mapocho watershed, a densely populated basin with intensive mining located in the Chilean Andes. The inflow had acidic conditions with seasonal variations and Cu up to 9 mg L-1. Lability measurements with diffusive gradient in thin films showed that Cu entered as a dissolved labile form. However, downstream from the confluences a higher pH shifted Cu toward nonlabile compounds and solid phases enriched with Cu. Measurements of x-ray absorption spectroscopy of freshly formed particles showed that composition was dominated by sorbed Cu and Cu(OH)2(s) precipitates, with a higher proportion of sorbed Cu downstream from confluences when pH < 5. Particle size distributions (PSD) measured in field showed that downstream from the confluences the total volume and average diameter of the suspended particles grew progressively, with estimated mean settling velocities increasing from 0.3 to 4.2 cm s-1. As a result, 7-30% of the influent Cu was removed from the river flow. These results highlight that shifts in chemical partition and PSDs in river confluences and the hydrodynamic environments at the river reach level control the mobility of Cu in systems with high Cu/Al and Cu/Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Montecinos
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marina Coquery
- INRAE, UR Riverly, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, F-69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.
| | - Marco A Alsina
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Construction Engineering and Management, University of Talca, Camino Los Niches Km.1, Curicó, Región del Maule, Chile.
| | - Marie Bretier
- INRAE, UR Riverly, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, F-69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Gaillard
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Aymeric Dabrin
- INRAE, UR Riverly, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, F-69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.
| | - Pablo Pastén
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable CEDEUS, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, El Comendador, 1916, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Graphene Oxide-ZnO Nanocomposites for Removal of Aluminum and Copper Ions from Acid Mine Drainage Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186911. [PMID: 32967362 PMCID: PMC7559710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption technologies are a focus of interest for the removal of pollutants in water treatment systems. These removal methods offer several design, operation and efficiency advantages over other wastewater remediation technologies. Particularly, graphene oxide (GO) has attracted great attention due to its high surface area and its effectiveness in removing heavy metals. In this work, we study the functionalization of GO with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) to improve the removal capacity of aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) in acidic waters. Experiments were performed at different pH conditions (with and without pH adjustment). In both cases, decorated GO (GO/ZnO) nanocomposites showed an improvement in the removal capacity compared with non-functionalized GO, even when the pH of zero charge (pHPZC) was higher for GO/ZnO (5.57) than for GO (3.98). In adsorption experiments without pH adjustment, the maximum removal capacities for Al and Cu were 29.1 mg/g and 45.5 mg/g, respectively. The maximum removal percentages of the studied cations (Al and Cu) were higher than 88%. Further, under more acidic conditions (pH 4), the maximum sorption capacities using GO/ZnO as adsorbent were 19.9 mg/g and 33.5 mg/g for Al and Cu, respectively. Moreover, the removal percentages reach 95.6% for Al and 92.9% for Cu. This shows that decoration with ZnO nanoparticles is a good option for improving the sorption capacity of GO for Cu removal and to a lesser extent for Al, even when the pH was not favorable in terms of electrostatic affinity for cations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential and effectiveness of GO functionalization with ZnO nanoparticles to treat acidic waters contaminated with heavy metals and its applicability for wastewater remediation.
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13
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River Water Quality of the Selenga-Baikal Basin: Part I—Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Dissolved and Suspended Metals. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body on Earth, once famous for its pristine conditions. However, the lake and its drainage basin with their unique ecosystems have in recent decades been subject to both climate warming above the world average and severe anthropogenic pressures from mining and agriculture. Although previous studies have targeted various hydroclimatic, geochemical, and biological conditions of the Lake Baikal basin, the heterogeneous nature and large size of the basin leave considerable knowledge gaps regarding ongoing metal contamination of the basin’s suspended sediments and waters. To address these knowledge gaps, the main objectives of this study are to (i) determine regional background values for water and suspended sediment quality with respect to multiple metals (representing undisturbed conditions) and (ii) further evaluate spatio-temporal concentration patterns of these metals, including regions with heavy anthropogenic impacts. We synthesize data from extensive field measurements within the Selenga River basin performed between 2011 and 2016, covering over 100 sampling locations. Results show that although the background metal concentrations (of both dissolved and suspended metal forms) in the alkaline Selenga River waters were close to the world averages, metal concentrations of up to two orders of magnitude above the background values were seen for Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Mo, and Pb in regions subject to anthropogenic impacts (cities and the mining industry). Specifically, dissolved As levels within the Selenga River basin were 2–5 times higher than the world average and well above the global guideline value in several regions. Notable hotspots for anthropogenic impacts of Cd were particularly found in Zakamensk and Ulaanbaatar. Our results highlight clear anthropogenic impacts and large-scale spreading of several pollutants of concern, with risks even to downstream parts including the Selenga delta and Lake Baikal. We expect that these results will aid in increasing the understanding of large-scale metal transport processes, as well as for designing relevant measures to mitigate further spreading of metals to Lake Baikal.
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14
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Carter MJ, Flores M, Ramos-Jiliberto R. Geographical origin determines responses to salinity of Mediterranean caddisflies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0220275. [PMID: 31929552 PMCID: PMC6957138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many freshwater ecosystems worldwide, and particularly Mediterranean ones, show increasing levels of salinity. These changes in water conditions could affect abundance and distribution of inhabiting species as well as the provision of ecosystem services. In this study we conduct laboratory experiments using the macroinvertebrate Smicridea annulicornis as a model organism. Our factorial experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of geographical origin of organisms and salinity levels on survival and behavioral responses of caddisflies. The experimental organisms were captured from rivers belonging to three hydrological basins along a 450 Km latitudinal gradient in the Mediterranean region of Chile. Animals were exposed to three conductivity levels, from 180 to 1400 μS/cm, close to the historical averages of the source rivers. We measured the behavioral responses to experimental stimuli and the survival time. Our results showed that geographical origin shaped the behavioral and survival responses to salinity. In particular, survival and activity decreased more strongly with increasing salinity in organisms coming from more dilute waters. This suggests local adaptation to be determinant for salinity responses in this benthic invertebrate species. In the current scenario of fast temporal and spatial changes in water levels and salt concentration, the conservation of geographic intra-specific variation of aquatic species is crucial for lowering the risk of salinity-driven biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J. Carter
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Jiliberto
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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15
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Saavedra R, Soto C, Poza C. Thermal Lens Spectroscopy for Quantitative Determination of a Cu(II) Complex With an 8-Aminoquinoline Derivative in Tap Water and Mining Wastewater Samples Using a Dual Beam Technique. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1620761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Saavedra
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - César Soto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Poza
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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16
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Leiva E, Leiva-Aravena E, Rodríguez C, Serrano J, Vargas I. Arsenic removal mediated by acidic pH neutralization and iron precipitation in microbial fuel cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:471-481. [PMID: 30029122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Leiva
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Enzo Leiva-Aravena
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago 7520245, Chile
| | - Carolina Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennyfer Serrano
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Vargas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; CEDEUS, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, El Comendador 1916, Providencia, Santiago 7520245, Chile
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17
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Bhatti SG, Tabinda AB, Yasin F, Yasar A, Butt HI, Wajahat R. Spatio-temporal variations in physico-chemical parameters and potentially harmful elements (PHEs) of Uchalli Wetlands Complex (Ramsar site), Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33490-33507. [PMID: 30267346 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uchalli Wetlands Complex (UWC) is located in District Khushab, Pakistan, which comprised of three lakes named Khabeki, Uchalli, and Jahlar. The UWC Pakistan is one of the Ramsar sites of international importance. However, the information regarding water quality parameters and concentration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) is relatively short. Present study focused on spatio-temporal variations in the physico-chemical parameters and PHE (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Mn) concentrations in water and fish samples using inductively coupled plasma. Sampling was done in summer (August 2016) and winter (January 2017) seasons. The overall concentrations of PHEs in water were in the following order: Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb > As for Khabeki; As >Ni > Cr > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb for Uchalli; and Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > As > Cr > Cd > Pb for Jahlar Lake. PHE concentration in fish followed the order Ni > Cd > Mn > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr > As. PHEs analysis showed that Mn; Ni and As; and Ni and Mn in summer were above the Pakistan Environmental Quality Standards (PEQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards in Khabeki, Uchalli, and Jahlar Lakes respectively while in winter, Mn; Cd, Ni, and As; and Ni and Mn were higher than standard values in Khabeki, Uchalli, and Jahlar Lakes respectively. In fish samples, only Cd (0.0942) was higher in summer as compared to winter (0.0512) while other seven PHEs observed were higher in winter. Conclusively, the metal pollution index showed that water quality of UWC is not very fit for human consumption directly. The bioconcentration factor results indicated potential to accumulate PHEs, i.e., Cd (29.4375 and 9.4814), Pb (16.66 and 4.375), and Ni (4.9875 and 6.206), in fish during both sampling campaigns. Target hazard quotient (THQ), target carcinogenic risk (TR), hazard index (HI), estimated daily intake (EDI), and international safe standard limits of PHEs for fish species indicated that fish from UWC is safe for human consumption. Variations in physic-chemical parameters and PHE concentration were observed spatially and temporally that could be caused by precipitation amount or natural geochemistry of the lakes' crust. The water quality was not suitable for direct human consumption. Fish was only found in Khabeki Lake that had potential to accumulate Cd, Pb, and Ni more as compared to other studied PHEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Gull Bhatti
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Yasin
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Islam Butt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Wajahat
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Zang C, Dame J, Nüsser M. Hydrochemical and environmental isotope analysis of groundwater and surface water in a dry mountain region in Northern Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:334. [PMID: 29740705 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This case study examines the geological imprint and land use practices on water quality in the arid Huasco Valley against the backdrop of ongoing water conflicts surrounding competing demands for agriculture and mining. The study is based on a detailed analysis of spatial and temporal variations of monthly surface and bi-monthly groundwater quality samples measured during the Chilean summer of 2015/16. Additional information on source regions and river-groundwater interactions were collected using stable water isotopes. Regarding the geological impact on water quality, high concentrations of Ca2+, SO42- and HCO3- indicate a strong influence of magmatic rocks, which constitute this high mountain basin, on the hydrochemistry. Piper and Gibbs-diagrams revealed that all samples show a homogenous distribution dominated by rock-water interactions. Measured NO3- concentrations in surface water are generally low. However, groundwater aquifers exhibit higher concentrations. Mn is the only heavy metal with elevated concentrations in surface water, which are possibly related to mining activities. The results illustrate that both surface and groundwater can be classified as suitable for irrigation. In addition, groundwater has been found to be suitable as drinking water. High similarities in isotopic signatures indicate a strong connection between surface and groundwater. Isotopic analyses suggest a strong influence of evaporation. This combined approach of hydrogeochemical and isotopic analysis proved to be a helpful tool in characterizing the catchment and can serve as a basis for future sustainable water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Zang
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Geography, South Asia Institute (SAI), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Juliane Dame
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Geography, South Asia Institute (SAI), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Nüsser
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Geography, South Asia Institute (SAI), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Gaete H, Álvarez M, Lobos G, Soto E, Jara-Gutiérrez C. Assessment of oxidative stress and bioaccumulation of the metals Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd in the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis from estuaries of central Chile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:653-658. [PMID: 28822345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The estuaries of the Aconcagua and Maipo Rivers of central Chile are receptors of residues that contain metals from anthropic activities including agriculture, mining and smelters, which have different levels in the two basins. This study postulates that the exposition to metals is different in the two estuaries and that their sediments contain bioavailable chemical agents that produce oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of estuarine sediments on the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis using oxidative stress biomarkers and to determine the metal concentrations in sediments and their accumulation in P. gualpensis. Sediments and organisms were collected in December 2015 and January 2016 in the estuaries. The Catapilco estuary was used as control, since its basin has little anthropic activity. The metal concentrations of Fe Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were determined in tissues of the organisms and in sediments. The granulometry, conductivity, redox potential, pH and organic matter in sediments were determined, as well as catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. The results show that the concentrations of metals in sediments were higher in the estuary of the Aconcagua River: Cu: 48 ± 2μgg-1; Fe: 154 ± 19mgg-1, Pb: 20 ± 3μgg-1 and Zn: 143 ± 20μgg-1. In tissues, Pb and Fe were higher in the estuary of the Maipo River, while Cd was detected only in the Catapilco River mouth. Catalase activity was greater in the estuary of the Aconcagua River and lipid peroxidation in the estuary of the Catapilco River. Significant regressions were found between biomarkers of oxidative stress and metal concentrations in tissues of P. gualpensis. In conclusion, the sediments of the studied estuaries contain bioavailable chemical agents that provoke oxidative stress in P. gualpensis, which may be a risk for the benthic communities of these ecosystems. This species is proposed to monitor metals bioavailability and oxidative stress in estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Gaete
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Medioambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Universidad de Valparaíso, General Cruz N° 222, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Manuel Álvarez
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Medioambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Universidad de Valparaíso, General Cruz N° 222, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gabriela Lobos
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña, N° 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eulogio Soto
- Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Borgoño, N° 16.344, Montemar, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Carlos Jara-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Investigación-Estrés Oxidativo, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda N° 2653, Valparaíso, Chile
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Troncoso AJ, Bertin A, Osorio R, Arancio G, Gouin N. Comparative population genetics of two dominant plant species of high Andean wetlands reveals complex evolutionary histories and conservation perspectives in Chile’s Norte Chico. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Cantanhêde SM, da Silva Castro G, Pereira NJ, de Pinho Campos JS, da Silva J, Tchaicka L, Neta RNFC, de Souza Torres JR, Santos DMS. Evaluation of environmental quality of two estuaries in Ilha do Maranhão, Brazil, using histological and genotoxic biomarkers in Centropomus undecimalis (Pisces, Centropomidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21058-21069. [PMID: 27491417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are subjected to continual environmental impacts from activities in the catchment areas. This research assessed the quality of two estuarine habitats located in Ilha do Maranhão, Brazil, through histological and genotoxic biomarkers in Centropomus undecimalis, comparing the data obtained to metal, physical, and chemical concentrations of water samples. The gill histological alterations were analyzed by the histological alteration index and genotoxic lesions in erythrocytes were detected by the Micronucleus Test. The analysis of metals revealed that all water samples contained at least two elements with concentrations higher than that allowed by the current Brazilian law. For gill histological analysis, snook of both areas assessed exhibited moderate lesions, indicating that the local fish are affected by environmental stress. Micronucleus analysis of snook showed that the Bacanga river basin is the most affected. In addition to assessing the health of commercial fish populations, the information about the biomarkers used for the species can serve to contribute to the preparation and/or application of health assessment models and implementation of environmental recovery policies for coastal aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sildiane Martins Cantanhêde
- Animal Morphophysiology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, s/n, Cidade Operária, São Luís, MA, 65055-000, Brazil.
| | - Geane da Silva Castro
- Animal Morphophysiology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Natália Jovita Pereira
- Animal Morphophysiology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Jonas Silva de Pinho Campos
- Animal Morphophysiology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Toxicological Genetics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lígia Tchaicka
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Débora Martins Silva Santos
- Animal Morphophysiology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Pizarro I, Gómez-Gómez M, León J, Román D, Palacios MA. Bioaccessibility and arsenic speciation in carrots, beets and quinoa from a contaminated area of Chile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:557-563. [PMID: 27196992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of vegetables grown in arsenic (As)-contaminated soils is an important exposure route to the element for humans. The present study is focused on locally-grown, frequently-consumed vegetables, such as carrots (Daucus carota), beets (Beta vulgaris) and quinoa (Chenopodium) from the As-polluted Chiu Chiu area in Northern Chile. The latter region is affected both by As discharge from copper mining activity and natural As contamination, leading to a high As content in local food and water. For the selected vegetables, the following aspects were investigated: i) Their total As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Mn content; ii) Arsenic speciation in the edible part of the vegetables by liquid chromatography inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICPMS) analysis; iii) Arsenic bioaccessibility in the vegetables during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion; iv) Arsenic species present in the extracts obtained from in vitro gastrointestinal digestion; and v) Arsenic dietary exposure estimates for the assessment of the risk posed by the vegetables consumption. A significant degree of As contamination was found in the vegetables under study, their metal content having been compared with that of similar Spanish uncontaminated products. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the studied vegetables led to quantitative extraction of As from carrots and beets, whereas efficiency was about 40% for quinoa. For carrots, only As(III) and As(V) species were found, being their concentration levels similar. In the case of quinoa, around 85% of the element was present as As(V). For beets, inorganic As(V) and unknown overlapped As species (probably arsenosugars) were found. No significant transformation of the original As species was observed during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Arsenic dietary exposure values obtained for the three vegetables (0.017-0.021μg As person(-1)day(-1)) were much lower than the JFCFA's safety limit of 50μg As person(-1)day(-1). Therefore, no toxicological risk would be expected from the intake of these vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pizarro
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, 02800 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Milagros Gómez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer León
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, 02800 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Domingo Román
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, 02800 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - M Antonia Palacios
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Dević G, Sakan S, Đorđević D. Assessment of the environmental significance of nutrients and heavy metal pollution in the river network of Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:282-97. [PMID: 26593728 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the data for ten water quality variables collected during 2009 at 75 monitoring sites along the river network of Serbia are considered. The results are alarming because 48% of the studied sites were contaminated by Ni, Mn, Pb, As, and nutrients, which are key factors impairing the water quality of the rivers in Serbia. Special attention should be paid to Zn and Cu, listed in the priority toxic pollutants of US EPA for aquatic life protection. The employed Q-model cluster analysis grouped the data into three major pollution zones (low, moderate, and high). Most sites classified as "low pollution zones" (LP) were in the main rivers, whereas those classified as "moderate and high pollution zones" (MP and HP, respectively) were in the large and small tributaries/hydro-system. Principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) showed that the dissolved metals and nutrients in the Serbian rivers varied depending on the river, the heterogeneity of the anthropogenic activities in the basins (influenced primarily by industrial wastewater, agricultural activities, and urban runoff pollution), and natural environmental variability, such as geological characteristics. In LP dominated non-point source pollution, such as agricultural and urban runoff, whereas mixed source pollution dominated in the MP and HP zones. These results provide information to be used for developing better pollution control strategies for the river network of Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Dević
- Department of Chemistry, ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sanja Sakan
- Department of Chemistry, ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dragana Đorđević
- Department of Chemistry, ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Pizarro J, Vergara PM, Morales JL, Rodríguez JA, Vila I. Influence of land use and climate on the load of suspended solids in catchments of Andean rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:835-843. [PMID: 24046240 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between anthropogenic land use and the rainfall pattern can be crucial to predict changes in total suspended solids (TSS) in streams and rivers. We assessed the effects of land use and annual rainfall on the TSS load of 19 southern Chilean catchments. The results indicated that the concentration of TSS increased in catchments with a rainy regime and greater annual precipitation. TSS load also increased as the surface of open areas increased at the catchment scale and decreased with increasing cover of glaciers and perennial snow. However, we did not find support for models with interaction terms between climate and land use. Results suggest that a regional decrease in annual rainfall accompanied by an increase in the altitude of the zero isotherms, as predicted by climate models, should have multiple effects on TSS. In particular, increased TSS load can be expected from a contraction of glaciers and perennial snow areas as well as the intensification of new crops and urban expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pizarro
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geográfica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (Usach), Av. Lib. B. O'Higgins no. 3363, Santiago, Chile,
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25
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Leiva ED, Rámila CDP, Vargas IT, Escauriaza CR, Bonilla CA, Pizarro GE, Regan JM, Pasten PA. Natural attenuation process via microbial oxidation of arsenic in a high Andean watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:490-502. [PMID: 23933432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rivers in northern Chile have arsenic (As) concentrations at levels that are toxic for humans and other organisms. Microorganism-mediated redox reactions have a crucial role in the As cycle; the microbial oxidation of As (As(III) to As(V)) is a critical transformation because it favors the immobilization of As in the solid phase. We studied the role of microbial As oxidation for controlling the mobility of As in the extreme environment found in the Chilean Altiplano (i.e., > 4000 meters above sea level (masl) and < 310 mm annual rainfall), which are conditions that have rarely been studied. Our model system was the upper Azufre River sub-basin, where the natural attenuation of As from hydrothermal discharge (pH 4-6) was observed. As(III) was actively oxidized by a microbial consortium, leading to a significant decrease in the dissolved As concentrations and a corresponding increase in the sediment's As concentration downstream of the hydrothermal source. In-situ oxidation experiments demonstrated that the As oxidation required biological activity, and microbiological molecular analysis confirmed the presence of As(III)-oxidizing groups (aroA-like genes) in the system. In addition, the pH measurements and solid phase analysis strongly suggested that the As removal mechanism involved adsorption or coprecipitation with Fe-oxyhydroxides. Taken together, these results indicate that the microorganism-mediated As oxidation contributed to the attenuation of As concentrations and the stabilization of As in the solid phase, therefore controlling the amount of As transported downstream. This study is the first to demonstrate the microbial oxidation of As in Altiplano basins and its relevance in the immobilization of As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Leiva
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Comero S, Vaccaro S, Locoro G, De Capitani L, Gawlik BM. Characterization of the Danube River sediments using the PMF multivariate approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:329-335. [PMID: 24120015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical composition data for the Danube River and its tributaries sediments were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The objective was to identify both natural and anthropogenic sources affecting Danube Basin. During the Joint Danube Survey 2 (JDS2) campaign 148 bottom sediments samples were collected. The following elements were analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence technique: Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V and Zn. Mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Three factors were obtained considering the whole dataset (Danube and tributaries), identified as: (i) carbonate component characterized by Ca and Mg; (ii) alumino-silicate component dominated by Si and Al content and the presence of some metals attributed to natural processes; (iii) anthropogenic source identified by Hg, S, P and some heavy metals load. To better characterize the role of tributaries, the Danube and tributaries datasets, were also analyzed separately. The same three factor structures were identified in the Danube dataset. For the tributaries, a four-factor source model gave one further factor dominated by S and P, which could be attributed to the use of fertilizers in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Comero
- Department of Earth Sciences "Ardito Desio", University of Milan, Via Botticelli 23, 20133 Milan, Italy; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Enrico Fermi, 21020 Ispra, Italy.
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27
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Oketola AA, Adekolurejo SM, Osibanjo O. Water Quality Assessment of River Ogun Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2013.45055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Zhao Q, Liu S, Deng L, Yang Z, Dong S, Wang C, Zhang Z. Spatio-temporal variation of heavy metals in fresh water after dam construction: a case study of the Manwan Reservoir, Lancang River. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:4253-4266. [PMID: 21800064 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated temporal heavy metal characteristics over the past 20 years and the spatial variation of heavy metal characteristics at the Manwan Reservoir tail, center, and head in the Lancang River, Yunnan Province, China. The following heavy metals were selected for analysis: Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Fe, and Mn. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and the Pearson correlation matrix were used to distinguish the main pollution factors and sources before and after dam construction. The results indicate that the average annual values of heavy metals were far lower than the recommended values of the surface water quality standards in China with the exception of Hg. The concentration of metals showed considerable variation by season, where higher levels of metals generally occurred in high flow periods. The results from PCA show that three significant components were extracted, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The ANOVA results indicate that Pb, Fe, Mn, and Cr had significant spatial variation (P < 0.05) at the reservoir tail, center and head. The enrichment factor (EF) used to compare the accumulation effect of heavy metals indicated that there was no enrichment (EF < 1) of heavy metals with the exception of Mn, which showed minor enrichment (1 < EF < 3) between the reservoir center and head. The spatiotemporal variation and the accumulation effects of water heavy metals were not distinct due to the construction of the Manwan Reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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29
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Shah MH, Iqbal J, Shaheen N, Khan N, Choudhary MA, Akhter G. Assessment of background levels of trace metals in water and soil from a remote region of Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1243-1252. [PMID: 21625922 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Selected trace metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in the water and soil samples collected from the remote region of Himalaya. The soil samples were analysed for soluble and acid extractable fraction of trace metals. In water samples, Ca, Na, Mg and K emerged as dominant contributors, whereas, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe and Pb were estimated at comparatively higher levels in the water extract of the soil. In case of acid extract of the soil samples, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Mn and Na were found at elevated concentrations. Based on mean levels of the metals, following decreasing concentration order was observed in water samples: Ca > Na > Mg > K > Pb > Co > Cu > Zn > Mn > Cr > Fe > Cd > Li, however, in the acid extract of the soil, following order was noted: Ca > K > Fe > Mg > Mn > Na > Pb > Zn > Cr > Li > Cu > Co > Cd. The correlation study revealed appreciably diverse mutual relationships of trace metals in the water and soil samples. The multivariate cluster analyses exhibited divergent apportionment of trace metals in water and soil samples. Among the trace metals, Cd, Pb, Li, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn and Co exhibited extreme to significant anthropogenic enrichment in the soil samples, while the rest of the metals were mostly contributed by the natural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Li S, Li J, Zhang Q. Water quality assessment in the rivers along the water conveyance system of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project (China) using multivariate statistical techniques and receptor modeling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 195:306-317. [PMID: 21968116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A total of 190 grab water samples were collected from 19 rivers along the water conveyance system of the Middle Route of China's interbasin South to North Water Transfer Project (MRSNWTP). Multivariate statistics including principal component/factor analysis (PCA/FA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and cluster analysis (CA) were employed to assess water quality, and the receptor model of factor analysis-multiple linear regression (FA-MLR) was used for source identification/apportionment of pollutants from natural processes and anthropogenic activities to river waters. Our results revealed that river waters were primarily polluted by COD(Mn), BOD, NH(4)(+)-N, TN, TP, and Cd with remarkably spatio-temporal variability, and there were increasing industrial effluents in rivers northward. FA/PCA identified four classes of water quality parameters, i.e., mineral composition, toxic metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants. CA classified the selective 19 rivers into three groups reflecting their varying water pollution levels of moderated pollution, high pollution, and very high pollution. The FA-MLR receptor modeling revealed predominantly anthropogenic inputs to river solutes in Beijing and Tianjin, i.e., 77% of nitrogen and 90% of phosphorus from industry, and 80% of COD(Mn) from domestics. This study is critical for water allocation and division in the water-receiving areas using the existing rivers for MRSNWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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