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de Farias Araujo G, de Oliveira LVA, Hoff RB, Wosnick N, Vianna M, Verruck S, Hauser-Davis RA, Saggioro EM. "Cocaine Shark": First report on cocaine and benzoylecgonine detection in sharks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174798. [PMID: 39019288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE), the main COC metabolite, have been detected in aquatic ecosystems. Studies focusing on wild fish are, however, very limited, and no reports concerning elasmobranchs are available. This study investigated COC and BE levels in Brazilian Sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon lalandii) (n = 13) using LC-MS/MS. All samples (13/13) tested positive for COC, with 92 % (12/13) testing positive for BE. COC concentrations (23.0 μg kg-1) were over 3-fold higher than BE (7.0 μg kg-1). COC levels were about three-fold significantly higher in muscle (33.8 ± 33.4 g kg-1) compared to liver (12.2 ± 14.2 μg kg-1). Females presented higher COC concentrations in muscle (40.2 ± 35.8 μg kg-1) compared to males (12.4 ± 5.9 μg kg-1). Several positive statistical correlations were noted between COC and BE (rho = 0.84) in females, indicating systemic COC transport and metabolization, as well as between BE and weight (rho = 0.62), and between COC and the Condition Factor (rho = 0.73). A strong correlation was noted between BE and COC in the muscle of non-pregnant females (rho = 1.00). This study represents the first COC and BE report in free-ranging sharks, and the findings point to the potential impacts of the presence of illicit drugs in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Farias Araujo
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan Valdemiro Alves de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Sepor Laboratorial Avançado em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; IMAM - AquaRio, Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvani Verruck
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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de Farias Araujo G, Medeiros RJ, Maciel-Magalhães M, Correia FV, Saggioro EM. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to assess the effects of cocaine as a drug of abuse and its environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28459-28479. [PMID: 36689115 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) use concerns are on the increase for both authorities and civil society. Despite this, it is important to investigate COC effects or those of its main metabolite, belzoylecgonine (BE), in consolidated aquatic model organisms, such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio). This (mini) review consists in an assessment regarding toxicological studies carried out employing zebrafish (embryos, larvae or adults) exposed to COC and/or BE indexed at the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. Ten different endpoints were analyzed in both embryos and larvae, whereas only four were analyzed in adults. Of the 23 studies, only five investigated COC and/or BE effects following an environmental approach when exposing zebrafish, while most (18 studies) analyzed COC effects under a drug of abuse approach. Cocaine exposure was noted as altering the expression of several genes, such as those linked to COC transport proteins, dopamine receptors, SP substance production, the tachykinin system, and the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme. BE exposure resulted in more oxidative and proteomic effects than COC in embryos. Cocaine abstinence resulted in hyperactivity associated with stereotypy in adult fish, in addition to reduced responses to visual stimuli to red light and neuronal development pattern alterations. Cocaine was noted as accumulating in zebrafish eyes, possibly due to melanin binding, and causing dose-response cardiac effects in both embryos and adults. Despite the different effects addressed by our survey, we emphasize the lack of COC and BE exposure assessments in zebrafish employing an environmental point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Farias Araujo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Saúde Pública E Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Renata Jurema Medeiros
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade Em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Magno Maciel-Magalhães
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade Em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Correia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Saúde Pública E Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Saúde Pública E Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
- Laboratório de Avaliação E Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
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De Felice B, De Pascalis F, Manenti R, Pavlovic R, di Cesare F, Nasti R, Beretta G, Parolini M. Differential biochemical and behavioral responses induced by cocaine and benzoylecgonine exposure to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157025. [PMID: 35777565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, the benzoylecgonine (BE), are the main illicit drugs measured in aquatic system worldwide, with concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L. Although their current environmental concentrations are low these molecules can induce adverse effects at sub-individual level in non-target organisms. In contrast, the information at individual and behavioral level are still scant. The present study aimed at investigating biochemical and behavioral effects induced by 14-days exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) of COC and BE towards Procambarus clarkii. At sub-individual level, the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase - CAT, glutathione peroxidase - GPx and glutathione S-transferases - GST) enzymes, as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured as oxidative stress-related endpoints. We also measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity to check for neurotoxic effect of COC and BE. At individual level, the modulation of some behavioral tasks (i.e., response to external stimuli, changes in feeding activity and exploration of a new environment) were assessed. Although both COC and BE exposure did not induce an oxidative stress situation, a significant inhibition of AChE activity was noted, resulting in behavioral changes in crayfish exposed to COC only. Crayfish exposed to the higher COC concentration showed an increase in the boldness and a decrease in the feeding activity, suggesting that COC may act according to its psychotropic mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federico De Pascalis
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica di Cesare
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Rita Nasti
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Aberg D, Chaplin D, Freeman C, Paizs B, Dunn C. The environmental release and ecosystem risks of illicit drugs during Glastonbury Festival. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112061. [PMID: 34543637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reported high drug use at music festivals coupled with factors such as public urination can lead to the direct release of illicit drugs into the environment. Glastonbury Festival 2019 had 203,000 attendees, its site is intercepted by the Whitelake River providing a direct route for illicit drug pollution into the local environment. We tested for popular illicit drugs such as cocaine and MDMA in the river upstream and downstream of the festival site as well as in the neighbouring Redlake River. Both rivers were sampled the weeks before, during and after the festival. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine and MDMA were found at all sample sites; concentrations, and mass loads (mass carried by the river per unit of time) were significantly higher in the Whitelake site, downstream of the festival. MDMA mass loads were 104 times greater downstream in comparison to upstream sites (1.1-61.0 mg/h vs 114.7 mg/h; p < .01). Cocaine and benzoylecgonine mass loads were also 40 times higher downstream of the festival (1.3-4.2 mg/h vs 50.4 mg/h; p < .01) (22.7-81.4 mg/h vs 854.6 mg/h; p < .01). MDMA reached its highest level during the weekend after the festival with a concentration of 322 ng/L. This concentration is deemed harmful to aquatic life using Risk Quotient assessment (RQ) and provides evidence of continuous release after the festival due to leaching of MDMA from the site. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were not at levels deemed harmful to aquatic life according to RQ assessment yet were three times higher than MDMA concentrations. Redlake River experienced no significant changes (p > .05) in any illicit drug levels, further confirming that drug release was likely dependent on the festival site. The release of environmentally damaging levels of illicit drugs into Whitelake River during the period of Glastonbury Festival suggests an underreported potential source of environmental contamination from greenfield festival sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Aberg
- Wolfson Carbon Capture Lab, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
| | - Daniel Chaplin
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Chris Freeman
- Wolfson Carbon Capture Lab, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
| | - Bela Paizs
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christian Dunn
- Wolfson Carbon Capture Lab, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
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Dos S Grignet R, Barros MGA, Panatta AAS, Bernal SPF, Ottoni JR, Passarini MRZ, da C S Gonçalves C. Medicines as an emergent contaminant: the review of microbial biodegration potential. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:157-174. [PMID: 34978661 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging environmental contaminants, such as medicine waste, are of great concern to the scientific community and to the local environmental and health departments because of their potential long-term effects and ecotoxicological risk. Besides the prolonged use of medicines for the development of modern society, the elucidation of their effect on the ecosystem is relatively recent. Medicine waste and its metabolites can, for instance, cause alterations in microbial dynamics and disturb fish behavior. Bioremediation is an efficient and eco-friendly technology that appears as a suitable alternative to conventional methods of water waste and sludge treatment and has the capacity to remove or reduce the presence of emerging contaminants. Thus, this review has the objective of compiling information on environmental contamination by common medicines and their microbial biodegradation, focusing on five therapeutic classes: analgesics, antibiotics, antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and contraceptives. Their effects in the environment will also be analyzed, as well as the possible routes of degradation by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Dos S Grignet
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Maria G A Barros
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Andressa A S Panatta
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Suzan P F Bernal
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Julia R Ottoni
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Michel R Z Passarini
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Caroline da C S Gonçalves
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida E da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu - PR, 85870-650, Brazil.
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Chen L, Guo C, Sun Z, Xu J. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and toxicological effect of drugs of abuse in aquatic ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111362. [PMID: 34048744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are a group of emerging contaminants. As the prevalence of manufacture and consumption, there is a growing global environmental burden and ecological risk from the continuous release of these contaminants into environment. The widespread occurrence of drugs of abuse in waste wasters and surface waters is due to the incomplete removal through traditional wastewater treatment plants in different regions around the world. Although their environmental concentrations are not very high, they can potentially influence the aquatic organisms and ecosystem function. This paper reviews the occurrence of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in waste waters and surface waters, their bioaccumulation in aquatic plants, fishes and benthic organisms and even top predators, and the toxicological effects such as genotoxic effect, cytotoxic effect and even behavioral effect on aquatic organisms. In summary, drugs of abuse occur widely in aquatic environment, and may exert adverse impact on aquatic organisms at molecular, cellular or individual level, and even on aquatic ecosystem. It necessitates the monitoring and risk assessment of these compounds on diverse aquatic organisms in the further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Jiangsu Rainfine Environmental Science and Technology Co.,Ltd, Henan Branch Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Maasz G, Molnar E, Mayer M, Kuzma M, Takács P, Zrinyi Z, Pirger Z, Kiss T. Illicit Drugs as a Potential Risk to the Aquatic Environment of a Large Freshwater Lake after a Major Music Festival. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1491-1498. [PMID: 33502775 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study strengthens the view that residues of drugs of abuse may become widespread surface water contaminants following a local music festival. Overall, 10 illicit drugs were detected from the aquatic environment after the festival; cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were present in the highest concentrations. The presence of illicit drugs and their metabolites over 3 monitored festival yr suggested that consumption of these drugs was temporally linked with events. Weather conditions seriously influenced detection of contaminants deriving from events at the lakeshore. Most of the illicit drugs retained their pharmacological activities, with a potentially adverse impact on wildlife. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1491-1498. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Maasz
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
- Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Eva Molnar
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Matyas Mayer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Monika Kuzma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Péter Takács
- Department of Hydrozoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
- Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
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From Laboratory Tests to the Ecoremedial System: The Importance of Microorganisms in the Recovery of PPCPs-Disturbed Ecosystems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a wide variety of emerging pollutants in natural water resources is an important global water quality challenge. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are known as emerging contaminants, widely used by modern society. This objective ensures availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, according to the 2030 Agenda. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) do not always mitigate the presence of these emerging contaminants in effluents discharged into the environment, although the removal efficiency of WWTP varies based on the techniques used. This main subject is framed within a broader environmental paradigm, such as the transition to a circular economy. The research and innovation within the WWTP will play a key role in improving the water resource management and its surrounding industrial and natural ecosystems. Even though bioremediation is a green technology, its integration into the bio-economy strategy, which improves the quality of the environment, is surprisingly rare if we compare to other corrective techniques (physical and chemical). This work carries out a bibliographic review, since the beginning of the 21st century, on the biological remediation of some PPCPs, focusing on organisms (or their by-products) used at the scale of laboratory or scale-up. PPCPs have been selected on the basics of their occurrence in water resources. The data reveal that, despite the advantages that are associated with bioremediation, it is not the first option in the case of the recovery of systems contaminated with PPCPs. The results also show that fungi and bacteria are the most frequently studied microorganisms, with the latter being more easily implanted in complex biotechnological systems (78% of bacterial manuscripts vs. 40% fungi). A total of 52 works has been published while using microalgae and only in 7% of them, these organisms were used on a large scale. Special emphasis is made on the advantages that are provided by biotechnological systems in series, as well as on the need for eco-toxicological control that is associated with any process of recovery of contaminated systems.
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da Silva Souza L, Pusceddu FH, Cortez FS, de Orte MR, Seabra AA, Cesar A, Ribeiro DA, Del Valls Casillas TA, Pereira CDS. Harmful effects of cocaine byproduct in the reproduction of sea urchin in different ocean acidification scenarios. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124284. [PMID: 31310985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study has as main objective assessing the toxicity of crack-cocaine combined with different scenarios of ocean acidification on fertilization rate and embryo-larval development of Echinometra lucunter sea urchin. Effects on early life stages were assessed at five different concentrations (6,25 mg.L-1; 12,5 mg.L-1; 25 mg.L-1; 50 mg.L-1 and 100 mg.L-1) of crack-cocaine at four different pH values (8.5; 8.0; 7.5; 7.0). The pH values were achieved using two different methodologies: adding hydrochloric acid (HCl) and injecting carbon dioxide (CO2). The fertilization test did not show significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) compared with control sample at pH values 8.5; 8.0 and 7.5. Results of embryo-larval assays showed a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of crack-cocaine at pH values tested (8.5, 8.0, 7.5) as 58.83, 10.67 and 11.58 mg/L-1 for HCl acidification and 58.83, 23.28 and 12.57 mg/L-1 for CO2 enrichment. At pH 7.0 the effects observed in fertilization rate and embryo development were associated with the acidification. This study is the first ecotoxicological assessment of illicit drug toxicity in aquatic ecosystems at different ocean acidification scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Silva Souza
- Department of Physico-Chemistry, Aquatic Systems Research Group, UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Fabio Hermes Pusceddu
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sanzi Cortez
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Romano de Orte
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Cesar
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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López-Pacheco IY, Silva-Núñez A, Salinas-Salazar C, Arévalo-Gallegos A, Lizarazo-Holguin LA, Barceló D, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Anthropogenic contaminants of high concern: Existence in water resources and their adverse effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:1068-1088. [PMID: 31470472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Existence of anthropogenic contaminants (ACs) in different environmental matrices is a serious and unresolved concern. For instance, ACs from different sectors, such as industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical, are found in water bodies with considerable endocrine disruptors potency and can damage the biotic components of the environment. The continuous ACs exposure can cause cellular toxicity, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and alterations in sex ratios in human beings. Whereas, aquatic organisms show bioaccumulation, trophic chains, and biomagnification of ACs through different entry route. These problems have been found in many countries around the globe, making them a worldwide concern. ACs have been found in different environmental matrices, such as water reservoirs for human consumption, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), groundwaters, surface waters, rivers, and seas, which demonstrate their free movement within the environment in an uncontrolled manner. This work provides a detailed overview of ACs occurrence in water bodies along with their toxicological effect on living organisms. The literature data reported between 2017 and 2018 is compiled following inclusion-exclusion criteria, and the obtained information was mapped as per type and source of ACs. The most important ACs are pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, ofloxacin, acetaminophen, progesterone ranitidine, and testosterone), agricultural products or pesticides (atrazine, carbendazim, fipronil), narcotics and illegal drugs (amphetamines, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine), food industry derivatives (bisphenol A, and caffeine), and personal care products (triclosan, and other related surfactants). Considering this threatening issue, robust detection and removal strategies must be considered in the design of WWTPs and DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Y López-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Arisbe Silva-Núñez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Carmen Salinas-Salazar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Alejandra Arévalo-Gallegos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Laura A Lizarazo-Holguin
- Universidad de Antioquia, School of Microbiology, Cl. 67 #53 - 108, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Damiá Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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11
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Yuan W, Zhou Y, Liu X, Wang J. New Perspective on the Nanoplastics Disrupting the Reproduction of an Endangered Fern in Artificial Freshwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12715-12724. [PMID: 31618585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential risks of micro/nanoplastics on the ecological environment, particularly aquatic fauna, have been realized in recent years. However, information about its potential effects on aquatic plants is scarce. In this study, a four-week exposure experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of varying polystyrene nanoplastics concentration (PS-NPs, 0-100 μg/mL) on the early development of an endangered aquatic plant, Ceratopteris pteridoides. Fluorescent observations demonstrated that PS-NPs were adsorbed and accumulated on the spore surface of C. pteridoides rapidly and massively with increasing exposure concentration and time. The adsorption and accumulation of PS-NPs on the spore surface posed a negative effect on spore imbibition, causing 2.3-22.4% reduction in final spore size. Spore germination and gametophyte sex differentiation were both negatively affected by PS-NP exposure, resulting in 10.4-88.0% inhibition in germination ratio and 2.9-53.4% reduction in hermaphroditic gametophyte ratio. Additionally, PS-NPs were observed to penetrate into the roots of gametophytes. Higher concentration of PS-NPs (100 μg/mL) can even induce pathological changes on gametophytes, although with a low incidence (4.9%). The results above indicated that exposure to PS-NPs caused a series of disruptions from the spore imbibition to germination and gametophyte stages, and are likely to pose an eco-physiological risk on the reproductive success of endangered ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology , Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology , Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology , Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology , Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
- College of Marine Sciences , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences , Hainan Normal University , Haikou 571158 , P. R. China
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12
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Letsinger S, Kay P. Comparison of Prioritisation Schemes for Human Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3479-3491. [PMID: 30515684 PMCID: PMC6513794 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Only a small proportion of pharmaceuticals available for commercial use have been monitored in the aquatic environment, and even less is known about the effects on organisms. With thousands of pharmaceuticals in use, it is not feasible to monitor or assess the effects of all of these compounds. Prioritisation schemes allow the ranking of pharmaceuticals based on their potential as environmental contaminants, allowing resources to be appropriately used on those which are most likely to enter the environment and cause greatest harm. Many different types of prioritisation schemes exist in the literature and those utilising predicted environmental concentrations (PECs), the fish plasma model (FPM), critical environmental concentrations (CECs) and acute ecotoxicological data were assessed in the current study using the 50 most prescribed drugs in the UK. PECs were found to be overestimates of mean measured environmental concentrations but mainly underestimations of maximum concentrations. Acute ecological data identified different compounds of concern to the other effects assessments although the FPM and CECs methods were more conservative. These schemes highlighted antidepressants, lipid regulators, antibiotics, antihypertensive compounds and ibuprofen as priority compounds for further study and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Letsinger
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paul Kay
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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13
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Parolini M, De Felice B, Ferrario C, Salgueiro-González N, Castiglioni S, Finizio A, Tremolada P. Benzoylecgonine exposure induced oxidative stress and altered swimming behavior and reproduction in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:236-244. [PMID: 28928019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several monitoring studies have shown that benzoylecgonine (BE) is the main illicit drug residue commonly measured in the aquatic system worldwide. Few studies have investigated the potential toxicity of this molecule towards invertebrate and vertebrate aquatic non-target organisms focusing on effects at low levels of the biological organization, but no one has assessed the consequences at higher ones. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the toxicity of a 48-h exposure to two concentrations of BE, similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems (0.5 μg/L and 1.0 μg/L), on the cladoceran Daphnia magna at different levels of the ecological hierarchy. We relied on a multi-level approach focusing on the effects at biochemical/biomolecular (biomarkers), individual (swimming activity) and population (reproduction) levels. We measured the amount of reactive oxygen species and of the activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes to assess if BE exposure can alter the oxidative status of D. magna specimens, while the lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Moreover, we also measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity because it is strictly related to behavioral changes in aquatic organisms. Changes in swimming behavior were investigated by a video tracking analysis, while the consequences on reproduction were assessed by a chronic toxicity test. Our results showed that BE concentrations similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems induced oxidative stress and inhibited AChE activity, affecting swimming behavior and the reproduction of Daphnia magna individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Finizio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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14
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González-Alonso S, Merino LM, Esteban S, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Durán JJ, López-Martínez J, Aceña J, Pérez S, Mastroianni N, Silva A, Catalá M, Valcárcel Y. Occurrence of pharmaceutical, recreational and psychotropic drug residues in surface water on the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:241-254. [PMID: 28599208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human presence in the Antarctic is increasing due to research activities and the rise in tourism. These activities contribute a number of potentially hazardous substances. The aim of this study is to conduct the first characterisation of the pharmaceuticals and recreational drugs present in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, and to assess the potential environmental risk they pose to the environment. The study consisted of a single sampling of ten water samples from different sources, including streams, ponds, glacier drains, and a wastewater discharge into the sea. Twenty-five selected pharmaceuticals and 21 recreational drugs were analysed. The highest concentrations were found for the analgesics acetaminophen (48.74 μg L-1), diclofenac (15.09 μg L-1) and ibuprofen (10.05 μg L-1), and for the stimulant caffeine (71.33 μg L-1). All these substances were detected in waters that were discharged directly into the ocean without any prior purification processes. The hazard quotient (HQ) values for ibuprofen, diclofenac and acetaminophen were far in excess of 10 at several sampling points. The concentrations of each substance measured and used as measured environmental concentration values for the HQ calculations are based on a one-time sampling. The Toxic Unit values indicate that analgesics and anti-inflammatories are the therapeutic group responsible for the highest toxic burden. This study is the first to analyse a wide range of substances and to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and psychotropic drugs in the Antarctic Peninsula region. We believe it can serve as a starting point to focus attention on the need for continued environmental monitoring of these substances in the water cycle, especially in protected regions such as the Antarctic. This will determine whether pharmaceuticals and recreational drugs are hazardous to the environment and, if so, can be used as the basis for risk-assessment studies to prioritise the exposure to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia González-Alonso
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Moreno Merino
- Geological Survery of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Esteban
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan José Durán
- Geological Survery of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo López-Martínez
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Aceña
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Silva
- National Institute of Water, Empalme J. Newbery km 1,620, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Myriam Catalá
- Department of Biology & Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University, Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research Group and Teaching in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER) of Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Wilkinson JL, Hooda PS, Swinden J, Barker J, Barton S. Spatial distribution of organic contaminants in three rivers of Southern England bound to suspended particulate material and dissolved in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:487-497. [PMID: 28360000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and other emerging contaminants (ECs) such as plasticisers, perflourinated compounds (PFCs) and illicit drug metabolites in water and bound to suspended particulate material (SPM) is not well-understood. Here, we quantify levels of thirteen selected contaminants in water (n=88) and their partition to suspended particulate material (SPM, n=16) in three previously-unstudied rivers of Greater London and Southern England during a key reproduction/spawning period. Analysis was conducted using an in-house validated method for Solid Phase Extraction followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass-Spectrometry. Analytes were extracted from SPM using an optimised method for ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction. Detection frequencies of contaminants dissolved in water ranged from 3% (ethinylestradiol) to 100% (bisphenol-A). Overall mean concentrations in the aqueous-phase ranged from 14.7ng/L (benzoylecgonine) to 159ng/L (bisphenol-A). Sewage treatment works (STW) effluent was the predominant source of pharmaceuticals, while plasticisers/perfluorinated compounds may additionally enter rivers via other sources. In SPM, detection frequencies ranged from 44% (PFOA) to 94% (hydroxyacetophenone). Mean quantifiable levels of analytes bound to SPM ranged from 13.5ng/g dry SPM (0.33ng bound/L water) perfluorononanoic acid to 2830ng/g dry SPM (14.3ng bound/L water) perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Long chain (>C7) amphipathic and acidic PFCs were found to more preferentially bind to SPM than short chain PFCs and other contaminants (Kd=34.1-75.5 vs <5 respectively). Per capita daily contributions of studied contaminants entering rivers ranged from 0.157μg/person/day of benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) to 58.6μg/person/day of bisphenol-A. The large sample size of this work (n=104) enabled ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests to establish significant trends in PPCP/EC spatial distribution from headwaters through downstream stretches of studied rivers. Novel findings include environmental Kd calculations, the occurrence of contaminants in river headwaters, increases in contaminant metabolite concentrations downstream of STW effluents revealing possible in-river degradation or de-conjugation, the influence of polarity and acidity in the partition of contaminants to particulate-material, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Wilkinson
- School of Natural and Built Environments, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK; Environment Department, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Peter S Hooda
- School of Natural and Built Environments, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Julian Swinden
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephen Barton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
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16
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Parolini M, Ghilardi A, Della Torre C, Magni S, Prosperi L, Calvagno M, Del Giacco L, Binelli A. Environmental concentrations of cocaine and its main metabolites modulated antioxidant response and caused cyto-genotoxic effects in zebrafish embryo cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:504-514. [PMID: 28449966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs have been recently identified as a serious environmental problem because of the growing evidence regarding their occurrence in aquatic environment and potential toxicity towards non-target organisms. Among them, cocaine (COC) and its main metabolites, namely benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), are commonly measured in freshwaters worldwide at levels that might cause diverse sub-lethal effects to aquatic organisms. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the potential adverse effects induced by the exposure to environmental concentrations (0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 nM) of COC, BE, and EME on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 96 h post fertilization. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the Trypan Blue exclusion method, while primary and fixed genetic damages were evaluated by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, and the DNA diffusion assay together with the Micronucleus test, respectively. The involvement of oxidative stress in the mechanism of action (MoA) of all tested drugs was assessed by measuring the activity of defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) and the expression of their encoding genes. Exposure to COC and both metabolites significantly reduced cell viability, increased DNA fragmentation and promoted the onset of apoptotic cells and micronuclei in zebrafish embryos. Results from oxidative stress-related endpoints and gene expression suggested that the observed genotoxicity may be caused by an overproduction of free radicals that imbalanced the oxidative status of embryos. The integration of biomarker responses into a synthetic index showed that at each tested concentration, BE and EME had a similar toxicity and were both more toxic than COC. Our data confirmed the potential toxicity of environmental concentrations of COC, BE, and EME, suggesting the need of further in-depth studies to shed light on their MoA and long-term toxicity towards non-target aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Prosperi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvagno
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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17
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Traba HM, Domínguez-Morueco N, Barreno E, Catalá M. Lichen microalgae are sensitive to environmental concentrations of atrazine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:223-228. [PMID: 28095253 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1270679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of new organisms for environmental toxicology bioassays is currently a priority, since these tools are strongly limited by the ecological relevance of taxa used to study global change. Lichens are sensitive bioindicators of air quality and their microalgae are an untapped source for new low-cost miniaturized bioassays with ecological importance. In order to increase the availability of a wider range of taxa for bioassays, the sensitivity of two symbiotic lichen microalgae, Asterochloris erici and Trebouxia sp. TR9, to atrazine was evaluated. To achieve this goal, axenic cultures of these phycobionts in suspension were exposed to a range of environmental concentrations of the herbicide atrazine, a common water pollutant. Optical density and chlorophyll autofluorescence were used as endpoints of ecotoxicity and ecophysiology on cell suspensions. Results show that lichen microalgae show high sensitivity to very low doses of atrazine, being higher in Asterochloris erici than in Trebouxia sp. TR9. We conclude that environmental concentrations of atrazine could modify population dynamics probably through a shift in reproduction strategies of these organisms. This seminal work is a breakthrough in the use of lichen microalgae in the assessment of micropollution effects on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Moreno Traba
- a Biology and Geology Department, ESCET , Rey Juan Carlos University , Móstoles (Madrid) , Spain
| | - Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- a Biology and Geology Department, ESCET , Rey Juan Carlos University , Móstoles (Madrid) , Spain
| | - Eva Barreno
- b Departamento de Botánica , Universitat de València, ICBIBE, Fac. C. Biológicas , Burjassot (Valencia) , Spain
| | - Myriam Catalá
- a Biology and Geology Department, ESCET , Rey Juan Carlos University , Móstoles (Madrid) , Spain
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18
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Spasiano D, Russo D, Vaccaro M, Siciliano A, Marotta R, Guida M, Reis NM, Li Puma G, Andreozzi R. Removal of benzoylecgonine from water matrices through UV254/H2O2 process: Reaction kinetic modeling, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:515-525. [PMID: 27450344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzoylecgonine (BE), the main cocaine metabolite, has been detected in numerous surface water and treatment plants effluents in Europe and there is urgent need for effective treatment methods. In this study, the removal of BE by the UV254/H2O2 process from different water matrices was investigated. By means of competition kinetics method, the kinetic constant of reaction between BE and the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals (OH) was estimated resulting in kOH/BE=5.13×10(9)M(-1)s(-1). By-products and water matrices scavengers effects were estimated by numerical modeling of the reaction kinetics for the UV254/H2O2 process and validated in an innovative microcapillary film (MCF) array photoreactor and in a conventional batch photoreactor. The ecotoxicity of the water before and after treatment was evaluated with four organisms Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Vicia faba. The results provided evidence that BE and its transformation by-products do not have significant adverse effects on R. subcapitata, while D. magna underwent an increase of lipid droplets. C. elegans was the most sensitive to BE and its by-products. Furthermore, a genotoxicity assay, using V. faba, showed cytogenic damages during the cell mitosis of primary roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spasiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - D Russo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - A Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Marotta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Guida
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - N M Reis
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - G Li Puma
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - R Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
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19
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Noguera-Oviedo K, Aga DS. Lessons learned from more than two decades of research on emerging contaminants in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 316:242-51. [PMID: 27241399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years, thousands of research papers covering different aspects of emerging contaminants have been published, ranging from environmental occurrence to treatment and ecological effects. Emerging contaminants are environmental pollutants that have been investigated widely only in the last two decades and include anthropogenic and naturally occurring chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products and their metabolites, illicit drugs, engineered nanomaterials, and antibiotic resistance genes. The advancement in our knowledge on emerging contaminants has been the result of the appearance of highly sensitive and powerful analytical instrumentation that rapidly developed, allowing identification and trace quantification of unknown contaminants in complex environmental matrices. High efficiency chromatographic separations coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometers have become more common in environmental laboratories and are the pillars of environmental research, increasing our awareness and understanding of the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment, their transformation and fate, and the complex ecological consequences that they pose on exposed biological systems. This introductory paper for the Virtual Thematic Issue on Emerging Contaminants presents a brief literature overview on key research milestones in the area of emerging contaminants, focusing on pharmaceuticals and personal care products and endocrine disrupting compounds, and highlighting selected research papers previously published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials during the period of January 2012 to December 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Noguera-Oviedo
- Chemistry Department, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Chemistry Department, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States.
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Esteban S, Llamas PM, García-Cortés H, Catalá M. The endocrine disruptor nonylphenol induces sublethal toxicity in vascular plant development at environmental concentrations: A risk for riparian plants and irrigated crops? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:480-486. [PMID: 27312331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there is a growing concern among the scientific community about the presence of the so-called emergent pollutants in waters of different countries, especially endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that have the ability to alter the hormonal system. One of the substances found almost ubiquitously and in higher concentrations is the alkylphenol nonylphenol. Albeit this compound is included in priority lists as a probable risk for human health and the environment, little is known about its effects on developing plants. The aim of this work is to assess the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of environmental concentrations of nonylphenol in riparian vascular plant development using spores of the fern Polystichum setiferum and a biomarker-based approach: mitochondrial activity (cell viability), chlorophyll (plant physiology) and DNA content (growth). Mitochondrial activity and DNA content show that nonylphenol induces acute and sub-chronic toxicity at 48 h and after 1 week, respectively. Significant effects are observed in both parameters in fern spores at ng L(-1) but chlorophyll autofluorescence shows little changes. The inhibition of germination by natural allelochemicals has been reported to be related with the active hydroxyl group of phenolic compounds and largely independent of the structural nucleus to which it is attached. Results presented in this study suggest that environmental concentrations of nonylphenol could interfere with higher plant germination development by mimicking natural allelochemicals and/or phytohormones acting as a "phytoendocrine disruptor" likely posing ecophysiological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esteban
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Atenas s/n, E-28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P M Llamas
- Biology and Geology, Physics and Analytical Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Mostóles, Madrid, Spain
| | - H García-Cortés
- Biology and Geology, Physics and Analytical Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Mostóles, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Catalá
- Biology and Geology, Physics and Analytical Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Mostóles, Madrid, Spain
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