1
|
Wei A, Wang S, Zou Y, Xiang C, Xu F, Sun L. Preparation of a Flame-Retardant Curing Agent Based on Phytic Acid-Melamine Ion Crosslinking and Its Application in Wood Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1557. [PMID: 38891502 PMCID: PMC11174712 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To broaden the applications of wood, it is necessary to prepare flame-retardant coatings that can protect wood substrates during combustion. In this study, a bio-based, intumescent, flame-retardant phytic acid-melamine polyelectrolyte (PM) was prepared using phosphorus-rich biomass phytic acid and nitrogen-rich melamine as raw materials through an ion crosslinking reaction. Subsequently, a series of bio-based, flame-retardant wood coatings were prepared by optimizing the structure of urea-formaldehyde resin with the addition of melamine, sodium lignosulfonate, and PM as a flame-retardant curing agent. Woods coated with PM-containing coatings displayed significantly improved flame-retardant performances in comparison to uncoated woods. For PM-cured woods, the measured values of total heat release and total smoke production were 91.51% and 57.80% lower, respectively, compared with those of uncoated wood. Furthermore, the fire growth index decreased by 97.32%, indicating a lower fire hazard. This increase in flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to the dense expanded carbon layer formed during the combustion of the coating, which isolates oxygen and heat. In addition, the mechanical properties of the flame-retardant coatings cured with PM are similar to those cured with a commercial curing agent, NH4Cl. In addition, the prepared flame-retardant coating can also stain the wood. This study proves the excellent flame-retarding and curing effect of ammonium phytate in urea-formaldehyde resin coatings and provides a new approach for the application of bio-based flame retardants in wood coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shunxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yongjin Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Cuili Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fen Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lixian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Yang Y, Tang D, Liu Y, Wang Q. Electrostatic self-assembly endows cellulose paper with durable efficient flame retardancy and mechanical performance improvement. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129292. [PMID: 38199554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Flameproof modification of paper can improve safety and application performance. However, traditional paper is prone to moisture absorption, resulting in significant reduction in flame retardant performance, even complete failure, greatly limiting the application environment. In order to achieve long-term flame retardant properties of paper, while avoiding the loss of physical properties caused by the introduction of flame retardants, in this work, a plant acid/phosphate and melamine formaldehyde coating (PyA/PA-MF) is prepared through electrostatic self-assembly for durable flame retardant performance of cellulose paper. Due to the electrostatic interaction, the paper surface become greatly rough with introduction of PyA/PA-MF, a uniform microsphere structure is formed on the surface of the paper cellulose, which effectively fix the phosphorus-containing groups. The oxygen index reaches 33 % and the carbon length was only 6.3 ± 0.2 cm, the pHRR and THR are decreased by 80 % and 73 %, respectively. After being immersed for 72 h, the oxygen index is still 31.4 % and carbon length is no more than 12 cm. mechanical property of modified paper is significant increased in the tensile strength (2.4 MPa) compared to the blank paper (1 MPa), as well as that the whiteness of the surface of the modified paper will not change. In summary, PyA/PA-MF endows paper long-term flame retardant performance while maintaining its basic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xie Li
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuzhao Yang
- Shenzhen Sf Tyson Holding(group) Co., Ltd., Xinghai Avenue, Nanshan Street, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Cooperation Zone, Qianhai, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Dongdong Tang
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu S, Chen X, Zhang B, Lu Z, Jiang W, Fang X, Li J, Liu B, Ding T, Xu Y. Synergistic Modification of Polyformaldehyde by Biobased Calcium Magnesium Bi-Ionic Melamine Phytate with Intumescent Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:614. [PMID: 38475298 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) are mainly composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (ME), and some macromolecular char-forming agents. The traditional IFR still has some defects in practical application, such as poor compatibility with the matrix and low flame-retardant efficiency. In order to explore the best balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of flame-retardant polyformaldehyde (POM) composite, a biobased calcium magnesium bi-ionic melamine phytate (DPM) synergist was prepared based on renewable biomass polyphosphate phytic acid (PA), and its synergistic system with IFRs was applied to an intumescent flame-retardant POM system. POM/IFR systems can only pass the V-1 grade of the vertical combustion test (UL-94) if they have a limited oxygen index (LOI) of only 48.5%. When part of an IFR was replaced by DPM, the flame retardancy of the composite was significantly improved, and the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system reached the V-0 grade of UL-94, and the LOI reached 59.1%. Compared with pure POM, the PkHRR and THR of the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system decreased by 61.5% and 51.2%, respectively. Compared with the POM/IFR system, the PkHRR and THR of the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system were decreased by 20.8% and 27.5%, respectively, and carbon residue was increased by 37.2%. The mechanical properties of the composite also showed a continuous upward trend with the increase in DPM introduction. It is shown that the introduction of DPM not only greatly reduces the heat release rate and heat release amount of the intumescent flame-retardant POM system, reducing the fire hazard, but it also effectively improves the compatibility between the filler and the matrix and improves the mechanical properties of the composite. It provides a new approach for developing a new single-component multifunctional flame retardant or synergist for intumescent flame-retardant POM systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shike Lu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xueting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhehong Lu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jiantong Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan F, Jia H, Huang Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Jiang P. Analyzing Temperature Distribution Patterns on the Facing and Backside Surface: Investigating Combustion Performance of Flame-Retardant Particle Boards Using Aluminum Hypophosphite, Intumescent, and Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4479. [PMID: 38231928 PMCID: PMC10707802 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Particle boards are manufactured through a hot pressing process using wood materials (natural polymer materials) and adhesive, which find common usage in indoor decorative finishing materials. Flame-retardant particleboard, crucial for fire safety in such applications, undergoes performance analysis that includes assessing temperature distribution across its facing surface and temperature increase on the backside surface during facade combustion, yielding critical insights into fire scenario development. In this study, a compact flame spread apparatus is utilized to examine the flame retardancy and combustion behavior of particle boards, with a specific emphasis on the application of cost-effective flame retardants, encompassing aluminum hypophosphite (ALHP), an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) comprising ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), and Dipentaerythritol (DPE), alongside magnesium hydroxide (MDH), and their associated combustion characteristics. The D300°C values, representing the vertical distance from the ignition point (IP) to P300°C (the temperature point at 300 °C farthest from IP), are measured using a compact temperature distribution measurement platform. For MDH/PB, APP + MEL + DPE/PB, and ALHP/PB samples, the respective D300°C values of 145.79 mm, 117.81 mm, and 118.57 mm indicate reductions of 11.11%, 28.17%, and 27.71%, compared to the untreated sample's value of 164.02 mm. The particle boards treated with ALHP, IFR, and MDH demonstrated distinct flame-retardant mechanisms. MDH/PB relied on the thermal decomposition of MDH to produce MgO and H2O for flame retardancy, while APP + MEL + DPE/PB achieved flame retardancy through a cross-linked structure with char expansion, polyphosphate, and pyrophosphate during combustion. On the other hand, ALHP/PB attained flame retardancy by reacting with wood materials and adhesives, forming a stable condensed P-N-C structure. This study serves as a performance reference for the production of cost-effective flame-resistant particleboards and offers a practical method for assessing its fire-resistant properties when used as a decorative finishing material on facades in real fire situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangya Pan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Hongyu Jia
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shanqing Liang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Peng Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Z, Ma M, Wang X, Chen S, Shi Y, He H, Wang X. Toward flame-retardant and toughened poly(lactic acid)/cross-linked polyurethane blends via the interfacial reaction with the modified bio-based flame retardants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126206. [PMID: 37562482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating bio-based flame retardants into polylactic acid (PLLA) to improve flame retardancy has always been the focus of research, but the improvement of flame retardancy is usually at the expense of mechanical properties. How to successfully balanced the material's mechanical and combustion properties has puzzled many scholars. Herein, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and chitosan (CS) were used as acid source and carbon source respectively. Biological flame retardant APP@CS was designed and synthesized by electrostatic self-assembly method. In addition, toughened PLLA composites were prepared by reactive blending with the in-situ formed polyurethane (PU) as toughening phase. The results show that the CS shell not only reduces the hydrophilicity of the flame retardant, but also has good flame retardant property because of its excellent char forming property. The addition of 10 phr APP@CS can endow PLLA/crosslinked PU (CPU) with UL-94 V-2 rating and a LOI value of 24.9 %. Interestingly, CS shell participates in the in-situ reaction, which improves the mechanical properties of the composite with elongation at break of 74 %, which is higher than that of sample doped with the same amount of APP. This work provides guidance for the high performance modification of PLLA and is expected to expand the practical application range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meng Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yanqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Huiwen He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiang S, Feng J, Yang H, Feng X. Synthesis and Applications of Supramolecular Flame Retardants: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5518. [PMID: 37513390 PMCID: PMC10383342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of different efficient flame retardants (FRs) to improve the fire safety of polymers has been a hot research topic. As the concept of green sustainability has gradually been raised to the attention of the whole world, it has even dominated the research direction of all walks of life. Therefore, there is an urgent calling to explore the green and simple preparation methods of FRs. The development of supramolecular chemistry in the field of flame retardancy is expanding gradually. It is worth noting that the synthesis of supramolecular flame retardants (SFRs) based on non-covalent bonds is in line with the current concepts of environmental protection and multi-functionality. This paper introduces the types of SFRs with different dimensions. SFRs were applied to typical polymers to improve their flame retardancy. The influence on mechanical properties and other material properties under the premise of flame retardancy was also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mutlu A, Erdem A, Dogan M. Potential Use of Melamine Phytate as a Flame-Retardant Additive in Chicken Feather-Containing Thermoplastic Polyurethane Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25081-25089. [PMID: 37483238 PMCID: PMC10357521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Using waste materials such as chicken feathers (CF) and biobased flame-retardant additives including melamine phytate (MPht) has become an effective approach for environmentally friendly and sustainable production in recent years. This study explores the flame retardant effectiveness of MPht in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based biocomposites containing CF. The characterizations of the composites are performed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), and mass loss calorimetry (MLC) tests. According to the test results, the highest UL-94 V rating of V0, a LOI value of 29.4%, and the lowest peak heat release rate (pHRR) (110 Kw/m2) and total heat evolved (THE) (39 MJ/m2) values are obtained with the use of 20 wt % MPht. It is demonstrated that MPht acts as an effective flame-retardant filler through the formation of intumescent char in the condensed phase and flame dilution in the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Mutlu
- Department
of Textile, Apparel and Leather Van Vocational School of Higher Education, Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Erdem
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han S, Li J, Ding Q, Zang J, Lu Y, Zhang L, Hu L. Effects of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Monoammonium Phosphate Microcapsules with Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Shell. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2991. [PMID: 37514381 PMCID: PMC10385195 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as a novel acid source for durable intumescent fire retardants (IFR), MAP microcapsules (MCMAPs) containing MAP as the internal core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) as the external shell were prepared by in situ polymerization in this study. The influences of synthesis conditions (including reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value) on the properties of obtained MCMAPs (MAP content, yield, morphologies, and thermal properties) were then investigated systematically. The morphologies, chemical structures, and thermal properties were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The results show that MAP was well encapsulated by MF resin. No microcapsules are obtained at <55 °C or with polymerization times <1 h. Optimal preparation conditions of reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value are 75 °C, 3 h, and 5.5, respectively. Those results provide process reference and theoretical basis for preparing MCMAPs and could promote the application of MAP microcapsules in wood flame-retardant materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenjie Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingyun Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jian Zang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yulian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - La Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He S, Chi C, Peng C, Zeng B, Chen Y, Miao Z, Xu H, Luo W, Chen G, Fu Z, Dai L. A Novel P/N/Si-Containing Vanillin-Based Compound for a Flame-Retardant, Tough Yet Strong Epoxy Thermoset. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102384. [PMID: 37242961 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still extremely challenging to endow epoxy resins (EPs) with excellent flame retardancy and high toughness. In this work, we propose a facile strategy of combining rigid-flexible groups, promoting groups and polar phosphorus groups with the vanillin compound, which implements a dual functional modification for EPs. With only 0.22% phosphorus loading, the modified EPs obtain a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.5% and reach V-0 grade in UL-94 vertical burning tests. Particularly, the introduction of P/N/Si-containing vanillin-based flame retardant (DPBSi) improves the mechanical properties of EPs, including toughness and strength. Compared with EPs, the storage modulus and impact strength of EP composites can increase by 61.1% and 240%, respectively. Therefore, this work introduces a novel molecular design strategy for constructing an epoxy system with high-efficiency fire safety and excellent mechanical properties, giving it immense potential for broadening the application fields of EPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaohua Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhongxi Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Weiang Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenping Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Yu S, Xiao S. Research progress of triazine flame retardants. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
11
|
Zhang X, Yuan D, Sun S, Li H, Wang Z, Xie H. Study on the thermal stability and combustion performance of polyurethane foams modified with manganese phytate. INT POLYM PROC 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A new environmental friendly flame retardant manganese phytate (MnPa) was prepared by a direct precipitation method and the polyurethane foam (PUF) modified with MnPa was obtained by a one-step all-water foaming method. The thermal stability and combustion performance of the MnPa-modified PUF (MnPUF) were investigated by using thermogravimetric (TG), thermal decomposition kinetics, smoke density characterization, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 horizontal combustion test. The results indicated that the addition of MnPa significantly improved the thermal stability and combustion performance of the modified PUF. On the basis of the thermogravimetric analysis, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, Kissinger method and Coats Redfern method, it could be concluded that PUF with 7.5 wt% MnPa (MnPUF3) had the highest activation energy and the best thermal stability. Smoke density analysis, LOI and horizontal combustion analysis also showed that the addition of MnPa was positively correlated with smoke suppression, LOI value and burning time. The current research results can provide a reference for the subsequent flame retardant modification of PUF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Dehe Yuan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Simiao Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Handong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Hua Xie
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sisal-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Flame-Retardant Composites: Preparation and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040893. [PMID: 36850176 PMCID: PMC9964811 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with a series of advantages including light weight, chemical durability, renewable resources, low in cost, etc., are being widely used in many fields such as the automotive industry, packaging, and construction. However, the flammability of plant fiber and the PP matrix restricts the application range, security, and use of these composites. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the flame retardants of such composites. In this paper, sisal-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP/SF) flame-retardant composites were prepared using the two-step melt blending method. The flame retardant used was an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composed of silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (Si-APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The influence of different blending processes on the flammability and mechanical properties of the composites was analyzed. The findings suggested that PP/SF flame-retardant composites prepared via different blending processes showed different flame-retardant properties. The (PP/SF)/IFR composite prepared by PP/SF secondary blending with IFR showed excellent flame-retardant performance, with a limited oxygen index of about 28.3% and passing the UL-94 V-0 rating (3.2 mm) in the vertical combustion test. Compared with the (PP/IFR) /SF composite prepared by a matrix primarily blended with IFR and then secondly blended with SF, the peak heat release rate (pk HRR) and total heat release (THR) of the (PP/SF)/IFR composite decreased by 11.3% and 13.7%, respectively. In contrast, the tensile strength of the (PP/SF)/IFR system was 5.3% lower than that of the (PP/IFR)/SF system; however, the overall mechanical (tensile, flexural, and notched impact) properties of the composites prepared using three different mixing processes were similar.
Collapse
|
13
|
Supper-Low-Addition Flame Retardant for the Fully Bio-based Poly(lactic acid) Composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
|
14
|
Toward a deep understanding of the difference between isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylene on the fire performance and degradation behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
15
|
Chen X, Lin X, Ye W, Xu B, Wang DY. Polyelectrolyte as highly efficient flame retardant to epoxy: Synthesis, characterization and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Dong S, Jiang H, Hou B, Du Y, Jin C, Yan Y. High efficient fire-retardant coatings on wood fabricated by divalent metal ion cross-linked multilayer polyethyleneimine and ammonium polyphosphate polyelectrolytes. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
17
|
Yuan Y, Yu B, Wang W. The influence of poorly-/well-dispersed organo-montmorillonite on interfacial compatibility, fire retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant composite system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:367-377. [PMID: 35525140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel linear polymeric charring agent (PEPAPC) was synthesized via the nucleophilic substitution reaction, and then embedded into polypropylene (PP) substrate to improve the fire retardancy and anti-dripping performance. Unfortunately, the opposite polarity between intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and polymer-matrix could seriously deteriorate the interfacial compatibility, harmful to the flame-retardant efficiency and smoke toxicity suppression of PP/IFR composites. For the foregoing reasons, flame retardant PP/IFR/Organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites with the combination of maleic anhydride-grafted PP as compatibilizer have been prepared via melt intercalation technique. When 2 wt% well-dispersed OMMT were incorporated, it showed a significant reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release (90.5 and 62.7%) compared with pristine PP, and an achievement in limiting oxygen index value of 32% from 18.5% for pristine PP, which can be attributed to the nano-barrier and catalytic carbonization effect of well-dispersed OMMT within the polymer-matrix. More importantly, the well-dispersed OMMT displays significant smoke toxicity suppression, toughening and strengthening effect on PP/IFR system. The peak CO release and total smoke production for PP-6 were decreased by 89.8 and 64.7%, respectively. This work may provide an effective approach towards fabricating high-performance polymeric materials on organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites with homogenous dispersion, thereby effectively reducing the fire hazard risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Wang X, Chu Z, Liu J, Long S, Xu S, Wang D, Wang J, Liu Z. Study of the effect of different functionalized magnesium hydroxide prepared by mechanochemical method on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene/polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Dun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xia L, Wang X, Ren T, Luo L, Li D, Dai J, Xu Y, Yuan C, Zeng B, Dai L. Green construction of multi-functional fire resistant epoxy resins based on boron nitride with core-shell structure. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Environmental Friendly Intumescent Flame Retardant Gives Epoxy Resin Excellent Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Mokhena TC, Sadiku ER, Ray SS, Mochane MJ, Matabola KP, Motloung M. Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Technology Division) Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | | | - Mpho Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gu L, Shi Y, Zhang L. Synthesis and characterization of bio-based "three sources in one" intumescent flame retardant monomer and the intrinsic flame retardant waterborne polyurethane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
He W, Xu H, Song P, Xiang Y, Qin S. P, N-decorated halloysite nanotubes for flame retardancy enhancement of polyamide 6/aluminum diethylphosphinate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Yang Y, Li Z, Wu G, Chen W, Huang G. A novel biobased intumescent flame retardant through combining simultaneously char-promoter and radical-scavenger for the application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
26
|
Dong F, Luo Z, Wang B. Preparation of Mn 2+ Doped Piperazine Phosphate as a Char-Forming Agent for Improving the Fire Safety of Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7589. [PMID: 34947182 PMCID: PMC8707045 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A piperazine phosphate doped with Mn2+ (HP-Mn), as a new char-forming agent for intumescent flame retardant systems (IFR), was designed and synthesized using 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, piperazine, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate as raw materials. The effect of HP-Mn and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the fire safety and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The results showed that the combined incorporation of 25 wt.% APP/HP-Mn at a ratio of 1:1 endowed the flame retardant PP (PP6) composite with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating. In comparison with the pure PP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat release (THR), and the smoke production rate (PSPR) of the PP6 were reduced by 74%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. SEM and Raman analysis of the char residues demonstrated that the Mn2+ displayed a catalytic cross-linking charring ability to form a continuous and compact carbon layer with a high degree of graphitization, which can effectively improve the flame retardancy of PP/APP composites. A possible flame-retardant mechanism was proposed to reveal the synergistic effect between APP and HP-Mn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (F.D.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tan W, Ren Y, Xiao M, Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhou X, Liu X. Enhancing the flame retardancy of lyocell fabric finished with an efficient, halogen-free flame retardant. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34926-34937. [PMID: 35494735 PMCID: PMC9042939 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06573d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (PNPG) containing phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized through the reaction of neopentyl glycol, phosphoric acid and urea, and was then used for preparation of flame retardant lyocell fabric through a dip-dry-cure finishing process. The structure of the PNPG was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The flame retardancy and thermal stability of the treated fabric were evaluated by a cone calorimetry test and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), which showed that the char residue of the treated fabric at 800 °C was as high as 39.7% under a nitrogen atmosphere. At the same time, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were significantly reduced by 92.9% and 81.2%, respectively. Obviously, the presence of flame retardant can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of lyocell fabrics. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the flame retardant mechanism was consistent with the condensed phase and gas phase mechanism. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the treated samples could reach 39.3%, moreover, even after 20 laundering cycles (LCs), the LOI values of the samples finished at 28.3% with 120 g L−1 flame retardant remaining, which confirmed the durability and high flame retardancy of the treated samples. In addition, the mechanical properties, whiteness, rigidity and flexibility of the fabrics treated with PNPG were insignificantly reduced within a more acceptable range than the original samples. In summary, the flame retardant described herein has excellent flame retardant properties and char-forming ability, and it is suitable for the preparation of flame retardant lyocell fibers. A novel flame retardant (PNPG) containing phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized based on neopentyl glycol, phosphoric acid and urea, and was then used for preparation of flame retardant lyocell fabric through a dip-dry-cure finishing process.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Yuanlin Ren
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Mengyuan Xiao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Yingbin Guo
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Yansong Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Jiayue Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Xinke Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China +86-22-8395-8287 +86-22-8395-5353
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dang L, Lv Z, Liu X. Influences of
4ZnO
·
B
2
O
3
·
H
2
O
whisker based intumescent flame retardant on the mechanical, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Zhihui Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Technology Research and Development Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lakes Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang W, Zhang H, Hu X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Xie C. Self-assembled bio-derived microporous nanosheet from phytic acid as efficient intumescent flame retardant for polylactide. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
30
|
Facile synthesis of phytic acid and aluminum hydroxide chelate-mediated hybrid complex toward fire safety of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Green synthesis of graphene quantum dots from Opuntia sp. extract and their application in phytic acid detection. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
32
|
Chen Y, Li J, Lai X, Li H, Zeng X. N
‐alkoxyamine‐containing macromolecular intumescent flame‐retardant‐decorated ZrP nanosheet and their synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xuejun Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xingrong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cheng G, Xuan Z, Tang Z, Tian S, Sha F, Ding G, Wan X. Flame‐retardant behavior and mechanism of the
SBR
/
MMT
composites modified by melamine matrix modifier. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
- Institute of Environment‐Friendly Materials and Occupational Health Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu) Wuhu China
| | - Ziyue Xuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Zhongfeng Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Shen Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Feixiang Sha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Guoxin Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Xianglong Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
- Institute of Environment‐Friendly Materials and Occupational Health Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu) Wuhu China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cao C, Yuan B. Thermally induced fire early warning aerogel with efficient thermal isolation and flame‐retardant properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengran Cao
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu K, Xu S, Tian XY, Zeng HY, Hu J, Guo YH, Jian J. Renewable lignin-based surfactant modified layered double hydroxide and its application in polypropylene as flame retardant and smoke suppression. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:580-590. [PMID: 33631261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel and environmentally friendly lignin-based surfactant sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) flame retardant (LDH-LS) was fabricated via co-precipitation method, and subsequently incorporated into polypropylene (PP) matrix to obtain the PP and LDH-LS composites (PP/LDH-LS) by melt blending method. The XRD, FT-IR and XPS results indicated that SLS had successfully modified LDH by adsorbing on the surface of the LDH nanosheet. The WCA and SEM results revealed that the hydrophobic property of LDH-LS had been evidently improved, and it displayed a more homogeneous dispersion than virgin LDH in the PP matrix. Furthermore, cone calorimetry tests (CCT) illustrated that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) of PP/LDH-LS composites exhibited declines of 62.9%, 25.1%, and 43.3% compared with those of Neat PP, respectively. Besides, the PP/LDH-LS achieved a LOI value of 29.4% and a UL-94 V-0 rating, whereas the PP/LDH showed only a LOI value of 25.2% and a UL-94 V-2 rating at 20 wt% loading. These improvements of flame retardant properties can be attributed to that the well-dispersed LDH-LS and synergistic flame retardancy between LDH and SLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Xian-Yao Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Hui Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Jian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li L, Chen Z, Lu J, Wei M, Huang Y, Jiang P. Combustion Behavior and Thermal Degradation Properties of Wood Impregnated with Intumescent Biomass Flame Retardants: Phytic Acid, Hydrolyzed Collagen, and Glycerol. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3921-3930. [PMID: 33585771 PMCID: PMC7876853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a natural renewable material with a porous structure widely used in construction, furniture, and interior decoration, yet its intrinsic flammability poses safety risks. Therefore, environmentally friendly flame retardants have received increasing attention. In this study, a water-soluble flame retardant, consisting of bio-resourced phytic acid (PA), hydrolyzed collagen (HC), and glycerol (GL), was used to improve the flame retardancy of wood ("PHG/wood") through full cell vacuum-pressure impregnation. Morphology and Fourier transform infrared analysis results show that the flame retardant impregnated the wood and adhered evenly to the wood vessels. A PA/HC/GL ratio of 3:1:1 (concentration of the flame retardant solution = 30%) maximized the limiting oxygen index (LOI, 41%) and weight gain (51.32%) for PHG-C30/wood. The flame retardant formed an expansive layer after heating, and the treated wood showed an improved combustion safety performance such that the fire performance index and residue of PHG-C30/wood were 75 and 126.8% higher compared with that of untreated wood, respectively. The peak and total heat release were also significantly reduced by 54.7 and 47.7%, respectively. The PHG/wood exhibited good carbon-forming performance and a high degree of graphitization after combustion. The dense carbon layer provides condensed phase protective action, and non-combustible volatile gases, such as H2O, CO2, and NH3, are released simultaneously to dilute the fuel load in the gas phase. Thus, PHG is shown to be an effective flame retardant for wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luming Li
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Lu
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Shangdong
Xingang Enterprise Group Co., Ltd, Yitang Industrial Park, Lanshan District, 276002 Linyi, China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li T, Du M, Chen M, Dong W. Preferred zinc-modified melamine phytate for the flame retardant polylactide with limited smoke release. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The higher flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects for PLA/MPAZn20 were mainly ascribed to the condensed phase during combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Weifu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| |
Collapse
|